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In cases of brain tumors, some brain cells experience abnormal and rapid growth, leading to the development of tumors. Brain tumors represent a significant source of illness affecting the brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) stands as a well-established and coherent diagnostic method for brain cancer detection. However, the resulting MRI scans produce a vast number of images, which require thorough examination by radiologists. Manual assessment of these images consumes considerable time and may result in inaccuracies in cancer detection. Recently, deep learning has emerged as a reliable tool for decision-making tasks across various domains, including finance, medicine, cybersecurity, agriculture, and forensics. In the context of brain cancer diagnosis, Deep Learning and Machine Learning algorithms applied to MRI data enable rapid prognosis. However, achieving higher accuracy is crucial for providing appropriate treatment to patients and facilitating prompt decision-making by radiologists. To address this, we propose the use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for brain tumor detection. Our approach utilizes a dataset consisting of two classes: three representing different tumor types and one representing non-tumor samples. We present a model that leverages pre-trained CNNs to categorize brain cancer cases. Additionally, data augmentation techniques are employed to augment the dataset size. The effectiveness of our proposed CNN model is evaluated through various metrics, including validation loss, confusion matrix, and overall loss. The proposed approach employing ResNet50 and EfficientNet demonstrated higher levels of accuracy, precision, and recall in detecting brain tumors.

Abstract Brain tumors pose a significant medical challenge necessitating precise detection and diagnosis, especially in Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Current methodologies reliant on traditional image processing and conventional machine learning encounter hurdles in accurately discerning tumor regions within intricate MRI scans, often susceptible to noise and varying image quality. The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various aspects of healthcare, providing innovative solutions for diagnostics and treatment strategies. This paper introduces a novel AI-driven methodology for brain tumor detection from MRI images, leveraging the EfficientNetB2 deep learning architecture. Our approach incorporates advanced image preprocessing techniques, including image cropping, equalization, and the application of homomorphic filters, to enhance the quality of MRI data for more accurate tumor detection. The proposed model exhibits substantial performance enhancement by demonstrating validation accuracies of 99.83%, 99.75%, and 99.2% on BD-BrainTumor, Brain-tumor-detection, and Brain-MRI-images-for-brain-tumor-detection datasets respectively, this research holds promise for refined clinical diagnostics and patient care, fostering more accurate and reliable brain tumor identification from MRI images. All data is available on Github: https://github.com/muskan258/Brain-Tumor-Detection-from-MRI-Images-Utilizing-EfficientNetB2 ).

