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This paper stresses the lack of attention paid to the geographical definitions of cities in LUTI models as one key detrimental aspect to transferring and generalising LUTI results. First, the argumentation develops from a meta-analysis of peer-reviewed publications about LUTI applications in European cities. We show that most authors do not assess findings against potential geographical biases. Second, theoretical simulations are conducted with UrbanSim applied to a synthetic urban area. By varying the geographical limits of the system and population endowments, our simulations confirm that the absence of control on city delineation weakens the results. Finally, the paper suggests methodological guidelines to improve the comparability of LUTI applications and push forward their theoretical agenda.

The central question is to ascertain whether general energy beliefs have any influence on transport mode choice. These beliefs are explored and determined by using one short open question. Based on an alternative approach of free associations instead of a standardised scale of behaviour, this question is included in a quantitative survey and allows us to obtain meaningful words. These exploratory results show first that beliefs about energy can be considered as general representations like a cost, a power or even an environmental issue. These beliefs are included in a logit model of mode choice that also considers more conventional factors representing socio-demographic characteristics, socio-economic aspects, as well as territorial structure and function. The final results demonstrate that energy beliefs influence mode choice if they include an environmental component, which expresses the negative effects of energy. The effects of these beliefs nonetheless are smaller than those of situational constraints.

Á l’heure où les espaces publics doivent être organisés de manière à permettre une accessibilité totale aux personnes handicapées, les mesures proposées pour améliorer la mobilité des piétons semblent dorénavant devoir considérer l’espace du point de vue des usagers. Toutefois, l’espace urbain ne peut être épuré de tout obstacle puisque certains espaces favorables aux uns peuvent être simultanément défavorables aux autres. Le handicap est ici abordé comme le résultat d’une situation où l’adéquation entre l'aménagement des espaces et la demande de l'usager en fonction de ses caractéristiques physiques intrinsèques s’avère inexistante ou insuffisante. La localisation et l’identification de la nature des espaces, à l’échelle des quartiers, mais aussi la préconisation d’itinéraires adaptés à l’usager, à celle des tronçons, semble être une réponse socio-spatiale aux attentes d’une approche du « handicap de situation ». Pour ce faire, une méthodologie d’acquisition et d’analyse de données spécifiques à l’accessibilité piétonne, un audit urbain, est proposée dans le but de compléter un système d’information géographique et de configurer des restrictions potentielles de déplacement suivant les usagers. Nowadays, public spaces have to be planned to allow a full accessibility for people with disabilities. The measures proposed to improve pedestrian mobility need to consider the surrounding space from the users’ point of view. However, urban space cannot be purged of any obstacles, since a favourable areas for some users can simultaneously be unfavourable to others. Therefore, disability is addressed as the result of a situation where the balance between urban planning and the user’s demands, according to his own physical characteristics, are inexistent or not efficient. A socio-spatial answer to the expectation of a “handicap of situation” approach seems to pass by the location and the identification of the nature of spaces at the scale of a neighbourhood, but also by adapted routes to users at the scale of a segment. To achieve this, a pedestrian-oriented data collection and analysis, an urban audit, is provided to complete a geographical information system and to configure potential moving restrictions in respect of various users.

À partir d'une enquête effectuée par le CEPS/INSTEAD et la fondation Forum Europa, cet article analyse le phénomène de mobilité résidentielle transfrontalière et son impact sur les déplacements quotidiens. Réalisée au printemps 2008, cette enquête porte sur les actifs occupés résidant initialement au Luxembourg qui se sont installés dans un pays frontalier entre 2001 et 2007, tout en conservant leur emploi au Grand-Duché. Pour un grand nombre d'entre eux, le déménagement transfrontalier a permis d'accéder à un logement plus grand, voire d'en devenir propriétaire. Néanmoins, l'analyse des déplacements quotidiens montre que la grande majorité de ces personnes a dû consentir à de nombreuses concessions en termes de mobilité pour accéder au logement souhaité. Cela se ressent particulièrement pour le trajet domicile/travail dont la distance moyenne a doublé, ce qui a renforcé la dépendance des personnes concernées vis-à-vis de l'automobile. En dehors même du travail, la localisation des autres activités quotidiennes se trouve modifiée à la suite du déménagement. Des indicateurs synthétiques issus de la géostatistique permettent d'analyser la reconfiguration des lieux de ces activités. Malgré la relocalisation de beaucoup d'entre elles autour du nouveau lieu de résidence, une certaine inertie des comportements se traduit par le maintien de près d'une activité sur trois au Luxembourg. Dès lors, la dispersion des espaces d'activités augmente pour certains enquêtés. Cette dispersion, liée à la part des activités transférées vers le pays de résidence, varie fortement selon la nationalité; elle est plus forte pour les Luxembourgeois et pour les Portugais. Les personnes originaires des régions frontalières, qui retournent dans leur pays d'origine, gardent également près d'un quart de leurs activités au Grand-Duché: cela témoigne à la fois de l'importance du lieu de travail dans la structuration des espaces de vie quotidienne et d'un capital spatial déjà mis en évidence dans le cas d'actifs résidant au Luxembourg., Gerber Philippe, Carpentier Samuel. Impacts de la mobilité résidentielle transfrontalière sur les espaces de la vie quotidienne des actifs du Luxembourg. In: Economie et statistique, n°457-458, 2012. pp. 77-95.

