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Limonoid compounds are found in the Meliaceae family, especially in the genus Chisocheton. This genus belongs to medicinal plants with limonoid content that contains various biological activities such as anticancer, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, insecticide, antiviral, neuroprotective and antimicrobial properties. One of them which was not much reported is Chisocheton lasiocarpus. This study aims to get the new limonoid compound of C. lasiocarpus seeds. C. lasiocarpus seeds were macerated using methanol and were partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. The presence of limonoid was guided using the Ehrlich reagent. Extract of n-hexane was collected and purified by the chromatographic method until two pure isolates was obtained as nimonol (1) and 6α-acetoxy-14β,15β-epoxyazadirone (2). The chemical structure of isolates were identified by spectroscopic data including UV, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT 135°, HMQC, HMBC, 1H-1H COSY) and by comparison to those related spectra reported previously.

Pendidikan menjadi salah satu sektor yang harus beradapatasi akibat pesatnya perkembangan teknologi saat ini. Penggunaan teknologi dalam pembelajaran menjadi kebutuhan agar tercipta proses dan hasil pendidikan yang berkualitas dan sesuai perkembangan zaman. Virtual reality sebagai salah teknologi yang sedang dikembangkan dalam dunia pendidikan. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengkaji peran teknologi virtual reality yang digunakan sebagai media untuk membangun kemampuan dialogis siswa di dalam pembelajaran matematika. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah studi pustaka. Data diambil dari berbagai literatur yang relevan berupa buku, artikel, jurnal, maupun sumber-sumber tertulis lainnya. Data tersebut kemudian dianalisis dan dikaji sedemikian memperoleh hasil kajian yang disajikan secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa teknologi virtual reality dapat berperan untuk membangun kemampuan dialogis siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika. Peran tersebut akan maksimal bilamana guru mampu membuat dan menyajikan konten pembelajaran yang mampu menstimulus siswa untuk mengkritisi sebuah masalah dan mendorong siswa membangun dialog serta berargumen dengan siswa lain.

Dysoxylum parasiticum's stem bark produces an asymmetrical and two symmetrical dimers (1–3), dysoticans F–H, with a novel cadinene dimer skeleton.

The Chisocheton genus belongs to the Meliaceae family which produces various structures and activities of compounds, such as antimalarial, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic. This plant has 53 species that are spread in tropical and sub-tropical forests, including Indonesia. Chisocheton plants have been known as plants that produce limonoids, namely triterpenoid compounds that have been modified to lose four terminal carbons (tetranortriterpenoids). One of the species whose phytochemical reports are still few and interesting for research on limonoid content is Chisocheton macrophyllus. Chisocheton macrophyllus is a tall plant that grows in the rainforest in the northern part of the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia, has the regional name ma aa, gula, pasak lingga, gending, ta suea, bekak, or pithraj tree. This paper will describe a limonoid compound, namely nimonol which has been isolated from Chisocheton macrophyllus. Nimonol is known to have the molecular formula C28H36O5 from a group of havanensin. The structure was determined by spectroscopic methods UV, IR, 1D-NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and DEPT), 2D-NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, and HMBC), and mass spectroscopy.

This research is develop an Articulate Storyline learning media using Think Pair Share model was valid and practical. this research was Research and Development. The development procedure uses the ADDIE model consisting of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. the instrument used was a validity questionnaire and a practicality questionnaire. Data collection techniques used qualitative and quantitative techniques. The results of this study are in the form of learning media produced from the Articulate Storyline application which has an attractive appearance for elementary school students. Based on the results of media validator get 76.5% a very valid category. material validator get 91% a very valid category, linguists validator get 100% a very valid category. The practicality of the teacher's response at SDN Karang tengah 7 get 91.6% a very practical category and the practicality level at SDN Karang tengah 10 get 95.8% a very practical category. The practicality of the students' responses at SDN Karang tengah 7 get 91% a very practical category and the practicality level at SDN Karang tengah 10 get 93.8% a very practical category. It can be concluded that the Articulate Storyline learning media is valid and practical.

A new promising fluorescent chemosensor of Al3+ based on a 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde skeleton was successfully synthesized through double imine formation and demonstrated excellent sensing properties through the ESIPT inhibition mechanism.