In the rapidly evolving landscape of medical imaging, our proposed work presents an innovative and efficient approach to brain tumor detection through advanced deep learning methodologies. Central to our methodology is the strategic utilization of pre-trained weights from the formidable MBConv-Finetuned-B0 model, initially honed on the expansive ImageNet dataset, providing a foundation rich in general visual knowledge. Our subsequent fine-tuning process targets specific layers relevant to brain tumor detection, introducing two distinct convolutional layers, MBConv 6, 55, and MBConv 6, 30, meticulously added to the MBConv-Finetuned-B0 base model. These layers are intricately designed to extract and refine features specific to brain tumors, ensuring a nuanced understanding of pathology and enhancing the model's discrimination and accuracy. The flexibility of our methodology is exemplified by the thoughtful consideration of two fine-tuning options: one that adjusts all layers of the model and another that selectively fine-tunes only the proposed layers. We conduct a detailed comparative analysis, including homogeneity and median feature values, placing our work in direct comparison with established techniques such as Ensemble Transfer Learning and Quantum Variational Classifier (ETL & QVC), Ultra-Light Deep Learning (ULDL) Model, Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), and Deep Learning and Image Processing (DLIP). The results showcase the model's proficiency, achieving an accuracy of 94%, precision of 84%, recall of 92%, F1 score of 88%, and an AUC-ROC of 96%. Notably, our model demonstrates superior performance in terms of homogeneity (vE Homogeneity: 0.93, vN Homogeneity: 0.91, Enhancement Homogeneity: 0.97) and median feature values (Median vE Feature Value: 0.82, Median vN Feature Value: 0.87, Median Enhancement Feature Value: 0.80), providing a comprehensive understanding of its effectiveness in capturing subtle nuances in brain tumor images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors arise from the emergence of abnormal cells in brain tissue and are considered one of the most perilous conditions affecting individuals of all ages, including both children and adults. The disease advances swiftly, and the likelihood of survival diminishes significantly without prompt and adequate treatment. Hence, accurate diagnosis and meticulous treatment planning play a pivotal role in improving the patient's life expectancy. Neurologists and radiologists play a crucial role in the early detection of brain tumors. However, manually identifying and segmenting brain tumors from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data poses significant challenges and is susceptible to inaccuracies. The need for an automated brain tumor detection method becomes imperative to achieve early detection of brain tumors. Objective: The objective of the paper is to measure the capability of You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5x) in brain tumor detection in the early stage so that patients can be treated accordingly. Methods: YOLOv5x is examined; Brats (Brain Tumor Segmentation) image and roboflow dataset has been used. Model performance is evaluated using precision, recall rate, F1 score, and Mean Average Precision (mAP). Results: YOLOv5x exhibited precision (98.7), recall (95.6), F1-score (93), mAP at a learning rate of 0.5 (98.4), and the total time taken for implementation of work is 193.20 minutes. Conclusion: YOLOv5x showed improved performance for the detection of brain tumors on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI when compared with state of art existing work. It is also the fastest and accurate method indicating a greater potential for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors were the most common kind of tumor in humans. Brain tumors can be detected from various imaging technologies. The proposed research work strives to improve the prediction accuracy of brain tumor detection and segmentation from MRI of human head scans by using a novel activation function E-Tanh. The role of activation functions is to perform computations and make decisions in artificial neural networks (ANN). We developed three ANN models for brain tumor detection by modifying the hidden layers. We have trained these ANN models using the E-Tanh activation function and evaluated their performance. This novel activation function achieved 98% prediction accuracy for the MRI brain tumor image detection neural network model, which was higher than the existing activation functions. We also have segmented brain tumors from the BraTS2020 dataset by using this activation function in U-Net-based architecture. We attained dice scores of 83%, 95%, and 85% for the whole, core, and enhancing tumors, which are significantly higher than the ReLU activation function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "brain tumor" describes the unregulated increase in brain cells, which can have various adverse consequences. In the field of medical research, a variety of methods are employed to find brain tumor and the most reliable method still utilized by specialists is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The noninvasive MRI method has developed into a primary emission brain tumor investigative tool. In order to accurately identify the extent of tumor, reliable, entirely an automatic segmentation method for the brain tumor and this is still being investigated. There is a higher possibility of success for the treatment when tumors are found early. Detecting brain tumor affected cells is tedious and time-consuming process. Identification and classification of brain tumors at the earliest is very essential for effective treatment. This article conducted an analysis of existing methodologies to apply various forms of deep learning techniques to MRI data. This review provides hybrid deep learning based brain tumor diagnosis approach which combines different deep learning methods like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), UNET Architecture, GoogLeNet and Gabor Filter for feature extraction. From extensive survey, this review concludes that deep learning approaches provide more accurate and efficient results than traditional machine learning algorithms. This survey highlights the current clinical challenges, potential future solutions and opens up the researcher's challenges to evolve systematic brain tumor detection system demonstrating clinically acceptable better accuracy which will assist the radiologists in diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors are life-threatening and are typically identified by experts using imaging modalities like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). However, any error due to human intervention in brain anomaly detection can have devastating consequences. This study proposes a tumor detection algorithm for brain MRI images. Previous research into tumor detection has drawbacks, paving the way for further investigations. A visual attention-based technique for tumor detection is proposed to overcome these drawbacks. Brain tumors have a wide range of intensity, varying from inner matter-alike intensity to skull-alike intensity, making them difficult to threshold. Thus, a unique approach to threshold using entropy has been utilized. An on-center saliency map accurately captures the biological visual attention-focused tumorous region from the original image. Later, a superpixel-based framework has been proposed and used to capture the true structure of the tumor. Finally, it was experimentally shown that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms for brain tumor detection.

Although brain tumours are few, they have one of the highest mortality rates among all types of cancer due to their abnormal growth and proliferation. Brain tumours develop due to the accumulation of abnormal tissues in the brain. Various forms of abnormal tissue exist, however, in the majority of cases, they develop in a regular manner and perish without creating any detrimental effects. Digital twins are occasionally known as digital mirrors, digital mapping, and digital replicas. All of these are synonymous terms for the identical entity. It is a technique for transferring digital or physical information from one realm to another. Image processing involves enhancing or eliminating data from a photograph to achieve a certain objective. Convolutional neural networks are a specific type of neural network that take signals from images as input and produce the image itself or a subset of its elements as output. This research presents a technique for identifying brain cancers using digital replicas and advanced machine learning algorithms by analysing MRI images. Images obtained from MRI machines are stored in a centralised cloud using Internet of Things (IoT) digital devices. The input pictures and other health-related data are then retrieved from cloud storage. The Particle Swarm Optimization approach chooses features. Brain tumor images are classified using machine learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks, support vector machines, and extreme learning machines. The CNN algorithm demonstrates greater accuracy when assessing MRI images for the purpose of identifying brain tumours.

The detection and diagnosis of brain tumors using conventional methods have enormous limitations and ambiguities. Purpose of this study is to identify Brain Tumor (BT) in CT scan by using emerging artificial intelligence paradigm i.e deep learning models. The primary objective is to leverage deep learning to advance the development of robust and reliable tools for early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors. Conventional methods for BT detection are no longer sufficient. and suitable approach for BT detection, as it is very sensitive and critical for human. So this study put an effort to evaluate the performance of deep learning models in recognizing BT in CT scans, with an additional focus on the development of a user-friendly dashboard using PHP for result visualization. The results of this research will contribute to the development of trustworthy tools that can aid medical professionals in the early detection and diagnosis of BT. To validate the effectiveness of the deep learning model, a comprehensive experimental evaluation is conducted using publicly accessible brain tumor datasets. The model's accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and other relevant performance measures are rigorously assessed. Additionally, the study introduces a user-friendly dashboard developed in PHP to facilitate the intuitive display of results, enhancing the practicality of the deep learning model in a clinical setting. The experimental evaluation, using a substantial dataset of annotated BT images, confirms the effectiveness of the deep learning models in recognizing brain tumors in CT scans. The study provides valuable insights into the functionality, interpretability, and potential clinical application of the deep learning models for diagnosing brain tumors. This research contributes to ongoing efforts in BT treatment, while also aiming to improve patient care and outcomes.

