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Abstract Hydrogel-based delivery systems have now emerged as a pivotal platform for addressing chronic tissue defects, leveraging their innate capacity to suppress pathogenic infections and facilitate expedited tissue regeneration. In this work, an injectable hydrogel dressing, termed AgNPs-dermal matrix hydrogel (Ag@ADMH), has been designed to expedite the healing process of wounds afflicted with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), featuring sustained antibacterial efficacy. The synthesis of the hydrogel dressing entailed a self-assembly process of collagen fibers within an acellular dermal matrix to construct a three-dimensional scaffold, encapsulated with plant polyphenol-functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The Ag@ADMH demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility, and enables a sustained release of AgNPs, ensuring prolonged antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the in vitro RT-qPCR analysis revealed that compared with ADMH, Ag@ADMH diminish the expression of iNOS while augmenting CD206 expression, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response and fostering wound healing. Especially, the Ag@ADMH facilitated a reduction in M1 macrophage polarization, as evidenced by a significant decrement in the M1 polarization trend and an enhanced M2/M1 ratio in dermal matrix hydrogels laden with AgNPs, corroborated by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analyses of macrophage phenotypes. The in vivo assessments indicated that Ag@ADMH minimized fibrous capsule formation. In a full-thickness skin defect model of MRSA infection, the formulation significantly attenuated the inflammatory response by reducing MPO and CD68 expression levels, concurrently promoting collagen synthesis and CD34 expression, pivotal for vasculogenesis, thereby accelerating the resolution of MRSA-infected wounds. These attributes underscore the injectable extracellular matrix hydrogel as a formidable strategy for the remediation and regeneration of infected wounds. Graphical Abstract

Abstract As one of the mainstream biodegradable materials, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foams offer a sustainable alternative to traditional plastic foams, effectively reducing environmental pollution. However, the high cost and poor mechanical performance of PBAT foams impede their practical application. Herein, the glycidyl methacrylate-grafted biomass lignin (GML) was used to produce a PBAT/GML composite foam with good foaming performance and mechanical properties at high lignin-filling amounts by twin-screw melting free radical polymerization and supercritical CO2 foaming process. The compatibility of GML in the PBAT matrix was improved due to the formation of ester bonds in modified lignin, endowing the PBAT/GML (PGML) composite foam with exceptional foaming performance. Additionally, the mechanical properties of PGML composite foam were remarkably enhanced due to the introduction of the abundant aromatic structures of GML and the construction of a stable covalent crosslinking network. The compressive strengths and compression modulus of the PGML foam were improved by 2.53 times and 2.47 times, while its bending strength and bending modulus were improved by 1.27 times and 3.92 times compared to the neat PBAT. This research affords a new strategy for developing low-cost biodegradable biomass PBAT/lignin composite foam materials with good foaming performance and mechanical properties. Graphical abstract

Biological ion channels play an important role in living processes, such as maintaining osmotic pressure, signal transduction, and transmitting nerve impulses, and can selectively regulate the transmembrane transport of substances. Inspired by the structure and function of biological ion channels, researchers have prepared a variety of biomimetic nanochannels using advanced nanofabrication techniques to study the mechanism of ion transport in the nanoconfined space. In this study, we mainly introduce the current materials and preparation methods of nanochannels; compare the advantages and disadvantages of the current mainstream theoretical models and simulation software; clarify the influence of confinement effect and surface interface effect on the hydrogen bond structure characteristics and phase transition behavior of confined water in graphene nanochannels, revealing the driving effect of separation pressure in nanochannels on water transport, the micromechanical nature of the water flow boundary slip of nanochannels, and the dominant micromechanical mechanism behind the confined mass transfer phenomenon of nanochannels at different scales; and expound the regulation of nanomaterials based on ionic bond modification and the influence of ion transport properties in industrial desalination, energy enrichment, and detection. The future applications of nanochannel bionic design and regulation, ion-exchange filtration membranes, and ultra-high-speed water transport mechanisms are prospected.

The augmentation of the epoxy (EP) resin surface to advance flashover performance has become a pivotal point of global interest. This research introduces a novel surface modification method and its mechanism for insulation materials. The research follows an electron cyclotron resonance ion implantation system to subject the surface of EP insulation to ion beams with diverse energies, i.e., 6, 10, 20, 40, 50, and 60 keV for a consistent time of 300 s at an angle of 90°. The experimental phase includes the DC flashover examination under negative polarity. Besides, the simulation phase includes the Monte Carlo model constructed using SRIM software to examine the range and distribution of bombarded ions in the targeted insulation. Results reveal that the flashover properties are affected by the surface potential, surface conductivity, trap distribution, water contact angle, and elemental composition. Likewise, based on the outcomes and theoretical point of view, it is revealed that the bombardment of energetic ions enhances the trap depth, assisting in a reduction in surface conductivity, confining the surface charge movements, and extensively suppressing the secondary electron emission yield. Also, the enhanced trap depth induces homo-charge formation near triple junctions. Synergistically, the factors contribute to high flashover voltages.

Abstract Enset fiber is a promising feedstock for biofuel production with the potential to reduce carbon emissions and improve the sustainability of the energy system. This study aimed to maximize hydrogen and butanol production from Enset fiber through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process in bottles as well as in bioreactor. The SSF process in bottles resulted in a higher butanol concentration of 11.36 g/L with a yield of 0.23 g/g and a productivity of 0.16 g/(L h) at the optimal process parameters of 5% (w/v) substrate loading, 16 FPU/g cellulase loading, and 100 rpm agitation speed from pretreated Enset fiber. Moreover, a comparable result to the bottle experiment was observed in the bioreactor with pH-uncontrolled SSF process, although with a decreased in butanol productivity to 0.095 g/(L h). However, using the pre-hydrolysis simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF) process in the bioreactor with a 7% (w/v) substrate loading led to the highest butanol concentration of 12.84 g/L with a productivity of 0.104 g/(L h). Furthermore, optimizing the SSF process parameters to favor hydrogen resulted in an increased hydrogen yield of 198.27 mL/g-Enset fiber at atmospheric pressure, an initial pH of 8.0, and 37 °C. In general, stirring the SSF process to shift the product ratio to either hydrogen or butanol was possible by adjusting temperature and pressure. At 37 °C and atmospheric pressure, the process resulted in an e-mol yield of 12% for hydrogen and 38% for butanol. Alternatively, at 30 °C and 0.55 bar overpressure, the process achieved a yield of 6% e-mol of hydrogen and 48% e-mol of butanol. This is the first study to produce hydrogen and butanol from Enset fiber using the SSF process and contributes to the development of a circular bioeconomy. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Mesophilic Argonautes (Agos) from microbial resources have received significant attention due to their potential applications in genome editing and molecular diagnostics. This study characterizes a novel Ago from Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis (PrAgo), which can cleave single-stranded DNA using guide DNA (gDNA). PrAgo, functioning as a multi-turnover enzyme, effectively cleaves DNA using 5′-phosphate gDNA, 14–30 nucleotides in length, in the presence of both Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions. PrAgo demonstrates DNA cleavage activity over a broad pH range (pH 4–12), with optimal activity at pH 11. As a mesophilic enzyme, PrAgo cleaves efficiently DNA at temperatures ranging from 25 to 65 °C, particularly at 65 °C. PrAgo does not show strong preferences for the 5′-nucleotide in gDNA. It shows high tolerance for single-base mismatches, except at positions 13 and 15 of gDNA. Continuous double-nucleotide mismatches at positions 10–16 of gDNA significantly reduce cleavage activity. Furthermore, PrAgo mediates DNA-guided DNA cleavage of AT-rich double stranded DNA at 65 °C. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that interactions between the PAZ domain and different nucleic acids strongly influence cleavage efficiency. These findings expand our understanding of Protokaryotic Agos and their potential applications in biotechnology. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Recycled manure solids (RMS) are dried cow dung processed using a manure dewatering machine and subsequently sun-dried to ~ 20% moisture. Benefits of RMS include abundant availability, low cost, and eco-friendliness, but its use as bedding material for cows is hindered by a moisture content that promotes microbial growth. This in vitro study evaluated impacts of calcium hydroxide (CH; 5 and 7.5%) and sodium hydrosulphate (SHS; 6 and 8%), independently and in combinations, at various depths of RMS, on physicochemical and microbial properties. The CH-treated groups had increased pH and reduced moisture on Day 0. Incorporating 7.5% CH + 6% SHS at 15–20 cm, and 7.5% CH + 8% SHS at all depths, effectively suppressed Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, a combination of 7.5% CH + 8% SHS at 20 cm inhibited coliform growth, whereas 7.5% CH with 6% SHS inhibited Streptococcus spp. In conclusion, a combination of 7.5% CH with either 6 or 8% SHS at a depth of 15 cm in RMS was particularly effective in controlling environmental mastitis-causing pathogens, specifically E. coli and Klebsiella spp. Graphical Abstract

Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs), with sizes below 2 nm, have emerged as remarkable nanomaterials exhibiting unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties. Their ultra-small size imparts advantageous characteristics, including high surface area, tunable fluorescence, and excellent biocompatibility, making AuNCs highly promising for diverse applications. This article explores recent advancements in leveraging AuNCs to address critical challenges in clean energy storage and environmental remediation. For energy storage, AuNCs boost the performance of Li-based batteries by facilitating rapid electron transfer kinetics and limiting polysulfide shuttling. The review delves into mechanistic insights governing AuNC–hydrogen interactions, various synthetic approaches for tailoring AuNCs, and their emerging applications as advanced electrodes, efficient catalysts, and conductive additives enabling improved charge storage capabilities. Additionally, using plasmonic effects and hot carrier generation induced by AuNCs shows tremendous potential in photocatalytic water splitting for clean hydrogen fuel production. For environmental applications, AuNCs enable the degradation of persistent organic pollutants, heavy metal ion detection at part-per-trillion levels, and solar-driven water purification, relying on plasmon-enhanced hot carrier processes. However, the long-term ecological impacts of AuNCs remain unclear. This study thus underscores the need for further toxicological assessments and life cycle analyses to promote sustainable AuNC-based technologies through responsible research and innovation. Overall, it highlights the versatile applicability of AuNCs in addressing critical energy and environmental challenges.

Harnessing green hydrogen production from natural Red Sea water offers an innovative solution to address energy challenges. A one-pot fabrication method is used to create novel nanocomposite thin films with open-spherical shapes, utilizing copper sulfide/poly-O-amino benzenethiol decorated on copper oxide as a promising photocathode. After thorough analysis, a unique morphology characterized by open spherical shapes is projected, which contributes to improved optical absorption. The bandgap of the nanocomposite is 1.17 eV, enabling efficient absorption of light across the entire optical spectrum, extending up to 950 nm. Utilizing Red Sea water as an electrolyte, the generated J ph serves as an indicator of H2 gas production. The substantial J ph value of −0.82 mA cm−2 is achieved at −0.85 V under light illumination. Furthermore, J ph values exhibit variability, starting at −0.58 mA cm−2 (at 730 nm) and increasing to −0.75 mA cm−2 at a wavelength of 340 nm. The estimated hydrogen gas production rate reaches 1.5 µmole h−1 cm−2, translating to an impressive 15 µmole h−1 for every 10 cm². This remarkable rate underscores the effectiveness of the photocathode, especially given its fabrication through a single-step process that is suitable for mass production. In addition, its cost-effectiveness further enhances its appeal as a viable solution for renewable energy production for hydrogen gas generation from seawater.

This study introduces a highly efficient and straightforward method for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) within a glucosamine/alginate (GluN/Alg) nanocomposite via an ionotropic gelation mechanism in aqueous environment. The resulting nanocomposite, AuNPs@GluN/Alg, underwent thorough characterization using UV–vis, EDX, FTIR, SEM, TEM, SAED, and XRD analyses. The spherical AuNPs exhibited uniform size with an average diameter of 10.0 nm. The nanocomposites facilitated the recyclable reduction of organic dyes, including 2-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and methyl orange, employing NaBH4 as the reducing agent. Kinetic studies further underscored the potential of this nanocomposite as a versatile catalyst with promising applications across various industrial sectors.

Abstract Oats (Avena sativa L.) are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, serving as a roughage source for ruminants. This study investigated the impact of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), cellulase (M), and their combinations (LM) on the fermentation quality and metabolic compounds of oat silage. Results demonstrated that all additive treatments significantly increased lactic acid content compared to the control group (P

Abstract Despite breakthroughs in the development of cancer diagnosis and therapy, most current therapeutic approaches lack precise specificity and sensitivity, resulting in damage to healthy cells. Selective delivery of anti-cancer agents is thus an important goal of cancer therapy. Scorpion venom (SV) and/or body parts have been used since early civilizations for medicinal purposes, and in cultures, SV is still applied to the treatment of several diseases including cancer. SV contains numerous active micro and macromolecules with diverse pharmacological effects. These include potent anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. This review focuses on the recent advances of SV-derived peptides as promising anti-cancer agents and their diagnostic and therapeutic potential applications in cancers such as glioma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. Well-characterized SV-derived peptides are thus needed to serve as potent and selective adjuvant therapy for cancer, to significantly enhance the patients’ survival and wellbeing. Graphical abstract

Abstract Glutaraldehyde (GTA) crosslinking is commonly used to improve the thermal stability and mechanical strength of collagen casings. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal pH of the crosslinking between GTA and collagen as well as the crosslinking mechanisms. The weakly alkaline environment could facilitate the generation of GTA polymerization through the rapid generation of -C = C-C = O and -N = C-C = C- conjugated structures, and enhance the crosslinking reaction of GTA polymers with collagen amino groups. In the pH range of 8–10, the fibril diameter and d-space value declined significantly in the self-assembled collagen fibril-GTA system. Meanwhile, collagen casing films crosslinked with GTA in weakly alkaline conditions exhibited higher mechanical strength and thermal stability. These results suggest that the crosslinking of collagen casings and GTA can be improved by adjusting the pH. Possible crosslinking mechanisms related to the formation of conjugated long chains have also been proposed. This study could provide guidance on the appropriate use of GTA in the production process of collagen casings. Graphical Abstract

The article gives an overview of energy storage composites, their materials, manufacturing processes, and applications. Carbon- and metal-based nanoparticles and their relevant properties are presented. We focus on multifunctional structural supercapacitors and their components. Thus, we describe the main structural electrolytes and elements of the structural electrodes. We show that the nanoparticles significantly influence the electrochemical properties of the electrode. For example, carbon-based nanoparticles can achieve low energy density but high power density, while the opposite is true for metal-based nanoparticles. We show that when carbon- and metal-based nanoparticles are used together, a positive synergy is created between them, promoting the development of favorable electrochemical properties in the electrodes. Furthermore, we present structural supercapacitors and possible ways to introduce nanoparticles into the system. Finally, we present a summary of the progress achieved so far and the advancements expected in the future, as well as potential areas where structural supercapacitors could be used.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as important energy storage and energy supply devices. The porous design and heteroatomization modification of carbon-based anode materials are crucial for achieving high-capacity and reversible energy storage in LIBs. Sol-gel method and pyrolysis treatment were used to obtain silica/silver composite particles used as templates. Polyphosphazene-coated silica/silver composite composite carbon materials (SiO2/Ag@PZS-C) were synthesized through in-situ self-assembly and carbonization of polyphosphazene. The electrochemical behavior and lithium storage mechanism of SiO2/Ag@PZS-C was also studied. The results reveal that the composite exhibited high specific capacity, stable cycling and superior rate performance. The double modification of silver nanoparticles and polyphosphazene carbon significantly improves the conductivity of silica and reduces the volume change. Moreover, the carbon shell of polyphosphazene facilitated the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface film (SEI), preventing direct contact between the active material and the electrolyte, thereby substantially enhancing lithium storage performance.