Base sur divers aspects du concept d’attachement, cet article analyse les representations du bassin de vie des travailleurs frontaliers au Luxembourg. Les residents allemands, belges et francais considerent-ils les activites effectuees de l’autre cote de la frontiere comme un tout relie a celles realisees dans le pays de residence ? Si oui, quels facteurs contribuent a la representation transnationale des bassins de vie ? L’analyse se fonde sur un echantillon stratifie de 2470 frontaliers qui se sont prononces sur la formation professionnelle, le logement, les mobilites quotidienne et residentielle, ainsi que l’attachement au lieu, en specifiant si leur lieu de travail englobait leur bassin de vie. Les resultats de modeles d’equations simultanees montrent des differences culturelles entre les actifs, meme si la dimension economique reste pregnante pour tous.

The papers included in this special issue of the EJTIR evolved from discussions and presentations given at the 2013 Transport Research Day of BIVEC, the ‘Benelux Interuniversity Association of Transport Researchers’, which took place at the University of Luxembourg in May 2013. This biannual event is organized in order to foster scientific exchange on related issues and offers a platform for early career researchers, most importantly PhD candidates, to present their work and receive scientific feedback. Different from the topic-wise rationale that is usually behind most other academic associations, submissions have to come from universities or representatives of the three Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg., European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, Vol 15 No 4 (2015)

International audience

New applications of the electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) technique for studying dislocation microstructures are presented. Examples from copper and steel samples are given to illustrate the links between crystallographic measurements and dislocation microstructure. The purpose of combining transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and EBSD is to obtain quantitative information about the evolution and heterogeneity of the dislocation microstructure, and how it depends on the texture of the material.

The management of land resources, particularly the role of planning regulations, is critical in defining what land can be used in urban development – and this throws up certain key questions: How can one best manage land resources available? How can one address future urban development needs on the basis of existing land from a sustainable perspective? In this article we propose to question the extent of planning theories in the light of concrete urban development using land availability information. By using comprehensive national data we explore the case of Luxembourg, a small European country facing exacerbated pressures for metropolitanization. We use scenarios that go from a lesser to a greater degree of sustainability in order to project and articulate different configurations of land consumption based on a critical literature review (Smart Growth, New Urbanism, and transit oriented development (TOD)). We explore how modelling might be used to help inform spatial planning for urban growth. This fram...

International audience; In this study, we apply a latent class choice modelling approach to the employees of the European Investment Bank and the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg to investigate commuting mode choice behaviour by incorporating individual preference heterogeneity. We found a two-segment preference differentiation of mode choice behaviour determined by their household locations, attitudes towards transport modes as well as their socio-demographic characteristics. Validity and overall goodness-of-fit are compared with a conditional multinomial Logit model. The empirical study confirmed that travel time and the availability of free parking are the two major determinants for Luxembourg residents with respect to their commuting trips by car. The sensitivity analysis indicates that reducing travel time in public transport could be an efficient way to shift car users towards public transport. The results provide useful insights to evaluate the effect of determinants on individual commuting mode choice behaviour for different preference groups.

An evidential neural network (ENN) for predicting individual travel mode is presented. This model can be used to support management decision making and to build predictions under uncertainty related to changes in people's behavior, the economic context, or the environment and policy. The presented model uses individuals’ characteristics, transportation mode specifications, and data related to places of work and residence. The data set analyzed was taken from a survey conducted in 2007 and contains information on the daily mobility (e.g., from home to work) of individuals who either lived or worked in Luxembourg. Individual characteristics were extracted to relate daily mobility (journeys between home and work, in particular) to the characteristics of working individuals. Information about public transportation specification and some geographical particularities of residential areas and workplaces were used. Rates of successful prediction obtained by the ENN and several alternative approaches were compared by cross-validation. The results showed that the ENN was superior to the studied alternatives.

International audience; Cet ouvrage porte sur la cohésion sociale et territoriale au Luxembourg. Ses seize chapitres abordent les facettes socio-économiques et spatiales de ces concepts. Ils couvrent ainsi des domaines aussi variés que les inégalités monétaires (revenus, salaires, richesse, pauvreté), les inégalités non monétaires (logement, emploi, éducation, intégration des migrants) ou encore les inégalités en matière de mobilité et d’accès aux services publics. Grâce à un travail éditorial et explicatif minutieux, cet ouvrage réussit le pari d’être accessible au grand public tout en étant scientifiquement rigoureux. Un de ses atouts majeurs est son approche résolument interdisciplinaire. Près de quarante auteurs du Centre de recherche luxembourgeois CEPS/INSTEAD y ont contribué. L’économie, la géographie, la sociologie et les statistiques sociales s’y côtoient et apportent des éclairages complémentaires en croisant réellement les savoirs. En ancrant bon nombre de ses analyses dans une perspective internationale (englobant les pays limitrophes ou même l’ensemble de l’Union européenne), ce livre se penche aussi sur la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques en matière de cohésion (sociale et territoriale) dans un cadre supranational. Cet ouvrage est préfacé par Jean-Claude Juncker, Premier ministre du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et ancien président permanent de l’Eurogroupe.