The early detection of brain tumor is crucial for effective treatment and improved patient prognosis in Industrial Information Systems. This research introduces a novel computational model employing a three-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for the identification of brain tumors in Industrial Information Systems. Leveraging advanced computational techniques, this proposed model can autonomously detect intricate patterns and features from medical imaging data, resulting in more accurate and expedited diagnoses. With an impressive 90 % precision rate, our model demonstrates the potential to serve as a valuable tool for medical professionals working in the field of neuroimaging. By presenting a dependable and precise computational model, this study contributes to the advancement of brain tumor identification within the domain of medical imaging. We anticipate that our methodology will aid healthcare providers in making more accurate diagnoses, thereby leading to enhanced patient outcomes. Potential avenues for future research encompass refining the model's fundamental architecture and exploring real-time therapeutic applications.

A robust approach for brain tumor classification is being developed using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This study leverages an open-source dataset derived from the MRI Brats2015 brain tumor dataset. Preprocessing included intensity normalization, contrast enhancement, and downsizing. Data augmentation techniques were also applied, encompassing rotations and flipping. The core of our proposed approach lies in the utilization of a modified ResNet-50 architecture for feature extraction. This model integrates transfer learning by replacing the final layer with a spatial pyramid pooling layer, enabling it to leverage pre-trained parameters from ImageNet. Transfer learning from ImageNet aids in countering overfitting. Our model's performance was evaluated with various hyperparameters, including existing methods in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, sensitivity, and specificity. This study showcases the potential of deep learning, transfer learning, and spatial pyramid pooling in MRI-based brain tumor classification, providing an effective tool for medical image analysis. Our methodology employs a modified ResNet-50 architecture with transfer learning, integrating a spatial pyramid pooling layer for feature extraction. Systematic evaluation showcases the model's superiority over existing methods, demonstrating remarkable results in accuracy (0.9902), precision (0.9837), recall (0.9915), F1-score (0.9891), sensitivity, and specificity. The comparative analysis against prominent CNN architectures reaffirms its outstanding performance. Our model not only mitigates overfitting challenges but also offers a promising tool for medical image analysis, underlining the combined efficacy of spatial pyramid pooling and transfer learning. The study's optimization parameters, including 25 epochs, a learning rate of 1e-4, and a balanced batch size, contribute to its robustness and real-world applicability, furthering advancements in efficient brain tumor classification within MRI data.

Deep learning has been widely used in medical image processing, which has sparked the development of a wide range of applications and led to a notable increase in the number of therapeutic and diagnostic options available for a range of medical imaging problems. In the era of the Internet of Things (IoT), safeguarding the security and privacy of medical data is crucial to the advancement of sophisticated diagnostic applications for medical imaging. Deep learning-based brain tumor detection in smart health care systems with privacy preservation is proposed in this paper. The system under consideration is organized into three discrete stages that are then combined to provide an all-encompassing blueprint. During the first phase, patients with brain tumors are the primary target of an efficient healthcare system that is introduced. A Microsoft-based operating system-compatible application has been developed to accomplish this. Patient data is secure and only available to the hospital and the individual patient, which enables patients to engage with the system both locally and virtually. To obtain the anticipated outcomes, the user must first submit the patient’s MRI scan and then enter a special 10-digit code. In the second part, the authors develop a deep learning-based tumor identification platform which also incorporates the AES-128 algorithms and PBKDF2 for secure medical image storage on the server and data transmission via the internet from the client to the server and back to the client upon prediction. The proposed approach integrates ResNet-50, Inception V3, and VGG-16 architecture to build a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based brain tumor diagnosis system. These architectures are enhanced through significant pre-processing, SGD, RMSprop, and Adam optimization. Our research focuses on the application of cutting-edge methods to maintain confidentiality and accomplish precise tumor diagnosis, underscoring the importance of privacy preservation. Our micro-average findings were the best, with 99.92% accuracy, 99.99 % Area Under the Curve (AUC), 99.9 % precision, 99.92 % recall, and 99.92 % F1-score. Moreover, significant influence on tumor categorization was demonstrated when the experimental outcomes of the modified models were contrasted with multiple CNN-based architectures through the use of critical performance criteria.