Nowadays, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), allows the combination of lightweight, high strength and is praised for the design of severely loaded structures. It has become a good option for lightweight armour solutions. It is therefore important to characterise its mechanical behaviour. Up to now, strain rate effects on mechanical behaviour have been poorly explored. In this work, this issue is tackled by studying the strain rate influence on the in-plane deformation, in shear and tension of the Tensylon® HSBD30A, a UHMWPE dedicated to ballistic and blast protection. Two laminates of Tensylon® of respective orientation [0 °/90°]20 and [±45°]20 were subjected to static and split Hopkinson tensile bar (SHTB) tests. A new mounting system was designed, and new specimen shapes were used to match the experimental setup configurations. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the in-plane strain. A significant strain-rate dependence on the material behaviour.is evidenced. Besides, results exhibit a higher strength for the [0°/90°]20 specimen than for the [±45°]20 one. Despite some limitations, the proposed setup and measurement methods allowed visualisation of strain rate effects on the stress-strain relationship for strain rates ranging from the quasi-static regime to the dynamic one (1500 s–1).

In polymer materials technology, replacing synthetic stabilizers with natural antioxidants is a current and developing issue. Cloves have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which is why they are often used in medicine and in gastronomy. Eugenol – the main component of clove oil, is also a strong antioxidant. The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the anti-aging effects of eugenol and cloves in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) compositions. The 2,2′-azinobis- (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and CUPric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) tests showed the ability of plant materials to reduce free radicals, as well as iron and copper ions. ENR compositions with additives were characterized by a longer oxidation induction time (OIT). The samples after solar aging showed better resistance to elevated temperature and solar radiation, as evidenced by aging coefficients (K) calculated on the basis of mechanical properties and carbonyl indexes of samples with eugenol and cloves. Cloves and eugenol can be successfully used as natural stabilizers in elastomeric materials.

The degradation of different flexible polyurethane foams for molded application after thermal aging were compared. A reference sample using traditional higher emission additives and four samples of different composition using low-emission additives were compared. For the modified samples volatile organic compound (VOC) and semi-volatile organic compound (FOG/SVOC) contents fell well below the benchmarking limits, which indicates that the selected low-emission additives are incorporated into the polymer chain. To examine different material properties and for evaluating changes due to increased temperature exposure for a prolonged period of time mechanical and acoustic tests were carried out before and after dry heat aging. It was found that two low emission samples exhibited superior sound absorption compared to the reference sample along with less significant change after aging in the acoustic properties. The compressive strength was lower than the reference as a result of lower product densities. However, the change in compressive strength after aging was less than 15% (with one exception), which is acceptable according to the standard requirements. Thermogravimetric analysis was also performed and revealed that no significant difference can be observed between the examined samples due to heat degradation, indicating that the modifications made to reduce VOC content did not adversely affect the foam’s resistance to thermal degradation.

The paper deals with the influence of the brittleness of glass fibers on the selected performance properties of the fibrous polymer composite. Understanding the fatigue behavior of fiber-reinforced plastics is desirable for exploiting their features in safe, durable, and reliable industrial components. Based on the proposed methodology, it is possible to assess the impact of material reuse on selected mechanical and rheological properties. To verify the methodology by experimental analysis, homopolymer PP reinforced with chemically grafted glass fiber (30 wt%) was selected. The proposed methodology was subsequently verified by experimental analysis and evaluated statistically. The morphology of the fracture surfaces was evaluated, and the fiber-polymer matrix adhesion was monitored at the interface of the fracture surfaces. Based on the measured and evaluated values and fracture surfaces, we can say that the brittleness of the fibers significantly affects the performance properties of the tested polymer composite.

This study addresses the increasing demand for eco-friendly rubber compounding additives by exploring greensynthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles is gaining attention due to its ecofriendly approach and potential applications. This study investigates the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using sweet lime peel extract as a green method, comparing it with chemical synthesis. The obtained nanoparticles are characterized and evaluated for suitability as activators in natural rubber composites for tire applications. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the prepared ZnO nanoparticles on mice cells is assessed, revealing lower toxicity for green-synthesized ZnO compared to chemically synthesized ZnO. Payne effect analysis on the composites demonstrates improved polymer-filler interaction and mechanical properties for the green-synthesized ZnO-loaded composites. Notably, the incorporation of green-synthesized ZnO leads to significant enhancements in tensile strength due to its higher surface area. It achieves desirable magic triangle tire properties, including low rolling resistance, high wet traction, and high abrasion resistance. These findings highlight the promising potential of green ZnO as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical ZnO in rubber compounding.

Abstract Poly(lactate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate) [P(LA-co-3HB)] is a high-molecular-weight biomaterial with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this study, the properties of P(LA-co-3HB) were examined and found to be affected by its lactate fraction. The efficiency of lactyl-CoA biosynthesis from intracellular lactate significantly affected the microbial synthesis of P(LA-co-3HB). Two CoA transferases from Anaerotignum lactatifermentans and Bacillota bacterium were selected for use in copolymer biosynthesis from 11 candidates. We found that cot Al enhanced the lactate fraction by 31.56% compared to that of the frequently used modified form of propionyl-CoA transferase from Anaerotignum propionicum. In addition, utilizing xylose as a favorable carbon source and blocking the lactate degradation pathway further enhanced the lactate fraction to 30.42 mol% and 52.84 mol%, respectively. Furthermore, when a 5 L bioreactor was used for fermentation utilizing xylose as a carbon source, the engineered strain produced 60.60 wt% P(46.40 mol% LA-co-3HB), which was similar to the results of our flask experiments. Our results indicate that the application of new CoA transferases has great potential for the biosynthesis of other lactate-based copolymers. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease that affects articular cartilage, leading to changes on the macro and micro levels of this multi-component tissue. Understanding the processes underlying this pathology plays an important role in planning the following management tactics. Timely detection of the knee joint degradation at the level of tissue changes can prevent its progressive damage due to the early beginning of appropriate treatment. This study aimed to provide an overview of the current level of knowledge about the composition of cartilage and menisci using a wide range of different diagnostic methods. A systematic review of the literature published from 1978 to 2023 was conducted. Original studies of the knee joint cartilage (articular and meniscus) research, reporting content composition and mechanical properties, were included. Studies of the non-knee joint cartilage, tissue research other than cartilage and meniscus, or reporting treatment outcomes were excluded (n = 111). Thirty-one papers were included in this review, which reported on the composition of animal and human cartilage (articular and meniscus). The most frequently investigated parameters were quantitative proteoglycan determination and hydration level of the cartilage. Cartilage and meniscus degeneration, i.e., reduced collagen and proteoglycan content, reduced mechanical properties, and increased hydration level, was shown in every article about osteoarthritis. Among all diagnostic methods, laboratory methods (biochemical and histological analysis) are the most frequently used, compared to the instrumental ones (spectroscopy, MRI, and CT). At the same time, spectroscopy takes the lead and becomes the most common approach for determining cartilage composition (collagen and proteoglycans content). Graphical Abstract

