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The primary purpose of a Land Administration System (LAS) is to support the processes of recording and disseminating information about the ownership, value and use of land and its associated resources. An important task of LAS is land valuation for taxation purposes, which supports land management processes. Land valuation for taxation implies mass valuation methods, which use statistical analysis of valuation indicators to assess the best use of many real properties at the same time. However, to make fair and correct assessments, sufficient accurate and up-to-date data for each land parcel together with accompanying buildings and other constructions on it must be available. Some of the required data exists, but they are stored across different land registers and other registers, and are administered by various public authorities. To avoid further data redundancy, mass valuation information system can be based on existing data stored in distributed registers and shared by agreements between various public authorities. Therefore, the crucial part of the LAS is the data model, which needs to be carefully developed to efficiently fulfil the primary purpose of the system ; its development should be based on best practices from countries with similar LAS using well-known standards. This paper analyses the data models in the official Croatian registers and the possibilities of using them in land valuation and taxation extension in the Croatian Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) profile. The analysis identifies possible data, registers and responsible authorities whose data are appropriate to be used as an attribute for determining valuation indicators. The basic unit of such a system is real property, which can be generally seen as land and accompanying buildings or other constructions, or jointly owned individual parts of the property according to the property subdivision plan. Regardless of the valuation method used, each property type valuation indicator can be divided into external factors (e.g. location, zoning regulations) and internal factors (e.g. land parcel area, number of floors) for each property and can be seen in general as real property characteristics (e.g. land parcel area, number of floors). Some of the required data are found to be redundant (e.g. personal data) and some are found to be missing (e.g. building characteristics). For multiple sources of data, the paper considers the most appropriate one, based on the assessment of data completeness and whether the data are up- to-date. Schema matching is used to relate valuation attributes to appropriate LADM classes. Schema matching is a set of techniques used for comparing the schema of different data models, searching for similar or equivalent elements. The manual schema matching approach proved to be appropriate for the relatively small extent of the covered Croatian LADM data. The created UML class diagrams are used to show the level of compliance of available data with LADM valuation and taxation extension. This work demonstrates that a detailed review of valuation attributes is crucial in the development process for a mass valuation system because the whole system greatly depends on the availability and quality of the chosen attributes. An appropriate mass valuation system based on these premises can improve the usability of existing LAS, which could be used not only to provide fair and efficient land taxation, but also as a tool to make urban and rural spatial planning more sustainable.

Onshore and offshore areas share a lot of common features, but also have some significant differences, which reflect in the way they are defined and registered. Traditionally, land administration key registers emerge from the onshore area, they have been developed and technologically improved during many decades because of daily demand for their data and nowadays are in a stable and mature evolution phase. Registers covering offshore area, i.e. maritime domain, are usually derived from onshore registers or developed on purpose, and they are generally on various technological and operational levels. Analysis of the current nautical International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards shows the lack of steadily increasing and highly demanded tenure information on maritime areas. In this paper, an analysis of maritime areas registration in Croatia has been performed by using Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a modeling tool. The analysis includes key land registers, Cadastre and Land book, Register of territorial units, Register of concessions on maritime domain, Register of cultural property, Register of protected areas, Register of approved mineral resources exploration areas and Register of established mineral resources exploitation fields, Register of issued licenses for fish and other marine organisms farming, Environmental pollution register, as well the fishing zones, explicitly defined by the relevant law. Registration of administrative units, parties and rights, restrictions and responsibilities often involves more than one register, which is included in the models. The relevant LADM classes and attributes were identified in class diagrams and the model of registration was compared to LADM using schema matching methodology, by identifying semantically equivalent classes, attributes and structures. The suitability of using LADM as a conceptual model for registration of maritime areas in Croatia has been evaluated, including the possible upgrades and extensions of the current model.

The transformation of land administration systems from traditional to modern multipurpose land administration systems (MLAS), which support all land development activities, is a goal that can be reached only by considering various aspects ‒ legal, social, economic, technological, to name just a few. From a technological point of view, maybe the biggest shift in recent developments is perceiving the modern land administration system as being of distributed systems – land administration infrastructure (LAI). An MLAS should integrate various types of data that are kept in many official registers as public-sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, has the potential to contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public-sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ they have common objectives. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting against corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. Besides governments that are undergoing the process of “opening up” to the public they serve, academia is also becoming increasingly open on the wave of the open science movement. The paper describes how principles of open science in research can support the development of LAI. This approach is verified by the development of the platform through the project Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) that supports the land administration needs of users from various backgrounds. The platform gives them direction on how to access data from official registers and enriches them with research data and findings, which provides users with additional value.

U radu je prikazano sudjelovanje hrvatskih geodeta na FIG Congress koji je održan u razdoblju 6.-11. svibnja 2018.

Smislenom kombinacijom najrazličitijih podataka korisnik ima pravovaljani uvid u zemljišno stanje te može donositi kvalitetne odluke u vezi gospodarenja zemljištem. Projektom DEMLAS istražuju se mogućnosti unaprjeđenja sustava upravljanja zemljištem. Podaci koji su dostupni u sustavima upravljanja zemljištem pretežito se odnose na današnje stanje zemljišta, dok su povijesna stanja oskudno pohranjena i uglavnom nedostupna. Povijesni podaci korisni su, ne samo za povijesna istraživanja, već često daju informacije o podacima koje danas koristimo i održavamo. Povijesni podaci su uglavnom pohranjeni u arhivima (Hrvatski državni arhiv, Arhiv Državne geodetske uprave i drugi) i nedovoljno su povezani sa sadašnjim stanjima. To su u velikoj mjeri podaci Franciskanskog katastra, ali i podaci iz kasnijih razdoblja. Podaci o povijesnim podacima su neprikladno dostupni zbog svog analognog oblika. Zbog navedenog je pokrenuta izrada baze podataka katastarskih arhiva. U radu je prikazan transfer te baze u DEMLAS spremište te povezivanje s ostalim podacima u spremištu. Povezanost podataka te dostupnost putem interneta omogućava dobivanje novih spoznaja prostornim pretragama i analizama arhiviranih podataka. Povezanost odnosno relacije između podataka ostvarene su na razini katastarske općine. Analize su moguće različitim alatima, a karakteristični primjeri dani u radu su izrađeni QGIS-om.