International audience; Human activity space is well-known to be related to his geographic, social-culture position, build environment and modal usage. The interrelationships between these observed and unobserved factors shape a person's spatial usage and visited activity locations. This study applies the structural equation modeling approach to identify the direct and indirect effects of these factors on the size of an individual's activity space. The data is based on the recent mobility survey for three European Institutions: the European Investment Bank and the Court of Justice of the European Union in Luxembourg city and the Council of Europe in Strasbourg (France). The empirical analysis shows that the size of a person's activity space is mainly explained by the build environment and less related to the socio-demographic variable when a workplace is controlled. The suggested structural equation model provides a flexible framework to investigate empirical effects of these factors on the activity space.

Des femmes seules avec enfants aux adolescents des quartiers sensibles, en passant par les grands navetteurs ou les neo-ruraux, cet ouvrage porte un regard interdisciplinaire sur de nouvelles pratiques de mobilite que connaissent ces populations. S'appuyant sur des approches comprehensives, etayees par un materiau empirique riche, les recherches presentees ici mettent en avant les liens forts qui unissent mobilites quotidiennes et strategies residentielles au sein de trajectoires sociales et de contextes geographiques varies.

À partir d'une enquête effectuée par le CEPS/INSTEAD et la fondation Forum Europa, cet article analyse le phénomène de mobilité résidentielle transfrontalière et son impact sur les déplacements quotidiens. Réalisée au printemps 2008, cette enquête porte sur les actifs occupés résidant initialement au Luxembourg qui se sont installés dans un pays frontalier entre 2001 et 2007, tout en conservant leur emploi au Grand-Duché. Pour un grand nombre d'entre eux, le déménagement transfrontalier a permis d'accéder à un logement plus grand, voire d'en devenir propriétaire. Néanmoins, l'analyse des déplacements quotidiens montre que la plupart de ces personnes a dû consentir à de nombreuses concessions en termes de mobilité pour accéder au logement souhaité. Cela se ressent particulièrement pour le trajet domicile/travail dont la distance moyenne a doublé, ce qui a renforcé la dépendance à l'automobile des personnes concernées . En dehors même du travail, la localisation des autres activités quotidiennes se trouve modifiée à la suite du déménagement. Des indicateurs synthétiques issus de la géostatistique permettent d'analyser la reconfiguration des lieux de ces activités. Malgré la relocalisation de beaucoup d'entre elles autour du nouveau lieu de résidence, une certaine inertie des comportements se traduit par le maintien de près d'une activité sur trois au Luxembourg. Dès lors, la dispersion des espaces d'activités augmente pour certains enquêtés. Elle est liée à la part des activités transférées vers le pays de résidence, varie fortement selon la nationalité ; elle est plus forte pour les Luxembourgeois et les Portugais. Les personnes originaires des régions frontalières, qui retournent dans leur pays d'origine, gardent également près d'un quart de leurs activités au Grand-Duché : cela témoigne de l'importance du lieu de travail dans la structuration des espaces de vie quotidienne et d'un capital spatial déjà mis en évidence dans le cas d'actifs résidant au Luxembourg.

Between 2001 and 2007, nearly 8,000 resi­dents of Luxembourg went to live in Bel­gium, Germany and France though they remained employed in Luxembourg. For the vast majority of these people, this cross-bor­der move implies a growth of commuting distance and can therefore be regarded as a particular form of cross-border suburbaniza­tion. Despite these growing distances, indi­viduals report some residential satisfaction. However, beyond this apparent satisfaction, the analyses reveal some paradoxes. In terms of location first, it appears that most respondents would have liked to stay in the Grand Duchy, but at the same time only few of them wish to move back to Luxembourg. Then, in terms of daily mobility, the results suggest that residential satisfaction is little affected by dissatisfaction with commuting. Moreover, while the difficulties of commu­ting are often invoked by those seeking to return to Luxembourg, the mobility pro­blems are much less mentioned by the people actually being returned to live in the Grand Duchy. The role of daily mobility in these cross-border residential strategies is therefore complex; Entre 2001 et 2007, près de 8000 personnes actives ont quitté le Luxembourg pour s'installer dans une des régions frontalières, tout en continuant à travailler au Grand-Duché. Pour la très grande majorité de ces personnes, ce déménagement transfrontalier implique un éloignement vis-à-vis du travail, pouvant ainsi être assimilé à une forme de périurbanisation transfrontalière. Malgré cet éloignement les individus déclarent une certaine satisfaction résidentielle ; toutefois au-delà de cette apparente adéquation, les analyses révèlent certains paradoxes. En termes de localisation tout d'abord, il apparaît que la plupart des répondants auraient souhaité rester au Grand-Duché, mais sont dans le même temps peu nombreux à vouloir y retourner. En termes de mobilité quotidienne ensuite, les résultats tendent à montrer que la satisfaction globale est peu affectée par l'insatisfaction liée aux déplacements domicile-travail. Par ailleurs, alors que les difficultés liées au déplacement domicile/travail sont souvent invoquées par les personnes souhaitant retourner au Luxembourg, ces problèmes de mobilité sont beaucoup moins cités par les personnes étant effectivement retournées vivre au Grand-Duché. Le rôle de la mobilité quotidienne dans ces stratégies résidentielles transfrontalières s'avère donc complexe.