A novel 2,3-epoxy naphthoquinol, named (6R,7R,8R)-theissenone A (1), possessing an oxatricyclo[5.4.0.03,5]undeca-trien-2-one skeleton, together with two known compounds, (6S,7R,8R)-theissenone (2) and arthrinone (3), were produced by an endophytic fungus, Arthrinium marii M-211, which was isolated from mangrove plants. The structure of 1, including the absolute stereochemistry, was elucidated by analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Additionally, the absolute structure of 2 was deduced as a diastereomer of 1 using ECD spectral data analysis. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited cytotoxic activity against the H4IIE rat hepatoma cells, with IC50 values of 67.5, 46.6 and 13.4 µM, respectively.

Amomum compactum Soland Ex Maton is one of the Zingiberaceae family plants which is the endemic plants from West Java, Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine the chemical structure of flavonoid compounds from n-hexane extract of A.compactum Sol. Ex Maton roots. Dried powder of the roots was extracted consecutively with n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. Three flavonoids, 5-hydroxy-3,7,4`-trimethoxy kaempferol ( 1 ), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3',4'-tetra methoxy kaempferol ( 2) and 4'-hydroxy-3,5,7-trimethoxy kaempferol ( 3 ), have been isolated from the roots of A. compactum Sol. Ex Maton. The chemical structures of compounds 1 - 3 were identified by spectroscopy data including infrared 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and HRTOF-MS as well as by comparison with previously reported spectral data. Compounds 1-3 were isolated from this plant for the first time and showed free radical DPPH scavenging activity.

Chisocarpene A (

Three new β-resorcylic acid derivatives, 1–3, were obtained from the endophytic strain Lasiodiplodia theobromae GI-1005, which was isolated from the mangrove plant Rhizopora mucronata. The structures of new compounds together with five known compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses, and chemical means. The isolated compounds were evaluated for phytotoxicity against Digitaria ciliaris (southern crabgrass) and Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Compound 1 showed growth inhibitory effects against D. ciliaris in a dose-dependent manner.

Three new dammarane-type triterpenoids, namely elliptaglin A-C (

Yuni Elsa Hadisaputri,1,2,* Rheza Andika,1,2,* Iyan Sopyan,3 Ade Zuhrotun,1 Rani Maharani,2,4 Rachmaniar Rachmat,5 Rizky Abdulah6 1Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 2Division of Biological Activity, Central Laboratory, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 3Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacy Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia; 5Oceanographic Research Center, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia; 6Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor, Indonesia*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yuni Elsa HadisaputriDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM.21, Jatinangor, West Java, 45363, IndonesiaTel +62-22-84288888 Ext. 3510Email yuni.elsa@unpad.ac.idIntroduction: In this study, Callyspongia aerizusa (CA), one of the most popular marine sponges for cancer therapy research, was investigated for its phytochemical compounds and evaluated for its anticancer activity in various cell lines. Since lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, a solution from this marine source is a good choice to address the resistance to anticancer agents. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism of cell death elicited by a CA extract in human lung carcinoma cells A549 was undertaken.Methods: The presence of secondary metabolites in CA methanol extract was revealed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and evaluated on four cancerous cell lines and a non-cancerous cell line using Cell Counting Kit-8. Since the activity of CA extract in A549 cells was then evaluated through clonogenic assay, morphological detection of apoptosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot assay, were also presented in this study.Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of two ergosteroids, ergost-22-en-3-one, (5β,22E), and ergost-7-en-3-ol, (35β) in the sponge extract that was suggested to suppress A549 cells (IC50 9.38 μg/mL), and another cancerous cell’s viability (IC50 3.12– 10.72 μg/mL) in 24 h, but not in the non-cancerous cells. Moreover, CA extract was also able to reduce the colony-forming ability of A549 cells, and through A549 cells morphology seems that apoptosis is the underlying mechanism of cell death. Further, the treatment with CA extract induced the up-regulation of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP-1, and the down-regulation of BCL-2, in both mRNA and proteins expression level, promoting apoptotic cell death via caspase cascade.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the compounds in CA extract possess the ability to induce apoptotic cell death in A549 cells and could become a promising candidate for future anticancer therapy.Keywords: Callyspongia aerizusa, ergosteroids, lung cancer, A549, apoptosis

