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Due to the sudden surge of orders, it is difficult for suppliers with a limited capacity to ensure that all orders are delivered in time and all the products are qualified. Suppliers are likely to put more limited capacity into completing orders, thus ignoring the quality of products. This will easily lead to the occurrence of product quality events, and then affect the goodwill of enterprise products. The innovations of this paper are as follows: first, based on the above facts, a negative and dynamic correlation between the delivery level and the quality level is established, which has been involved in previous studies. Second, the joint decision model of timely delivery, product quality, and marketing is constructed. Thirdly, centralized decision-making is the best way of supply chain cooperation, and cost sharing contracts can coordinate the supply chain. This paper provides guidance for enterprise managers when making decisions on quality, marketing and delivery. It also provides the basis for enterprise managers to formulate effective cooperation models. We can draw some research implications: when consumers are less sensitive to timely delivery, enterprises should give some coupons and small gifts to consumers in exchange for the extension of delivery time and put their limited capacity into improving the product quality. When consumers are highly sensitive to timely delivery, they can outsource some orders to cost-effective and professional third-party enterprises, which not only improves the delivery rate but also improves the product quality.

The classical model predictive control(MPC) is frequency conversion control, which will lead to larger ripples of the output variables. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a fixed frequency model predictive current control strategy based on space vector modulation(SVM). This strategy combines the switching sequence distribution method of continuous SVM to divide the voltage vector to reconstruct the control set. The constructed control set consists of four voltage vectors, including two effective voltage vectors and two zero voltage vectors. In order to reduce the current ripple through the smallest current error in each sampling period, the cost function is improved. Finally, simulation and experiment verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheme.

Quality is not only the basis for business survival and development but also a key issue that cannot be ignored in supply chain management decisions. In practice, the impact of quality on goodwill does not show an immediate effect, and there is a dynamic delayed effect. Therefore, we developed a dynamic model that considers the delayed effect of quality on goodwill. Firstly, we constructed a delayed differential equation for the effect of quality on goodwill based on the Nerlove–Arrow model for a two-channel supply chain in a competitive environment and studied the dynamic quality decision problem of manufacturers and retailers under the delay effect. Secondly, we constructed the manufacturer and retailer Hamilton functions based on the principles of being of great value, solving and comparing the optimal product quality level, having an optimal service quality level, product goodwill, and overall profit of the supply chain under both decentralized and centralized decision modes, and investigated the effect of delay time on the profit and quality decisions of supply chain members. The conclusions show that: (i) delay time is an important reference for supply chain members when choosing the decision mode, and the overall profit size of the supply chain has different relationships with the different values of delay time taken into account with the two decision scenarios. (ii) Adopting a centralized decision mode can motivate manufacturers and retailers to improve the quality level, which in turn promotes the sales of products and the accumulation of brand goodwill.

Leaves are essential organs for plants. We previously identified a functional gene possibly encoding a component of the SWI/SNF complex named Leaf and Flower Related (LFR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss-of-function mutants of LFR displayed obvious defects in leaf morphogenesis, indicating its vital role in leaf development. Here an allelic null mutant of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), as2-6, was isolated as an enhancer of lfr-1 in petiole length, vasculature pattern and leaf margin development. The lfr as2 double-mutants showed enhanced ectopic expression of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) compared with each of the single-mutants, which is consistent with their synergistic genetic enhancement in multiple BP-dependent development processes. Moreover, LFR and several putative subunits of the SWI/SNF complex interacted physically with AS2. LFR associated with BP chromatin in an AS1-AS2-dependent manner to promote the nucleosome occupancy for appropriate BP repression in leaves. Taken together, our findings reveal that LFR and the SWI/SNF complex play roles in leaf development at least partly by repressing BP transcription as interacting factors of AS2, which expounds our understanding of BP repression at the chromatin structure level in leaf development.