A multipurpose land administration system (MLAS) should integrate various types of data that are stored in many official registers as public sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, is the potential which can contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ, their objectives are common. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. The availability and redundancy of data can be determined by comparing the key registers’ data. Results of comparisons are used in the development and implementation of a prototype of an MLAS warehouse and implementation of a portal for access to (meta) data. In order to establish a prototype warehouse, open source technologies were analysed in terms of their applicability to the development of an appropriate data model of a warehouse. Based on the strengths and weaknesses, we opted for the approach to modelling and establishment of a repository for various types of data. Typical data are migrated to storage. Each migrated dataset is described in a standardized manner with metadata. In that way, discoverability and searchability is facilitated, which results in significantly improved ability to use the warehouse of an MLAS. Metadata/data infrastructure is established as a set of publicly available services suitable for research of improvements of usage of public sector information. Two portals with the ability to view/download data have been implemented. These provide access to the metadata with the ability to search/view/download data. This allows further research on the possibilities of using the data for various purposes such as real estate mass valuation and land consolidation.

The Kostanjek landslide is the largest landslide in the Republic of Croatia, located in the western residential area of the City of Zagreb. The landslide was activated in 1963 and the main cause of sliding was excavation of the marl at the foot of slope. Investigation of Kostanjek landslide is one of the objectives of the Japanese-Croatian five-year (2009-2014) scientific joint-research project “Risk Identification and Land-Use Planning for Disaster Mitigation of Landslides and Floods in Croatia”. As a part of scientific project, a real-time monitoring system was designed during the period from 2010 to 2011 and established in the period from 2011 to 2013. The monitoring system consists of multiple sensor networks including 15 GNSS sensors for displacements monitoring. By GNSS sensors displacements of only 15 points can be monitored. From UAV surveys, movements of the landslide as well as changes in the surface topography can be detected, which enables us to obtain more detailed information on landslide dynamics, necessary for studying landslide activity. In this paper, results of three periodic UAV surveys of landslide performed within a period of two months are shown. Since within this period, no significant displacements on landslide had occurred, we examined the achieved accuracy of UAV surveys. Survey was done using senseFly eBee RTK with integrated GNSS RTK receiver. Since, in many cases there are sites where ground control points (GCP) cannot be placed and measured easily or safely, in this paper we analyzed the achieved accuracy of survey with and without the use of GCPs.

Prikazano je okružje uspostave i metodologija izrade te povijesni razvoj franciskanskog katastra. Analizirani su propisi kroz vrijeme i njihov utjecaj na izgled dokumentacije. Opisana je obnova i održavanje dokumentacije franciskanskog katastra od početka do današnjih dana.

Systematic establishment of Cadastre is performed by cadastral surveying projects, typically per cadastral municipalities. For the area of today's Republic of Croatia, systematic establishment of Cadastre was conducted based on the patent of Francis I from 1817. Until 1884 Land Cadastre documentation for approximately 3300 cadastral municipalities was produced and placed in use. Based on the law on the Cadastre maintenance (1883) cadastral institutions were established. They began regular maintenance of the documentation. In the late 19th century Land Books for all cadastral municipalities built on cadastral data were created. A lot of changes in the land and irregular maintenance disrupted the quality of cadastral data. In the period of Yugoslavia cadastre about 25% of the Croatian area was renewed by cadastral surveys. But most of the corresponding Land Books were not renewed so they are still linked to the data from Franciscan Cadastre. In addition, the cadastre established in the 19th century can hardly meet today's multipurpose needs of users. The Law on State Survey and Real Property Cadastre of 1999 stipulates that the existing Land Cadastre should be replaced by Real Property Cadastre. It is, for now, carried out only by cadastral re-survey projects encompassing part or whole cadastral municipality. The result of the todays cadastral survey projects is (electronic) Real Property Cadastre documentation which replaces Land Cadastre documentation. Drafting of cadastral survey documentation is carried out by authorized private companies, and the public display of the data is performed by public authorities (cadastral office, land book office). The project starts after the selection of the cheapest/most favourable contractor in the public procurement process by signing a contract and publication of the decision in the Official Gazette. Once the cadastral surveying project is completed, the decision on the documentation being put into force is published simultaneously by Director of the State Geodetic Administration and the president of the municipal court in charge. The documentation is uploaded to Joint Information System of cadastre and land book for further maintenance. Published decisions show that since the introduction of Real Property Cadastre (2000) started more than 350 projects of cadastral surveys. By the end of 2016 Real Property Cadastre for approximately 140 cadastral municipalities are completed and put in force. The remaining started projects are in progress, mainly in the process of public display, or waiting for the start of public display. In total renovation has begun for 11% of the cadastral municipalities and the Land Cadastre was replaced by the Real Property Cadastre for 4% of cadastral municipalities. Analysis shows that the duration of projects ranges from 2-12 years or an average of 5.7 years. The results obtained indicate the unsatisfactory speed of establishment of Real Property Cadastre.