Deep learning-based image processing methods for medical brain tumors are current research hotspots in this field. However, a great deal of research has focused on how to classify and segment brain tumors, while relatively little research has been done on brain tumor detection. This is mainly because brain tumor images are often filled with indistinguishable lesions, which can easily lead to false positives or missed diagnoses, and the YOLO detection algorithm has attracted a lot of attention due to its efficient real-time target detection capability. Based on the YOLO framework, we created a new neural network to accurately identify lesion regions in brain tumor medical images.The core of the approach is to propose a feature extraction network based on reparameterized heterogeneous convolution of large kernels(RGNet), and a incorporating an attention grather and distribute strategy(GDB). RGNet can better cope with significant changes in scale and different contextual feature textures in brain tumor detection, and GDB aggregates high-level and low-level semantic features and spatial details to overcome the information loss problem of the traditional feature pyramid module during feature fusion. information loss problem, and utilizes structured convolution module and channel mixing technique to improve the refinement of multi-dimensional details and enrich the semantic information during the whole feature fusion process. The experimental results show that compared with other object detection models, our model achieves 95.4% precision, 93.9% recall, 96.9% mAP50, and 74.8% mAP50:95 on the Br35H dataset,and 47.1% precision, 86.1% recall, 54.0% mAP50, and 38.7% mAP50:95 on the Ultralytics brain tumor dataset. These numbers not only highlight the effectiveness of the proposed model in brain tumor detection, but also provide new ideas for the subsequent application of object detection in medical imaging and clinical disease diagnosis.

Diagnosing brain tumors is challenging for radiologists because of the significant similarities between the tumor types. Deep learning models lack sufficient data to effectively learn the patterns of different tumors, leading adopting of transfer learning as a successful approach. However, many existing models used for this purpose are complex and involve numerous parameters and layers. In this study, we employed a lightweight MobileNetV3 model to extract features, specifically designed for mobile CPU usage, to transfer knowledge. We then design our model for brain lesion classification by incorporating lightweight DepthWise and PointWise blocks. A combination of three datasets with identical image structures is utilized, and compared its classification performance with both pre-trained and fine-tuned methods. The proposed model achieves an accuracy of 91%, outperforming other pre-trained and fine-tuned methods. Furthermore, we conduct separate accuracy assessments for each dataset, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing methods. Specifically, our model achieves an accuracy of 91% on the NINS 2022 dataset and 94% on the SBE-SMU dataset.

Brain tumor detection is crucial for effective treatment planning and improved patient outcomes. However, existing methods often face challenges, such as limited interpretability and class imbalance in medical-imaging data. This study presents a novel, custom Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture, specifically designed to address these issues by incorporating interpretability techniques and strategies to mitigate class imbalance. We trained and evaluated four CNN models (proposed CNN, ResNetV2, DenseNet201, and VGG16) using a brain tumor MRI dataset, with oversampling techniques and class weighting employed during training. Our proposed CNN achieved an accuracy of 94.51%, outperforming other models in regard to precision, recall, and F1-Score. Furthermore, interpretability was enhanced through gradient-based attribution methods and saliency maps, providing valuable insights into the model’s decision-making process and fostering collaboration between AI systems and clinicians. This approach contributes a highly accurate and interpretable framework for brain tumor detection, with the potential to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy and personalized treatment planning in neuro-oncology.

Brain tumor detection typically involves classifying various tumor types. Traditional classifiers, based on the McCulloch‐Pitts model, have faced criticism due to their oversimplified structure and limited capabilities in detecting brain tumor images with complex features. In this study, we propose a multiclassification model inspired by dendritic architectures in neurons, which leverages synaptic and dendritic nonlinear information processing capabilities. Experimental results using brain tumor detection datasets demonstrate that our proposed model outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art models across all evaluation metrics. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of deep learning models in medical diagnosis has showcased considerable efficacy in recent years. Nevertheless, a notable limitation involves the inherent lack of explainability during decision-making processes. This study addresses such a constraint by enhancing the interpretability robustness. The primary focus is directed towards refining the explanations generated by the LIME Library and LIME image explainer. This is achieved through post-processing mechanisms based on scenario-specific rules. Multiple experiments have been conducted using publicly accessible datasets related to brain tumor detection. Our proposed post-heuristic approach demonstrates significant advancements, yielding more robust and concrete results in the context of medical diagnosis.

Early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors have a critical impact on the treatment of brain tumor patients. This is because initiating interventions early directly impacts the patient's chances of continuing their life. In the field of medical research, various methods are employed for the detection of brain tumors. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most popular due to its superior image quality. By leveraging technological advancements, the utilization of deep learning techniques in the identification of brain tumors ensures both high accuracy and simplification of the process. In a conducted study, a new model was developed by utilizing the VGG-19 architecture, a popular convolutional neural network model, to achieve high accuracy in brain tumor detection. In the study, precision, F1 score, accuracy, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient, and recall metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the developed model. The deep learning model developed for brain tumor detection was trained and evaluated on an open-source dataset consisting of MRI images of gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary tumors, and healthy brains. The results obtained from the study demonstrate the promising potential of using the developed model in clinical applications for brain tumor detection. The high accuracy achieved by the developed model emphasizes its potential as an auxiliary resource for healthcare professionals in brain tumor detection. This research aims to evaluate the model as a valuable tool that can assist physicians in making informed treatment decisions regarding brain tumor diagnosis.