The combination of a zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) catalyst and a stoichiometric amount of dimethyl formamide (DMF) provided a simple route to formamide derivatives from amines, CO 2 , and hydrosilanes under mild conditions. We deduced that formation of an active zinc-hydrogen (Zn-H) species promoted hydride transfer from the hydrosilane to CO 2 . The cooperative activation of the Lewis acidic ZnPc by strongly polar DMF, led to formation of activated amines and hydrosilanes, which promoted the chemical reduction of CO 2 . Consequently, the binary ZnPc/DMF catalytic system showed excellent yields and superior chemoselectivity, representing a simple and sustainable pathway for the reductive transformation of CO 2 into valuable chemicals as an alternative to conventional halogen-containing process.

The chemical transformation of CO2 under mild conditions remains a great challenge because of its exceptional kinetic and thermodynamic stability. Two important reactions in the transformation of CO2 are the N-formylation reaction of amines using hydrosilanes and CO2, and the cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxides. Here, we report the high efficiency of bifunctional metallosalen complexes bearing quaternary phosphonium salts in catalyzing both of these reactions under solvent-free, mild conditions without the need for co-catalysts. The catalysts' bifunctionality is attributed to an intramolecular cooperative process between the metal center and the halogen anion. Depending on the reaction, this activates CO2 by permitting either the synergistic activation of Si–H bond via metal–hydrogen coordinative bond (M–H) or the dual activation of epoxide via metal–oxygen coordinative bond (M–O). The one-component catalysts are also shown to be easily recovered and reused five times without significant loss of activity or selectivity. The current results are combined with previous work in the area to propose the relevant reaction mechanisms.

In view of the intelligent demand of modern large-scale parking lot and based on the enormous application advantages of fog computing on the Internet of things and the unique characteristics of NB-IoT technology, the design and application of NB-IoT technology which is based on fog computing in parking system model architecture is proposed, to promote parking systems to be more intelligent, increase efficiency, reduce expenses, and increase efficiency. The system model design adopts four-layer structure: Perception Layer, Network Layer, Cloud-Fog Platform Layer and User Layer, and uses the technical characteristics and advantages such as Fog Computing and NB-IoT to make data analysis, storage, calculation, exchange and communication in the system more integrated, fluent, and real-time. Meanwhile, the model is built into a low-latency, wide-coverage, highly intelligent parking system, and its research results provide totally new ideas and solutions to the drawbacks of the existing parking systems.

The traditional model predictive control uses only one switching vector for every per sampling cycle, which causes the variable switching frequency in rolling optimization and makes the filter difficult to design. In this paper, the problem of rolling optimization is analyzed in detail by the variable switching frequency and cost function. Some optimization methods are put forward according to the performance requirements, which provides a new idea for the development of model predictive control(MPC).

At present, the development of NB-IoT technology is changing every day, and leads to a large amount of data exchange, analysis and storage issues, which brings many challenges to the traditional computing model--cloud computing. At the same time, it also points out the shortcomings and disadvantages of cloud computing in big data calculation and analysis. Based on this, the NB-IoT model based on fog computing was proposed and its main technologies and applications are analyzed to reduce the delay of NB-IoT data calculation, improve the response speed of application system, save network bandwidth, accelerate data exchange, ensure the quality of data analysis and improve the efficiency of data storage space and meanwhile, it is studied how to apply theory and technology to practice, and the application of NB-IoT main technology based on fog computing is also analyzed.

We examine the impact of an anti-corruption campaign on analyst earnings forecast optimism. Using hand-collected site visits data by the Central Inspection Team (CIT) in China that began in 2013, we document higher analyst optimism during CIT visit periods than during non-CIT visit periods. The results are robust to matched samples, placebo tests, alternative fixed effect and clustering specifications, endogeneity of CIT site visits concern, and alternative samples. Additional analysis suggests that local government pressure and firm bad-news-hiding explain the findings but it is not consistent with the improved firm fundamentals interpretation. Moreover, we find that the effect of CIT visits on analyst optimism is more pronounced for star, non-affiliated, and experienced analysts, supporting the notion that, because of their greater influence, local governments focus on pressuring these analysts. More important, the impact of CIT visits on analyst optimism is more salient if a CIT leader had previous work experience or longer work experience in the inspected province. Interestingly, we document a reversion in analyst earnings forecast optimism 60 days after CIT site visits, especially among the non-state-owned firms, suggesting that, after the CIT investigation, analyst optimism is no longer needed.

