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Sobre la educación en Cuba, aunque existen trabajos científicos que abordan su análisis, son necesarias investigaciones desde una perspectiva histórica. Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una valoración integral del proceso de surgimiento y desarrollo de la educación preuniversitaria en Cuba desde 1959 hasta 1987. Para cumplir con las tareas que se derivan de este, se utilizaron el método histórico y lógico, el método de inducción y deducción y el hipotético-deductivo. Este estudio permitió constatar la transición de un insuficiente desarrollo en sus primeros momentos después de 1959 a un desarrollo ascendente desde la segunda mitad de los años 60 hasta 1987, caracterizado por la edificación de una infraestructura inexistente antes de la Revolución, la implementación de una labor educativa regida por los principios del socialismo, un proceso influido por la denominada Segunda Revolución Educacional, sobre las bases de una economía planificada y dirigida por el Partido Comunista de Cuba.

Ana Noreña-Peña escribe una reseña sobre el libro de María Luisa Martínez Martín y Elena Chamorro Rebollo “Historia de la enfermería. Evolución Histórica del cuidado enfermero”.

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to analyze the family wealth management strategies deployed by women around Melipilla (Chile) during the 1810-1837 period. We have been able to establish that this period was particularly complex in the lives of both popular and elite families, due to the contingencies imposed by the War of Independence and the civil conflicts associated with the construction of the State. Despite this, women who found themselves alone, due to the recruitment, escape or imprisonment of their husbands, fathers, or sons, managed to carry out different initiatives of wealth management, such as the purchase, sale and lease of land, houses and belongings, as well as the development of small productive and commercial enterprises. This work was based on notarial and judicial sources, contained in the National Historical Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Con-textos Kantianos: International Journal of Philosophy is the property of Con-Textos Kantianos (CTK) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social & Education History / Historia Social y de la Educación is the property of Social & Education History / Historia Social y de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Taking certain events as moments of synthesis of political crisis, this chapter considers the diverse symbolism behind the Cuban flag in its independence history, taking into account its diverse modern uses and the capacity to represent different and often contradictory positions. The flag represented an inclusive political unity at a time when the project of revolution was in crisis. This chapter aims to a) provide descriptions with a historical perspective of the ways in which national flags are used; b) generate anthropologically based explanations of the causes of the intensified use of national symbols in moments of exacerbated political conflict; and c) analyse conceptions of nationality associated with the meanings that members of different social groups give to flags. The structure of the chapter is as follows: 1) The use of the flag in the most important political parade in Cuba: May Day across a decade (2009 - 2019). 2) Reclaiming the homeland through the flag: Fidel’s death and moments of historical transcendence. 3) The flag in sport: Yulieski vs Orlando: sport, passion and nation. 4) History of the flag: a history of the struggle for independence. 5) Flag - Revolution - State: redefining the nation through its symbols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts an analysis of the foundations and consequences rooted on the cartesian conception of knowledge. The conclusión achieved is that Descartes' reflection can be read as well as a philosophy of history that gives place to the modern and contemporary idea of progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article enables a deeper understanding of the didactic practices for the implementation of web tools in the classroom, specifically in the subject History. The research presented here is motivated by the need to innovate and overcome the low academic performance of students in the third high school of the educational unit Mocache, in that subject. A qualitative methodology was used with the help of theoretical and empirical methods such as analysis-synthesis, inductive and deductive, survey and interview; descriptive statistics were also used. The study population consisted of 2 teachers and 31 students. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of integrating web tools in the classroom, since they improve the quality of the teaching-learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Los Recuerdos del Porvenir, Elena Garro addresses the problematic Mexican sociocultural situation through the female type of the cuscas, or young prostitutes, victims of violence naturalized as an ideological format. This article presents a reading of the novel's models of literal and symbolic violence through the work of Philippe Bourgois, Pierre Bourdieu, Johan Galtung and Nancy Scheper-Hughes. The representation of these fictional characters in Garro's novel shows how structural violence permeates social relations through a network of prejudices and systems of oppression that prevent the cuscas' liberation. The characteristics given to the prostitutes in the novel articulate an argument about national identity, which for the author present a potential to define the future. The article concludes by confirming Garro's literature as a committed political activity, due to its critical position in the face of any social discrimination and the revaluation of the sectors neglected by power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the late work of anthropologist Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, which addresses the political convulsions in Angola and Portugal. The author highlights how Carvalho's historical and political perspective enriches anthropology, leading to a view of the Carnation Revolution in Portugal as a beginning rather than an end. The text also discusses the importance of Mwatyipula in Carvalho's work during the transition period in Angola, from a one-party socialist state to a fragile multi-party system marked by civil war. Additionally, the text summarizes the work of Angolan author Pepetela, which addresses colonialist dictatorship and the Carnation Revolution in Angola, and analyzes civil society activism in Angola since the 1990s. [Extracted from the article]