International audience

International audience

Mobility and transport evolve with time and the passing generations. Interactions are numerous between daily mobility and household migration (here defined as house moving implying a municipality change). The evolution of the transport system has deeply modified the barrier of distance and has largely opened the choices in terms of residence place. The continuing urban sprawl phenomenon resulting from these modifications has itself resulted in a strengthening of the property and housing market in certain territories, pushing people (young couples in particular) towards a residential localization which is further and further away from the traditional, urban activity centres. The tensions between daily and residential mobility have therefore increased, notwithstanding the recent rise in energy costs. This in turn generates unsustainable effects on society and environment. But these new residential choices have in parallel induced new mobility behaviours, based on an extensive (and probably excessive) use of the private car in daily trips (home-work/school, shopping, leisure ...). Social life itself (visits to friend and family) has become more spatially dispersed. One already knows that the propensity to change residence is determined by a number of individual or household characteristics such as age, citizenship or income, but the effects of long-term trends as population ageing, the evolution of the household/family structure on both residential choices and mobility behaviours remain so far largely unanticipated. This research project aimed at analyzing interactions between demographics and the evolution of mobilities at different time-scales. In particular, localization choice for household, daily accessibility and internal migrations ap pear to have strong relations.

International audience; L’article propose un panorama du phénomène de mobilité résidentielle trans-frontalière entre le Luxembourg et ses régions voisines (Lorraine, Wallonie, Rhénanie-Palatinat, Sarre). Le pays voit en effet un nombre croissant de personnes actives le quitter pour s’installer de l’autre côté de la frontière, tout en continuant à travailler au Luxembourg. Les auteurs s’intéressent à l’ampleur du phénomène, aux lieux de départ et d’arrivée, aux motivations des partants et à d’autres facettes caractérisant ce type particulier de mobilité résidentielle.

Appliquée à l?aire métropolitaine transfrontalière luxembourgeoise, l?analyse du système de mobilité locale, réunissant les interactions entre les déplacements quotidiens et la mobilité résidentielle, permet de mieux appréhender les rouages et les conséquences spatiales d?une spécialisation fonctionnelle mettant concomitamment en oeuvre une polarisation centre-périphérie classique et des différentiels frontaliers. Plus particulièrement, c?est en abordant les pratiques des déplacements domicile-travail ainsi que les choix résidentiels d?actifs frontaliers et résidents que cet article illustre les interdépendances fonctionnelles qui existent de part et d?autre des frontières grand-ducales, notamment par rapport au développement de la périurbanisation (transfrontalière). Ainsi, à partir de l?analyse conceptuelle des liens entre métropolisation et périurbanisation et une approche cartographique originale, il a été possible, grâce à l?exploitation des fichiers de la Sécurité Sociale luxembourgeoise et à l?aide de données d?enquête effectuées lors des dernières années, de remarquer trois processus majeurs. Premièrement, le bassin de main-d?oeuvre du Grand-Duché s?est fortement étendu ces dernières années. Par ailleurs, si la capitale présente un bilan déficitaire en termes de mobilité résidentielle locale, elle s?avère être la porte d?entrée principale des migrants. Enfin, la frontière joue deux rôles distincts. Le premier est attractif en ce qui concerne la mobilité domicile-travail. Le deuxième rôle est celui d?une frontière barrière/aimant dans la mesure où la tendance dominante consiste à s?en rapprocher, tout en s?accompagnant d?une faiblesse relative des déménagements transfrontaliers.

International audience; On the basis of a survey conducted with elderly in the city of Luxembourg (N = 903) in 2002, this text presents a method aiming to predict the localisation of an estimated population liable to health relevant problematics. The main objective of this methodology is to aggregate individual information (point mapping) to produce discrete information (area mapping). This dimensional change is obtained by a projection procedure. This projection makes possible the mapping of the characteristics observed in the survey, at a fine scale and for the entire city.; À partir d'une enquête réalisée en 2002 auprès de personnes âgées résidentes de la ville de Luxembourg (N = 903), ce texte présente une méthode originale visant à projeter spatialement les individus enquêtés âgés et leurs poids individuels respectifs, déterminés selon les standards de la théorie des sondages, afin de généraliser les résultats de l'enquête sur des aspects relevant de la santé des populations. Le principal enjeu de cette méthode est ainsi d'être en mesure d'agréger des informations individuelles (cartographie ponctuelle) de la totalité des personnes âgées pour produire une information discrétisée (cartographie surfacique) sur le bâti résidentiel de la capitale luxembourgeoise. Ce changement de dimension est obtenu par une procédure de projection spatiale aléatoire qui rend possible la cartographie des résultats de l'enquête à fine échelle et pour l'ensemble de la ville.