Otvorena znanost pristup je znanstvenom razvoju koji se temelji na zajedničkom radu i objavljivanju informacija s pomoću naprednih mrežnih tehnologija s ciljem stvaranja rješenja koja se temelje na slobodnom pristupu i dije- ljenju. Cilj projekta „Razvoj višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem“ (engl. Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System, DEMLAS) istražiti je i unaprijediti postojeće pristupe upravljanju zemljištem kako bi se oni transformirali iz tradicionalnih u moderne višenamjenske sustave upravljanja zemljištem koji podržavaju sve aktivnosti upravljanja zemljištem. Takva transformacija može se ostvariti poboljšanjem učinkovitosti i upo-trebljivosti. Pod učinkovitošću se razmatra mogućnost brzog ažuriranja podataka uz istovremeno osiguravanje njihove dosljednosti i točnosti. Cilj unapređenja upotrebljivosti je višenamjensko korištenje sustava od svih dionika uključenih u takve procese, a za potrebe gospodarenja te sveobuhvatnog uređenja zemljišta. Središnja točka pristupa podacima korištenima za potrebe projekta je Spremište podataka DEMLAS-a, kojemu se pristu-pa sučeljem koje omogućuje pretraživanje, pregledavanje i preuzimanje podataka potrebnih za višenamjensko upravljanje zemljištem. U njegovu razvoju vodili smo se načelima otvorene znanosti kojima se osiguravaju sve prednosti takvog otvorenog pristupa.Načela otvorene znanosti realiziraju se i u konceptu Slučajeva upotrebe koji se implementiraju kao dijelovi DEMLAS-ova sučelja. Slučajem upotrebe istraživač kreira internetsku stranicu na kojoj opisuje svoje istraživanje, dodaje poveznice do metapodataka DEMLAS-a koji opisuju podatke korištene u svom istraživanju te do podataka koji su nastali kao rezultat istraživanja.

Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) unify geodetic precision of total stations with image and video capturing. An appropriate system calibration provided, these images and video frames are accurately geo-referenced at any time. They are particularly suitable for deformation monitoring of civil engineering structures and geo-risk areas, which are very hard to approach. It is also possible to use the additional vision technology for levelling applications by reading and analysing digital levelling staff code patterns. This paper presents the use of IATS, i.e. IATS prototype which consists of RTS Leica TPS1201 and GoPro5 Hero camera. The focus of the paper is determination of simulated dynamic displacements and natural oscillation frequencies by the prototype. For the simulations, we used multi-purpose universal testing machine intended for static and dynamic testing of mechanical properties of building materials and construction in laboratory. The experiments will cover the dynamic displacements from 0.1 to 5.0 mm at the frequency of 2 Hz.

Od 2000. godine u Republici Hrvatskoj provode se projekti nove katastarske izmjere koji obuhvaćaju dio ili cijelu katastarsku općinu. Državna geodetska uprava (DGU) pokreće projekte katastarske izmjere te naručuje njihovo izvođenje. U postupku javne nabave, kao početnoj fazi projekta, odabire se najpovoljniji izvođač s kojim se potpisuje ugovor na zadano razdoblje. Kako bi svi zainteresirani bili upoznati s procesom katastarske izmjere, omogućena je transparentnost službenih informacija o projektu. Na službenim stranicama Državne geodetske uprave dostupne su obavijesti o javnim nadmetanjima, a od 2011. godine i Registar javne nabave i okvirnih sporazuma. Od 2008. godine primjenjuje se Elektronički oglasnik javne nabave (EOJN) Republike Hrvatske putem kojeg naručitelj objavljuje poziv na nadmetanje te obavijest o sklopljenim ugovorima. Službene odluke o katastarskim izmjerama objavljuju se u Narodnim novinama, dok se odluke o stavljanju u primjenu katastarskog operata objavljuju na službenim stranicama DGU-a. U ovom radu analizirana je dostupnost službene dokumentacije kroz faze katastarske izmjere te tijek objavljivanja pojedinih odluka. Nestandardiziranost službenih odluka onemogućuje spoznaju je li riječ o nastajanju novih katastarskih općina ili ne. Osim toga, ponekad nije točno definirano je li riječ o katastarskoj izmjeri dijela katastarske općine ili cijele.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement.

A more extensive use of land administration data began with the development of multipurpose cadastral systems. However, establishing of multipurpose cadastral systems has proven to be a task more demanding than expected, so hardly any country has one that is really efficient. Only with a start of a more extensive introduction of IT technologies have the prerequisites for developing of multipurpose land administration system really been fulfilled. Still, the differences resulting from basic concepts (e.g. deed vs. title registration, fixed vs. general boundaries, institutional and jurisdictional differences) require on a per country approach to be applied when multipurpose land administration systems are to be implemented. LADM can be used as a facilitator for the development of a standardized concept for a multipurpose land administration system, however it first needs to be adjusted to local conditions. The inclusion of all the involved stakeholders directly into an integrated LAS would not result in an efficient system. The analysis of parts of LAS indicates that the most appropriate solution is a distributed MLAS based on the interoperability of its parts. The analysis focuses on components (registers) to be included in order to satisfy as many users as possible.