This paper examines nosological categories relating to borderlines between psychosis and other clinical categories, introduced by Polish psychiatrists in the interwar period. In the United States, the discussion about the borderline between neuroses and psychoses was urged by the 1938 article by psychoanalyst Adolph Stern. In Poland, nosological categories regarding the borderline between neuroses and psychoses were proposed by Adam Wizel, Maurycy Bornsztajn, Jan Nelken, and Władysław Matecki. Wizel coined the term 'underdeveloped schizophrenia', Bornsztajn introduced 'schizothymia reactiva' and 'hypochondriac (somatopsychic) schizophrenia', Nelken described 'mild schizophrenia', first introduced by Moscow psychiatric school of Rosenstein, and Matecki presented the category of neurosis-like (pseudo-neurotic) schizophrenia. Additionally, Julian Dretler, after studying the borderline between schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis, coined the term 'mixed psychosis' and expressed conviction that it is an independent nosological entity. Like in the United States, the majority of Polish pioneers of the nosological studies of borderline cases were influenced by psychoanalysis. As a consequence of World War II and the new regime, which forced dialectical materialism and Pavlovism as an official ideology of psychiatry and condemned psychoanalysis, the categories presented in the article became forgotten and have not impacted Polish psychiatric nosology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Enfermería is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Historia Regional is the property of Historia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Journal of the Argentine Society of Dermatology/Revista de la Journal Sociedad Argentina de Dermatología is the property of Editorial Biotecnologica S.R.L and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Like all other regional daily newspapers founded by the ruling Polish United Workers' Party, the Kielce Słowo Ludu functioned as a source of authorized information and a tool for the mobilization of the 'masses'. An important date in the mobilization calendar was the recurring anniversary of the 22 July 1944 Manifesto, established as the state holiday of the People's Republic of Poland. The coverage of the occasion soon turned into a set of repetitive formulas, as the ritual of national and regional celebrations, anniversary speeches by central and local figures, reports on the completion of important construction projects, the awarding of medals and decorations for outstanding work performance was rolled out year in year out. The importance of the date was marked further by the release of occasional publications whose language, however, could not rise above the repetitive, dreary clichés of the regular press. Their titles said it all, as for example 'The Origins of the People's Republic', 'Difficult Beginnings and Great Achievements; so did the secondary headlines, as in the condensed 'yesterday and today', or the giveaway 'Working-Class Characters through the Prism of Their Own Experiences: Happy Lives'. The message communicated by all of those representations could not have been simpler. Their recipients were to be reassured that in their postwar world everything was getting better, the hard-working people got credit for their effort and the country was on the right track. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his book Aion, Jung describes something like a quasi‐Hegelian progressive historical realization of the Self in a perspective similar to Fernand Braudel's longue durée history. This article deals with a similar perspective, as it tries to focus on what we may call a "cultural complex" yet within its unfolding in historical time and belonging not to just one specific cultural group, but to a large cultural basin, which we may indicate as the "West". This complex marks the birth and development of modernity. The depth, pervasiveness and duration of this cultural complex permeates the lives and psychologies of all of those that are part of it. Therefore, every analytical project must take into account the underlying emotional, epistemic and social field within which this complex constellates. One of the main features of this (trans)cultural complex, strictly connected with the progressive fragmentation of the self and the transformation of the numinosum with its meaning‐giving force, is paranoia. This article analyses the historical and cultural features that produce paranoia and fragmentation and determine paranoid symptoms and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a two‐part paper: in the first one, a personal story serves as a conceptual prism through which I address the issue of how a queer analyst can be a problem for analytical psychology; in the second, I present some readings and images—mostly from decolonial feminisms—that have been of interest to me lately in my path to queer Jungian psychology, that is, to de‐essentialize and de‐individualize its theory and practice. By borrowing (and altering) the title from Gloria Anzaldúa's (1991/2009a) essay "To(o) queer the writer", this paper explores some themes she has elaborated there on solidarity, theorization and ways of writing and reading from othered points of view. In dialogue with Donna Haraway's (2016) Staying with the Trouble and Ursula K. Le Guin's (1989/2000) The Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction, together with the imagery of bags, weaving and string figures game, this paper aims to explore the potential of what I have called "woven onto‐epistemologies". By imagining and developing this new condition of knowledge, other stories and theories in analytical psychology may have an opportunity to be told. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows how the homo oeconomicus has evolved from utility at work to consumption and then to the mystification of profit in a context of financialization and long-term crisis. Thus, a semantic slippage occurs, which distorts the achievements of capitalism, such as individualism and self-interest, for a libertarian belief -alien to liberalism, to Bentham's utilitarianism and marginalism- in which it is not possible to define social utility, nor the connection between the "rationality" of individual decisions and social choices. Usefulness is confused with profit in the primacy of today's business mentality and is often reflected in individual behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Electrónica Interuniversitaria De Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Educación is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El artículo explora el desarrollo histórico y teórico del Building Information Modeling (BIM) y de los procesos de diseño que este conlleva. El estudio deriva de una investigación de doctorado y tiene como objetivo construir una comprensión ampliada del proceso de informatización del pensamiento arquitectónico que condujo al BIM, considerando aportes del campo de la Cibernética y de las Ciencias de la Computación. Se profundiza en el contexto histórico del siglo XX y se destacan los avances paralelos e interdependientes en la Arquitectura, la Cibernética y la Computación. Basado en una revisión bibliográfica, análisis retrospectivo y teórico, el artículo hace hincapié en las contribuciones de trabajos que sistematizaron procesos de diseño e introdujeron abordajes metodológicos sistémicos que valoran la declaración y estructuración de las informaciones de diseño y que también contribuyeron tanto para la incorporación de la computación en los procesos de diseño, como para su desarrollo. El texto presenta las contribuciones de instituciones de investigación del Reino Unido y Estados Unidos en el desarrollo de bases computacionales para la arquitectura, recalcando que la diversidad geográfica de los avances en el campo va más allá de estos dos ejes. Tales programas computacionales, influenciados por las teorías cibernéticas, se centraron en crear modelos y sistemas para la descripción de la información, siendo cruciales para el avance del BIM. Por fin, se señala la importancia de la traducción del pensamiento arquitectónico en información estructurada para ser procesado por bases computacionales, incluyendo aquellas de base BIM. Se concluye reforzando que, aunque el BIM y los actuales procesos de diseño informatizados provengan de un amplio contexto histórico y geopolítico del siglo XX, involucrando investigaciones teóricas, militares y profesionales, su desarrollo fue guiado para asistir la producción de modelos de arquitectura norte-atlánticos.