The problem of Small Area Estimation (SAE) is complex because of various information sources and insufficient data. In this paper, an approach for SAE is presented for decision-making at national, regional and local level. We propose an Empirical Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (EBLUP) as an estimator in order to combine several information sources to evaluate various indicators. First, we present the urban audit project and its environmental, social and economic indicators. Secondly, we propose an approach for decision making in order to estimate indicators. An application is used to validate the theoretical proposal. Finally, a decision support system is presented based on open-source environment., {"references":["J. N. K. Rao. Small Area Estimation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken,\nNew Jersey, 2003.","M. Ghosh. On some Bayesian solutions of the Neyman-Scott problem. In:\nS.S. Gupta and J. Berger, Eds., Statist Decis. Theory and Related Topics,\nV. Springer, New York, 267-276, 1994.","M. Ghosh, J.N.K. Rao. Small area estimation: an appraisal. Statist. Sci.\n9, 5576, 1994.","J. Jiang, P. Lahiri, Mixed model prediction and small area estimation,\nTest 15 (1) 196, 2006.","C.E. Srndal, B. Swensson, J. Wretman. Model Assisted Survey Sampling,\nSpringer, NewYork, 1992.","G.K. Robinson. That BLUP is a good thing: the estimation of random\neffects (with discussion). Statist, Sci. 6, 1551, 1991.","R.M. Lark, B.R. Cullis, S.J. Welham. On spatial prediction of soil\nproperties in the presence of a spatial trend: the empirical best linear\nunbiased predictor (E-BLUP) with REML. European Journal of Soil\nScience 57, 787799, 2006.","L. Emily, Statistical analysis of small-area data based on independence,\nspatial, non-hierarchical, and hierarchical models. Computational Statistics\nand Data Analysis, doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.07.033, 2008.","A. Sedeo-Noda. Preemptive benchmarking problem: An approach for official\nstatistics in small areas, European Journal of Operational Research,\ndoi:10.1016/j.ejor.2008.02, 2008."]}

International audience; Few researches study the interactions between urban forms and travel behaviours while integrating the residential mobility of households. The aim of this paper is to understand the spatial strategies of individuals who construct their activity spaces, taking into account their social characteristics and their residential movements taking place within the employment area of Luxembourg and its cross-border regions. By using the concept of spatial capital, individual-based analysis highlight behavioural strategies that show the influence of the length of the residential mobility on the dispersion of activity spaces.; Rares sont les recherches qui soulèvent les interactions entre formes urbaines et pratiques de mobilité quotidienne en y intégrant les parcours de mobilité résidentielle des ménages. L'objet de cet article est ainsi de comprendre les logiques géographiques des individus qui construisent leur espace d'activités quotidiennes en fonction, notamment, de leurs caractéristiques sociodémographiques et de leurs déménagements successifs se déroulant au sein d'un même bassin de vie, celui du Luxembourg et de ses régions frontalières. En faisant appel au concept de capital spatial, les analyses désagrégées permettent de mettre en évidence des logiques comportementales qui témoignent d'une influence de la longueur des parcours résidentiels sur la dispersion des espaces de la vie quotidienne, indépendamment des autres paramètres.

Background Various epidemiological studies give strong evidence that social integration, physical activity and mobility are favourable for healthy ageing. The more mobile and socially integrated elder individuals are the better is their health compared to others in the same cohort of age. When it comes to critical assessment of accessibility and tangible barriers or obstacles for everyday mobility and physical activity in (urban) environment(s), numerous studies in the fields of urbanism, geography, planning studies as well as architecture and even social sciences do exist. With an ageing population as important challenge for most Western societies, it is not very surprising though, that the identification of potential obstacles and barriers to mobility and social activities, which are not related to pathological issues, is an important task for research and practitioners in order to increase public health and the well-being of elder individuals. Some components of healthy aging including physical activity, social participation or mobility have been linked to dimensions of the built environment, but a more profound understanding. of the processes linking environments to health among older adults is still lacking. Methods The international, multidisciplinary project "Contrasting Urban Contexts in Healthy Ageing" goes beyond the compilation and combination of the results from separate studies, but collects and analyses detailed data on daily mobility and health outcomes among older adults in contrasted urban settings in Montreal, Paris and Luxembourg. The proposed paper will present first results from Luxembourg, where a "classical" quantitative survey dealing with well-being, health, mobility and the perceived environs has been combined with the collection of GPS-data and data on physical activity (accelerometer) during 7 days with 500 persons aged 65 and older. As this approach does take into consideration demographic characteristics as well as spatial qualities, an innovative, unique and robust strategy for socio-spatial sampling had been developed and applied. Results The study shows that - as expected - serious health issues do affect mobility behavior (and vice versa). Nonetheless, confirmed habits tend to be very stable. Furthermore, the general character as well as the attachment to the neighbourhood can play a certain role. Conclusions The analysis of the first batch of data proves that the multidisciplinary perspective and integrated empirical approach does deliver new, reliable information on how characteristics of urban environments relate to the crucial dimensions of healthy aging and mobility behaviour. Language: en