In view of the geological characteristics and development contradictions of different types of heavy oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield， a set of development technologies for heavy oil reservoirs have been developed， and remarkable development achievements have been obtained. In this paper， the progress of development technologies for different types of heavy oil reservoirs was summarized in the theoretical basis and the field application. For heavy oil reservoirs after many rounds of huffing and puffing， the well pattern infilling technology was formed based on the non-Darcy flow theory. For sensitive heavy oil reservoirs， the adverse impact of water sensitivity on development was reduced based on the proposed theory of near heat and remote prevention. For extra-heavy oil reservoirs， HDCS technology was applied through the synergistic viscosity reduction and energy enhancement due to the expansion to solve the development problem of difficult injection and production. For inefficient water-flooding heavy oil reservoirs， the flow lines of infilled corner wells and water wells were changed by turning to steam flooding to enhance oil recovery. For deep heavy oil reservoirs， the multi-thermal composite oil displacement theory was formed， and deep heavy oil reservoirs were effectively produced based on the understanding of the synergistic interaction mechanism of gas-heat synergy for heat retention and enhancing steam chamber， heat-agent synergy for replacing viscosity reduction and improving flooding， and gas-agent synergy for thermal front equilibrium. For thin heavy oil reservoirsthe steam absorption capacity and production ranges were improved through the thermal and horizontal well composite development model. For shallow extra-heavy oil reservoirs， HDNS technology was used to enhance the energy， reduce viscosity， and expand the spread， realizing efficient development. The application of development technologies for heavy oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield provides technical support for the beneficial development and green development of heavy oil in Shengli Oilfield.

Water-flooding reservoirs are the mainstay in developing mature oilfields in eastern China， and they have entered the ultra-high water cut stage as a whole after long-term water injection development. Laboratory studies and field practice show that there is still potential for significantly enhancing oil recovery. However， the difficulty of scientific and efficient development has increased due to the heterogeneity of reservoirs and development dynamics， and further research is needed to enhance oil recovery technology. Uncompartmentalized reservoirs face challenges such as severe extreme water consumption in the later stage of ultra-high water cut， affecting stable production and enhanced oil recovery through water flooding. Therefore， the theory of high water consumption zones was deepened， and the development technology of near-resistance layer recombination， the vector development technology of ultra-high water cut reservoirs， and the development technology of flow field adjustment in the later stage of ultra-high water cut were developed through innovation， achieving water consumption control and reduction， with an average oil recovery of 43.7%. In response to the characteristics of fault block reservoirs with numerous faults and small fault blocks， as well as the challenges of small remaining oil reserves and difficult exploitation during the ultra-high water-cut stage， understanding of the accumulation patterns of remaining oil and hydrodynamic regulation mechanisms was deepened. A series of leading development technologies were developed through innovation， such as artificial peripheral water flooding and stereoscopic development， improving reserve control and water flooding efficiency， with an average oil recovery of 29.4%. These technologies have supported the stable and profitable production of fault block reservoirs. Given the poor physical properties of low-permeability reservoirs and the difficulty of effective water flooding， nonlinear flow mechanisms and pressure flooding development mechanisms were researched， supporting development technologies were formed， and the development limits were constantly broadened. A series of differential development technologies have been innovated， such as water injection of simulated horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability reservoirs， well pattern adaptation for enhanced oil recovery in general low-permeability reservoirs， and pressure flooding in low-permeability and tight reservoirs， with an average oil recovery of 15.7%， realizing rapid and efficient development of low-permeability reservoirs. Through the above technical research， the efficient development of water-flooding reservoirs in ultra-high water cut stage is realized. According to the development characteristics and situation of different types of reservoirs， the directions for further enhancing oil recovery of water-flooding reservoirs are being put forward.

The shale oil in the continental faulted basins in eastern China，represented by Jiyang shale oil，has made a breakthrough in production capacity. However，Jiyang shale oil faces great challenges in achieving high and stable production due to the large burial depth and thickness，low maturity，high formation temperature and pressure，and poor oil flow capacity. Based on the production practice of more than 90 horizontal wells and 10 000-meter cores，the ternary-element storage and flow theory of “storage，fracture，and pressure” was deepened，and the key technology system of Jiyang shale oil development，such as three-dimensional fine evaluation of sweet spots of shale oil development，policy optimization for three-dimensional development technology，and three-dimensional balanced fracturing technology，was formed under the guidance of the theory. Theoretical research and practice show that pores and multi-scale and multi-type micro-fractures constitute a double reservoir system，which is the material basis for high and stable production and controls the reservoir space and the law of oil and gas accumulation. The support fractures and the hydraulic fractures are coupled to form a double fracture system with a scale of nanometer to centimeter. It has the characteristics of a cascade start-up and is the flow path of high and stable production. Energy increase by fracturing can effectively improve the flow capacity of pores and increase the imbibition displacement efficiency under the premise of good formation pressure retention. At the same time，fine pressure control can realize collaborative coupling of energy fields，which can further release the production capacity of shale oil reservoirs. The double pressure coordination of pressure retention and pressurization is the energy guarantee for high and stable production. The key development technology system guided by the theory of ternary-element storage and flow provides effective technical support for the production capacity breakthrough of multi-sag multilayer systems，which is of great significance for promoting the large-scale beneficial development of shale oil in continental faulted basins in eastern China.

Chemical flooding is one of the essential means to enhance oil recovery and has played an important role in the efficient development of oilfields. Based on the current development status of chemical flooding technology in China and abroad，the theory and technology of chemical flooding for enhanced oil recovery in Shengli Oilfield were systematically summarized in response to the harsh conditions of high temperature and high salinity reservoirs. This article reviewed the theoretical and technical challenges overcome in the development of chemical flooding technology from indoor research to field application and introduced the development process of chemical flooding in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs of Shengli Oilfield over the past 60 years. By understanding the interaction and structure-activity relationships between oil displacement agents and between oil displacement agents and crude oil，Shengli Oilfield iteratively created the theory of “equal emphasis on viscoelasticity and expansion” for polymers in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs，the theory of “similar enrichment of oil agents and anionic non-ionic additive efficiency enhancement” for surfactants，and the theory of “control flooding by deformation” for viscoelastic particles. Shengli Oilfield also developed polymer flooding technology，alkali-free binary composite flooding technology，and heterogeneous composite flooding technology for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs with the characteristics of Shengli Oilfield and overcame the problem of significantly enhancing oil recovery in reservoirs with a temperature of 85 °C and a mineralization of 30 000 mg/L. The annual oil production of 96 chemical flooding projects implemented in the field has accounted for over 11% of the oilfield’s production for 20 consecutive years. This series of technologies has made important contributions to the stable production and sustainable development of the Shengli Oilfield.

Reservoir numerical simulation technology is an important means of reservoir analysis， and it is a powerful tool for oilfield developers to design development schemes， proceed with dynamic tracking adjustment， and enhance oil recovery of reservoirs. In order to clarify the future development directions of reservoir numerical simulation technology in Shengli Oilfield， this paper reviewed the development process of reservoir numerical simulation application technology and independent intellectual property software in Shengli Oilfield over the past 60 years and summarized the innovative progress in numerical simulation application technology in many fields since the “13th Five-Year Plan in 2011-2015” period， which is applicable to current development and geological characteristics of Shengli Oilfield. The fields covered fine reservoir description in ultra-high water-cut stage， pressure flooding development in low-permeability reservoirs， heterogeneous combination flooding， multiple thermal combination flooding in heavy oil reservoirs， high-pressure CO2 miscible flooding， and integrated development of shale oil by large-scale fracturing. Then， this paper introduced the development and application of several reservoir numerical simulation software with Shengli characteristics， involving water flooding， chemical flooding， and micro and intelligent simulation. Finally， it was pointed out that under the current development situation of Shengli Oilfield， the reservoir numerical simulation is facing great challenges in terms of refinement， scale， efficiency， and collaboration approach， and the numerical simulation of reservoirs should be further developed towards integration， parallelization， and intelligence， so as to provide technical support for improving the quality and efficiency of Shengli Oilfield development.