U ovom radu predstavljena je izmjera i vizualizacija crkve sv. Nikole u Starome Gradu na otoku Hvaru. Izmjera crkve obavljena je laserskim skenerom i bezdodirnom mjernom stanicom uz primjenu prisilnog centriranja. Rezultat projekta je 3D model crkve koji je zbog svoje kvalitete bilo moguće koristiti za izradu nacrta, raznih presjeka i pogleda koji su potom korišteni za potrebe obnove crkve. Temeljem izrađenog 3D modela napravljena je i multimedijalna prezentacija o crkvi sv. Nikole. Time je pokazana dodatna mogućnost primjene rezultata 3D izmjere. Korištenje dostupne tehnologije i metoda geodetske izmjere čini izvrsnu osnovu i za modeliranje informacija o građevinama (engl. Building Information Modelling – BIM) s ciljem učinkovitijeg upravljanja građevinama.

Prikazana je izrada prvog katastarskog operata za k.o. Dol na Hvaru.

Nikola Vučić obranio je 6. studenoga 2015. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Podrška prijelazu iz 2D u 3D katastar u Republici Hrvatskoj. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl i prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić (mentor) oba s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, te doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Matijević iz tvrtke IGEA d.o.o. Varaždin. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Nikola Vučić defended his doctoral thesis Support to the Transition from 2D to 3D Cadastre in the Republic of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb on November 6, 2015. He defended his thesis in front of the Committee for defending the doctoral thesis, which consisted of Prof. Dr. Vlado Cetl and Prof. Dr. Miodrag Roić (mentor), both from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, and Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Matijević from IGEA Ltd. Varaždin. The Committee for grading the doctoral thesis consisted of the same members.

Beside commercial purposes crowdsourcing is becoming more and more important for governmental institutions as well. Data acquisition is both time consuming and expensive. But required data can be accessed and utilized with free work force. Opposite to classic crowdsourcing where workers or volunteers are anonymous, in this project at the end contributors will be known since their names will be connected to the real property. Contributors for this project are an individual without a formal background in a subject, but who possesses time, and willingness to offer the data. It is important that the crowd perceives the initiative valuable and well intentioned. Therefore contributor’s interest for participation will be calculation of utility rates or taxes based on construction volume and later for the use of the property. Initiative objective is to gather more precise three-dimension description of properties which will lead to quicker and easier 3D cadastre implementation. Because of a widespread use of smartphones and broadband Internet this initiative will be based on mobile infrastructure. Public institution should make a native application or a web page which will be used by contributors who will access application by their own smartphone over commercial network. Application will be linked to online database where contributors can upload required data. Control and validation of submitted data should be carried out to avoid vast quantities of incorrect data. In this paper we propose application design and required attributes from LADM (Land Administration Domain Model) Spatial Unit package collected and submitted by citizens. This paper shows case study for Croatian land administration system.

Today’s land administration systems (LAS) efficiently fulfil their primary purpose, the support for land administration processes. Besides that, land administration systems should also facilitate land management as an important instrument for the implementation of land policy contributing to comprehensive land governance. Unfortunately, this is often not the case, or at least not in an efficient manner. A multipurpose land administration system efficiently supports land management processes. Within the paper we describe the steps leading towards the transformation of a LAS into a MLAS. For the purpose of transformation we propose to improve the two basic aspects of a LAS, its efficiency and its usability, and argue that it should facilitate the transformation. Within the efficiency aspect we focus on increasing the outsourcability of processes and in the usability on finding new usages in the domain of land management. We argue that the project should include two basic components (the conceptual and the technical one) and that it should be executed in three phases (first the definition of concepts, second the physical modelling and pilot and third the testing of outputs and refinement of findings).

Prezentirana je mogućnost korištenja CROPOS-a kod homogenizacije katastarskih podataka.

Croatia is a young state but have a long history in geodesy. The development of the profession was mainly driven by need for cadastre and topographic maps. During the 19th century under Austrian-Hungarian influence, topography, cadastre and responsible institutions were established in Croatia for the first time. During the last twenty years Croatia have reorganized institutions to support the transition processes. In the past, the geodetic framework was determined by a socialistic ideology without any attention to secure real property rights. Land as an important and limited resource is the focus of many economic activities. Thereby land governance, primary field of work of surveyors, becomes more demanding and spreads. Cadastre made in the 19th century has long served many needs. However, the main purpose for which it was established and its positional accuracy, today can hardly meet the needs of users. In support of the modernization of spatial data in 2004 were introduced a new geodetic datum and projections that are gradually implemented, and subsequently is established CORS CROPOS. After conversion of all cadastral data in electronic form, in ongoing are renewal and improvement of existing data. In addition to the systematic renewal of the cadastre by cadastral municipalities, in progress is homogenization of cadastral map which should enable a gradual improvement and creation seamless cadastral map of the whole country. Following the trends in the field of SDI in the world, Croatia has been implementing the INSPIRE directive. In accordance with that more and more spatial data services is available on the Internet. Better access to data and coordinated maintenance of the cadastre and land books is pursued through the introduction of a Joint Information System and on it built the One Stop Shop subsystem. Challenges for surveyors in Croatia today are: the establishment of seamless data and service available for the whole country, the registration of public utility infrastructure, real estate valuation and land consolidation which will extend the scope of the profession from land administration to land governance.

By Decision of Government of Republic of Croatia on determining new geodetic datums and plane cartographic projections, HTRS96 (Croatian Terrestrial Reference System for epoch 1995.55), which is based on ETRS89 (European Terrestrial Reference System 1989), was accepted as new position reference system in Republic of Croatia. When speaking of engineering coordinate systems, primarily designed for local geodetic field application in building control and monitoring, it is important to provide a valid transformation to global coordinate reference systems for many purposes, on a state level. There are different approaches for that task. In this work, introduction of Unified Modeling Language (UML) in modeling of transformation process, from engineering to global coordinate reference systems is given. Process modeling with UML gives many advantages in defining procedure structure, operations, objects and attributes. As International Organization for Standardization (ISO), has accepted UML as standard for object- orientated modeling it would be recommended to use it in all geodetic processes.