A series of new metallosalen-based ionic porous organic polymers (POPs) were synthesized for the first time using a simple unique strategy based on the free-radical copolymerization reaction. Various techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of these catalysts. These well-designed materials endowed high surface area, hierarchical porous structures, and enhanced CO2 /N2 adsorptive selectivity. Moreover, these POPs having both metal centers (Lewis acid) and ionic units (nucleophile) could serve as bifunctional catalysts in the catalytic conversion of CO2 into high value-added chemicals without any additional co-catalyst under mild and solvent-free conditions, for example, CO2 /epoxides cycloaddition and Nformylation of amines from CO2 and hydrosilanes. The results demonstrated that the irregular porous structure was very favorable for the diffusion of substrates and products, and the microporous structural property resulted in the enrichment of CO2 near the catalytic centers in the CO2 -involved transformations. Additionally, the superhydrophobic property could not only enhance the chemoselectivity of products but also promote the stability and recyclability of catalysts.

Environmental biosafety is the key issue in the healthy development of the graphene industry, but the toxicity of graphene to moss is still unknown to date. Herein, we investigated the influence of graphene oxide (GO) on the growth, chlorophyll content and structure of white moss Leucobryum glaucum. Our results indicated that GO did not alter the fresh weight of L. glaucum, but inhibited the dry weight gain seriously, resulting in higher water-holding rates. GO induced the suppression of chlorophyll contents and up-regulated the chlorophyll a/b ratios, thus might influence the photosynthesis of L. glaucum. GO disturbed the microstructure and ultrastructure of L. glaucum at high concentrations, inducing the destruction of cell wall, the separation of cell wall and membrane, and the formation of micropores on the leave surface. GO led to the decrease of glutathione levels and catalase activities of L. glaucum, suggesting the existence of oxidative stress. Our results collectively suggested that graphene had the potential environmental risk to moss plants, and the release of graphene into the environment should be strictly restricted.

A simple cooperative catalytic system was successfully developed for the solvent-free N-formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilanes under ambient conditions, which was composed of a Zn(salen) catalyst and quaternary ammonium salt. These commercially available binary components activated the Si-H bonds effectively, owing to the intermolecular synergistic effect between Lewis base and transition metal center (LB-TM), and subsequently facilitated the insertion of CO2 to form the active silyl formats, thereby leading to excellent catalytic performance at a low catalyst loading. Furthermore, the bifunctional Zn(salen) complexes, with two imidazolium-based ionic-liquid (IL) units at the 3,3'-position of salen ligand, acted as intramolecularly cooperative catalysts, and the solvent-regulated separation resulted in facile catalyst recycling and reuse.

Electrolysis is widely adopted in water treatment. The major challenge of electrolysis technology focuses on developing better electrode materials. In this study, we reported that the hydrothermal coating of titanium electrode with carbon (C-Ti electrode) could significantly improve the decoloration performance of Ti electrode. The decoloration kinetics of C-Ti electrode was much faster than that of naked Ti electrode at the same current density. The presence of chloride electrolytes, e.g. NaCl and KCl, was crucial for the efficient electrolysis. The optimized pH for C-Ti electrode was pH 7. Beyond methylene blue, C-Ti electrode showed high decoloration performance for other dyes, such as congo red, acidic blue 92 and remazol brilliant blue R. Mechanistically, the electrolytic oxidation of MB was mainly via indirect pathway, where Cl− was oxidized into ClO− for the oxidation of other substances. Moreover, the performance of C-Ti electrode largely remained in the recycling evaluations. The implication to the applications of C-Ti electrode in water treatment is discussed.

Fog computing based on big data is a hot topic in the research of computing technology at home and abroad. With the wide application and popularity of IoT (Internet of Things), the big data generated by edge devices is exploding, and cloud computing models are becoming increasingly inadequate to meet the needs of big data processing and communication, which is mainly manifested as follows. Slow data processing, insufficient storage space, prolonged communication and many other issues. Fog computing, of which the advantage is distributed computing, namely the „de-centralized„ mode calculation, is the suitable solution to solve these problems. In the IoT system, fog computing model based on big data is constructed to distribute the big data computing, storage and communication in the system to the edge device. The purpose is to make the system structure simpler, more modular and intelligent, duce network congestion, exploit advantages of edge devices and improve high quality intelligence of IoT applications, and moreover, to reduce the deployment of IoT hardware and operating costs. Taking the cloud robotics as an example, it is proposed to embed the fog computing technology in the cloud robotics system, which greatly improves the computing function of the cloud robotics system. In short, it provides theoretical support and scientific experimental basis for the informationization and intelligence of all walks of life, and its research has certain value and significance.