Shengli Oilfield has entered the middle and later development stages， and higher requirements for development seismic technologies have been set to develop reservoirs and further enhance oil recovery finely. The distribution and connectivity of conventional reservoirs in Jiyang Depression are complex due to different buried depths， multi-stage tectonic movements， various sedimentary types， and other factors. At the same time， constrained by seismic recognition， the well-seismic correspondences of some reservoirs are unclear， limiting the accuracy of fine reservoir characterization. In response to the development needs of different types of conventional reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield， a series of development seismic technologies have been formed through practice. These technologies include multi-method integrated reservoir prediction technology for middle and shallow fluvial facies reservoirs， integrated fine description technology for fracture systems in complex fault block reservoirs combing fine fault edge depiction and multiple attributes， prediction technology for middle-deep reservoirs with low permeability， and description technology of buried hill reservoirs fusing multiple parameters of “fault-fracture-dissolution composite storage space.” These technologies provide strong support for reservoir development. However， as the target reservoirs for development get deeper， thinner， and smaller and expand into unconventional reservoirs， the development seismic technologies faces higher requirements and challenges. It is necessary to accelerate the integration process of processing and interpretation， strengthen the theoretical research of rock physics， promote the application of OVT domain pre-stack inversion in the description of multi-type oil reservoirs， tackle the fine description technologies of complex fault block-lithofacies reservoirs， break through the technical bottleneck of well-ground joint acquisition and gravity-magnetic-electric-seismic technology， and realize the application of artificial intelligence technology in the development seismic field， so as to further promote reservoir development.

As shale oil exploration and development intensifies， the experimental technologies for shale oil development have been continuously improved while inheriting the experimental technologies and methods of conventional reservoirs and shale gas reservoirs， and a set of experimental technology systems of reservoir physics and flow mechanisms has been initially formed， which provides strong technical support for geological evaluation of shale reservoirs， reservoir engineering optimization design， and enhanced oil recovery. The development status of six experimental technologies in China and abroad， including porosity， permeability， oil-water saturation， wettability， relative permeability， and imbibition， was systematically summarized. In view of the characteristics of continental shale oil， such as low maturity， strong heterogeneity， and well-developed lamina and micro-fractures， the measurement methods and principles， key influencing factors， control conditions of experiments， advantages and disadvantages and technical applicability of experiment methods were analyzed. The main problems， development trends， and research direction of these experimental technologies were put forward. The results show that ① unifying the cleaning agent and cleaning time of rock samples is the key to improving the comparability of different measurement methods of porosity， and nuclear magnetic resonance measurement of porosity is the technological development direction to meet the needs of rapid analysis in mining fields； ② the irregular and multi-directional permeability measurement technology capable of simulating formation pressure changes is the future technological development direction； ③ the alcohol soaking method and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance （T1-T2） method are the technological development direction of the determination of shale oil-water saturation， but they still face the problem of the influence of clay bound water and adsorbed oil on the determination accuracy； ④ the droplet morphology method is one of the future development directions of measurement technology of shale reservoir wettability， which requires further research and unified standards in experimental methods and comprehensive evaluation methods for surface wetting and spontaneous imbibition processes； ⑤ the combination of experimental measurement and numerical method is an effective way to obtain the relative permeability of shale reservoirs， and the micro-oil and water metering， end-effect correction， as well as technologies and methods considering the time-varying pressure are the key directions； ⑥ pressure imbibition measurement method should be used to evaluate imbibition effect and optimize well kill time in elastic development after fracturing. Pressure imbibition measurement methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance T2 spectrum， stratification T2 spectrum， and T1-T2 spectrum will be one of the essential technological development directions.

Shengli Oilfield is a typical continental compound oil and gas area with various reservoir types， many oil-bearing strata， and complex fault systems. It entered the extra-high water cut development stage with a water cut of more than 90% in the early 90s of the 20th century. The basis for enhanced oil recovery in mature oilfields with high water cuts is how to accurately characterize the changes of underground reservoirs and accurately recognize the remaining oil according to different types of reservoirs and development stages. To this end， the oilfield has carried out the fine reservoir description for the remaining oil potential in mature oilfields since 1996. A set of fine reservoir description technologies aligning with Shengli Oilfield characteristics has been formed through breakthroughs in critical technologies such as the fine characterization of reservoir architectures， fine description of low-sequence faults， phase division and connectivity evaluation of glutenites， prediction of thin beach dam sand reservoirs， three-dimensional geological modeling， and the fine description of the remaining oil， as well as multiple rounds of iterations of reservoir description technologies， and the technical specifications of fine reservoir description have been compiled. As of 2023， more than 600 development units have been described， covering 43.6 × 108 t of original oil in place. The modeling technology has been widely used in the adjustment of mature areas and the scheme preparation of new areas， which effectively supports the large-scale production of oilfields and stable production with benefits. This paper systematically analyzed the development process of reservoir description technologies in Shengli Oilfield， summarized the characteristic technologies of different types of reservoirs， analyzed five challenges faced by fine reservoir description in mature oilfields in the late stage of extra-high water cut， and expounded on five development directions of reservoir description technologies in the next step， which had guiding and reference significance for promoting fine reservoir description technologies in continental oilfields.

Underground natural gas storage is an essential infrastructure for strategic reserves， emergency peak shaving， and national energy security. It is also one of the directions for optimizing the industrial layout of mature oilfields and promoting green and low-carbon transformation and development. The geological conditions of Shengli Oilfield are complex， with shallow gas reservoirs， small scale， scattered distribution， and abundant oil and water trap resources. However， it is difficult to evaluate the sealing property. In view of these characteristics， significant progress has been made in research related to gas storage since the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan in 2016-2020” period. Different types of gas storage， such as loose sandstone gas reservoirs， gas cap oil reservoirs， and aquifers， have been studied and designed， and the first gas storage in abandoned water-flooded gas reservoirs in China， Y21 Gas Storage， has been built. Key technologies such as target screening and evaluation of gas storage in aquifers， injection and production operation optimization design of gas storage in aquifers， sealing evaluation of gas storage traps， and tracking evaluation of gas storage have been developed， which align with characteristics of Shengli Oilfield. At present， the construction of other types of gas storage still faces challenges such as limited data， small scale， poor efficiency， and difficulty in evaluating the dynamic sealing of traps. It is necessary to propose corresponding technical countermeasures and research directions in the site screening and evaluation of gas storage in oil reservoirs， the construction of gas storage in combination with scattered gas sand bodies， and the collaborative construction of gas storage in oil reservoirs with high water cut， to provide technical support for the large-scale construction and green development of gas storage in Shengli Oilfield.

