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Marburg virus disease (MVD) presents a significant global health threat, lacking effective antivirals and with current supportive care offering limited therapeutic options. This mini review explores the emerging landscape of novel antiviral strategies against MVD, focusing on promising therapeutics currently in the development pipeline. We delve into direct-acting antiviral approaches, including small molecule inhibitors targeting viral entry, replication, and assembly, alongside nucleic acid antisense and RNA interference strategies. Host-targeting antivirals are also considered, encompassing immune modulators like interferons and cytokine/chemokine modulators, broad-spectrum antivirals, and convalescent plasma and antibody-based therapies. The paper then examines preclinical and clinical development for the novel therapeutics, highlighting in vitro and in vivo models for antiviral evaluation, safety and efficacy assessments, and the critical stages of clinical trials. Recognizing the challenges of drug resistance and viral escape, the mini review underscores the potential of combination therapy strategies and emphasizes the need for rapid diagnostic tools to optimize treatment initiation. Finally, we discuss the importance of public health preparedness and equitable access to these promising therapeutics in achieving effective MVD control and global health security. This mini review presents a comprehensive overview of the burgeoning field of MVD antivirals, highlighting the potential of these novel approaches to reshape the future of MVD treatment and prevention.

Tumour suppressor genes play a cardinal role in the development of a large array of human cancers, including lung cancer, which is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide. Therefore, extensive studies have been committed to deciphering the underlying mechanisms of alterations of tumour suppressor genes in governing tumourigenesis, as well as resistance to cancer therapies. In spite of the encouraging clinical outcomes demonstrated by lung cancer patients on initial treatment, the subsequent unresponsiveness to first-line treatments manifested by virtually all the patients is inherently a contentious issue. In light of the aforementioned concerns, this review compiles the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of some of the tumour suppressor genes implicated in lung cancer that are either frequently mutated and/or are located on the chromosomal arms having high LOH rates (1p, 3p, 9p, 10q, 13q, and 17p). Our study identifies specific genomic loci prone to LOH, revealing a recurrent pattern in lung cancer cases. These loci, including 3p14.2 (FHIT), 9p21.3 (p16INK4a), 10q23 (PTEN), 17p13 (TP53), exhibit a higher susceptibility to LOH due to environmental factors such as exposure to DNA-damaging agents (carcinogens in cigarette smoke) and genetic factors such as chromosomal instability, genetic mutations, DNA replication errors, and genetic predisposition. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current treatment landscape and advancements for lung cancers, including the challenges and endeavours to overcome it. This review envisages inspired researchers to embark on a journey of discovery to add to the list of what was known in hopes of prompting the development of effective therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.

Objective: Primary brain injuries, which are the result of severe head trauma and cannot be prevented, are always catastrophic and fatal. Yet, if diagnostic and therapeutic steps are taken promptly after a craniocerebral injury, further brain insults may be prevented and the victim's death can be avoided within 24 hours. Materials and Methods: Source of data, sample size, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, statistical methods. Results: One hundred individuals with confirmed cumputer tomography (CT) scan results of severe head trauma participated in this analysis. Seventy men and thirty women accounted for the total number of patients. The research included 70% men and 30% women. The M/F ratio is 2.3:1. Males between the ages of 21 and 30 (a total of 21 patients) had the highest rate of head injury in our analysis. Males had a lower incidence overall, with nine cases in the 0–10 age range, 11 cases in the 11–20 age range, five cases in the 41–50 age range, three cases in the 51–60 age range, and four cases in patients older than 61. Similarly, eight of the female patients were in the 21–30 age range. There were also four patients between the ages of 0 and 10, four between the ages of 11 and 20, two between the ages of 41 and 50, five between the ages of 51 and 60, and three among those older than 61. Summary and Conclusion: Men were more likely than women to sustain a head injury. The majority of the study population consisted of patients between the ages of 21 and 30 and 31 and 40. Injuries were found to most often occur in car crashes.

Background: This study aims to explore the connection between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) through a case–control investigation. OSA is a sleep-related breathing disorder that affects breathing during sleep, whereas TMD involves pain and dysfunction in the jaw joint. Understanding any potential association between these two conditions could contribute to improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 participants were included in both the OSA group and the control group. Participants with diagnosed OSA constituted the OSA group, whereas individuals without OSA formed the control group. TMD symptoms were assessed using standardized diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the prevalence of TMD symptoms between the two groups. Results: In the OSA group, 36 out of 50 participants exhibited TMD symptoms, whereas in the control group, 18 out of 50 participants displayed such symptoms. The calculated P value was found to be 0.023, indicating a statistically significant association between OSA and TMD. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest a notable association between OSA and TMD. Individuals with OSA are more likely to experience TMD symptoms compared to those without OSA. This underscores the importance of considering TMD symptoms in individuals with OSA and vice versa for a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and management.

Introduction: University students’ motivators and preferences for yoga as their course of study can influence their future as yoga instructors and therapists. Materials and Methods: Six hundred and thirty-six students of both genders (251:385, male: female) from four North Indian universities offering graduate and postgraduate courses in yoga were the respondents to a convenience sampling survey about their preferences and motivators. Results: The three most common reasons why students chose to study yoga were (i) “I can help many people through knowledge of yoga” (32.2%), (ii) “I will become a better person by studying yoga” (21.9%), and (iii) “I find yoga interesting” (18.9%). After completion of the course, most students wished (i) “to study another course in yoga” (28.8%), (ii) “to work in yoga and education in a university” (17.5%), and (iii) “to work in yoga and research” (14.3%). Students appreciated positive effects which they attributed to yoga (e.g. good health, feeling peaceful, and positive behavior changes). Conclusion: Students did not like regulations such as early wakening and dietary restrictions. The available information about the scope, benefits, safety considerations, and requirements of yoga can help student aspirants make an informed choice about their future careers. Students of yoga can be further motivated by evidence informed interactive sessions.