Chisocheton balansae C.DC., is one of the Meliaceae family plants which is the endemic plants from Soputan Mountain, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study was aimed to determine the chemical structure of flavan-3-ol compounds from ethyl acetate extract of C. balansae C.DC stembark. Dried powder of C. balansae C.DC stem bark was extracted consecutively with n -hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. Four flavan-3-ol compounds, named catechin (1) , epicatechin (2) , epigallocatechin-3- O -gallate (3) , and epicatechin-3- O -gallate (4) were successfully isolated from ethyl acetate extract. The chemical structure of these isolates was determined by spectroscopic methods ( 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, DEPT, and 2D-NMR) and comparison with previous reported spectral data. These compounds are first time reported from this plant.

Three new metabolites, including two alkaloids, vancouverone A (1) and vancouverone B (2), one α-pyrone, 10,11-dihydroxy-citreoviridin (3), and two known compounds, neocitreoviridinol (4) and PF1140 (5), were isolated from Penicillium vancouverense YY-1 derived from gastric flora of the sea snail Monodonta neritoides. Their structures and configurations were elucidated using spectroscopic analyses. Compound 2 exhibited phytotoxicity against plant species (Lactuca sativa, Trifolium repens, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus, and Brassica rapa var. perviridis).

Nine analogues of antioxidant peptide SCAP1 were successfully synthesised using a solid-phase method on a 2-chlorotrytil resin. The compounds were obtained in a range of yields of 7.0–57.8%. The occurrence of aggregation during the synthesis is suspected to be responsible for the poor yields. All peptides were characterized by high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR-TOFMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant activities of the SCAP1 analogues as well as SCAP1 were analysed utilising the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay. The results revealed that all of the analysed peptides exhibited moderate antioxidant properties. Moreover, the evaluation of the structure–activity relationship showed that the Asn residue is an important requirement for the antioxidant activity of SCAP1. The replacement of Asn with other amino acid residues (Thr, Pro, Tyr, Trp and Phe) resulted in a decrease in the IC50 values of the peptides. Notably, however, the replacement of the Lys residue with Val marginally increased the activity.

Two new azadirone-type limonoids, namely lasiocarpine A (

Chisocarpene A (1) is a new tirucallane-type triterpenoid together with odoratone (2) and 24-methylenecycloartanol (3), isolated from the stem bark of Chisocheton lasiocarpus. The chemical structures of compounds 1–3 were elucidated through a detailed analysis of their spectroscopic data (IR, MS, 1 D, and 2 D NMR). The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line using a resazurin-based assay. Compound 1 showed the most potent activity (IC50 26.56 ± 1.01 µM) and was two-fold more active than the positive control.

Two new azadirone-type limonoids, namely lasiocarpine A (1) and lasiocarpine B (2) were isolated from the fruit of Chisocheton lasiocarpus along with three known limonoids (3–5). UV, IR, one- and two- dimensional NMR, and mass spectrometry were used to determine the chemical structure of the isolated compounds. Furthermore, their cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was evaluated using PrestoBlue reagent. From these compounds, lasiocarpine A (1) showed the strongest activity with an IC50 value of 43.38 μM.

Three new dammarane-type triterpenoids, namely elliptaglin A-C (1–3) were isolated from the stem bark of Aglaia elliptica (C.DC.) Blume along with three known derivatives, namely (20S)-hydroxydammar-24-en-3-on (4), cabralealactone (5), and E-25-hydroperoxydammar-23-en-20-ol-3-one (6). Subsequently, their chemical structures were determined using HR-ESI-MS, FTIR, 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with previous studies. The cytotoxicity activities of the isolated compounds against MCF-7 breast cancer and B16-F10 melanoma cell lines were then tested using PrestoBlue reagent. The analysis results showed that elliptaglin B (2) had the strongest activity against both cell lines with IC50 values of 60.98 and 51.83 µM, respectively.