The recrystallization process of two low-carbon ferritic steels with low fraction of alloying elements are modelled. The difference in chemical composition and initial thermomechanical treatment between these two steels can be the cause of the difference in the stored energy distribution after 40% deformation by cold rolling or plane compression simulated by Finite Element Modelling (FEM). In both cases the deformation texture is characterized by the presence of a g- fibre with a reinforcement for the {111} component. The microstructure simulated by FEM is used as initial structure for Monte-Carlo simulations of recrystallization. In these simulations, the variation in chemical composition and initial thermo-mechanical treatment is introduced by the difference in stored energy distribution while recovery, nucleation and grain growth are simulated assuming that grain boundary properties mainly depend on misorientation. Modelling results are in agreement with experimental observations: that is the presence of a g- recrystallization fibre which corresponds to the initial deformed state and the development of {111} component which is not sharp in the deformation microstructure.

Arthritis in the K/BxN mouse model is provoked by pathogenic antibodies (Abs) directed against a ubiquitously expressed protein, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI). To begin dissecting the repertoire of arthritogenic immunoglobulins (Igs) in the K/BxN model, and to provide a basis for comparison with RA patientswe have generated anti-GPI monoclonal Abs (mAbs) from spontaneously activated B cells in the lymphoid organs of arthritic mice. B cell clones with anti-GPI specificities were present at extraordinarily high frequencies in the spleen, and less frequently in other lymphoid organs and in the synovial fluid. None of the anti-GPI mAbs induced arthritis when injected individually into healthy recipients, but most were effective when combined in pairs or larger pools. Arthritogenic combinations depended on mAbs of the IgG1 isotype, which bound to GPI with Kd in the 10−9 M range, with no indication of cooperative binding between complementing pairs. Pathogenicity was not associated with recognition of a particular epitope, but the ability to form mAb/GPI multimers by simultaneous recognition of different epitopes was clearly required, consistent with the known role of complement and FcRs in this model. Sequence analysis revealed structural similarities amongst the mAbs, indicating that a particular subset of B cells may evade tolerance in K/BxN mice, and that affinity maturation by somatic mutation likely takes place. These results confirm that GPI itself, rather than a cross-reactive molecule, is the target of pathogenic Igs.

Sur le marché immobilier complexe des centres-villes se greffe un processus socio-résidentiel particulier et instable, celui de la gentrification. Se plaçant dans un contexte économique et social spécifique (tertiarisation, augmentation du nombre des ménages…), ce processus nécessite cependant pour son développement un autre facteur essentiel : la demande sociale citadine, difficilement mesurable. Une étude de cas, Strasbourg et son centre urbain, permet, grâce à la réalisation d’une enquête sur le terrain, d’analyser et de comprendre cette notion. A particularly unstable socio-residential process, gentrification, has an important influence on the complex realy estate market of city centres. Placed in a specific socio-economic context (tertiarization, increasing number of households…), the development of this process depends on one essential factor : the urban citizen’s demand which is difficult to measure. A case study, of the centre of Strasbourg and a thorough inquiry permitted further understanding of this concept. Auf den komplexen Immobilienmarkt der Stadtzentren propft sich ein besonderer und instabiler sozio-residentieller Prozess – die Gentrification. Dieser Prozess, der sich in einen spezifischen wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Kontext einfügt (Tertiärisierung, Vergrösserung der Haushaltszahl), erfordert indessen für seine Entwicklung einen anderen wesentlichen Faktor : die schwer messbare sozial bedingte städtische Nachfrage. Eine Fallstudie — Strassburg und sein Stadtzentrum — erlaubt dank der Durchführung einer Untersuchung vor Ort den Begriff der Gentrification zu analysieren und zu verstehen.

The Eα class II gene of the major histocompatibility complex is expressed in a variety of immunocompetent cells. Part of the control of tissue-specific expression is mediated by a block of sequences found far upstream of the transcriptional starsite; this stretch is necessary for expression in the B lymphocytes of transgenic mice, but largely dispensable elsewhere. We review the evidence for the role of this region in E α transcription in transgenic animals, as well as data from transfections into tissue-culture cells, which indicate that this region has non-specific enhancer activity. We discuss possible models to explain how a non-specific enhancer can participate in cell-specific control.

The advances in adaptive learning dynamics to pure Nash equilibria in game theory provide promising results for the modeling of selfish agents with limited information in congestion games. In this study, a distributed game-theoretical learning algorithm with real-time information provision for dynamic congestion games is proposed. The learning algorithm is based on the regret matching process by considering a user's previously realised payoffs and real-time information. The numerical studies show that the proposed algorithm can converge to a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium in both static and dynamic congestion networks. Moreover, the proposed algorithm leads to a plausible real-time route choice modeling framework based on a user's perception being updated by incorporating the user's past experience, real-time information and behaviour inertia.