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Brain tumors are the most common and vigorous cause of death in the modern era. The medical community is working hard to develop effective methods to detect brain tumors in an early stage. Machine learning-based optimized classifiers can provide an efficient, accurate, and timely solution to detect brain tumors. Herein, a three-step least complex optimal linear support vector network-based computer-aided healthcare system for tumor cell detection using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is proposed. In the first step, features obtained from the Handcrafted features (HF) and a 14-layered convolutional neural network (CNN) operating in parallel are concatenated. Initially, these combined features are used for tumor classification. In the second step, to reduce the computational complexity, the bag of feature vector (BoFV) technique followed by principal component analysis (PCA) is introduced to select quality features. As this research focuses on the early-stage detection of brain tumors, an optimized linear support vector network (oLSVN) was introduced for classification in the third step. oLSVN sends tumors-classified images for segmentation to detect the exact area of the tumors, whereas the images in which the tumor is not detected due to poor visibility and noise undergo contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) process for noise filtration and image enhancement. These enhanced images are classified again for brain tumor detection in an early stage. A comparative analysis shows that the proposed model outperforms some already existing models. The execution time of the proposed model is 1.32 seconds with 98.25 % accuracy. As compared to some already existing approaches, the proposed model has an F1-Score of 98.27 % , precision of 97.28 % , specificity of 97.22 % , and a Mathew's Correlation Coefficient of 96.52 %. These results validate that the proposed state-of-the-art methodology can thus help the medical industry in the timely and efficient detection of brain tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection and diagnosis of brain tumors using conventional methods have enormous limitations and ambiguities. Purpose of this study is to identify Brain Tumor (BT) in CT scan by using emerging artificial intelligence paradigm i.e deep learning models. The primary objective is to leverage deep learning to advance the development of robust and reliable tools for early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors. Conventional methods for BT detection are no longer sufficient. and suitable approach for BT detection, as it is very sensitive and critical for human. So this study put an effort to evaluate the performance of deep learning models in recognizing BT in CT scans, with an additional focus on the development of a user-friendly dashboard using PHP for result visualization. The results of this research will contribute to the development of trustworthy tools that can aid medical professionals in the early detection and diagnosis of BT. To validate the effectiveness of the deep learning model, a comprehensive experimental evaluation is conducted using publicly accessible brain tumor datasets. The model's accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and other relevant performance measures are rigorously assessed. Additionally, the study introduces a user-friendly dashboard developed in PHP to facilitate the intuitive display of results, enhancing the practicality of the deep learning model in a clinical setting. The experimental evaluation, using a substantial dataset of annotated BT images, confirms the effectiveness of the deep learning models in recognizing brain tumors in CT scans. The study provides valuable insights into the functionality, interpretability, and potential clinical application of the deep learning models for diagnosing brain tumors. This research contributes to ongoing efforts in BT treatment, while also aiming to improve patient care and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor recognition by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is crucial because it improves survival rates and allows them to plan treatments accordingly. An accumulation of abnormal cells known as a brain tumor can spread to nearby tissues and endanger the patient. Magnetic resonance imagery is the primary imaging technique which determines the extent of brain tumors. Deep learning techniques rapidly grew in computer vision due to ample data for model training and improved designs on applications. MRI has shown promising results when using deep learning approaches to identify and classify brain tumors. This study uses MRI data and a convolutional neural network (CNN) to create a reliable transfer learning model that classifies tumors under four classes. Brain tumors' unwanted parts are excised, the quality is improved, and the cancer is coloured. By eliminating artefacts, decreasing noise, and boosting the image. The number of MRI images has increased using two augmentation techniques. A number of CNN architectures, including VGG19, VGG16, MobileNet, InceptionV3, and MobileNetV2 analyzed the augmented dataset. Where VGG-16 provides the accuracy of highest level. The best model underwent a hyperparameter ablation investigation, which led to the suggested hyper-tuned VGG16 obtaining 99.21% test and validation accuracy and 99.01% test accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is one of the most crucial parts of the human body. Brain tumor is one of the deadliest diseases that affect CNS and they should be detected earlier to avoid serious health implications. As it is one of the most dangerous types of cancer, its diagnosis is a crucial part of the healthcare sector. A brain tumor can be malignant or benign and its grade recognition is a tedious task for the radiologist. In the recent past, researchers have proposed various automatic detection and classification techniques that use different imaging modalities focusing on increased accuracy. In this paper, we have done an in-depth study of 19 different trained deep learning models like Alexnet, VGGnet, DarkNet, DenseNet, ResNet, InceptionNet, ShuffleNet, NasNet and their variants for the detection of brain tumors using deep transfer learning. The performance parameters show that NASNet-Large is outperforming others with an accuracy of 98.03% for detection and 97.87% for classification. The thresholding algorithm is used for segmenting out the tumor region if the detected output is other than normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors are common tumors arising from parenchymal cells in the brain and the membranes that surround the brain. The most common brain tumors are glioma and meningioma. They can be benign or malignant. Treatment modalities such as surgery and radiotherapy are applied in malignant tumors. Tumors may be very small in the early stages and may be missed by showing findings similar to normal brain parenchyma. The correct determination of the localization of the tumor and its neighborhood with the surrounding vital tissues contributes to the determination of the treatment algorithm. In this paper, we aim to determine the classification and localization of gliomas originating from the parenchymal cells of the brain and meningiomas originating from the membranes surrounding the brain in brain magnetic resonance images using artificial intelligence methods. At first, the two classes of meningioma and glioma tumors of interest are selected in a public dataset. Relevant tumors are then labeled with the object labeling tool. The resulting labeled data is passed through the EfficientNet for feature extraction. Then Path Aggregation Network (PANet) is examined to generate the feature pyramid. Finally, object detection is performed using the detection layer of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm. The performance of the suggested method is shown with precision, recall and mean Average Precision (mAP) performance metrics. The values obtained are 0.885, 1.0, and 0.856, respectively. In the presented study, meningioma, and glioma, are automatically detected. The results demonstrate that using the proposed method will benefit medical people.