Shengli Oilfield has a large scale of undeveloped reserves， which is an important backup for the sustainable production of the oilfield. However， many years of development practice show that there are lots of problems in the overall development of these reserves， which restricts the economic development and production of the reservoir. In view of the characteristics of some reservoirs with low grade， difficult production， and poor development effect， the types and distribution characteristics of undeveloped reserves in Shengli Oilfield were systematically sorted out， and the main types of undeveloped reserves and key research objectives were defined. Based on the development practice in recent years in the reservoirs such as glutenites， beach bar sands， and deep low-permeability heavy oil， the paper analyzed three main technologies for undeveloped reserves， including large-scale fracturing of wells with high inclination in glutenite reservoirs， pressure flooding in low-permeability beach bar sand reservoirs， and cold production of heavy oil reservoirs by chemical viscosity reduction. The large-scale fracturing technology of wells with long sections and high inclination combined engineering sweet spots and geological sweet spots through the geology and engineering integration， and its application in the glutenite oil reservoirs with low grade has greatly improved reservoir productivity. The innovative development concept of pressure-driven water injection technology has achieved a breakthrough in replenishing energy and increasing the production of beach bar sand reservoirs with low-permeability. The development technology of viscosity reduction combined with pressure flooding has achieved a breakthrough in the economic development of deep heavy oil reservoirs with low-permeability by changing the development idea. These three reservoir types have been effectively produced of undeveloped reserves from single well production， reservoir energy replenishment， and low-cost development and have achieved good development results. The breakthrough of development technologies and the change of development concept are the only ways for the effective development of undeveloped reserves， which has an important demonstration and guiding significance for the development of other undeveloped reserves in Shengli Oilfield.

This paper systematically investigated the progress of laboratory research and field application of biochemical composite enhanced oil recovery technology in the past 10 years in China and abroad. The synergistic mechanism between oil recovery bacteria， biosurfactants， biopolysaccharides， and chemical oil recovery agents such as surfactants， polymers， and nanoparticles was discussed in terms of improving displacement efficiency and expanding swept volume， respectively. In addition， the system construction and field application effects were analyzed. The results show that the combination of biological bacteria and their metabolites with chemical oil recovery agents has synergistic effects on interfacial tension reduction， emulsification dispersion， mobility ratio control， and viscosity reduction of heavy oil， and the field application has achieved good application results. Bacteria polymer composite profile control and microbial desulfurization and viscosity preservation technologies were explored in Shengli Oilfield， and estimated recoveries reached 9% and 10.3%， respectively. Biological ASP composite technology was applied in Daqing Oilfield， and the recovery of the pilot area has been improved to 22%. The biochemical composite enhanced oil recovery technology has great potential for application in the exploitation of difficult-to-recovery reserves in mature oilfields. The next step is to continue to deepen the synergistic mechanism between biological and chemical systems， innovate the integration and implementation process of biological and chemical oil recovery systems according to the differences between reservoir planes and inter- and intra-layers， refine the implementation plan for different development stages and reservoir spaces， and maximize the advantages of biological and chemical synergistic efficiency enhancement technologies through the three-dimensional balanced development of reservoirs to satisfy the demand for sustainable development of mature oilfields.

CO2 capture， utilization， and storage （CCUS） can achieve a win-win situation of carbon emission reduction and oil production increase， and it is a key technology for the green and low-carbon transformation of the fossil energy industry. The petroleum and petrochemical industries have accelerated the large-scale application of CCUS technology after China proposed the goals of “peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060” in September 2020. It has gradually been revealed that CO2 flooding has contradictions such as a low impact， short effective time， and rapid increase in the gas-oil ratio in the field practices of SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield and CNPC Jilin Oilfield. It is necessary to strengthen the optimization design of reservoir engineering further. This article systematically analyzed field practices of CO2 flooding to enhance oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs in China and abroad and key issues in the optimization design of reservoir engineering， such as the matching between reservoir pressure maintenance level and miscible pressure， between well pattern direction and formation stress direction， between well spacing and reservoir permeability， and optimization of gas-water alternative displacement methods combined with the research results of the million-ton CCUS demonstration project in Shengli Oilfield. Then， the article summarized the latest progress in reservoir engineering research， such as reservoir pressure maintenance level during CO2 flooding， well network， well spacing， and gas-water alternative displacement， and analyzed the increasing pressure method， well pattern， well spacing， and gas-water alternative displacement optimization design for high-pressure miscible flooding. Finally， it indicated that the research direction of CO2 flooding reservoir engineering design should focus on the phase and flow laws of crude oil， CO2， and water in porous media under high-pressure conditions， the synergistic mechanism of CO2 flooding and storage， and the gas channeling mechanism of CO2 flooding under complex reservoir conditions. This article provides technical support for large-scale CO2 flooding in China.

Shengli Oilfield has abundant low-permeability oil reservoirs with proven reserves of 1.18 billion tons， presenting a good prospect for development. However， there is a problem of inability to inject and produce during the development process of the oil reservoirs due to the low porosity， poor permeability， and strong heterogeneity of the low-permeability oil reservoir. A systematic review was conducted on the prediction and analysis methods for low-permeability oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield to achieve efficient development of low-permeability oil reservoirs， as well as efficient development technologies， and the advantages and disadvantages of existing technologies were analyzed to provide an outlook for the development technologies of low-permeability oil reservoirs. Based on research and practice， the following conclusions are drawn： ① Shengli Oilfield has developed fine reservoir characterization technologies such as reservoir prediction， in-situ stress prediction， and evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity. ② Based on theoretical and technological innovation， the physical limit of reserve production was constantly broken， forming differential development technology series， such as water injection development technology of horizontal wells in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs， long well section multi-stage fracturing development technology of horizontal wells in tight oil reservoirs， well pattern adaptation technology for enhanced oil recovery of general low-permeability oil reservoirs， pressure flooding technology in low-permeability tight oil reservoirs， and viscous emulsion-surfactant flooding technology. Good development results have been achieved. ③ Combined with the actual needs of high-quality development and speed and efficiency improvement development of low-permeability oil reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield， the well pattern reconstruction technology of dual control streamline variation， CCUS technology， and nanobubble flooding technology were proposed， pointing out the development direction for improving oil recovery of low-permeability oil reservoirs.

The influence of fractures on the mechanical properties of shale rocks is prominent. Accurately characterizing the changes in the mechanical properties of fractured shale is an essential basis for precisely depicting the four-dimensional in-situ stress field during the fracturing and production process of shale reservoirs. Existing studies on four-dimensional in-situ stress often attribute stress changes primarily to alterations in pore pressures， neglecting the impact of changes in the mechanical properties of rocks on four-dimensional in-situ stress. The relationship between the pore pressure and the volume of shale pores and fractures was clarified by utilizing online CT experiments. Theoretical relationships among fracture volume， Poisson’s ratio， and elastic modulus of shale rocks were derived based on strain energy theory. Furthermore， a time-varying theoretical model was established with pore pressure， Poisson’s ratio， and elastic modulus as variables. The results indicate that the opening of bedding fractures is the primary cause of the time-varying nature of the mechanical parameters of shale rocks. The number of fractures opening increases， and the fracture space exhibits exponential growth as pore pressure increases. With the increase in fracture volume， the Poisson’s ratio of shale rocks rapidly increases， while the Young’s modulus rapidly decreases， leading to a significant reduction in shale strength. An analysis of the shale in Jiyang Depression reveals that Young’s modulus decreases from 37.5 GPa to 15.06 GPa， and the Poisson’s ratio increases from 0.22 to 0.35 when the proportion of fracture volume increases to 1%. The influence of the time-varying nature of mechanical parameters of rocks on the evolution of four-dimensional in-situ stress is comparatively analyzed through numerical simulation methods. The four-dimensional in-situ stress simulation， considering the time-varying characteristics of rock mechanics， can better characterize the law of stress evolution and direction deflection during shale fracturing and production. It is more consistent with the evolution law of four-dimensional in-situ stress in the process of fracturing and production， and the simulation results are more reliable. The research results can provide theoretical support for the rational deployment， optimal design， and risk warning of three-dimensional well groups of shale oil.

