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A 69-year-old male presented with a week of worsening headache, mild dizziness and left side weakness, and the radiological work-up of his brain displayed an enhancing mass on the right frontal lobe. The tumor was totally resected. The patient was initially diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme. His neurologic symptoms recovered after surgery. He underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with concurrent temozolomide. Approximately 7 months after surgery, the patient complained of epigastric pains. Abdominal CT scan showed multiple hepatic metastasis and multiple lymphadenopathy. Chest CT and Torso positron emission tomography-CT scans for additional metastasis study revealed multiple metastatic lesions in the right lung, left pleura, liver, lymph nodes, bones, and muscles. Percutaneous liver biopsy was performed, and associated pathology was consistent with sarcomatous component. After liver biopsy, brain tumor pathology was reviewed, which revealed typical gliomatous and sarcomatous components. The patient was therefore diagnosed with metastatic gliosarcoma. The patient was in a septic condition with aggravated pleural effusion. The patient died 9 months after the diagnosis of primary gliosarcoma.

We present a physically based controller that simulates the flapping behavior of a bird in flight. We recorded the motion of a dove using marker-based optical motion capture and high-speed video cameras. The bird flight data thus acquired allow us to parameterize natural wingbeat cycles and provide the simulated bird with reference trajectories to track in physics simulation. Our controller simulates articulated rigid bodies of a bird's skeleton and deformable feathers to reproduce the aerodynamics of bird flight. Motion capture from live birds is not as easy as human motion capture because of the lack of cooperation from subjects. Therefore, the flight data we could acquire were limited. We developed a new method to learn wingbeat controllers even from sparse, biased observations of real bird flight. Our simulated bird imitates life-like flapping of a flying bird while actively maintaining its balance. The bird flight is interactively controllable and resilient to external disturbances.

In this paper, we consider a physics-based 2D flight simulation game where users can easily control realistic flight of a vehicle equipped with two thrusters that allow vertical takeoff and vertical landing. The flight vehicle can be manipulated by directly controlling the thrusting force at each thruster using a pair of analog input devices such as joysticks. However, it might require too much practice to make aerobatic flying solely with this kind of control. We propose a set of fly-by-wire methods that provide easy-to-use, intuitive control of a VTVL vehicle. Based on PD controllers, the proposed methods allow users to specify the velocity or position of the vehicle directly. Furthermore, they are easy to understand and simple to implement. We expect that the proposed vehicle model and control mechanism could be used in various 2D games. 키워드: 수직이착륙 비행체, 물리 기반 시뮬레이션, PD제어

Postburn pruritus is a common distressing sequela of burn wounds. Empirical antipruritic treatment often fails to have a satisfactory outcome, as the mechanism of it has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the manifestation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and other related receptors in postburn pruritus. Sixty-five burn patients with (n = 40) or without (n = 25) pruritus were investigated, including skin biopsies. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts from skin biopsy samples were separated. Real time-PCR showed that mRNA of TRPV3 was significantly increased in keratinocytes from pruritic burn scars than in keratinocytes from nonpruritic burn scars. With TRPV3 activation, intracellular Ca

We report the first free-space optical transceiver IC for social psychological neurofeedback experiments with multiple mice. The proposed IC, which includes a neural stimulator and neural recorder, is embedded in the head-mounted module of a mouse and communicates with an optical base station by using a mandatory 615 nm visible behavior tracking LED to save power. The proposed IC fabricated in a 0.18 µm BCDMOS process consumes 90 µW for optical TX while achieving a 2.048 Mb/s transmission rate.