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 infections caused mild-to-moderate illness. However, a sizable portion of infected people experience a rapid progression of hyper-inflammatory and hypoxic respiratory illness that necessitates an effective and safer remedy to combat COVID-19. Methods A total of 150 COVID-19-positive patients with no to mild symptoms, between the age groups 19–65 years were enrolled in this randomized, open-labeled three-armed clinical trial. Among them, 136 patients completed the study with RT-PCR negative reports. The patients received herbal drugs orally (Group A (Adhatoda vasica; AV; 500 mg; n = 50); Group B (Tinospora cordifolia; TC; 500 mg; n = 43), and Group C (AV + TC; 250 mg each; n = 43)) for 14 days. Clinical symptoms, vital parameters, and viral clearance were taken as primary outcomes, and biochemical, hematological parameters, cytokines, and biomarkers were evaluated at three time points as secondary outcomes. Results We found that the mean viral clearance time was 13.92 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.85–14.99) in Group A, 13.44 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.14–14.74) in Group B, and 11.86 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.62–13.11) days in Group C. Over a period of 14 days, the mean temperature in Groups A, and B significantly decreased linearly. In Group A, during the trial period, eosinophils, and PT/INR increased significantly, while monocytes, SGOT, globulin, serum ferritin, and HIF-1α, a marker of hypoxia reduced significantly. On the other hand, in Group B hsCRP decreased at mid-treatment. Eosinophil levels increased in Group C during the treatment, while MCP-3 levels were significantly reduced. Conclusions All the patients of the three-armed interventions recovered from COVID-19 and none of them reported any adverse effects from the drugs. Group C patients (AV + TC) resulted in a quicker viral clearance as compared to the other two groups. We provide the first clinical report of AV herbal extract acting as a modifier of HIF-1α in COVID-19 patients along with a reduction in levels of ferritin, VEGF, and PT/INR as the markers of hypoxia, inflammation, and thrombosis highlighting the potential use in progression stages, whereas the TC group showed immunomodulatory effects. Trial registration Clinical Trials Database -India (ICMR-NIMS), CTRI/2020/09/028043. Registered 24th September 2020, https://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pdf_generate.php?trialid=47443&EncHid=&modid=&compid=%27,%2747443det%27 Graphical Abstract

AbstractBackground India recorded the first outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in North-eastern region (NER) in the year 2020.Aim The current study was undertaken to investigate the transmission of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the wild boars of Northeast India, particularly of Assam.Material and Methods ASF suspected mortal tissue remains and blood samples of wild boars collected from different locations of Assam were screened for molecular detection of swine viruses which includes Classical swine fever virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and ASFV.Results One sample each from Manas and Nameri National Parks was detected positive for ASFV. Besides this, one of the samples was positive for CSFV and one of the ASFV positive samples was also positive for PCV2. Several striking gross and microscopic alterations were noticed in different organs of ASFV infected animals. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of B646L gene confirmed the presence of ASFV genotype-II in wild boars. Circulation of similar genotype in domestic pigs of NER in the contemporary period as well as locations near to the aforementioned national parks indicates the transmission of ASFV from domestic to wild boars.Clinical Relevance The detection of ASFV in the wild boars of Assam is alarming as it is an impending threat to pig population and other endangered species (particularly Pygmy hog), making it increasingly daunting to control the disease.Conclusion Chances are high for ASFV to become endemic in Assam region if stringent measures are not taken at proper time.

Abstract Background Medical thoracoscopy is an essential tool in the evaluation of patients with pleural effusion who remain undiagnosed despite a thorough pleural fluid workup. Malignancy and tuberculosis are the two most common etiologies in such patients having completely different prognoses. Therefore, correct diagnosis is very important before starting treatment. This study was planned to study the yield of rigid thoracoscopy in such patients and to observe its associated complications. Furthermore, the difference in the profile of patients with malignancy and tuberculosis was also evaluated. Methods This was a single-center, exploratory, observational study done between 1st May 2021 to 31st December 2022. Patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion defined as exudative pleural effusions as per Light’s criteria with negative Gene X pert and twice negative pleural fluid cytology for malignancy, underwent rigid thoracoscopy for confirmation of their diagnosis. Results A total of 160 patients, who fulfilled our inclusion criteria, were included in our study. Male to female ratio was 1.25:1, with a mean age of 57.3 years. The most common etiology observed was malignancy, seen in 120 out of 160 patients (75%), followed by tuberculosis, which was seen in 27 (17%) patients. A final diagnosis could be made in 158 patients, giving a diagnostic yield of 98.8%. 11.8% showed procedure-related complications without any mortality. Conclusion Rigid medical thoracoscopy has a very high diagnostic yield with few complications. A significant proportion of patients with straw-colored effusion can present with malignancy and vice versa. A few with ADA above 40 were diagnosed as having malignancy. Therefore, tissue-based biopsy with thoracoscopy can be easily performed to make a correct diagnosis with huge future implications in such patients.

Envenomation from snakebites continues to be a severe public health issue in many parts of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. The complex range of envenomation symptoms necessitates ongoing innovative approaches for the effective treatment of snakebite victims, especially those resulting from krait species. The present case series provides a comprehensive clinical assessment of krait bite patients ( three male patients) in the Emergency Department (ED), emphasising the distinct clinical implications, cutting-edge perspectives, and critical requirements for reporting such occurrences. To identify both shared traits and unique attributes among the cases, authors analysed clinical records, laboratory data, treatment methods, and outcomes. Within the case series, three patients exhibited diverse envenomation symptoms. Notably, discrepancies were observed in the timing and severity of conventional neurotoxic indicators. Additionally, some individuals showed unusual coagulopathic symptoms, which posed challenges in diagnosis and treatment decisions. It is noteworthy that one patient demonstrated resistance to traditional antivenom therapy, raising the possibility of the need for individualised treatment plans. The wide range of clinical manifestations emphasises the importance of individualised care strategies and thorough surveillance. By illustrating the diverse clinical course of krait envenomation and the challenges it presents to healthcare professionals, present case series contributes to the current body of knowledge. The need for reporting and further research is particularly urgent, given the emergence of antivenom resistance. Reporting such occurrences becomes crucial in establishing global treatment recommendations and enhancing scientific understanding in the field as snakebite management tactics continue to evolve.