The analysis of GNSS systems in transition countries of Southeast Europe was made in this paper. Collecting location about land features is one of the major component of land administration systems. Data collecting undergoes significant changes with satellite data collection methods which are more and more replacing traditional methods. The paper also presents a brief overview of the development of GNSS systems, and the dynamics of their introduction in certain countries. Networks of permanent stations were analyzed, and their main features are listed. The cooperation of relevant institutions, in terms of constant exchange of data cells GNSS permanent networks in border areas was also analyzed.

Pojam infrastrukture prostornih podataka (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) već je dulje vrijeme prisutan u svijetu. Presudnu ulogu i poticaj ka stvara-nju nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka imala je izvršna naredba 12906 američkog predsjed-nika Clintona iz 1994. godine. Donošenje ove naredbe potaknulo je ubrzan rad na izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka i svih dodatnih mjera u SAD-u, ali i diljem svijeta. Uz nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenute su i različite inicijative na regionalnoj (EUROGI, PCGIAP ...) kao i na globalnoj razini (GSDI). U radu će se dati pregled različitih inicijativa i napora koji su pokrenuti u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju. Najveću ulogu u tome imaju državna tijela, u prvom redu Vlada i Državna geodetska uprava uz potporu i suradnju javnog i privatnog sektora te akademske zajednice. Državna geodetska uprava je kao glavni čimbenik u stvaranju buduće infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenula niz inicijativa koje imaju za cilj uvođenje novih tehnologija, oprema i postupaka pri izradi karata i stvaranju digitalnih i katastarskih baza podataka. Učinkovito upravljanje prostorom uz održivi razvitak zahtijeva uređenje i modernizaciju prostornih evidencija te uspostavu nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka. U idućih nekoliko godina pred Hrvatskom su brojne zadaće i obaveze po pitanju uređenja prostornih evidencija. Tim zadaćama treba savjesno pristupiti i riješiti ih u razumnom roku, a što je od interesa kako za boljitak cijele države tako i za ispunjenje postavljenih uvjeta u procesu pristupanja europskim i svjetskim integracijama., The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is not new and has already been present in the world for quite a long time. President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 from April 1994 played a crucial role and was an initiative in establishing National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). This Order induced briskly the building of NSDI and also of all additional counterparts in the USA and around the whole world. Besides NSDI, various other initiatives at regional (EUROGI, PCGIAP, …) and global level (GSDI) were also launched. In this paper, an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Croatia will be presented. State bodies such as the Government and State Geodetic Administration have the main role in it in collaboration with public and commercial sector and also with academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. The arrangement and modernization of spatial records and the establishment of NSDI make the key factors for sustainable physical planning and land development at local and national level. In the next few years Croatia must solve numerous duties to arrange spatial records. These duties must be solved very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Croatian prosperity and for the fulfilment of the conditions set in the process of entering European and international integrations.

In this paper is presented a 3D measurement and visualization of the church of St. Nicholas on the island of Hvar. Survey of the church was conducted using a laser scanner and reflectorless total station with the appliance of methods such as constrained centring which ensures high- quality measurement results. Due to its quality, the obtained 3D model was used to create layouts, cross sections and views that were used for the renewal of the church of St. Nicholas. Multimedial presentation made upon a result of the created 3D model shows an additional possibility of applying the results of the 3D survey. Use of available technology and methods of geodetic survey is a great baseline for the Building Information Modelling (BIM) in order to ensure better building management.

Effective spatial resources management is one of the main features of healthy economic growth of a region. Although traditionally divided among several administrative bodies, the technological progress enables the integration of all space-related attributes, creating spatial information support that can service all more complex social communities. The paper considers the possibilities of the mass valuation application in the procedures of land management in the Republic of Croatia, views all legal frameworks and gives an overview of information of land administration, and especially cadastre, on which every mass valuation system is based. Through the overview of the existing state of information and the descriptions of abandoned mass valuation systems, the paper explains the problems of rural and urban land valuation. It explains the choice of Multi Criteria Decision Analysis helped by Rule-based Expert System methodology with the purpose of developing functional, practical, consistent and adaptable mass valuation system on a national level, applicable on the area of the Republic of Croatia and states with similar LAS.

Cadastral systems need to be designed and supported from three dimensional spatial perspectives. Previous researches of Croatian 3D cadastre through relevant use case examples suggest better real property separate parts registration as well as 3D building visualization (apartments, office spaces, etc.). Next to the 3D aspects of rights and restrictions, the temporal aspect, the fourth dimension of interests in real property, is an important aspect of cadastral registration. History of changes on the cadastral parcels is subject of interest for key users, mostly parties. For this purpose, Croatian Land Administration System was adapted to become a four-dimensional (4D cadastre). In the land book and cadastre all changes since their inception are recorded with the time component and date of the change. Previous researches have shown that Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152) is good basis for the Croatian 3D cadastre. This paper discussed that legal and institutional aspects of Croatian 3D cadastre should be considered in 3D cadastre development for each jurisdiction. Legal support to register and represent 3D properties (legal aspect), institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties (institutional aspect), and technical support to realise 3D cadastre (technical aspect) are basis for 3D cadastre development. This paper presents some 4D cadastre situations in Croatia. Goals of the new Law on Cadastre and State Survey are legal regulation of 3D cadastre, as well as the central repository establishment of Utility cadastre under the authority of the State Geodetic Administration. This paper also suggests better public utility infrastructure registration by overlapping Land cadastre and Utility cadastre and unifying records at the state level, because Utility cadastre in local government despite statutory obligation from 1999 was not developed in the past 15 years.