O artigo pretende abordar, por meio de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, a evolução conceitual do diagnóstico da demência precoce enquanto um constructo nosológico na tradição psiquiátrica do século XIX e na obra de Emil Kraepelin. Desviando dos anacronismos, percorremos os principais autores que trataram do tema, ao salientar as diferenças nas concepções das escolas francesa e alemã, com especial atenção a Kraepelin. O presente estudo fornece o terreno para o próximo, em que são exploradas as contribuições de Eugen Bleuler e Kurt Schneider, chegando às classificações propostas pelos sistemas CID e DSM de nossa época. Concluiu-se, ao abordar as diferentes definições desse transtorno, bem como suas mudanças fundamentais no período em questão, que a apreensão do conceito atual de esquizofrenia não pode se dar sem ser referenciada ao contexto nosográfico da demência precoce e de suas posteriores classificações.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma interpretação Benjaminiana do romance Torto arado, escrito por Itamar Vieira Júnior em 2018, por meio das concepções de tempo e história do pensador alemão formuladas em suas teses “Sobre o Conceito de História” (2005). A narrativa de Itamar Vieira Júnior dramatiza a história do Brasil, especificamente o seu passado escravista, pela perspectiva dos vencidos, num movimento de reflexão histórica a contrapelo das narrativas oficiais e triunfantes. Em Torto arado (2018), as estruturas históricas e temporais relativas ao passado e ao presente coexistem e se justapõem, elemento de criação ficcional alinhado com as reflexões de Walter Benjamin. Assim, o romance estudado desestabiliza as noções tradicionais de sucessão do tempo e progresso histórico ao criar uma narrativa que se passa nos tempos atuais, mas que estabelece jogos com o nosso passado escravista, evidenciando a permanência de seus operadores de exploração e sua violência intrínseca.

Apresentação: Maria Celina D'Araujo; REZENDE, Lucas Pereira Rezende. D’ARAUJO, Maria Celina; REZENDE, Lucas Pereira. (Orgs.) Forças armadas e política no Brasil republicano – vol. 2: a Nova República (1988-2018). Rio de Janeiro: FGV Editora; FAPERJ, 2024, 316 págs.

Edição Completa

Pareceristas dos manuscritos submetidos pelo sistema de avaliação revisão por pares duplo-cego.

Texto crítico sobre a vida e obra de Euclídes da Cunha.

Resenha do livro Goiânia, 90 anos.