Shengli Oilfield has abundant chemical flooding resources. However， the implementation of chemical flooding technologies is difficult due to strong reservoir heterogeneity， high reservoir temperature， high formation water mineralization， high calcium and magnesium ion content， and high crude oil viscosity. After years of research and development， the theory of chemical flooding for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs has been established， forming a series of chemical flooding technologies such as polymer flooding， alkali-free binary compound flooding， heterogeneous compound flooding， and viscosity-reducing compound flooding. These technologies have significantly enhanced oil recovery in reservoirs with a formation temperature of 85 °C， a formation water mineralization of 30 000 mg/L， a calcium and magnesium ion concentration of 1 500 mg/L， and a crude oil viscosity of 1 000 mPa·s. In terms of basic theory， the mechanism of heterogeneous compound flooding was elucidated with “deformation passage， fluid flow diversion， balanced displacement， and coordinated transfer and washing” to enhance oil recovery， and an essential understanding of “simultaneously increasing viscosity and elasticity” and “significantly reducing adhesion work” was obtained during chemical flooding in high-viscosity reservoirs. In terms of technical application， in response to the technical difficulties of significantly enhancing oil recovery in offshore oilfields， an efficient binary compound oil displacement system was constructed， and a fully enclosed injection process was designed， forming a binary compound flooding technology for offshore oilfields. For reservoirs after polymer flooding and high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs， a viscoelastic particle oil displacement agents were invented， and a heterogeneous compound flooding system was constructed. In addition， heterogeneous compound flooding technology was developed. For high-viscosity reservoirs， highly viscoelastic polymers and efficient surfactants were developed， and a viscosity-reducing compound flooding system was constructed， forming an alkali-free binary compound flooding technology. As of October 2023， the chemical flooding technologies have achieved the produced geological petroleum reserve of 6.3 × 108 t， an accumulated oil production of 7 701 × 104 t， and an accumulated oil increase of 3 604 × 104 t for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield， providing significant support for the sustained and high-quality development.

Jiyang shale oil resources have enormous potential. However， there is a lack of systematic understanding of seepage mechanism and development laws in the multi-scale spaces after fracturing due to the influence of complex geological conditions， making it difficult to achieve large-scale beneficial development. In order to clarify the formation mechanism of the development law of Jiyang shale oil， the multi-scale fracture characteristics of Jiyang shale oil were analyzed. The formation mechanism and combination mode of fracture networks after fracturing were studied using physical experiments and numerical simulations. In addition， seepage mechanisms in multi-medium spaces were researched， including the stress sensitivity of multi-scale fractures， nonlinear flow in multi-scale pores and fractures， and imbibition displacement of pore-fracture systems. According to the differences in the distribution of multi-scale fracture networks and their flow laws after fracturing， a three-zone flow pattern of “easy flow-slow flow-difficult flow” for shale oil was established. Finally， the flow characteristics and production laws of Jiyang shale oil at different flow stages were clarified. The research results indicated that the developed bedding fractures could improve the physical properties of reservoirs， enhance imbibition displacement efficiency， and reduce start-up pressure gradient. During the elastic development stage， the flow channels reduce， and the fracture network conductivity decreases as the formation pressure declines， resulting in significant stress sensitivity. In the development process of Jiyang shale oil， the initial flow state is mainly dominated by linear flow and elliptical flow of fractures supplied by the easy flow zone. In the middle stage of development， the slow flow zone supplies energy to the easy flow zone， and the flow state changes to elliptical flow in the formation. Moreover， the shale oil in the difficult flow zone is gradually produced， and the flow state changes to boundary-controlled flow in the later stage of development. Due to the influence of geological conditions and production systems， there are significant differences in the energy change， water cut decrease， and production change law of different horizontal wells. Reasonably optimizing the shut-in time and production system can ensure imbibition displacement efficiency， efficiently utilize formation energy， and improve shale oil production capacity.

In order to realize the effective development of shale oil with low maturity in continental faulted basins in Jiyang Depression， systematic evaluations have been carried out simultaneously in Boxing， Niuzhuang， and Minfeng sags since 2019， based on the 10 000 meters of systematic coring and more than 100 000 core tests. Significant breakthroughs have been made in single well evaluation and stereoscopic development of well groups. A pilot test of eight wells in three layers was conducted in Boxing Sag， and the first 100 000-ton shale oil development well group of SINOPEC was built. A large-platform stereoscopic development test of well groups was carried out with 20 wells in five layers， and all wells were put into production in Niuzhuang Sag. A comprehensive overall evaluation and stereoscopic development test was launched in Minfeng Sag， following the mode of “overall deployment of a large platform and step-by-step implementation of a small well group.” Peak daily oil production exceeded one hundred tons in 28 wells， including Wells FYP1 and FY1-1HF ternary-element （storage， fracture， and pressure） storage and flow theory of shale oil in Jiyang Depression was proposed. The technologies of shale oil development， stereoscopic fine evaluation of development sweet spots， integrated modeling and numerical simulation， and stereoscopic development optimization were developed. A theoretical and technical system of stereoscopic development of shale oil in continental faulted basins with Shengli characteristics was initially constructed. It effectively supported the construction of the shale oil national demonstration area in Jiyang Depression， Shengli Oilfield.

Since the 1990s， Shengli Oilfield has integrated fluctuations in international oil prices， exploration and development trends， and technological advancements and developed a technical system for development planning that closely aligns with the strategic needs of each stage of oilfield development. Based on the practice of formulating mid-to-long-term development plans for Shengli Oilfield， this paper traced the evolution of development planning technologies in Shengli Oilfield and introduced the historical background， technical approaches， and challenges encountered by the development planning technologies during each stage. Through persistent research and practical application， the development planning technologies in Shengli Oilfield have progressed through four primary stages： scheme optimization， production planning， beneficial planning， and uncertainty planning. The development planning technologies developed during these stages have effectively supported the formulation of development planning strategies， guiding the oilfield’s development. With a focus on the sustainable development goals of Shengli Oilfield， it has been identified that there are three key issues for the development planning technologies to address： the challenge of mastering the economic principles of new field development， the need to reinforce the integration of mid-to-long-term planning with annual production schedules， and the requirement to elevate the strategic and forward-looking aspects of plans. In response to these challenges， the development planning technologies in Shengli Oilfield will prioritize uncertainty and multi-objective planning， alongside advancements in intelligence and precision， as well as strategic and futuristic development， so as to provide technical support for the strategic decision-making of oilfields.

Shengli beach-shallow sea oilfields are located at the junction of sea and land， with Chengdao Oilfield and Xinbei Oilfield as representatives. They have the characteristics of diverse reservoir types， complex ground conditions， and significant investments in ocean engineering facilities， so it is difficult to develop beneficially. Based on the development practice of the Shengli beach-shallow sea oilfield， this paper focused on the technical achievements since the “11th Five-Year Plan.” The efficient development technologies for characteristic Shengli beach-shallow sea oilfields were formed through continuous technical research， with the cores of subdivision and comprehensive adjustment of beach-shallow sea oilfields， overall injection and production regulation of beach-shallow sea oilfields， efficient development of offshore oil production， effective utilization of beach-shallow sea marginal oilfield， and development of complex fractured buried hill oil reservoir. The first beach-shallow sea oilfield of four million tons， Chengdao Oilfield， was built in China， realizing the crossing from land to sea. The challenges in the efficient production construction in the new area and the technical support of enhanced oil recovery in the mature area were clarified by analyzing the problems facing the high-quality development of the beach-shallow sea oilfield. By considering the important position for the continuous production of Shengli Oilfield， the development direction of “fewer wells， high yield， high speed， and high efficiency” was proposed to alleviate the contradiction between the production demand and low grade of unproduced reserves， as well as the stable production foundation and restrictive liquid production in the mature area faced by the beach-shallow sea oilfield in the future. In other words， it is necessary to continue to study critical technologies， such as the beneficial utilization of multiple oil and gas reservoirs in beach-shallow sea， the reconstruction of secondary well pattern under the “3 + 2” development mode based on platform intensification， and the intelligent injection and production control based on a big model， to support the high-quality and sustainable development of Shengli beach-shallow sea oilfield.