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) integrated Heterogeneous Network (HetNet) is currently considered as one of the promising technologies. This technology helps in fulfilling high demands of bandwidth, volume, and range as per user needs. In this paper, the work is carried out by authors to assure high security for the users in such a network by incorporating an authentication‐based security known as Identity based Scheme (IBA). The IBA based implemented networks improve the confidentiality of data and the authenticity of the users. Privacy and reliability come through the entity's capacity to authenticate, sign and transact authenticated data without central directory interference. Therefore,the primary scope of this research project is to create an identity‐based authentication mechanism in HetNets that are assisted by UAVs and to secure communication against potential intruder threats. In this way, the security assurance is increased and dreadful intruder attacks are minimized. Moreover, in this research work, the implementing zones would be areas of defence for observation of a region to locate an enemy or as certain strategic features. The security rules are formulated in the coded language known as High Level Protocol Specification Language (HLPSL) and outcomes are verified through Automated Validation Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA).

The present study elaborated on the impact of online service convenience on the adoption intention and adoption of electronic information resources. Factors of service convenience have been identified as access convenience, search convenience, evaluation convenience, transaction convenience, and possession/ post-possession convenience. Data were collected from 205 Ph.D. scholars and faculty members from Central Government Institutes in Northern India. The received responses have been analyzed and presented with the help of PLS-SEM using ADANCO 2.2 software. The present study's findings suggested a significant impact of access, search, transaction, and possession/ post-possession convenience. However, evaluation convenience has been found insignificant in arousing adoption intention for electronic information resources. The uniqueness of the present study lies in elaborating on the unexplored area of online service convenience concerning electronic information resources.

Abstract The demand for vehicular antennas increases in tandem with the need for multiple features in automobiles. The development of optically transparent antenna (OTA) has made it possible to deploy antennas on delicate surfaces such as glass. Earlier studies on OTA demonstrated its viability using materials such as transparent conducting oxides (TCO) and conductive polymers. A tri-band OTA is proposed in this paper for vehicular applications. The antenna operates at 1.8 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 3.39–12 GHz bands, covering automotive/wireless applications such as GSM, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, vehicular communication and electronic toll collection. The proposed OTA is developed on soda lime glass, and the material TCO is used for the radiator and the ground plane. The antenna prototype is tested on windshield and in an anechoic chamber, the gain and efficiency are found to be greater than 1 dBi and 80%, respectively. Furthermore, a machine learning technique for vehicle classification is proposed, which could help in electronic toll collection, automatic vehicle identifier, and parking management applications. The presented algorithm achieves 80% classification accuracy with a minimum window size.

Abstract The certification of wine quality is essential to the wine industry. The main goal of this work is to develop a machine learning model to forecast wine quality using the dataset. We utilised samples from the red wine dataset (RWD) with eleven distinct physiochemical properties. With the initial RWD, five machine learning (ML) models were trained and put to the test. The most accurate algorithms are Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Using these two ML approaches, the top three features from a total of eleven features are chosen, and ML analysis is performed on the remaining features. Several graphs are employed to demonstrate the feature importance based on the XGBoost model and RF. Wine quality was predicted using relevant characteristics, often referred to as fundamental elements, that were shown to be essential during the feature selection procedure. When trained and tested without feature selection, with feature selection (RF), and with key attributes, the XGBoost classifier displayed 100% accuracy. In the presence of essential variables, the RF classifier performed better. Finally, to assess the precision of their predictions, the authors trained an RF classifier, validated it, and changed its hyperparameters. To address collinearity and decrease the quantity of predictors without sacrificing model accuracy, we have also used cluster analysis.

This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13λ02) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna’s behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing.

Bioethanol is the most commonly used biofuel. It is an alternative to replace fossil fuels in renewable energy; it can be produced from lignocellulosic feedstock using a biotechnological process. Their participation of microorganisms is crucial in the bioconversion process of fermentation for ethanol production and can involve bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. However, when working within bioethanol processes from lignocellulose feedstock, microorganisms face some challenges, such as high temperature, high solids content, and the ability to ferment sugars for high ethanol concentration. Such challenges will depend on operative strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, separate hydrolysis and fermentation, semi-simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, and consolidated bioprocessing; these are the most common configurations. This review presents different trends of the microbial role, biochemical application, and fermentation operative strategies for bioethanol production of the second generation.

This research delves into the control strategy and modeling of a utility-grid tied hybrid system that conjoins a Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) and wind energy system. To maximize real power output under varying environmental conditions, both SPV-wind energy systems are controlled by Perturb & Observe (P&O) type Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. A sine varying modulating signal is generated through Proportional Integral (PI) based voltage and current controllers. Additionally, the target of reactive power compensation is achieved by connecting Distributed Static Synchronous Compensator (D-STATCOM) at coupling point. Its application helps in maintaining a stable utility-grid connection, and efficient power distribution. Simulation studies reveal that harmonics are reduced at various coupling points and are less than 5 %, as per IEEE-519 standard. It ensures that the proposed system operates at its peak efficiency, taking into account fluctuations in SPV radiations and wind speed. In addition, the steady-state response of the developed system is obtained with PI controller and analyzed. Results obtained are compared by implementing Grasshopper Optimization (GO) technique for validation and accuracy. It is found that rise time, settling time and maximum overshoot are 0.246 s, 0.38 s and 6 %, respectively with GO technique. Therefore, it is envisaged that the operation of D-STATCOM with GO technique is successfully integrated and is capable to address the key PQ issues, like voltage and current profile amongst others. Overall, the results demonstrate that the proposed system is highly efficient, making it an ideal choice for rural communities seeking to adopt renewable energy solutions.