Background Surgical resection combined with adjuvant chemotherapy is considered as the gold-standard treatment for advanced colorectal cancer patients. These patients have a poor 5-year survival rate of 5% or less. Furthermore, a large dose of chemotherapy can produce adverse side effects and severe toxicity. Therefore, this retrospective study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dendritic cell-cytokine-induced killer (DC-CIK) cell infusion as an adjuvant therapy in patients with advanced colorectal cancer combined with first-line treatment. Methods A total of 142 patients with stage III/IV colorectal carcinoma who had been treated with first-line therapy were included in this study. Among these patients, 71 patients received first-line treatment only (non-DC-CIK group), while the other 71 patients who had similar demographic and clinical characteristics received a DC-CIK cell infusion combined with first-line treatment (DC-CIK group). These patients were followed up until August 2014. Data were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression. Results Our results showed that the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for the DC-CIK group versus the non-DC-CIK group was 41.3 versus 19.4% (p = 0.001) and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate for the DC-CIK group versus the non-DC-CIK group was 57.4 versus 33.6% (p = 0.022). Conclusions Our results showed that patients with advanced colorectal cancer might benefit from DC-CIK immunotherapy combined with first-line therapy by significantly prolonging 5-year OS and PFS.

A palladium-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydroalkylation of β,β-difluorinated homoallylic alcohols with alkylzinc reagents has been developed. This method affords a wide range of synthetically useful gem-difluorinated compounds with good functional group compatibility.

A two-step synthesis of ( R )- and ( S )-[ 2 H 1 ]-fluoroacetate (sodium salts) in high enantioselectivity is reported. The synthesis is the development of a previous one in which the enantioselectivity has been increased from ∼38% ee to >95% ee. The improvement in enantioselectivity applied Bio’s methodology, which involved a deoxyfluorination reaction with DAST on either enantiomer of [ 2 H 1 ]-benzyl alcohol, adding TMS-morpholine to the reaction. The additive promotes an S N 2 inversion process, and suppresses a competing non-stereospecific S N 1 reaction course, and as a result significantly improves the stereointegrity of the C–F bond formation. The intermediate [ 2 H 1 ]-benzyl alcohols, [ 2 H 1 ]-benzyl fluorides and the product [ 2 H 1 ]-fluoroacetates as their hexyl esters were separately assayed for their stereochemical integrity, using the Courtieu method. This method involved measuring their 2 H NMR spectra in a chiral matrix of poly -γ-benzyl l -glutamate. The chiral assay demonstrated that there was no significant loss in stereointegrity during the deoxyfluorination reaction and showed that the enantiomers of [ 2 H 1 ]-fluoroacetate were generated with high enantiomeric purity (95% ee).

Disruption of gene silencing by Polycomb protein complexes leads to homeotic transformations and altered developmental-phase identity in plants1–5. Here we define short genomic fragments, known as Polycomb response elements (PREs), that direct Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) placement at developmental genes regulated by silencing in Arabidopsis thaliana. We identify transcription factor families that bind to these PREs, colocalize with PRC2 on chromatin, physically interact with and recruit PRC2, and are required for PRC2-mediated gene silencing in vivo. Two of the cis sequence motifs enriched in the PREs are cognate binding sites for the identified transcription factors and are necessary and sufficient for PRE activity. Thus PRC2 recruitment in Arabidopsis relies in large part on binding of trans-acting factors to cis-localized DNA sequence motifs.