Expression of the murine Ia antigens is highly regulated, normally being limited to only a few cell types. Much of the regulation takes place at the level of mRNA synthesis; how is the transcription of Ia genes controlled? As one approach to answering this question, we have sought to delineate important control sequences in the Eα gene promoter and to identify proteins which bind to them. DNA sequence analysis reveals that all MHC class II genes, human or murine, show a conserved sequence motif in the promoter region, herein termed the class II boxes X and Y. The Y sequence is recognized specifically by a DNA-binding protein found in various nuclear extracts. In addition, experiments with transgenic mice indicate that Y is absolutely required for accurate mRNA initiation on the Eα gene in B lymphocytes.

Transgenic mice have great potential as systems for studying the function of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Several mouse lines that bear a wild-type E alpha transgene have been created and characterized. The transgene is expressed efficiently, accurately, and with tissue-and cell type-specificity. The recipient (E alpha negative) strain is endowed with new immunological capabilities; namely, it can now respond to E-restricted antigens. Other transgenic lines have been created by injecting E alpha clones that harbor promoter deletions. These mice display novel patterns of E alpha expression eg absent on B cells, but present on peripheral macrophages and in the thymus; or absent in the thymic cortex but present in the medulla. These mice may provide new insights into tolerance induction, MHC restriction etc.

Les inégalités sociales et spatiales n’ont cessé de croître depuis les dernières décennies dans plusieurs aires métropolitaines en Europe, comme Bruxelles et Luxembourg. L’immigration sélective entrante et sortante peut, d’une part, jouer un rôle de levier par lequel la ségrégation se renforce et, d’autre part, être un processus initiant la gentrification et la dispersion spatiale. Nous analyserons ici les dynamiques que la mobilité résidentielle et l’immigration internationale entrainent en matière de croissance des inégalités, notamment en observant la diffusion de différents groupes sociaux sur ces territoires. Le contexte économique postfordiste de compétition sera au centre de notre questionnement, et plus particulièrement son rôle comme moteur de la composition sociale appliqué aux structures spatiales de Bruxelles et Luxembourg., In most European metropolitan areas of Europe – like Brussels or Luxembourg – social and spatial inequalities have been rising since the last decades. Mechanisms of selective inward and outward migration have been playing a major role of both reinforcing existing segregation structures and initiating gentrification and spatial dispersion. We analyse the dynamics caused by both residential mobility and international immigration and look at their effects on the rise of disparities, by studying the diffusion of different social groups in the metropolitan areas. Against the background of post-fordist competitive mechanisms we will thus question the role of residential movements as a motor of social composition and spatial structure in Brussels and Luxembourg.

The number of cross-border workers in Luxembourg has steadily increased for over thirty years. The purpose of this article is to measure the integration of cross-border workers in Luxembourg by using the concepts of Time Geography and living spaces. The analysis focuses on the spatial and temporal organisation of the daily activities and their sequential location on both sides of the border. Thus, measuring living spaces and trip chains of cross-border workers represents the core of the methodological and analytical support. The juxtaposition of these trip chains with the living spaces allows identifying and characterising the degree of spatial integration of cross-border workers in Luxembourg. Apart from cross-border workers who are mainly shifting between their working place and their residence, the first results show a varying integration degree, Le nombre de travailleurs frontaliers au Luxembourg augmente de manière constante depuis 30 ans. Le but de cet article est de questionner l'intégration de ces frontaliers au Luxembourg au moyen de concepts issus de la Time Geography, en particulier celui des espaces de vie. Il s'agit d'analyser la répartition spatiale des activités quotidiennes, leur succession dans le temps et leur localisation par rapport à la frontière. Ainsi, la mesure des espaces de vie et des chaînes de déplacement des frontaliers constitue le principal support méthodologique et analytique pour identifier et caractériser le degré d'intégration spatiale de ces actifs au Luxembourg. Outre les simples déplacements domicile-travail qui n'engendrent pas d'activités secondaires, les principaux résultats témoignent de quatre autres types d'intégration spatiale plus ou moins importants.