The advent of attention-based architectures in medical imaging has ushered in an era of precision diagnostics, particularly in the detection and classification of brain tumors. This study introduced an innovative knowledge distillation framework employing a tripartite attention mechanism within transformer encoder models, specifically tailored for the identification of multiple brain tumor classes through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The proposed methodology synergistically harnesses the capabilities of large, highly parameterized teacher models to train more compact, efficient student models suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as the internet of medical things and smart healthcare devices. Utilizing a diverse array of MRI sequences—including T1, contrast-enhanced T1, and T2—this study accounts for the nuanced variations across brain tumor classes derived from three extensive datasets. The tripartite attention mechanism addresses the limitation of traditional attention models by innovatively integrating temperature-softening neighborhood attention, global attention, and cross-attention layers. This sophisticated approach allows for a richer and more nuanced feature representation, capturing both local and global contextual information and intricate tumor features within MRI scans. This is supplemented by a unique augmentation pipeline and shifted patch tokenization technique, which enrich the model's input representation, especially for underrepresented classes. Through meticulous experimentation and ablation studies, the study demonstrates that the proposed model not only retains the robustness of its larger counterparts but also delivers enhanced performance metrics. When juxtaposed with benchmarking models—including traditional deep CNNs and various transformer-based architectures—the proposed model consistently showcases superior results. Its effectiveness is reflected in its lower teacher and student losses, commendable Brier scores, and noteworthy top-1 and top-5 accuracies, as well as AUC metrics across all datasets. This paper not only validates the efficacy of knowledge distillation in complex medical image analysis tasks but also provides a promising pathway for the integration of cutting-edge AI techniques in real-world clinical applications, potentially revolutionizing the early detection and treatment of brain tumors.

The brain tissues segmented by MRI and CT provide a more accurate viewpoint on diagnosing various brain illnesses. Many different segmentation approaches may be used to brain MRI images. Some of the most successful include Histogram thresholding, area based segmentation (K-means, Expectation and Maximization (EM), Fuzzy connectivity, and Markov random fields (MRF). The Hidden Markov Random field (HMRF) approach is one of the most effective segmentation techniques available. It is capable of solving quickly distinct brain tissues for recognition purposes. Using the HMRF model allows for the reduction of energy consumption and the smoothing of images. In this work, the primary goal is to increase segmentation quality by implementing a unique Hidden Markov Random field model and employing MATLAB simulations to implement in Spatial Fuzzy, Iterative Conditional Mode (ICM) method, Fuzzy MRF technique, and Hidden Markov Random field model. The results will be compared to those obtained using Histogram thresholding, the Region Growing method (RGM), the k-means methodology, and the Expectation and Maximization methods to assess segmentation quality and noise reduction.