Potreba za racionalnim planiranjem te učinkovitijim upravljanjem prostorom na lokalnoj razini vodi razvoju složenih informacijskih servisa koji trebaju opsluživati sve kompleksniju društvenu zajednicu. Ti servisi morali bi davati potpune i ažurne informacije o zemljištu. Ujedinjavanje svih podataka pogonskih katastara pojedinih upravitelja vodova i podataka katastra (temeljnih podataka o prostoru), vodi uspostavi komunalnog informacijskog sustava, kao mjesta logičke integracije svih prostornih podataka bitnih za planiranje zahvata u prostoru, a na razini jedinice lokalne samouprave. Ovakav informacijski sustav omogućava jednostavniju izradu kvalitetnih prostornih planova – na osnovi ažurnih i detaljnih podataka o prostoru, te ostvarivanje uvjeta za održivi društveni i gospodarski razvoj, zaštitu okoliša te racionalno korištenje prirodnih i povijesnih dobara na načelu integriranog pristupa. Uspostava komunalnog informacijskog sustava – KIS-a dugotrajan je i relativno skup projekt, stoga je potrebno pomno planiranje i ispitivanje gospodarske isplativosti u ovisnosti o kompleksnosti sustava. Rad opisuje analizu prostornih podataka pogonskog katastra komunalnog poduzeća Moslavina d.o.o. iz Kutine. Analiza obuhvaća ocjenu kvalitete podataka te pripadajućih metapodataka, kao preduvjeta za uspostavu informacijskog sustava. Na osnovu navedenih podataka, primjenom slobodnog GIS softvera modelirani su postojeći prostorni podaci te su ocijenjene mogućnosti izrade analiza za potrebe rješavanja praktičnih zadataka upravitelja javnom komunalnom infrastrukturom.

U radu su analizirane specifičnosti različitih modela masovnog vrednovanja nekretnina na primjeru Republike Hrvatske. Potreba za procjenom vrijednosti nekretnina proizlazi iz heterogene prirode nekretnina, odnosno nepostojanja dvaju nekretnina istih osobina i položaja. Procjena vrijednosti nekretnine složen je postupak koji uključuje kvantitativno vrednovanje kvalitativnih osobina nekretnine. Masovnom procjenom nekretnina procjenjuje se vrijednost velikog broja nekretnina upotrebom statističkih metoda. Prostorni podaci čine osnovu svakog sustava vrednovanja nekretnina samim time što su nekretnine značajno određene svojim prostornim obilježjima. Sustav masovnog vrednovanja nekretnina jedan je od preduvjeta kvalitetnog gospodarenja prostorom, kao osnovnim i ograničenim resursom svake države. Ažurni i potpuni upisnici podataka o prostoru, vođeni i osnovani na temelju zakona, a vođeni i strukturirani na način primjeren elektroničkoj obradi podataka, osnovni su preduvjet za ostvarivanje i funkcioniranje sustava masovnog vrednovanja nekretnina. Velika većina zemalja Europske unije ima uspostavljene sustave masovnog vrednovanja nekretnina. U „starim“ članicama su uspostavljeni odavno, još prije nastanka unije. U „novim“ članicama su uspostavljeni nakon ulaska u Europsku uniju, ili se još uspostavljaju. Sustavi primjenjuju različite metode procjene i određuju različite vrijednosti nekretnina, u ovisnosti o podacima, strukturiranosti podataka, društvenom uređenju i naslijeđu. Najčešća vrijednost koja se traži je tržišna vrijednost, određivanje koje uključuje sagledavanje tržišnih čimbenika kroz u nekom vremenskom periodu ostvarenih tržišnih cijena nekretnina. Kako bi sustav masovnog vrednovanja bio primarno utemeljen na tržišnim cijenama, tome treba prilagoditi i izbor metode, modela i podataka sustava. Tu treba uključiti dovoljnu količinu podataka tržišta nekretnina podržanu informatičkom infrastrukturom.

INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) direktiva usvojena je 2007. godine s ciljem uspostave Europske infrastrukture prostornih podataka u razdoblju do 2020. godine. INSPIRE obuhvaća 34 teme prostornih podataka koje su definirane u 3 priloga direktive. Katastarske čestice prepoznate su kao referentni skup podataka i nalaze se u prilogu I. Krajnji vremenski rok do kojeg zemlje članice EU moraju staviti na raspolaganje prostorne podatke iz priloga I u skladu s odredbama INSPIRE-a je 2017. godina. Hrvatska je kao članica EU također preuzela tu obavezu kroz transpoziciju INSPIRE direktive u Zakonu o Nacionalnoj infrastrukturi prostornih podataka. Mnoge zemlje članice, a među njima i Hrvatska, već su učinile dostupnima podatke o katastarskim česticama. Najčešće ti podaci nisu usklađeni s INSPIRE-om već su u nekome nacionalnom modelu. Ovaj rad ima za cilj dati pregled i analizu trenutnog stanja katastarskih čestica u INSPIRE-u na temelju izvješća zemalja članica iz 2010. i 2013. godine te trenutno dostupnih podataka i servisa kroz INSPIRE geoportal.