This study explores the co-pyrolysis recycling of the Polypropylene-Bakelite blend to improve the kinetics, thermodynamics, and conversion of thermal degradation of bakelite into useful products. The thermogravimetry analysis of the blend was conducted from ambient to 1000 °C at various heating rates in an N2 atmosphere. Thermogravimetric-Differential thermogravimetry curves revealed four steps of pyrolytic degradation, including two major weight loss steps (220–420 °C and 420–550 °C). The blending of polypropylene with Bakelite caused a shift in the pyrolytic degradation temperature zone and a synergetic effect. The pyrolytic degradation of the blended sample followed the F3 order-based mechanism with an average activation energy of 151 kJ/mol at 220–420 °C and the P3/2 nucleation mechanism with an average activation energy of 306 kJ/mol at 420–550 °C. The blend produced 47.66 % oil, 11.1 % wax, 15.1 % residue, and 26.14 % non-condensable gas during batch pyrolysis at 450 °C. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analyses revealed that the oil contained 18.86 % saturated hydrocarbons (C8-54), 20.33 % unsaturated hydrocarbons (C7-19), and 60.81 % oxygenated compounds (C9-41) that could be used as transportation fuel.

Oroxylin A (ORA), a natural compound found in plants, has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent against liver fibrosis, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. Chronic inflammation fuels cancer development and progression by promoting cellular transformation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, while cancer can create an inflammatory microenvironment, further enhancing its growth and invasiveness. Inflammasome activation also plays a crucial role in liver fibrosis which is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix components in the liver. This review aims to explore the efficacy of ORA and its mechanisms of action in these disease contexts. ORA targets hepatic stellate cells, key players in the development of liver fibrosis. By modulating signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), ORA effectively inhibits HSC activation and reduces the production of excessive extracellular matrix proteins. ORA exhibits a multitude of beneficial effects in cancer treatment. It demonstrates anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic properties by interfering with various molecular pathways involved in cancer progression. ORA displays anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and influencing signaling pathways. This mechanism allows ORA to mitigate inflammation, a hallmark of many diseases, including inflammatory conditions. The therapeutic potential of ORA opens up new avenues for drug discovery and development. Ongoing research focuses on exploring new plant sources and novel compounds to expand the range of natural therapeutic candidates. Overall, this review highlights the comprehensive potential of ORA as a safe therapeutic agent. In the field of chronic diseases, ORA has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-cancer potentials, making it an interesting compound for research

This paper studies symmetry reductions of time fractional K(m,1) equation with generalized evolution which is one of the important equation in fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs). Here, the classical Lie symmetries are obtained and utilized for the reduction of time fractional K(m,1) equation into ordinary differential equations. Some new exact solutions are obtained which are in the form of solitary waves by using G′G-expansion method and one of the obtained solutions is acceptable for qualitative analysis. By showing the phase portraits, its dynamical behaviour is further completely explained.

Ticks are blood-sucking parasites and occur all over the world, especially in humid and subhumid nations such as India. They are very important vectors of many economically important livestock diseases, such as Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., and Theileria spp. Ticks were collected from organized and unorganized cattle farms situated in and around Mhow. The initially collected samples of ticks (≤200) were washed in tap water and identified as Rhipicephalus microplus. The study was carried out from June 2021 to May 2022. Ticks were treated with 0.625, 1.25, 2.50, 5, and 10% oil of Azadirachta indica in both the adult immersion test and larval immersion test. All the concentrations were prepared with absolute ethanol. In the present study, fipronil was used as a positive control using various concentrations (x/8, x/4, x/2, x, and 2x) and was prepared in distilled water. The LC50 values against fipronil were observed as 1.03 and 1.12 ppm for adults and larvae, respectively. Results of the study showed that the oil of Azadirachta indica was responsible for the mortality of adults (LC50 = 2.70%) and larval stages (LC50 = 1.27%) at all the concentrations used. Furthermore, it was observed that this oil was also responsible for the inhibition of oviposition and had excellent repellent activity at 10% concentration. Based on the study, we can conclude that the oil of A. indica can be used in an integrated tick management system to reduce the tick burden on animals.

Purpose: The present randomized-controlled trial was conducted to assess the effect of Kangen water and reverse osmosis (RO) water on dental plaque, salivary pH and salivary Streptococcus mutans count. Materials and methods: This randomized control trial was conducted for 14 days on 24 randomly selected participants from the pool of undergraduate dental students. Participants were randomly divided into two groups of 12 each: the Kangen water (pH 9) group and the RO water group. Participants in each group were asked to drink allocated water for 7 days. Dental plaque, salivary pH and microbial colony-forming units (CFUs) were assessed after 7 and 14 days. Results: Intragroup comparison showed that all three outcomes showed a significant improvement in the Kangen water group after 14 days, whereas no difference was seen in the RO water group. Intergroup comparison showed a significant difference in plaque score and CFU among the two groups after 7 and 14 days, whereas pH between the two groups did not show a significant difference. Conclusions: Regular drinking of alkaline Kangen water with pH 9 was found to be effective in reducing plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans count when compared to RO water. HIGHLIGHTS This is the first study where long-term usage of Kangen water for drinking purposes has been evaluated instead of use as a mouthwash.; Kangen water has been compared with RO water which is used for drinking purposes on a daily basis.;

Abstract Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias’ characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.

Cement, as the main component of concrete, is a crucial industrial product for economic development and civilization. Nevertheless, its production is highly energy-intensive, environmentally polluting, and a source of extreme CO2 emissions. For success in the transition to the circular economy and accelerating sustainable manufacturing in the cement industry, understanding and addressing the main barriers are essential. Using the above point of view, this study intends to address the challenges and barriers of the cement industry in the transition to a circular economy, define the causal relationships between these barriers, and determine the necessary practical implications to overcome the barriers. Systematic literature review and focus group study results enable a holistic model that integrates research results and business practical criteria. The DEMATEL method is used for the clarification of causal relations between factors. A total of 18 barriers in 6 clusters have been revealed to be used for managerial implications to speed up the transition to CE applications in the cement business. Out of 18 barriers, 6 were effect groups, which were the outcomes due to the remaining 12 causing barriers. The top three cause factors are an unstable waste market, lack of management competencies, and unstable macroeconomic conditions, while the leading three effect factors are revealed as giving priority to other issues, insufficient organisational structures, and deviations in product quality. Although there are many studies on CE in cement, they are concentrated on technical and laboratory studies enabling the use of different alternative materials as inputs to the cement process. Studying and revealing the barriers holding back the cement sector in the transition to CE is this study’s core contribution, making it novel and unique.