Simulation of deformation and fracture is one of the most important physics-based techniques in film production and real-time applications such as computer games. This paper proposes a practical approach to real-time deformation and fracturing. We adopt solid simulation with oriented particles [1] to simulate large deformation robustly, and develop a fracturing scheme to accommodate material failure when excessively stretched or compressed. The proposed method decomposes linear deformation into optimal rotation and pure stretching precisely in shape matching with oriented particles so that fracturing criteria can be easily formulated in terms of stretching. Experimental results show that the proposed method runs in real-time even for large meshes and it can simulate large deformation and fracturing. 키워드: 변형,파괴, 형상 맞춤, 방향성 입자

Direct seeding of rice is a time- and labor- saving method, compared to machine transplanting. However, the area planted to direct-seeded rice is decreasing because of instability of seedling establishment, lodging, occurrence of weedy rice, and deterioration of grain quality. A newly developed wet-hill-seeding of rice, a type of direct seeding method, has shown features of growth similar to machine transplanted rice. This study was carried out to compare tillering pattern, heading characteristics and grain filling traits between transplanting and wet-hill-seeding in rice. Tillering of wet-hill-seeded rice was more vigorous than that of transplanted rice showing maximum tiller number 30∼100% higher than transplanted rice. Wet-hill seeded rice showed later heading and shorter heading duration than transplanted rice. To find out the relationship between heading characteristics and grain filling traits, every panicle was tagged for flowering date, and the panicles on each heading date were inspected for grain filling traits. Wet-hill seeded rice and transplanted rice exhibited no significant difference in culm length, panicle length, the percentage of grain filling and perfect brown rice on each heading date during total heading period. Therefore, we conclude that wet-hill-seeding method is not inferior to machine transplanting in terms of seedling establishment, growth, grain filling and head rice yield.

루타일(rutile) TiO2 분말의 알칼리 수열합성과 300~500 ℃ 열처리를 통해 TiO2 나노튜브를 제조하고, 이를 리튬이 차전지의 음극 활물질로 채택하여 그 물성과 전기화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 수열반응 직후의 정제과정에서 불순물인 미세분진을 완전히 제거하여 제조된 TiO2 나노튜브는 고비표면적과 확연한 나노튜브 결정상을 보였다. 또한 열처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 등방적으로 분산된 나노튜브들이 서로 응집되어 비표면적의 감소를 초래하였다. 300 ℃ 열처리한 TiO2 나노튜브가 250 mAh g-1의 가장 높은 초기 방전용량을 나타내었으며, 사이클과 고율 특성은 400 ℃ 열처리한 시료가 가장 우수한 성능을 보였다.

Nanocomposite anodes for rechargeable lithium battery are prepared by mixing tin and nickel nanoparticles via wet method and their electrochemical properties are examined. The Sn-Ni nanocomposite anode shows a maximum discharge capacity of 700 mAh at the first cycle but very poor cycle performance. This means that the electrode porosity and the Ni component formed by the simple mixing of nanoparticles no longer play the role of buffering the volume expansion/contraction of Sn component during charge-discharge. To solve the cycle performance problem, a novel nanostructured Sn-Ni anode should be designed and tested.

Nanorod-clustered precursors with -, -, and -phases are synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of and . The formation of nanorod-clustered is particularly confirmed under the conditions of high reactant concentration and hydrothermal reaction at . The spinel nanorod-clusters are also prepared by lithiating the precursors, varying the concentration of lithiating agent () and heat treatment temperature, and characterized for use as cathode material of lithium-ion batteries. As a result, the nanorod-clustered prepared from the at higher concentration and the annealing at is proven to show the cubic spinel structure and to achieve the high initial discharge capacity of 120 mAh/g.

The radiometric resolution of a motion-induced synthetic aperture radiometer (MISAR) is analytically obtained from the standard deviation of a baseline response, an observation scenario, and the imaging method of the MISAR. The intrinsic long integration time given by the whole dwell time on moving platforms improves the radiometric resolution compared with the snapshot resolution of other nominal synthetic aperture radiometers. In addition, it is illustrated that the MISAR imaging holds the tradeoff relationship between the radiometric and spatial resolutions.