Zemljište je najvažniji i ograničeni resurs kojim raspolažemo. Ono je nepokretno te se ne može fizički prenositi između osoba kao druga dobra. Od ostalih dobara razlikuje se po tome što je ograničeno, ne može se povećavati ili smanjivati. Ima veliku važnost za gospodarski i društveni razvoj. Nužno je za gospodarske i društvene aktivnosti svakog čovjeka. Da bi se njime moglo učinkovito upravljati, još od davnina su se o njemu prikupljale, zapisivale, održavale i koristile razne vrste informacija. Za upravljanje tim informacijama osnivali su se katastri. Oni su dio sustava upravljanja zemljištem i nužni su za kvalitetno definiranje i provođenje zemljišne politike. Na temelju podataka u sustavu upravljanja zemljištem provode se mjere gospodarenja zemljištem koje mogu biti uspješne samo ako su podaci kvalitetni i dostupni. U radu se prikazuju termini i procesi uređenja zemljišta te analizira njihova međuovisnost.

Opisan je razvoj zemljišnih informacijskih sustava te načini prikupljanja podataka. Prikazan je značaj analognih podataka i prijal od rada s tintom do računalnih alata.

U ovome radu dan je pregled procesa i poslova koji se obavljaju u svakidašnjem radu katastarskih ureda i Središnjeg ureda Državne geodetske uprave Republike Hrvatske po uloženim žalbama na prvostupanjska rješenja. Postupanja u katastarskim uredima uređena su propisima. Žalba je redoviti pravni lijek u upravnom postupku, a kako se u katastarskim uredima sve promjene o obliku, broju i površini katastarske čestice provode upravnim postupkom, svaka stranka u postupku ima pravo uložiti žalbu ako smatra da su njezina prava povrijeđena. Također se određene promjene o vlasnicima upisanim u posjedovne listove mogu provoditi upravnim postupkom pa stranke i u tim slučajevima imaju pravo žalbe. Opisani su poslovni procesi rada sa žalbama u okviru katastarskih postupanja te su ti procesi formalno modelirani objektnim pristupom.

3D Cadastre is very interesting topic in the geodetic and cadastral scientific inter-national community, but there are a few countries that can boast with a fully established and completed 3D cadastre. Establishment of 3D cadastre is a long and tedious process, just as a traditional 2D cadastre was not created overnight. This paper will describe the current method of registration of property and separate parts of real property (apartments and office spaces) in the Croatian cadastre and land book as the basis for the establishment of 3D cadastre. Certain preconditions for the formation of 3D Cadastre in Croatia have already been met (e.g. separate part of real property ownership is possible to register in the cadastre and land book). This paper proposes two new registration solutions in Croatian Land Administration System (Unified Feature Identifier and registration of apartment volume).

Weak or not existing linkage of official registers in Republic of Croatia (real estates, rights, persons etc.) and data redundancy as an inevitable outcome of such a state are the cause of various unwanted consequences for the relevant public authorities, but also for citizens and companies as the end-users of such data. Linking the registers, and thereby rationalizing the procedures related to public authorities, would enable significant savings in time, people and resources, and at the same time increase the legal security of registers and the availability of high quality and always up to date data. In this paper the analysis of relevant registers is done together with the proposed model of their linking. The above mentioned model is developed as an extension of the existing Land Administration Domain Model – LADM. Some parts of this research should serve as a contribution in development of the LADM country profile for the Republic of Croatia.

Evidencije o prostoru su, danas još uvijek, u analognom obliku i većinom 2D prikazi. Potreba za detaljnijim i sveobuhvatnijim modelima (3D) prisutna je općenito, a osobito na području pogonskih katastara. Proces izrade sastoji se od izmjere i modeliranja. Iz modela se mogu izraditi razni oblici vizualizacije i 2D prikaza. U radu su opisane metode izmjere i načini izrade modela te mogućnosti vizualizacije različitih kulturnih i gospodarskih objekata.

U radu se govori o izradi baze i načinu rješavanja imovinskopravnih elemenata za mostove.

3D katastar vrlo je aktualna tema u svjetskim geodetskim i katastarskim znanstvenim krugovima, no malo se koja država može dičiti potpuno uspostavljenim i dovršenim 3D katastrom. Uspostava 3D katastra je dug i zahtjevan proces, baš kao što i tradicionalni 2D katastar nije nastao preko noći. Ovim radom opisati će se sadašnji način upisa nekretnina i posebnih dijelova nekretnina (stanova i apartmana) u katastar i zemljišne knjige kao osnova za uspostavu 3D katastra. Određeni preduvjeti za formiranje 3D katastra u Hrvatskoj su već zadovoljeni (npr. etažirane zgrade možemo upisati i u katastar i u zemljišne knjige). Za upis vodova u Hrvatskoj je propisana izrada katastra vodova. Katastar vodova biti će prikazan povijesnim pregledom kao i današnjim stanjem te načinom vođenja i održavanja. Katastar vodova sadrži podatke o vrstama, namjeni, osnovnim tehničkim osobinama i položaju izgrađenih vodova te imenima i adresama njihovih upravitelja. Propisano je da jedinice lokalne samouprave osnivaju i vode katastar vodova još 1999. godine, ali je vrlo mali broj njih preuzeo tu obvezu. Za većinu jedinica lokalne samouprave katastar vodova još uvijek vode katastarski uredi Državne geodetske uprave. Uz navođenje država Europske unije gdje je 3D katastar najrazvijeniji, dati će se i perspektive za 3D katastar Republike Hrvatske, kao države koja je upravo u postupku samog ulaska u Europsku Uniju.