A series of new metallosalen-based ionic porous organic polymers (POPs) were synthesized for the first time using a simple unique strategy based on the free-radical copolymerization reaction. Various techniques were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of these catalysts. These well-designed materials endowed high surface area, hierarchical porous structures, and enhanced CO

A simple cooperative catalytic system was successfully developed for the solvent-free N-formylation of amines with CO

A one-pot nickel-catalyzed allylation of aromatic aldehydes with α-halo-β,β-difluoropropene-containing compounds promoted by ZnEt(2) under mild conditions was described. The reaction displays moderate to good regio- and diastereoselectivity, tolerates a wide range of functional groups, and provides an efficient method for the synthesis of γ-fluorinated homoallylic alcohols.

We report the first example of iron-catalyzed cross-coupling of α-halo-β,β-difluoroethylene-containing compounds with arylzinc reagents using TMEDA and dppp as coligands. The reaction affords a wide range of functional group tolerant gem-difluoromethylenated compounds in moderate to good yields. The facile dehalodefluorination of α-halo-β,β-difluoroethylene-containing compounds upon treatment of reductive metal reagents was mostly inhibited. Mechanistic studies indicated that the cross-coupling reaction could involve a single-electron-transfer process.

The purpose of this study is to identify and classify the ecological risks in land consolidation, and to develop a framework of the theory and method to assess the change of ecological risk degree before and after land consolidation. Environmental impacts and ecological risks of land consolidation have recently drawn much attention, and there are two opposing viewpoints to assess these impacts and risks in the academia of China. Both viewpoints result from the bias of assessment anticipation. Land consolidation includes four main engineering aspects in China, and ecological succession from start of land consolidation to ecosystem stabilization should pass three phases. Different ecological impacts and risks of land consolidation rise from different phases of ecological successions. According to the climax theory of ecology, we developed a framework of the ecological risk assessment based on the anticipation of ecosystem stabilization (ERABAES) for land consolidation. We applied analytical hierarchical processing (AHP) method to the data resources from the land consolidation project in Southern China to allocate weightings to the indices of ecological risk (ER), and to set up an integrated index system for the ecological risk identification. This integrated index system encompasses the ecological risks with three factors (water, soil and biology) and 14 indices. The results of the project show: (1) The ER is reduced from 58.02 to 28.8 after land consolidation and the degree of ecological risk is down from Degree III to Degree IV. (2) According to the element analysis, the water ER is reduced from 21.53 to 6.16, its contribution to reduce the ecological risk is 53%; the reduced ERs of soil and biology are respectively 12.79 and 1.06, their contribution of ecological risk reduce is lower than water.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide, a novel long-lasting incretin hormone, has been used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, liraglutide has been shown to be neurotrophic and neuroprotective. Here, we investigated the effects of liraglutide on amyloid β protein (Aβ)-induced AD in mice and explored its mechanism of action. The results showed that subcutaneous administration of liraglutide (25nmol/day), once daily for 8 weeks, prevented memory impairments in the Y Maze and Morris Water Maze following Aβ1-42 intracerebroventricular injection, and alleviated the ultra-structural changes of pyramidal neurons and chemical synapses in the hippocampal CA1 region. Furthermore, liraglutide reduced Aβ1-42-induced tau phosphorylation via the protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathways. Thus liraglutide may alleviate cognitive impairment in AD by at least decreasing the phosphorylation of tau.

This study investigated the aminoglycoside resistance phenotypes and genotypes, as well as the prevalence of virulence genes, in Enterococcus species isolated from clinical patients in China. A total of 160 enterococcal isolates from various clinical samples collected from September 2013 to July 2014 were identified to the species level using the VITEK-2 COMPACT system. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the identified Enterococcus strains were determined by the Kirby-Bauer (K-B) disc diffusion method. PCR-based assays were used to detect the aminoglycoside resistance and virulence genes in all enterococcal isolates. Of 160 Enterococcus isolates, 105 were identified as E. faecium, 35 as E. faecalis, and 20 isolates were classified as “other” Enterococcus species. High-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) for gentamicin, streptomycin, and both antibiotics was identified in 58.8, 50, and 34.4% of strains, respectively. The most common virulence gene (50.6% of isolates) was efaA, followed by asa1 (28.8%). The most prevalent aminoglycoside resistance genes were aac(6')-Ie-aph(2''), aph(2')-Id, aph(3')-IIIa, and ant(6')-Ia, present in 49.4%, 1.3%, 48.8% and 31.3% of strains, respectively. Overall, E. faecium and E. faecalis were most frequently associated with hospital-acquired enterococcal infections in Zhejiang Province. All aminoglycoside resistance genes, except aph(2'')-Id, were significantly more prevalent in HLAR strains than amongst high level aminoglycoside susceptible (HLAS) strains, while there was no significant difference between HLAR and HLAS strains in regard to the prevalence of virulence genes, apart from esp, therefore, measures should be taken to manage infections caused by multi-drug resistant Enterococcus species.