This paper proposes a volume meshing method that fills the inside of an object with tetrahedra, of which dihedral angles are good. The suggested method is fast, stable and easy to implement. It can also utilize an octree structure to space-efficiently fill an object with graded tetrahedra by reducing the total number of tetrahedra. To obtain a high-quality mesh with good dihedral angles, we restrict the octree such that any pair of neighboring cells only differs by one level. To efficiently construct a restricted-octree and generate a volume mesh from the octree, we utilize a signed distance field of an object on its bounded workspace. The suggested method can be employed in FEM-based simulation of large elasto-plastic deformation and tetrahedral-mesh-based simulation of fluid flow. 키워드: 볼륨요소망 생성, 사면체 요소망, 옥트리, 부호거리장

Titanium oxide nanotube and graphite composites are prepared by adding graphite before and after a hydrothermal reaction to enhance the cyclic performance and high-rate capability of lithium-ion batteries. The composite powders, their anode electrodes, and lithium half-cells containing the anodes are characterized by means of morphological and crystalline analysis, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and repeated discharge–charge cycling at low and high C-rates. Notably, the composite anode (R5G5-T) that concurrently uses natural graphite and rutile particles before the hydrothermal reaction shows superior high-rate capability and achieves a discharge capacity of ca. 70 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 50 C-rate. This may be due to the high-rate supercapacitive reactions of the TiO 2 nanotube on the graphite surface caused by a diffusion-controlled or a charge-transfer process.

Multi-layered packaging films based on LDPE/Nylon 6/PET/OPP with superior selective barrier property for O 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O and anti-corrosion property to strong basic and acidic solution were suggested to improve the durability of film-type Leclanche primary battery for battery-assisted passive (BAP) radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. An optimum adhesive gel electrolyte and its concentration (4.6 M NH 4 Cl (aq.)/13.7 wt% polyethyleneimine (PEI)/3.7 wt% Carbopol 940) were determined by showing the highest ionic conductivity as 1.94 × 10 −1 S/cm at 25 °C. Efficient fabrication processes such as screen-printings of conducting layer (25 μm), active material layer (40 μm for anode and 80 μm for cathode), and electrolyte/separator/electrolyte layer (100 μm), were also adopted to give better performances of the 1.5 V-class film-type battery.

1.5 V and 3.0 V-class film-type primary batteries were designed for radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. Efficient fabrication processes such as screen-printings of conducting layer (), active material layer ( for anode and for cathode), and electrolyte/separator/electrolyte layer (), were adopted to give better performances of the 1.5 V-class film-type Leclanch primary battery for battery-assisted passive (BAP) RFID tag. Lithium (Li) metal is used as an anode material in a 3.0 V-class film-type Li primary battery to increase the operating voltage and discharge capacity for application to active sensor tags of a radio frequency identification system. The fabricated 3.0 V-class film-type Li primary battery passes several safety tests and achieves a discharge capacity of more than 9 mAh .

From mixed (anatase and rutile) bulk particles, anatase TiO2 nanotubes are synthesized in this study by an alkaline hydrothermal reaction and a consequent annealing at 300–400 °C. The physical and electrochemical properties of the TiO2 nanotube are investigated for use as an anode active material for lithium-ion batteries. Upon the first discharge–charge sweep and simultaneous impedance measurements at local potentials, this study shows that interfacial resistance decreases significantly when passing lithium ions through a solid electrolyte interface layer at the lithium insertion/deinsertion plateaus of 1.75/2.0 V, corresponding to the redox potentials of anatase TiO2 nanotubes. For an anatase TiO2 nanotube containing minor TiO2(B) phase obtained after annealing at 300 °C, the high-rate capability can be strongly enhanced by an isotropic dispersion of TiO2 nanotubes to yield a discharge capacity higher than 150 mAh g−1, even upon 100 cycles of 10 C-rate discharge–charge operations. This is suitable for use as a high-power anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

This paper proposes a real-time simulation technique for thin shells undergoing large deformation. Shells are thin objects such as leaves and papers that can be abstracted as 2D structures. Development of a satisfactory physical model that runs in real-time but produces visually convincing animation of thin shells has been remaining a challenge in computer graphics. Rather than resorting to shell theory which involves the most complex formulations in continuum mechanics, we adopt the energy functions from the discrete shells proposed by Grinspun et al. [GHDS03]. For real-time integration of the governing equation, we develop a modal warping technique for shells. This new simulation framework results from making extensions to the original modal warping technique [CK05] which was developed for the simulation of 3D solids. We report experimental results, which show that the proposed method runs in real-time even for large meshes, and that it can simulate large bending and/or twisting deformations with acceptable realism.