Editorial da Albuquerque: revista de História - v. 16, n. 31 (jan.-jul./2024)

Resumo Objetivo analisar as circunstâncias nas quais a Maternidade de Natal funcionou como hospital militar (1941-1950). Método estudo qualitativo, histórico-social, elaborado a partir de fontes documentais e bibliográficas. Os dados foram organizados e analisados conforme a análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados o funcionamento da Maternidade de Natal requereu empenho, articulações e estratégias da Sociedade de Assistência Hospitalar quanto às dificuldades financeiras, cessão do prédio ao Ministério da Guerra, durante II Guerra Mundial, e por fim, a devolução e sua inauguração. Esse contexto transformou o cotidiano de Natal e, assim, o hospital militar cooperou com o curso de enfermeiras do hospital militar, criação da Cruz Vermelha – filial Rio Grande do Norte –, curso de voluntários para rapazes, estágio para médicos oficiais da Reserva do Exército e criação do centro de estudos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática o estudo contribui para a compreensão da assistência à mulher e da história do Rio Grande do Norte. Da idealização da Maternidade de Natal à atualidade, foi possível constatar a evolução do seu perfil, inicialmente assistencial, e hoje é centro de referência à saúde da mulher e da criança, do ensino e na formação profissional em saúde.

Nos proponemos exponer las participaciones de los obispos argentinos en el decurso de las reflexiones sobre el esquema conciliar La Iglesia en el mundo contemporáneo. Intervinieron con 31 aportes en temas que captaron su preocupación pastoral, entre ellos, la importancia de los tópicos que contenía el texto, el ateísmo comunista, los destinatarios y el lenguaje redaccional del esquema, la solidaridad con los pobres, el diálogo con el mundo, la naturaleza y la actividad de la persona humana, el matrimonio y la guerra y la paz. Sabiendo que la constitución conciliar tuvo un esmerado y extenso tratamiento en los temas abordados, reflexionaremos las intervenciones de los obispos siguiendo la secuencia cronológica e indicando alguna trama breve de las deliberaciones que se diseñaban en el aula conciliar. Finalmente esbozaremos algunas conclusiones vinculadas a los tópicos que estudiamos.

O romance histórico contemporâneo é um gênero literário que combina eventos reais do passado com a liberdade inventiva do autor, levando os leitores a vivenciar intrigas, crimes, batalhas e mistérios. Consolidado no século XIX, desempenha um papel importante na construção da nacionalidade e identidade dos países, incorporando veracidade e criação literária para reconstruir acontecimentos e costumes de uma época específica. A fronteira entre ficção e história é tênue e faz com que a linguagem crie ordem e reinvente episódios e protagonistas históricos. O romance O Filósofo, a Enfermeira e o Trapaceiro é um exemplo que mescla dados éticos, filosóficos, históricos e psicológicos, permitindo que o público leitor se conecte com personagens e suas vivências na sociedade imperial brasileira. A hibridização, utilizada no romance de Max Velati é uma tendência crescente na literatura contemporânea e combina elementos de diferentes gêneros literários, como fantasia, mistério, romance de época, entre outros, permitindo que múltiplas abordagens narrativas, estilos e temáticas, sejam explorados ao mesmo tempo em que o contexto histórico é preservado como pano de fundo. A hibridização existente na trama possibilita reflexões sobre temas atuais, utilizando o cenário histórico como uma lente para analisar e discutir asserções relevantes, trazendo-as para a narrativa. Partindo dessas premissas, salientamos que nosso intuito com essa análise até então original no meio acadêmico não é outra senão a de levantar discussões, com base em perspectivas críticas e literárias, a partir de pesquisas em fontes digitais e físicas relacionadas ao gênero do romance histórico e à combinação de outros estilos textuais que o circundam.

Interpretacja mitu o wieży Babel pozwala wychwycić ogólny mechanizm kształtowania się języków: zdarzenie / dzieje / historia > zmiany kulturowe > zmiany językowe, czyli zjawisko pozajęzykowe > zmiany zewnętrznojęzykowe > zmiany wewnętrznojęzykowe. Najczęstsze zajwiska pozajęzykowe to ruchy migracyjne, wydarzenia polityczne, wydarzenia nadnaturalne i uwarunkowane cywilizacyjnie. Czynniki zewnętrznojęzykowe układają się w cztery opozycyjne procesy występujące w dwóch płaszczyznach : demokratyzacja elitaryzacja; etnicyzacja globalizacja. W tej sferze czynników kształtują się także wzory mowy, których repertuar sprowadza się do pięciu typów opozycji: konserwatyzm – modernizm, kosmopolityzm – nacjonalizm, puryzm – liberalizm, normatywizm – wolicjonalizm, racjonalizm – emocjonalizm. Na oddziaływania czynników pozajęzykowych i zewnętrznojęzykowych nakładają się mechanizmy wewnętrznojęzykowe regulujące proporcje między składnikami systemu językowego: kompletacja, ekonomizacja, unifikacja, repartycja i nobilitacja.