Two undescribed sesquiterpenoids, namely dysoticans A and B, and three undescribed sesquiterpenoid dimers, namely dysoticans C-E, together with six analogs, were isolated from the stem bark of Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. (Meliaceae), growing in West Java, Indonesia. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis and theoretical simulations of ECD spectra and

A new promising fluorescent chemosensor based on a 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde skeleton was successfully synthesized through double imine formation as a yellow solid with an overall chemical yield of 63%. The compound showed UV/Visible maxima of at 394 nm in DMSO. Based on spectroscopic data of FTIR, ToF-HRMS

A novel 2,3-epoxy naphthoquinol, named (6

Three new limonoids namely pentandricines B–D (1–3), were isolated from n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Chisocheton pentandrus, along with four known limonoids (4-7). The chemical structures of pentandricines B–D, were fully elucidated based on UV, IR, HR-TOFMS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra. Furthermore, compounds 1-7 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro, with compound 7 (nimonol) showing strongest cytotoxicity activity with an IC50 value of 22.03 ± 0.026 μM.

[Leu]6-aureobasidin K 1 is an analog of AbK, in which aIle residue at the sixth position of AbK is replaced by Leu. [Leu]6-AbK 1 was successfully synthesized using a combination of solid- and solution-phase that has a difference with the previous method applied for the synthesis of other aureobasidin analogues, [2S,3S-Hmp]-AbL 2. The linear precursor was prepared by using solid-phase method with Fmoc strategy, in which an ester bond was constructed on the resin. The cyclic product was obtained from a solution-phase reaction of the linear precursor using HATU reagent. The crude of the cyclic peptide was purified using a column chromatography technique to obtain [Leu]6-AbK 1 with a percent yield of 5.31% that is higher compared to previous similar method for synthesis of [2S,3S-Hmp]-AbL 2. The purity level of cyclic product was analyzed using analytical RP-HPLC (tR = 6.49 min) and analysis of structure using 1H-NMR.

The uncontrolled and excessive use of insecticides on Spodoptera exigua can cause resistance. The aim of this study is to test resistance of S. exigua to chlorpyrifos and determine the possible mechanism of resistance to S. exigua. The resistance assay was carried out on chlorpyrifos by determining the level of resistance by the comparison of LC50 between the field samples and the standard samples. The resistivity of S. exigua was correlated with the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), esterase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. The samples of S. exigua were also tested for their sensitivity to neem oil insecticides. The results showed that S. exigua samples from Brebes and Cipanas had a resistance ratio (RR) of 5.50 and 3.26, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that the insensitivity of the AChE and the high activity of the GST play a significant role in the mechanism of S. exigua resistance to chlorpyrifos. However, the esterase has fewer roles in the S. exigua resistance mechanism for both samples. In addition, the results of neem oil insecticides test showed that S. exigua from Brebes and Cipanas samples is sensitive to the insecticide with the RR value less than 1; therefore, this biopesticide has the opportunity to manage resistant pests. A novel mechanism for insecticide resistance by insect was proposed.

In the course of our continuing search for anticancer compounds from Chisocheton species, three steroids, stigmast-5-en-3β-ol ( 1 ), stigmast-5-en-3β-ol-3- O -β- D -glucopyranoside ( 2 ) and stigmast-5,22-dien-3β-ol-3- O -β- D -glucopyranoside ( 3 ), were obtained from the stembark of Chisocheton celebicus . The structures of compound 1 - 3 were identified with spectroscopic data including IR, 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR and TOF-MS, as well as by comparing with those spectral data previously. Compounds 1 - 3 , were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against P-388 murine leukemia cells and displayed the cytotoxicity activity with IC 50 values of 12.45 ± 0.050, 52.27 ± 0.031 and 62.52 ± 0.076 µg/mL, respectively.

The endophytic fungus, Clonostachys rosea B5-2 was isolated from mangrove plants and subjected to the one strain many compounds (OSMAC) methodology. By this approach, it was found that modification...

Two new naphthoquinone derivatives, 6-hydroxy-astropaquinone B (1) and astropaquinone D (2) as well as the known compound 3-O-methyl-9-O-methylfusarubin (3) were isolated from Fusarium napiforme, an endophytic fungus isolated from the mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, 1, 2 and 3 were phytotoxic action in lettuce seeding at a concentration of 30 μg · mL−1.