Color quantization replaces the color of each pixel with the closest representative color, and thus it makes the resulting image partitioned into uniformly-colored regions. As a consequence, continuous, detailed variations of color over the corresponding regions in the original image are lost through color quantization. In this paper, we present a novel blind scheme for restoring such variations from a color-quantized input image without a priori knowledge of the quantization method. Our scheme identifies which pairs of uniformly-colored regions in the input image should have continuous variations of color in the resulting image. Then, such regions are seamlessly stitched through optimization while preserving the closest representative colors. The user can optionally indicate which regions should be separated or stitched by scribbling constraint brushes across the regions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through diverse examples, such as photographs, cartoons, and artistic illustrations.

Video taken from a single monocular camera is the most common means of recording human motion. In this article, we present a practical, semiautomatic method for synthesizing a human motion that is guided by such video. After preprocessing an input video, we select a precaptured motion clip called a reference motion from a motion library. We then compute the sequence of body configurations of a virtual character by deforming this motion, according to spacetime constraints derived from a sequence of 2D features in the input video. Experimental results show that our method can synthesize highly dynamic motions, such as kicking and header motions of soccer players. We also showed the potential of our scheme as a new paradigm for motion capture, that is, capturing motions from videos taken with a monocular camera, even outside a motion capture studio.

This paper proposes a real-time simulation technique for large deformations. Green's nonlinear strain tensor accurately models large deformations; however, time stepping of the resulting nonlinear system can be computationally expensive. Modal analysis based on a linear strain tensor has been shown to be suitable for real-time simulation, but is accurate only for moderately small deformations. In the present work, we identify the rotational component of an infinitesimal deformation and extend traditional linear modal analysis to track that component. We then develop a procedure to integrate the small rotations occurring at the nodal points. An interesting feature of our formulation is that it can implement both position and orientation constraints in a straightforward manner. These constraints can be used to interactively manipulate the shape of a deformable solid by dragging/twisting a set of nodes. Experiments show that the proposed technique runs in real-time, even for a complex model, and that it can simulate large bending and/or twisting deformations with acceptable realism.

Typical high-level directives for locomotion of human-like characters are useful for interactive games and simulations as well as for off-line production animation. In this paper, we present a new scheme for planning natural-looking locomotion of a biped figure to facilitate rapid motion prototyping and task-level motion generation. Given start and goal positions in a virtual environment, our scheme gives a sequence of motions to move from the start to the goal using a set of live-captured motion clips. Based on a novel combination of probabilistic path planning and hierarchical displacement mapping, our scheme consists of three parts: roadmap construction, roadmap search, and motion generation. We randomly sample a set of valid footholds of the biped figure from the environment to construct a directed graph, called a roadmap, that guides the locomotion of the figure. Every edge of the roadmap is associated with a live-captured motion clip. Augmenting the roadmap with a posture transition graph, we traverse it to obtain the sequence of input motion clips and that of target footprints. We finally adapt the motion sequence to the constraints specified by the footprint sequence to generate a desired locomotion.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are major environmental pollutants, and their effects on the human body critically depend on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the AhR and its ligands in chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Expression of AhR-related mRNA was increased in lesional skin from patients with AD and psoriasis compared to those of normal skin from healthy controls. The AhR and aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator were colocalized in the nuclei of keratinocytes at the lower epidermis of psoriatic lesions, which suggested activation of the AhR pathway. After treatment of normal human epidermal keratinocytes with TCDD or PCBs, IL-6 and IL-8 production were increased. The results of this study suggest that AhR is highly expressed in the acute lesional skin of patients with AD and psoriasis, and the AhR pathway is activated especially in psoriasis.