With the rapid development of smart cities in the world, research relating to smart city evaluation has become a new research hotspot in academia. However, there are general problems of cognitive deprivation, lack of planning experience, and low level of coordination in smart cities construction. It is necessary for us to develop a set of scientific, reasonable, and effective evaluation index systems and evaluation models to analyze the development degree of urban wisdom. Based on the theory of the urban system, we established a comprehensive evaluation index system for urban intelligent development based on the people-oriented, city-system, and resources-flow (PSF) evaluation model. According to the characteristics of the comprehensive evaluation index system of urban intelligent development, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) combined with the experts’ opinions determine the index weight of this system. We adopted the neural network model to construct the corresponding comprehensive evaluation model to characterize the non-linear characteristics of the comprehensive evaluation indexes system, thus to quantitatively quantify the comprehensive evaluation indexes of urban intelligent development. Finally, we used the AHP, AHP-BP (Back Propagation), and AHP-ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) models to evaluate the intelligent development level of 151 cities in China, and compared them from the perspective of model accuracy and time cost. The final simulation results show that the AHP-ELM model is the best evaluation model.

Optimized reaction conditions allow the regioselective hydroalkylation of homoallylic alcohols, ethers, and amines with alkylzinc reagents to give the corresponding anti-Markovnikov products.

The title reaction provides an efficient and diastereoselective approach to γ-fluorinated homoallylic alcohols of type (III), (VI), and (IX).

This paper proposes a novel string-driven pen-based haptic device, which is capable of two translational and one rotational (2T1R) interaction. The inputs of interface are translation and rotation of pen tip tracked by strings. Simultaneously, force and moment feedbacks are displayed at pen tip via string tensions. In addition, this device can be fixed on common planar display device, and make visual display and haptic display coincident and well integrated. Therefore, user can design and manipulate virtual world by drawing, selecting, moving or rotating objects on screen in a natural and intuitive way.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework of ecological vulnerability assessment, and to assess the ecological vulnerability by this framework in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River Basin. Based on the theory of cause - and - consequence, we proposed an indicator system of ecological vulnerability assessment at basin scale. Twelve indicators are selected to constitute the proposed framework of ecological vulnerability assessment. Based on the Landsat TM images acquired in 2000 and technical support of ERDAS & GIS software, an empirical study was carried out. The results of study show that the general characteristics of ecological vulnerability in spatial differences in the Hanjiang River Basin are as follows: the expression of ecological vulnerability is the most vulnerable in the plain regions, the middle vulnerable in hilly regions, and the weakest vulnerable in mountainous regions.

With the project planning and design of land consolidation, an index system for the ecological risks assessment is set up based on the identification of the ecological risks with 14 indexes and three factors as water, soil and biology. The index standard is studied out, and the weighting allocation of the index system is workout by AHP. The integrated index of ecological evaluation (ER) is established. The results of the trial use of the suggested index system indicate that, (1) The ER is reduced 28.94 after land consolidation, and the ecological risk is down from level III to level IV; (2) By the element analysis, the water ER is reduced from 21.53 to 6.16, its contribution to the ecological risk is 53%; The ERs of soil and biology are respectively 12.97 and 0.79, their contribution of ecological risk are lower than water.

The measurement of device thermal resistance is a common approach to junction temperature determination given a set of environmental conditions and the device power dissipation. This paper introduces a novel instrument that can measure the thermal resistance of high brightness LED quickly using electrical test method (ETM). According to the international JEDEC standard, the instrument uses the LED itself as a temperature sensor. DAQ6221mx PCI data acquiring card was used to build the system and the related software is Labview. Various measurements are carried out by choosing different samples, and the result shows it takes about 10 seconds to get the thermal resistance of the LED under the condition the K factor is known