Fractionation of ethyl acetate extract obtained by culturing the endophytic fungus Pseudocosmospora sp. Bm-1-1 resulted in the isolation of four new meroterpenoids, cosmosporin A (1), 6-carboxy-cosmosporin A (2), rel-(6aS,10aR)-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid B (3) and 8′-hydroxy-cannabiorcichromenic acid (4), in addition to four known compounds 5–8. Structures were elucidated by spectral analysis, as well as by directly comparing the spectral data of new compounds with those of known compounds. Cannabiorcichromenic acid (5), decarboxy-cannabiorcichromenic acid (6), and rel-(6aS,10aR)-decarboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid B (8) restored growth of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant strain involving Ca2+ signal transduction. Furthermore, compounds 3 and 8 had cytotoxic activity against HL60 cells (3: IC50 = 24.1 μM and 8: IC50 1.6 μM).

Four new triterpenoids, namely, chisopaten A-D (1-4), were isolated from the n-hexane extract of the bark of Chisocheton patens Blume. The chemical structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer lines. Chisopaten A and C, showed strongest cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 4.01 ± 0.008 and 4.33 ± 0.009 μM, respectively.

Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, which is often used as solvent and extractor for antibiotics in the pharmaceutical industry. One alternative to the synthesis of MIBK from mesityl oxide (MO) is through catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) using various organic compounds as hydrogen donors in the presence of a catalyst. The purpose of this study was to synthesize MIBK from MO through the CTH reaction using sodium formate as the hydrogen donor and Pd nanoparticles deposited on the activated charcoal (Pd-NP/AC) as the catalyst. Based on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, the conversion value of MO was obtained in 97.3% and the yield of the MIBK formation was 10.5%. Meanwhile, the highest selectivity was obtained in 17% at 40° C. The results show that sodium formate can effectively be used to reduce MO into MIBK in the presence of Pd-NP/AC catalyst at 70° C for 5 hours.

SCAP1e is an alanine-rich-pentapeptide, analog of SCAP1 an antioxidant peptide. The previous solid-phase synthesis on this peptide resulted in low yield of the product (7%) due to the aggregation that might occur during synthesis. The aim of the research was to resynthesize this peptide using the similar method but with a slight modification in the resin loading step. SCAP1e was successfully synthesized through solid-phase method with an improved yield 87.9% and high purity (90.2%) based on the HPLC analysis. The reduction of resin loading value from 1.2 mmol/gram to 0.63 mmol/gram has made a good impact for the improvement of the synthetic yield.

A new havanensin-type limonoid, 16β-hydroxydysobinin (1), along with four known limonoids (2–5), have been isolated from the seeds of Chisocheton macrophyllus. The chemical structure of the new compound was determined by referencing spectroscopic data, and by comparison to those related spectra previously reported. Each compound was evaluated for their cytotoxic effects against Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells and display no significant activity.

Nine new β-resorcylic acid derivatives, (15S)-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (1), (13S,15S)-13-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (2), (14S,15S)-14-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (3), (13R,14S,15S)-13,14-dihydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (4), ethyl (S)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(8-hydroxynonyl)benzoate (5), ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(8-hydroxyheptyl)benzoate (6), ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(4-methoxycarbonylbutyl)benzoate (7), 3-(2-ethoxycarbonyl-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (8), and isobutyl (S)-2,4-dihydroxy-6-(8-hydroxynonyl)benzoate (9), together with a known ethyl 2,4-dihydroxy-6-(8-oxononyl)benzoate (10) were obtained from Lasiodiplodia theobromae GC-22. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 3, and 6 showed growth inhibitory effects against Digitaria ciliaris. Conversely, treatment with compounds 5, 6, 7, 9, and 10 stimulated elongation activity toward the root of Lactuca sativa. These data expand the repertoire of new β-resorcylic acid derivatives that may function as lead compounds in the synthesis of new agrochemical agents.

Eleven undescribed triterpenoids (pentandrucines A to K) were isolated from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. These comprised ten undescribed dammarane-type triterpenoids and one undescribed apotirucallane-type triterpenoid. Additionally, two dammarane-type triterpenoids, four apotirucallane-type triterpenoids and two tirucallane-type triterpenoids were also isolated. The chemical structures of pentandrucine A-K, were fully elucidated using 1D and 2D-NMR, and high resolution MS. All of the compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Melianodiol proved to be the most active with an IC50 of 16.84 μM comparing favourably with Cisplatin (13.2 μM).