Knjiga opisuje povijesni razvoj katastra i njegove današnje oblike. Iako po svojim načelima i temeljnim obilježjima slični, katastri u različitim državama imaju svoje posebnosti koje su u knjizi opisane. U današnjem globalnom svijetu sve se nastoji ujednačiti pa se to događa i s katastrima. Slobodan protok ljudi i kapitala omogućavaju jasne i javne informacije o nekretninama koje pružaju katastri. Detaljan opis svih oblika katastara na svijetu opsežna je materija te je ona u ovoj knjizi dana u opsegu dovoljnom za razumijevanje i korištenje u njima sadržanih informacija. Potpuni pregled načina rada i djelovanja opisan je za oblik katastra koji je razvijen u srednjoj Europi, a primjenjuje se i u drugim dijelovima svijeta te je općenito priznat kao najnapredniji oblik.

An assessment of real estate value is a prediction of its value based on experience, and taking into consideration its spatial, physical, legal and economic factors. Location has great influence on value because the real estate is being significantly determined by its spatial properties. In the urban areas, correlation between the value of real estate and its location is very complex and it depends on many subjective and objective factors. Mass valuation is a procedure which, based on objective factors, using statistical methods assesses the value of a big number of real estate. Modern, Computer-Assisted, real estate valuation systems worldwide are based on the existing spatial data, a combination of land administration and topographic data, along with the market factors. Efficient functioning of a real estate cadastre, as the basic infrastructural system, facilitates significantly the planning and accomplishment of economic and other activities linked to real estate. This paper examines the possibilities of mass real estate valuation, based on 3D Vector Terrain Model, created from the digital cadastral map (DCM) of the cadastral municipality of Centre, provided by the City of Zagreb Office for Cadastre and Geodetic Works and topographical data. As in cadastre, basic unit of realised real estate valuation system is real property, which can generally be seen as land, buildings, and whatever is attached or affixed to the land. In the lack of true 3D cadastral data models and data, procedures for real estate valuation were based on model which consists of 3D physical objects made from 2D cadastral data (land parcels and buildings) and topographical data – elevation. Data were modelled, stored and analysed using the combination of PL/SQL procedures and Oracle 11g SDBMS built-in spatial functions. This paper concentrates on further development of visibility analysis calculation of real estate, which requires more detailed 3D physical model. The idea behind modelling the influence of this factor on real estate valuation is the assumption that a real estate with a bigger visibility polygon, i.e. a better view, has a bigger market value than the same real estate with a smaller visibility polygon. On the part of the model, each part of 3D property unit were manually modelled into smaller parts according to a plan of separate parts – 3D condominiums, which are smallest parts of 3D property units in the model. Thus those, procedure of automatic valuation of spatial characteristics of each condominium were possible, instead of valuation of the whole building object. This factor was calculated as visibility polygon, two-dimensional geometric shape – cross section of continuous visibility border in all directions from one point (centre of 3D condominium), considering only the cross section of horizontal vision and obstacles. Data derived from the system can be used for better understanding and explanation of real estate value spatial distribution, and as a basis for the expert system based on multi criteria decision making.

U ovom radu dan je pregled procesa i poslova koji se obavljaju tijekom katastarske izmjere. Katastarskom izmjerom se prikupljaju podaci o nekretninama i interesima na njima u okviru nekog područja, najčešće katastarske općine. Polazna osnova su postojeći podaci katastarskog operata i zemljišne knjige. U katastarskoj izmjeri treba obaviti niz poslova kojima se prikuplja velika količina novih podataka te je potrebno te poslove dobro organizirati jasnim procesima. Danas nam stoje na raspolaganju informatički alati, hardver i softver kojima se to može podržati. Za modeliranje samog procesa korišten je opći jezik za modeliranje – Unified Modeling Language (UML).

U radu je provedena analiza sustava upravljanja zemljištem u tranzicijskim zemljama na primjeru zemalja jugoistočne Europe. Analizirani su propisi o upisu nekretnina i prava na njima te je obavljena usporedba institucija i nadležnosti. Analizirani su upisnici nekretnina i prava na njima te navedene njihove glavne značajke. Također je dan uvid u neka od tehnoloških dostignuća na području unapređenja i modernizacije sustava upravljanja zemljištem.

This paper describes method of registering real property and parts of real property (apartments, etc.) in the cadastre and land books. Approach to registering particular structures and corresponding rights is delineated based on existing legislation. For example, tunnels, bridges and other 3D cadastre relevant structures are considered. Bylaw on Utility Cadastre regulates registration of public utility lines in Croatia. The paper portrays development of the utility cadastre and depicts current maintenance and management. The utility cadastre contains data about the type, purpose, basic technical features, and location of built utility lines, and lists the names and addresses of their managers. The following topics are covered: key 3D real world situations, infrastructural and utility networks, buildings, X/Y coordinates and Z coordinates. Legislation regulating that bodies of local government must establish and manage the utility cadastre was passed already in 1999, but few of these bodies assumed this responsibility since. Future development of Croatian 3D cadastre is proposed based on current situation and demand for establishing the 3D cadastre.

U radu je opisan postupak pojedinačnog prevođenja katastarskih čestica u katastar nekretnina. Pojedinačnim prevođenjem katastarskih čestica u katastar nekretnina postupno se stvara katastar nekretnina. Ono se radi za jednu ili više katastarskih čestica. Pojedinačno prevođenje obavlja se geodetskim elaboratima kojima se održava katastarski operat. Rezultat pojedinačnog prevođenja je katastarska čestica katastra nekretnina koja se, kada je jednom prevedena, dalje održava po pravilima katastra nekretnina. Postupak je, osim tekstualno, prikazan odgovarajućim dijagramima.

U radu se govori o uklapanju GPS mjerenja u terestričke sustave po modelu "očuvanja susjedstva".

U radu je dana vijest o 16. Internationaler Ingenieurvermessungskurs.