An hardware-efficient method for the extraction of hemodynamic responses in near-infrared spectroscopy systems is proposed to increase the spatial and temporal resolution. The performance improvement is attributed to high signal-to-noise ratio receivers, a modulation scheme, and a multi-input-multi-output based data extraction algorithm. The proposed system shows more than twofold improvement in the figure of merit compared to conventional designs. Experimental results support the validity of the proposed system.

An efficient method for the extraction of hemodynamic response in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) systems is proposed to increase the spatial and temporal resolution without hardware overhead. The performance improvement is attributed to high-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) receivers, a modulation scheme, and a multi input multi output (MIMO) based data extraction algorithm. The proposed systems shows a 72% increment in the figure of merit (FOM) compared to conventional designs. Experimental results support the validity of the proposed system.

Fractional technology overcomes the problems of ablative lasers, such as inaccurate depth control and damage to the epidermis. Minimally invasive fractional radiofrequency microneedle devices allow for more-selective heating of the dermis.To evaluate the clinical efficacy of fractional radiofrequency microneedle (ERM) treatment in acne scars and large facial pores.Thirty patients with acne scars and large facial pores were enrolled. Bipolar radiofrequency energy was delivered to the skin through the electrodes of the FRM device. Skin lesions were evaluated according to grade of acne scars, Investigator Global Assessment of large pores, skin surface roughness, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dermal density, microscopic and composite image, sebum measurement, and questionnaires regarding patient satisfaction.The grade of acne scars and Investigator Global Assessment of large pores improved in more than 70% of all patients. Skin surface roughness, dermal density, and microscopic and composite images also improved, whereas TEWL and sebum measurement did not change.Clinical improvement from FRM treatment appeared to be related to dermal matrix regeneration. FRM treatment may be effective in improving acne scars and facial pores.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the reference values and factors influencing blood lead levels among Korean adolescents. Methods: The study population consisted of 1,585 adolescents (801 males, 784 females; aged 10–19 years) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010– 2013. We analyzed blood lead concentrations in relation to demographic/lifestyle characteristics for all participants. “Reference values” of blood lead levels were calculated as the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the 95th percentile. Results: The average “reference value” for blood lead concentrations among Korean adolescents was 2.25 μg/dL (2.49 μg/dL for males, 2.07 μg/dL for females), and the geometric mean of the blood lead concentrations was 1.34 μg/dL. Males had higher blood lead concentrations than females (male, 1.48 μg/dL; female, 1.19 μg/dL; P

We present a new framework for simulating dynamic movements of complex hairstyles. The proposed framework, which treats hair as a collection of wisps, includes new approaches to simulating dynamic wisp movements and handling wisp-body collisions and wisp-wisp interactions. For the simulation of wisps, we introduce a new hair dynamics model, a hybrid of the rigid multi-body, serial chain and mass-spring models, to formulate the simulation system using an implicit integration method. Consequently, the simulator can impose collision/contact constraints systematically, allowing it to handle wisp-body collisions efficiently without the need for backtracking or sub-timestepping. In addition, the simulator handles wisp-wisp collisions based on impulses while taking into account viscous damping and cohesive forces. Experimental results show that the proposed technique can stably simulate hair with intricate geometries while robustly handling wisp-body collisions and wisp-wisp interactions.

Videos taken from a single camera are a most common source of human motions. In this paper, we present a novel method to reconstruct the motion of a human-like figure from inter-frame feature correspondences of a single video stream. We exploit a motion library to resolve the depth ambiguity in recovering the 3D configurations from 2D features. Our reconstruction method takes three major steps: timewarping to align the reference motion with that in the video, reconstructing the joint orientations, and estimating the root trajectory. Experimental results show that our approach can reconstruct highly dynamic motions such as shooting of soccer players, which would be hard to do, otherwise.

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