Poisoning cases are coming to the Emergency Department (ED) and cases are increasing day by day due to their easy and vast availability. Clinicians are frequently dealt with to manage critically ill poisoning patients. With the swing of prominence in managing poisoning from in-patient care to early decontamination and early stabilisation, ED physicians are playing a more dynamic role in the care of poisoned patients. The clinical effects encountered by them are dependent on numerous variables, such as the dose, the duration of exposure, the health history of the patient, to provide thorough supportive care, recognition of patients requiring treatment with a specific antidote, and to use the appropriate methods to restrict poison absorption or to increase its elimination, which is the foundation of management. If poisoning in the patient is documented early and appropriate compassionate care is commenced hastily, maximum of patients recover soon. This article is aimed to focus on the more specific issues of emergency management of the poisoned patient.

The lap joints of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy/Q235 steel were obtained by conventional friction stir welding (FSW) and ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding (UVeFSW). The weld forming characteristics and microstructure differences of the joints with or without ultrasonic were compared and analyzed, and the effects of acoustic energy on the mechanical properties and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layer of the joints were revealed. The results showed that ultrasonic vibrations could effectively improve the weld surface forming quality, increase the volume of plastic flow materials, significantly improve the welding speed of defect-free joints and expand the welding process window. The additional ultrasonic vibration can refine the grain structure of the weld nugget zone and the thermo-mechanically affected zone, improve the mechanical properties of the lap joints, and change the joint's fracture position and fracture mechanism. The assistance of acoustic can significantly enhance the mechanical interlocking ability of the center of the lap interface and change the type and thickness of the IMCs layer.

The process of grain refinement during welding significantly influences both the final microstructure and performance of the weld joint. In the present work, merits of acoustic addition in the conventional Frictions Stir Welding (FSW) process were evaluated for joining dissimilar Al/Mg alloys. To capture the near “in situ” structure around the exit hole, an “emergency stop” followed by rapid cooling using liquid nitrogen was employed. Electron Backscatter Diffraction analysis was utilized to characterize and examine the evolution of grain microstructure within the aluminum matrix as the material flowed around the exit hole. The findings reveal that two mechanisms, continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and geometric dynamic recrystallization (GDRX), jointly or alternatively influence the grain evolution process. In conventional FSW, CDRX initially governs grain evolution, transitioning to GDRX as material deformation strain and temperature increase. Subsequently, as material deposition commences, CDRX reasserts dominance. Conversely, in acoustic addition, ultrasonic vibration accelerates GDRX, promoting its predominance by enhancing material flow and dislocation movements. Even during the material deposition, GDRX remains the dominant mechanism.

Pig farming has become a strategically significant and economically important industry across the globe. It is also a potentially vulnerable sector due to challenges posed by transboundary diseases in which viral infections are at the forefront. Among the porcine viral diseases, African swine fever, classical swine fever, foot and mouth disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, pseudorabies, swine influenza, and transmissible gastroenteritis are some of the diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the pig industry. It is a well-established fact that vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective strategy to control viral infections in animals. From the period of Jenner and Pasteur to the recent new-generation technology era, the development of vaccines has contributed significantly to reducing the burden of viral infections on animals and humans. Inactivated and modified live viral vaccines provide partial protection against key pathogens. However, there is a need to improve these vaccines to address emerging infections more comprehensively and ensure their safety. The recent reports on new-generation vaccines against swine viruses like DNA, viral-vector-based replicon, chimeric, peptide, plant-made, virus-like particle, and nanoparticle-based vaccines are very encouraging. The current review gathers comprehensive information on the available vaccines and the future perspectives on porcine viral vaccines.

A design method for an ultra-wideband coplanar-stripline-based vertical transition that can be used for ultra-high-speed digital interfaces is proposed. A conventional via structure, based on a differential line (DL), inherently possesses performance limitations (

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects the human liver, and its chronic infection is one of the major causes of Hepatocellular carcinoma. Translation of HCV RNA is mediated by an Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) element located in the 5’UTR of viral RNA. Several RNA Binding proteins of the host interact with the HCV IRES and modulate its function. Here, we demonstrate that PSPC1 (Paraspeckle Component 1), an essential paraspeckle component, upon HCV infection is relocalized and interacts with HCV IRES to prevent viral RNA translation. Competition UV-crosslinking experiments showed that PSPC1 interacts explicitly with the SLIV region of the HCV IRES, which is known to play a vital role in ribosomal loading to the HCV IRES via interaction with Ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5). Partial silencing of PSPC1 increased viral RNA translation and, consequently, HCV replication, suggesting a negative regulation by PSPC1. Interestingly, the silencing of PSPC1 protein leads to an increased interaction of RPS5 at the SLIV region, leading to an overall increase in the viral RNA in polysomes. Overall, our results showed how the host counters viral infection by relocalizing nuclear protein to the cytoplasm as a survival strategy.

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) have garnered significant attention across various industrial sectors owing to their remarkable properties compared to conventional engineering materials. These include low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, enhanced wear resistance, and favorable high-temperature properties. These materials find extensive applications in the military, automotive, and aerospace industries. AMCs are manufactured using diverse processing techniques, tailored to their specific classifications. Over three decades of intensive research have yielded numerous scientific revelations regarding the internal and extrinsic influences of ceramic reinforcement on the mechanical, thermomechanical, tribological, and physical characteristics of AMCs. In recent times, AMCs have witnessed a surge in usage across high-tech structural and functional domains, encompassing sports and recreation, automotive, aerospace, defense, and thermal management applications. Notably, studies on particle-reinforced cast AMCs originated in India during the 1970s, attained industrial maturity in developed nations, and are now progressively penetrating the mainstream materials arena. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of AMC material systems, encompassing processing, microstructure, characteristics, and applications, with the latest advancements in the field.