Success is a European project that will implement several clean transport offers in three European cities and evaluate the environmental impacts. The goal of these measures is to improve urban mobility or the displacement of residents inside cities. For e.g. park and ride, electric vehicles, hybrid bus and bike sharing etc. A list of 28 criteria and 60 measures has been established for evaluation of these transport projects. The evaluation criteria can be grouped into: Transport, environment, social, economic and fuel consumption. This article proposes a decision support system based that encapsulates a hybrid approach based on fuzzy logic, multicriteria analysis and belief theory for the evaluation of impacts of urban mobility solutions. A web-based tool called DeSSIA (Decision Support System for Impacts Assessment) has been developed that treats complex data. The tool has several functionalities starting from data integration (import of data), evaluation of projects and finishes by graphical display of results. The tool development is based on the concept of MVC (Model, View, and Controller). The MVC is a conception model adapted to the creation of software's which impose separation between data, their treatment and presentation. Effort is laid on the ergonomic aspects of the application. It has codes compatible with the latest norms (XHTML, CSS) and has been validated by W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). The main ergonomic aspect focuses on the usability of the application, ease of learning and adoption. By the usage of technologies such as AJAX (XML and Java Script asynchrones), the application is more rapid and convivial. The positive points of our approach are that it treats heterogeneous data (qualitative, quantitative) from various information sources (human experts, survey, sensors, model etc.)., {"references":["Bana e Costa, C.A., Vansnick, J.C., \"General overview of the\nMACBETH approach\", in P.M. Pardalos, Y. Siskos, C. Zopounidis\n(eds.), Advances in Multicriteria Analysis, Kluwer Academic\nPublishers, 1995, p. 93-100.","Beynon M., Curry B., et Morgan P., The Dempster-Shafer theory of\nevidence: An alternative approach to multicriteria decision modeling.\nOmega, International Journal of Management Science, 28:37-50, 2000.","Brebbia, Urban Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century,\nedit. 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L’immigration est au centre de la croissance economique et du developpement social du Luxembourg. On retrouve dans le pays d’importants ecarts entre certains sous-groupes d’etrangers hautement qualifies opposes a d’autres moins formes, s’ajoutant aux inegalites socio-economiques deja presentes dans la population nationale. Dans cet article, nous nous interessons a l’evolution des inegalites sociales dans un contexte d’immigration, en nous focalisant sur la dimension longitudinale. Nous explorons, avec le dernier recensement national exhaustif, l’evolution des territoires communaux luxembourgeois du point de vue socio-economique pour voir comment les mouvements residentiels des populations nationales et etrangeres ont, dans l’espace social et spatial, suivi ou non la tendance de prosperite qui a marque le pays dans les dernieres decennies. Dans un premier temps, nous construisons une serie de portraits descriptifs sur l’evolution des communes a la lumiere de la mobilite residentielle et de l’immigration. Ces portraits montrent que les inegalites sociales et spatiales se sont principalement structurees autour de la capitale et ses communes periurbaines en tant que territoires privilegies, et le sud comme territoire plus precarise. Dans un deuxieme temps, a travers une serie de modeles probabilistes, notre exploration permet d’isoler de maniere dynamique l’implication explicite de l’immigration qualifiee et moins qualifiee dans l’evolution des territoires. L’arrivee d’etrangers marque ainsi fortement la structure socio-spatiale du territoire luxembourgeois.

Dans cet article, nous proposons d’analyser les comportements spatiaux de frontaliers qui traversent quotidiennement la frontière entre le Luxembourg et la France (faisceau de mobilité : Thionville-Luxembourg). Nous supposons que la frontière influence les plannings et les espaces d’activités des frontaliers et contribue à la formation de routines et de comportements spatio-temporels spécifiques. Ces particularités sont mises en évidence par la comparaison des comportements spatiaux de ces travailleurs frontaliers, confrontés à ceux d’actifs se déplaçant sur un faisceau de mobilité comparable non marqué par une frontière étatique : Voiron-Grenoble. Les analyses comparées, qui mobilisent deux enquêtes de mobilité standard CERTU, mettent en évidence un premier effet dérivé du différentiel frontalier sur le choix de localisation et la durée des activités quotidiennes des frontaliers : achats, loisirs, visites. Les travailleurs frontaliers présentent un ancrage résidentiel important car ces actifs passent davantage de temps à proximité de leur domicile. A contrario, les actifs non frontaliers privilégient la proximité du lieu de travail pour leurs activités routinières « secondaires ». In this paper we propose to analyse the spatial behaviours of cross-border workers who are crossing daily the border between France and Luxembourg (mobility beam: Thionville-Luxembourg). We suppose that the border influences the planning and the activity spaces of cross-border workers and contributes to form specifics routines and spatiotemporal behaviours. These particularities are highlighted by the comparison of spatial behaviours of cross-border workers to those of actives who commute on another comparable mobility beam without national border: Voiron-Grenoble. The analyses are based on quantitative mobility surveys of the CERTU. Results reveal a differential border effect on the location and duration of activities of cross-border workers: consumption, leisure, visiting. Cross-border workers have an important residential base because they spend more time close to their place of residence. On the contrary, the other workers choose the proximity of the work place to perform their daily activities.

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We investigate the travel mode choice behaviour of both resident and cross-border workers in Luxembourg. Two categories of mode choice are considered: sustainable (public transport) and unsustainable (single occupancy car use), which both depend on a large set of spatial and sociodemographic variables. In particular, we determine whether and how the borders of the four countries involved (Luxembourg, Belgium, France, Germany) affect this choice. The results of a classical binary logistic regression model show that significant variables depend on the area of residence and that some border effects are relevant in the context of the studied cross-border areas. Moreover, the identification of these various border-effect variables does not require the use of big data processing techniques. Therefore the proposed method can be applied generally to other cross-border areas with an open border context to highlight the effects of border on functional integration. This study is helpful in terms of developing a better understanding of the determinants involved in the use of sustainable transport modes and in supporting decisionmaking to improve transport planning., European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, Vol 15 No 4 (2015)