Early detection and diagnosis of brain tumors have a critical impact on the treatment of brain tumor patients. This is because initiating interventions early directly impacts the patient's chances of continuing their life. In the field of medical research, various methods are employed for the detection of brain tumors. Among these methods, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most popular due to its superior image quality. By leveraging technological advancements, the utilization of deep learning techniques in the identification of brain tumors ensures both high accuracy and simplification of the process. In a conducted study, a new model was developed by utilizing the VGG-19 architecture, a popular convolutional neural network model, to achieve high accuracy in brain tumor detection. In the study, precision, F1 score, accuracy, specificity, Matthews correlation coefficient, and recall metrics were used to evaluate the performance of the developed model. The deep learning model developed for brain tumor detection was trained and evaluated on an open-source dataset consisting of MRI images of gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary tumors, and healthy brains. The results obtained from the study demonstrate the promising potential of using the developed model in clinical applications for brain tumor detection. The high accuracy achieved by the developed model emphasizes its potential as an auxiliary resource for healthcare professionals in brain tumor detection. This research aims to evaluate the model as a valuable tool that can assist physicians in making informed treatment decisions regarding brain tumor diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor detection and division is a difficult tedious undertaking in clinical image preparation. When it comes to the new technology that enables accurate identification of the mysterious tissues of the brain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a great tool. It is possible to alter the tumor's size and shape at any time for any number of patients by using the Brain picture. Radiologists have a difficult time sorting and classifying tumors from multiple images. Brain tumors may be accurately detected using a new approach called Nonlinear Teager-Kaiser Iterative Infomax Boost Clustering-Based Image Segmentation (NTKFIBC-IS). Teager-Kaiser filtering is used to reduce noise artifacts and improve the quality of images before they are processed. Different clinical characteristics are then retrieved and analyzed statistically to identify brain tumors. The use of a BraTS2015 database enables the proposed approach to be used for both qualitative and quantitative research. This dataset was used to do experimental evaluations on several metrics such as peak signal-to-noise ratios, illness detection accuracy, and false-positive rates as well as disease detection time as a function of a picture count. This segmentation delivers greater accuracy in detecting brain tumors with minimal time consumption and false-positive rates than current state-of-the-art approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning has significantly improved disease diagnosis, enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of the healthcare system. One critical area where it proves beneficial is diagnosing brain tumors, a life-threatening disease, where early and accurate predictions can save lives. This study focuses on deploying a machine learning-based approach for brain tumor detection, utilizing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features. We train the proposed model using 3D-UNet and 2D-UNet segmentation features extracted from MRI, encompassing shape, statistics, gray level size zone matrix, gray level dependence matrix, gray level co-occurrence matrix, and gray level run length matrix values. To improve performance, we propose a hybrid model that combines the strengths of two machine learning models, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and gradient boosting classifier (GBC), using soft voting criteria. We combine them because, in cases where KNN exhibits poor performance for certain data points, GBC demonstrates significant performance, and vice versa, where GBC shows poor results, KNN performs significantly better. With 2D-UNet segmentation features, the model achieves a 64% accuracy. By training it on 3D-UNet segmentation features, we achieve a significant accuracy of 71% which surpasses existing state-of-the-art models that utilize 3D-UNet segmentation features.