Abstract Synbiotics are employed as feed additives in animal production as an alternate to antibiotics for sustaining the gut microbiota and providing protection against infections. Dairy calves require a healthy diet and management to ensure a better future for the herd of dairy animals. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of synbiotics formulation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal bacterial count, metabolites, immunoglobulins, blood parameters, antioxidant enzymes and immune response of pre-ruminant Murrah buffalo calves. Twenty-four apparently healthy calves (5 days old) were allotted into four groups of six calves each. Group I (control) calves were fed a basal diet of milk, calf starter and berseem with no supplements. Group II (SYN1) calves were fed with 3 g fructooligosaccharide (FOS) + Lactobacillus plantarum CRD-7 (150 ml). Group III (SYN2) calves were fed with 6 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 (100 ml), whereas calves in group IV (SYN3) received 9 g FOS + L. plantarum CRD-7 (50 ml). The results showed that SYN2 had the highest (P

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death globally. The Internet of things (IoT) enabled with industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands (2.45 and 5.8 GHz) facilitates pacemakers to remotely share heart health data to medical professionals. For the first time, communication between a compact dual-band two-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna (integrated inside the leadless pacemaker) and an outside-body dual-band two-port MIMO antenna in the ISM 2.45 and 5.8 GHz frequency bands is demonstrated in this work. The proposed communication system offers an attractive solution for cardiac pacemakers as it can operate on a 5G IoT platform while also being compatible with existing 4G standards. The experimental verification of the proposed MIMO antenna low-loss communication capability is also presented by comparing it to the existing single–input–single–output communication between the leadless pacemaker and outside body monitoring device.

This study investigates the effects of boron concentration on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes for electrochemical sensors of ciprofloxacin. The effects of boron concentration, scan rate, and pH of BDD electrodes with boron concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, and 1% were examined to determine the optimal conditions. Furthermore, square wave voltammetry (SWV) in phosphate buffer pH 7 was used to analyze the electrochemical behavior of ciprofloxacin. The results revealed a linear calibration curve in the concentration range of 30–100 μM with a recovery of 85–110%. Meanwhile, BDD electrode with the highest boron concentration in this experiment (1%) showed a very low limit of detection of 0.17 μM, meaning that 1% BDD gave a highly sensitive and significant measurement result for the electrochemical sensor of ciprofloxacin. With the results given, this study provides new insights for controlling boron concentrations in diamond electrodes for the electrochemical sensors of quinolone antibiotics.

By taking advantage of three different computational analytical methods: the Lie symmetry analysis, the generalized Riccati equation mapping approach, and the modified Kudryashov approach, we construct multiple new analytical soliton solutions to the nonlinear convection-diffusion-reaction equation (NCDR) with power-law nonlinearity and density-dependent diffusion. Lie symmetry analysis is one of the powerful techniques that reduce the higher-order partial differential equation into an ordinary differential equation by reduction of independent variables. By the Lie group technique, we obtain one-parameter invariant transformations, determining equations and corresponding vectors for the considered convection-diffusion-reaction equation. By treating the parameters of the governing equation as constants, the applied methods yield a variety of new closed-form solutions, including inverse function solutions, periodic solutions, exponential function solutions, dark solitons, singular solitons, combo bright-singular solitons, and the combine of bright-dark solitons and dark-bright solitons. Moreover, using the Bäcklund transformation of the generalized Riccati equation and modified Kudryashov method, we can construct multiple solitons and other solutions of the considered equation. The obtained new solutions of this work demonstrate that the used approaches are powerful and effective in dealing with nonlinear equations, and that these solutions are required to explain many biological and physical phenomena. Comparing our obtained solutions of this paper with the ones obtained in the literature, we see that our solutions are new and not reported elsewhere. These newly formed soliton solutions will be more beneficial in the various disciplines of ocean engineering, plasma physics, and nonlinear sciences.

Abstract The recent resurgence of new-generation reconfigurable technologies delivers a plethora of various applications in all public, private and enterprise solutions over the globe. In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable polarization and pattern diverse Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented for indoor scenarios. The MIMO antenna is comprised of twelve radiating elements, and polarization and pattern diversity is obtained by arranging them in three different planes: Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Plane-I (VP-I), and Vertical Plane-II (VP-II). The proposed antenna operates in mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband), by combining two different radiators using PIN diodes. The antenna dynamically switches between Mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband). Mode, I cover the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from 2.3 to 12 GHz, while mode II covers GSM (1.85–1.9 GHz), Wi-Fi and LTE-7 (2.419–2.96 GHz), 5G (3.15–3.28 GHz and 3.45–3.57 GHz), public safety WLAN (4.817–4.94 GHz), and WLAN (5.11–5.4 GHz) frequency bands. The peak gain and efficiency of the MIMO antenna are 5.2 dBi and 80%, respectively.