Since the discovery of graphene in 2004, the unique properties of two-dimensional materials have sparked intense research interest regarding their use as alternative materials in various photonic applications. Transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers have been proposed as transport layers in photovoltaic cells, but the promising characteristics of group IV–VI dichalcogenides are yet to be thoroughly investigated. This manuscript reports on monolayer Ge2Se2 (a group IV–VI dichalcogenide), its optoelectronic behavior, and its potential application in photovoltaics. When employed as a hole transport layer, the material fosters an astonishing device performance. We use ab initio modeling for the material prediction, while classical drift–diffusion drives the device simulations. Hybrid functionals calculate electronic and optical properties to maintain high accuracy. The structural stability has been verified using phonon spectra. The E–k dispersion reveals the investigated material’s key electronic properties. The calculations reveal a direct bandgap of 1.12 eV for monolayer Ge2Se2. We further extract critical optical parameters using the Kubo–Greenwood formalism and Kramers–Kronig relations. A significantly large absorption coefficient and a high dielectric constant inspired the design of a monolayer Ge2Se2-based solar cell, exhibiting a high open circuit voltage of Voc = 1.11 V, a fill factor of 87.66%, and more than 28% power conversion efficiency at room temperature. Our findings advocate monolayer Ge2Se2 for various optoelectronic devices, including next-generation solar cells. The hybrid quantum-to-macroscopic methodology presented here applies to broader classes of 2D and 3D materials and structures, showing a path to the computational design of future photovoltaic materials.

Ion beam-induced heat damage in thermally low conductive specimens such as biological samples is gaining increased interest within the scientific community. This is partly due to the increased use of FIB-SEMs in biology as well as the development of complex materials, such as polymers, which need to be analyzed. The work presented here looks at the physics behind the ion beam–sample interactions and the effect of the incident ion energy (set by the acceleration voltage) on inducing increases in sample temperature and potential heat damage in thermally low conductive materials such as polymers and biological samples. The ion beam-induced heat for different ion beam currents at low acceleration voltages is calculated using Fourier’s law of heat transfer, finite element simulations, and numerical modelling results and compared to experiments. The results indicate that with lower accelerator voltages, higher ion beam currents in the nanoampere range can be used to pattern or image soft material and non-resin-embedded biological samples with increased milling speed but reduced heat damage.

Ultrasmall nanoparticles (usNPs) have emerged as promising theranostic tools in cancer nanomedicine. With sizes comparable to globular proteins, usNPs exhibit unique physicochemical properties and physiological behavior distinct from larger particles, including lack of protein corona formation, efficient renal clearance, and reduced recognition and sequestration by the reticuloendothelial system. In cancer treatment, usNPs demonstrate favorable tumor penetration and intratumoral diffusion. Active targeting strategies, incorporating ligands for specific tumor receptor binding, serve to further enhance usNP tumor selectivity and therapeutic performance. Numerous preclinical studies have already demonstrated the potential of actively targeted usNPs, revealing increased tumor accumulation and retention compared to non-targeted counterparts. In this review, we explore actively targeted inorganic usNPs, highlighting their biological properties and behavior, along with applications in both preclinical and clinical settings.

Employing quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR)/ quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models, this study explores the application of fullerene derivatives as nanocarriers for breast cancer chemotherapy drugs. Isolated drugs and two drug–fullerene complexes (i.e., drug–pristine C60 fullerene and drug–carboxyfullerene C60–COOH) were investigated with the protein CXCR7 as the molecular docking target. The research involved over 30 drugs and employed Pearson’s hard–soft acid–base theory and common QSAR/QSPR descriptors to build predictive models for the docking scores. Energetic descriptors were computed using quantum chemistry at the density functional-based tight binding DFTB3 level. The results indicate that drug–fullerene complexes interact more with CXCR7 than isolated drugs. Specific binding sites were identified, with varying locations for each drug complex. Predictive models, developed using multiple linear regression and IBM Watson artificial intelligence (AI), achieved mean absolute percentage errors below 12%, driven by AI-identified key variables. The predictive models included mainly quantitative descriptors collected from datasets as well as computed ones. In addition, a water-soluble fullerene was used to compare results obtained by DFTB3 with a conventional density functional theory approach. These findings promise to enhance breast cancer chemotherapy by leveraging fullerene-based drug nanocarriers.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are widely used in medicine and environmental remediation because of their unique properties. However, their size, surface area, and reactivity can cause toxicity, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular or DNA damage. In this study, a nano-quantitative structure–toxicity relationship (nano-QSTR) model was initially developed to assess zebrafish toxicity for 24 MONPs. Previously established 23 first- and second-generation periodic table descriptors, along with five newly proposed third-generation descriptors derived from the periodic table, were employed. Subsequently, to enhance the quality and predictive capability of the nano-QSTR model, a nano-quantitative read across structure–toxicity relationship (nano-qRASTR) model was created. This model integrated read-across descriptors with modeled descriptors from the nano-QSTR approach. The nano-qRASTR model, featuring three attributes, outperformed the previously reported simple QSTR model, despite having one less MONP. This study highlights the effective utilization of the nano-qRASTR algorithm in situations with limited data for modeling, demonstrating superior goodness-of-fit, robustness, and predictability (R2 = 0.81, Q2LOO = 0.70, Q2F1/R2PRED = 0.76) compared to simple QSTR models. Finally, the developed nano-qRASTR model was applied to predict toxicity data for an external dataset comprising 35 MONPs, addressing gaps in zebrafish toxicity assessment.

Nanopolymers represent a significant group of delivery vehicles for hydrophobic drugs. In particular, dual stimuli-responsive smart polymer nanomaterials might be extremely useful for drug delivery and release. We analyzed the possibility to include the known antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX), which has antimitotic and antiproliferative effects, in a nanopolymer complex. Thus, doxorubicin-loaded temperature- and pH-sensitive smart nanopolymers (DOX-SNPs) were produced. Characterizations of the synthesized nanostructures were carried out including zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The loading capacity of the nanopolymers for DOX was investigated, and encapsulation and release studies were carried out. In a final step, the cytotoxicity of the DOX–nanopolymer complexes against the HeLa cancer cell line at different concentrations and incubation times was studied. The DOX release depended on temperature and pH value of the release medium, with the highest release at pH 6.0 and 41 °C. This effect was similar to that observed for the commercial liposomal formulation of doxorubicin Doxil. The obtained results demonstrated that smart nanopolymers can be efficiently used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs.

Rapid recombination of charge carriers in semiconductors is a main drawback for photocatalytic oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reactions. Herein, we propose a novel catalyst by developing a p–n junction titania–silicon nanowires (TiO2/SiNWs) heterostructure. The structure is fabricated by atomic layer deposition of TiO2 on p-type SiNWs. The TiO2/SiNWs heterostructure exhibited an outstanding OCM performance under simulated solar light irradiation compared to the single components. This enhanced efficiency was attributed to the intrinsic electrical field formed between n-type TiO2 and p-type SiNWs, which forces generated charge carriers to move in opposite directions and suppresses charge recombination. Besides, surface morphology and optical properties of the the p–n TiO2/SiNWs catalyst are also beneficial for the photocatalytic activity. It is expected that the results of this study will provide massive guidance in synthesizing an efficient photocatalyst for CH4 conversion under mild conditions.