Segmenting brain tumors in 3D magnetic resonance imaging (3D-MRI) accurately is critical for easing the diagnostic and treatment processes. In the field of energy functional theory-based methods for image segmentation and analysis, level set methods have emerged as a potent computational approach that has greatly aided in the advancement of the geometric active contour model. An important factor in reducing segmentation error and the number of required iterations when using the level set technique is the choice of the initial contour points, both of which are important when dealing with the wide range of sizes, shapes, and structures that brain tumors may take. To define the velocity function, conventional methods simply use the image gradient, edge strength, and region intensity. This article suggests a clustering method influenced by the Quantum Inspired Dragonfly Algorithm (QDA), a metaheuristic optimizer inspired by the swarming behaviors of dragonflies, to accurately extract initial contour points. The proposed model employs a quantum-inspired computing paradigm to stabilize the trade-off between exploitation and exploration, thereby compensating for any shortcomings of the conventional DA-based clustering method, such as slow convergence or falling into a local optimum. To begin, the quantum rotation gate concept can be used to relocate a colony of agents to a location where they can better achieve the optimum value. The main technique is then given a robust local search capacity by adopting a mutation procedure to enhance the swarm's mutation and realize its variety. After a preliminary phase in which the cranium is disembodied from the brain, tumor contours (edges) are determined with the help of QDA. An initial contour for the MRI series will be derived from these extracted edges. The final step is to use a level set segmentation technique to isolate the tumor area across all volume segments. When applied to 3D-MRI images from the BraTS' 2019 dataset, the proposed technique outperformed state-of-the-art approaches to brain tumor segmentation, as shown by the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hyperspectral brain tissue imaging has been recently utilized in medical research aiming to study brain science and obtain various biological phenomena of the different tissue types. However, processing high-dimensional data of hyperspectral images (HSI) is challenging due to the minimum availability of training samples. OBJECTIVE: To overcome this challenge, this study proposes applying a 3D-CNN (convolution neural network) model to process spatial and temporal features and thus improve performance of tumor image classification. METHODS: A 3D-CNN model is implemented as a testing method for dealing with high-dimensional problems. The HSI pre-processing is accomplished using distinct approaches such as hyperspectral cube creation, calibration, spectral correction, and normalization. Both spectral and spatial features are extracted from HSI. The Benchmark Vivo human brain HSI dataset is used to validate the performance of the proposed classification model. RESULTS: The proposed 3D-CNN model achieves a higher accuracy of 97% for brain tissue classification, whereas the existing linear conventional support vector machine (SVM) and 2D-CNN model yield 95% and 96% classification accuracy, respectively. Moreover, the maximum F1-score obtained by the proposed 3D-CNN model is 97.3%, which is 2.5% and 11.0% higher than the F1-scores obtained by 2D-CNN model and SVM model, respectively. CONCLUSION: A 3D-CNN model is developed for brain tissue classification by using HIS dataset. The study results demonstrate the advantages of using the new 3D-CNN model, which can achieve higher brain tissue classification accuracy than conventional 2D-CNN model and SVM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer learning has gained importance in areas where there is a labeled data shortage. However, it is still controversial as to what extent natural image datasets as pre-training sources contribute scientifically to success in different fields, such as medical imaging. In this study, the effect of transfer learning for medical object detection was quantitatively compared using natural and medical image datasets. Within the scope of this study, transfer learning strategies based on five different weight initialization methods were discussed. A natural image dataset MS COCO and brain tumor dataset BraTS 2020 were used as the transfer learning source, and Gazi Brains 2020 was used for the target. Mask R-CNN was adopted as a deep learning architecture for its capability to effectively handle both object detection and segmentation tasks. The experimental results show that transfer learning from the medical image dataset was found to be 10% more successful and showed 24% better convergence performance than the MS COCO pre-trained model, although it contains fewer data. While the effect of data augmentation on the natural image pre-trained model was 5%, the same domain pre-trained model was measured as 2%. According to the most widely used object detection metric, transfer learning strategies using MS COCO weights and random weights showed the same object detection performance as data augmentation. The performance of the most effective strategies identified in the Mask R-CNN model was also tested with YOLOv8. Results showed that even if the amount of data is less than the natural dataset, in-domain transfer learning is more efficient than cross-domain transfer learning. Moreover, this study demonstrates the first use of the Gazi Brains 2020 dataset, which was generated to address the lack of labeled and qualified brain MRI data in the medical field for in-domain transfer learning. Thus, knowledge transfer was carried out from the deep neural network, which was trained with brain tumor data and tested on a different brain tumor dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors are common tumors arising from parenchymal cells in the brain and the membranes that surround the brain. The most common brain tumors are glioma and meningioma. They can be benign or malignant. Treatment modalities such as surgery and radiotherapy are applied in malignant tumors. Tumors may be very small in the early stages and may be missed by showing findings similar to normal brain parenchyma. The correct determination of the localization of the tumor and its neighborhood with the surrounding vital tissues contributes to the determination of the treatment algorithm. In this paper, we aim to determine the classification and localization of gliomas originating from the parenchymal cells of the brain and meningiomas originating from the membranes surrounding the brain in brain magnetic resonance images using artificial intelligence methods. At first, the two classes of meningioma and glioma tumors of interest are selected in a public dataset. Relevant tumors are then labeled with the object labeling tool. The resulting labeled data is passed through the EfficientNet for feature extraction. Then Path Aggregation Network (PANet) is examined to generate the feature pyramid. Finally, object detection is performed using the detection layer of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm. The performance of the suggested method is shown with precision, recall and mean Average Precision (mAP) performance metrics. The values obtained are 0.885, 1.0, and 0.856, respectively. In the presented study, meningioma, and glioma, are automatically detected. The results demonstrate that using the proposed method will benefit medical people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This paper discusses the importance of early detection of brain tumors and the limitations of traditional diagnosis methods. The use of deep learning models for brain tumor detection is introduced as a potential solution, but the high computing costs and potential biases in training data pose challenges. The study proposes a new, end-to-end, lightweight deep learning model for brain tumor detection that outperforms other models and is suitable for real-time applications. The study also provides a framework for secure data transfer of medical lab results and security recommendations to ensure security on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). In the field of medical imaging, deep learning has made considerable strides, particularly in the diagnosis of brain tumors. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has made it possible to combine these deep learning models into advanced medical devices for more accurate and efficient diagnosis. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a popular deep learning technique for brain tumor detection because they can be trained on vast medical imaging datasets to recognize cancers in new images. Despite its benefits, which include greater accuracy and efficiency, deep learning has disadvantages, such as high computing costs and the possibility of skewed findings due to inadequate training data. Further study is needed to fully understand the potential and limitations of deep learning in brain tumor detection in the IoMT and to overcome the obstacles associated with real-world implementation. In this study, we propose a new CNN-based deep learning model for brain tumor detection. The suggested model is an end-to-end model, which reduces the system's complexity in comparison to earlier deep learning models. In addition, our model is lightweight, as it is built from a small number of layers compared to other previous models, which makes the model suitable for real-time applications. The optimistic findings of a rapid increase in accuracy (99.48% for binary class and 96.86% for multi-class) demonstrate that the new framework model has excelled in the competition. This study demonstrates that the suggested deep model outperforms other CNNs for detecting brain tumors. Additionally, the study provides a framework for secure data transfer of medical lab results with security recommendations to ensure security in the IoMT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumor (BT) diagnosis is a lengthy process, and great skill and expertise are required from radiologists. As the number of patients has expanded, so has the amount of data to be processed, making previous techniques both costly and ineffective. Many academics have examined a range of reliable and quick techniques for identifying and categorizing BTs. Recently, deep learning (DL) methods have gained popularity for creating computer algorithms that can quickly and reliably diagnose or segment BTs. To identify BTs in medical images, DL permits a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The suggested magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of BTs are included in the BT segmentation dataset, which was created as a benchmark for developing and evaluating algorithms for BT segmentation and diagnosis. There are 335 annotated MRI images in the collection. For the purpose of developing and testing BT segmentation and diagnosis algorithms, the brain tumor segmentation (BraTS) dataset was produced. A deep CNN was also utilized in the model-building process for segmenting BTs using the BraTS dataset. To train the model, a categorical cross-entropy loss function and an optimizer, such as Adam, were employed. Finally, the model's output successfully identified and segmented BTs in the dataset, attaining a validation accuracy of 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]