Background: Focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) is a limited ultrasound examination directed solely at identifying the presence of free intraperitoneal or pericardial fluid. In the context of traumatic injury, free fluid is usually due to hemorrhage and contributes to the assessment of the circulation. Performed in the trauma room by properly trained and credentialed staff, it allows the timely diagnosis of potentially life-threatening hemorrhage and is a decision-making tool to help determine the need for transfer to the operating room, computed tomography (CT) scanner, or angiography suite. The FAST scan is a 4 view scan reliant on detecting the presence of fluid within the pericardium and most dependent zones of the peritoneum in the horizontal patient. It is capable of detecting more than 100–250 mL of free fluid. CT scanning, in comparison, is capable of detecting more than approximately 100 mL of free fluid in the abdominal cavity. As a “rule of thumb,” a rim of 0.5 cm of fluid in Morison’s pouch represents approximately 500 mL of free fluid, and a 1 cm rim represents approximately 1000 mL. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: Role of FAST in blunt trauma abdomen: A promising diagnostic tool to evaluate management in patients and comparison of its accuracy with CT and laparotomy. Materials and Methods: The FAST scan was performed by Color Doppler Siemens Sonoline G-50 machine using either 2–5 MHz convex transducers or 5–10 MHz linear transducer department of Radiology L.L.R. Hospital, Kanpur. At FAST examines four areas for free fluid, perihepatic and hepatorenal space, perisplenic, and pelvis pericardium. Results: Sensitivity of FAST: 87.5%, specificity of FAST: 75%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of FAST are 80%. CT scan had sensitivity of: 97%, specificity of: 95%, and positive predictive value of CT scan: 92% NPV of: 100%. Laparotomy was GOLD standard with specificity of 100%. Conclusion: FAST was positive in 62.5% cases of blunt trauma abdomen. Sensitivity of FAST: 87.5%, specificity of FAST: 75%, and NPV of FAST are 80%. CT scan had sensitivity of: 97%, specificity of: 95%, positive predictive value of CT scan: 92%, and NPV of: 100%. Laparotomy was GOLD standard with specificity of 100%.

Trash mulches are remarkably effective in preventing soil erosion, reducing runoff-sediment transport-erosion, and increasing infiltration. The study was carried out to observe the sediment outflow from sugar cane leaf (trash) mulch treatments at selected land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions using a rainfall simulator of size 10 m × 1.2 m × 0.5 m with the locally available soil material collected from Pantnagar. In the present study, trash mulches with different quantities were selected to observe the effect of mulching on soil loss reduction. The number of mulches was taken as 6, 8 and 10 t/ha, three rainfall intensities viz. 11, 13 and 14.65 cm/h at 0, 2 and 4% land slopes were selected. The rainfall duration was fixed (10 minutes) for every mulch treatment. The total runoff volume varied with mulch rates for constant rainfall input and land slope. The average sediment concentration (SC) and sediment outflow rate (SOR) increased with the increasing land slope. However, SC and outflow decreased with the increasing mulch rate for a fixed land slope and rainfall intensity. The SOR for no mulch-treated land was higher than trash mulch-treated lands. Mathematical relationships were developed for relating SOR, SC, land slope, and rainfall intensity for a particular mulch treatment. It was observed that SOR and average SC values correlated with rainfall intensity and land slope for each mulch treatment. The developed models' correlation coefficients were more than 90%.

As there is an urgent need to address the global problem of increasing plastic waste and decreasing petroleum-based fuels, it is possible to convert waste plastic and unused biomass seeds into fuels that can be utilized in transportation sector. The current study deals with blending pure diesel (D100) with the liquid fuel (PB2) obtained from the co-pyrolysis of Pongamia pinnata seeds and waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) with Calcium oxide (CaO) as the catalyst. Three blends of D100, namely, PB2@10 (with 10 % blend), PB2@20 (with 20 % blend) and PB2@30 (with 30 % blend) were tested for performance, emission and combustion in an unmodified CI engine for an analytical comparative analysis using standard methods. The results showed that the BSFC was almost same (0.3 kg/kWh) at higher loads for all three blends, while the BTE was found to be equal or increased compared to D100 in the range of 27–30 % at higher loads for higher blends. NOx formation was found to decrease by 19.4 % and 13 % at the highest load for PB2@30 andPB2@30. The smoke formation also decreased for all blends (maximum 22.5 %) while the maximum difference of lambda was determined to have decreased in comparison to D100, close to 1 at higher loads. The maximum cylinder pressure and temperature were also found to have increased during combustion by approximately 1 % for PB2@10 while that of PB2@20 and PB2@30 remained quite close to D100. The obtained renewable liquid fuel could certainly be utilized in blends with pure diesel for use in vehicles.

Herein, we report the development of synthetically simpler analogs of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (DCQ) as apo-indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1(IDO1) protein targeting ligand to inhibit the activity of IDO1 enzyme. Derivatization of the DCQ moiety improved the IDO1 inhibitory activity both against purified enzyme and the cellular environment without any significant cytotoxicity, leading to the identification of piperazine containing DCQ derivative DCQ4 as a potent IDO1 inhibitor. A series of biophysical studies, including UV–Vis spectroscopy of the Soret band, docking, as well as protoporphyrin IX binding studies, suggested that the IDO1 inhibitory activity of potent compound could be due to its direct binding to apo-IDO1 protein and formation of DCQ4-heme complex. This simple strategy of developing apo-IDO1 targeting molecules having DCQ, piperazine, and amino acid moieties as potent IDO1 inhibitors could be useful in fighting against immune-related diseases.

AbstractThe study examined the relationship between board characteristics and firm performance and the moderating effects of firm size, the board size, and firm age between board characteristics and firm performance. This study considers the legal reforms implemented after the Indian Companies Act 2013. Data from 113 firms with 904 observations from 2012–13 to 2019–20 were analyzed using the fixed panel data estimation approach. A subsample analysis is employed, dividing the data by firm size, the board size, and firm age to test the robustness of the results. The results show that the board size, female director, Promoter CEOs, meeting frequencies, and attendance rate positively affect firm performance. At the same time, the impact of the independent directors and busy CEO has a negative impact on performance. Male CEOs are beneficial for firm performance. The study adds to the literature by identifying critical board characteristics in light of ongoing regulatory reform in emerging economies like India. It has implications for regulators and policymakers who are entrusted with the framing of corporate governance policies.

Cancer, an intricate and multifaceted disease, is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to serious health complications and ultimately death. Conventional therapeutic strategies mainly target rapidly dividing cancer cells, but often indiscriminately harm healthy cells in the process. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring novel therapies that are both effective and less toxic to normal cells. Herbs have long been used as natural remedies for various diseases and conditions. Some herbal compounds exhibit potent anti-cancer properties, making them potential candidates for nutraceutical-based treatments. However, despite their promising efficacy, there are considerable limitations in utilizing herbal preparations due to their poor solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism and excretion, as well as potential interference with other medications. Nanotechnology offers a unique platform to overcome these challenges by encapsulating herbal compounds within nanoparticles. This approach not only increases solubility and stability but also enhances the cellular uptake of nutraceuticals, allowing for controlled and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents directly at tumor sites. By harnessing the power of nanotechnology-enabled therapy, this new frontier in cancer treatment presents an opportunity to minimize toxicity while maximizing efficacy. In conclusion, this manuscript provides compelling evidence for integrating nanotechnology with nutraceuticals derived from herbal sources to optimize cancer therapy outcomes. We explore the roadblocks associated with traditional herbal treatments and demonstrate how nanotechnology can help circumvent these issues, paving the way for safer and more effective cancer interventions in future oncological practice.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) among pathogenic bacteria is a global health concern as it has rendered the current antibiotic therapy ineffective. A recent and rapidly developing research area in the biomedical sector is the use of biogenic nanoparticles as antibacterial agents. In the current investigation, aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanthus niruri (Pn-AgNPs) were employed for the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles, further characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, TEM, UV–Vis and XRD techniques. Electron microscopy images of the green-synthesized Pn-AgNPs showed them as evenly dispersed spherical particles having an average size of about ∼ 20 nm. The Pn-AgNPs were further tested for potential antibacterial activity against isolated drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria such as Burkholderia cepacia complex, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter clocae, MRSA, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus spp, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).The Pn-AgNPs significantly inhibited growth all of the studied bacterial isolates, including antibiotic-resistant isolates such as MRSA, VRE, and CRE. Electron micrographs clearly showed the enhanced penetration of AgNPs leading to disruption of cell membrane causing death of the cell. Further, Pn-AgNPs dramatically reduced the ability of P. aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus to form biofilms. Leakage of protein from bacterial cells could be main reason for the effective bactericidal action of synthesized AgNPs. This antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of Phyllanthus niruri biosynthesized AgNPs against clinically significant drug-resistant bacteria is impressive and can be developed as a novel antimicrobial agent to combat the threat of drug-resistant bacterial infections.

Sesamol is a lignan of sesame seeds and a natural phenolic molecule that has emerged as a useful medical agent. Sesamol is a non-toxic phytoconstituent, which exerts certain valuable effects in the management of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), etc. Sesamol is known to depict its neuroprotective role by various mechanisms, such as metabolic regulators, action on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, etc. However, its poor oral bioavailability, rapid excretion (as conjugates), and susceptibility to gastric irritation/toxicity (particularly in rats' forestomach) may restrict its effectiveness. To overcome the associated limitations, novel drug delivery system-based formulations of sesamol are emerging and being researched extensively. These can conjugate with sesamol and enhance the bioavailability and solubility of free sesamol, along with delivery at the target site. In this review, we have summarized various research works highlighting the role of sesamol on various NDs, including Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, the formulation strategies and neuroprotective role of sesamol-based nano-formulations have also been discussed.

Infectious diseases remain among the most pressing concerns for human health. This issue has grown even more complex with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To address bacterial infections, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising avenue, offering the potential to target bacteria at multiple levels and effectively eliminate them. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AA-AgNPs) were synthesized using the leaf extract of a medicinal plant, Abroma augusta. The synthesis method is straightforward, safe, cost-effective, and environment friendly, utilizing the leaf extract of this Ayurvedic herb. The UV-vis absorbance peak at 424 nm indicated the formation of AA-AgNPs, with the involvement of numerous functional groups in the synthesis and stabilization of the particles. AA-AgNPs exhibited robust antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). The MIC values of AA-AgNPs ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL. Electron microscopic examination of the interaction of AA-AgNPs with the test bacterial pathogens showed a deleterious impact on bacterial morphology, resulting from membrane rupture and leakage of intracellular components. AA-AgNPs also demonstrated a dose-dependent effect in curtailing biofilm formation below inhibitory doses. Overall, this study highlights the potential of AA-AgNPs in the successful inhibition of both the growth and biofilms of MRSA and VRE bacteria. Following studies on toxicity and dose optimization, such AgNPs could be developed into effective medical remedies against infections.

Introduction: New bioresources for catalytic application and fine chemical synthesis are the need of the hour. In an effort to find out new biocatalyst for oxidation-reduction reaction, leading to the synthesis of chiral intermediates, novel yeast were isolated from unique niche and employed for the synthesis of value added compounds.Methods: To determine the genetic relatedness of the isolated strain, HSB-15T, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 domains of the 26S rRNA gene sequence was carried out. The distinctive features of the strain HSB-15T were also identified by phenotypic characterization. The isolated strain HSB-15T was employed for the reduction of selected naphthyl ketones to their corresponding alcohols and a biosurfactant was isolated from its culture broth.Results: The analysis of the ITS and D1/D2 domains of the 26S rRNA gene revealed that strain HSB-15T is closely related to the type strain of Starmerella vitae (CBS 15147T) with 96.3% and 97.7% sequence similarity, respectively. However, concatenated sequences of the ITS gene and D1/D2 domain showed 94.6% sequence similarity. Phenotypic characterization indicated significant differences between strain HSB-15T and its closely related species and consequently, it was identified as a novel species, leading to the proposal of the name Starmerella cerana sp. nov. The strain was able to reduce selected naphthyl ketones to their corresponding alcohols with remarkable efficiency, within a 12-hours. The strain HSB-15T also produced a surfactant in its culture broth, identified as sophorolipid upon analysis.Discussion: The study explored the potential of the novel strain, HSB-15T, as a whole-cell biocatalyst for the reduction of naphthyl ketones to their corresponding alcohols and also reports its capability to produce sophorolipid, a biosurfactant, in its culture broth. This dual functionality of HSB-15T both as biocatalyst and biosurfactant producer enhances its applicability in biotechnology and environmental science.