Search

Herein, high strength Al-Zn(-Mg) alloy designated as AA7068 based composites containing twin unlike dispersoids of ZrO2p and Grp were synthesized through an enhanced stir-squeeze caster. The density of the casted materials accompanying porosity was investigated through the liquid displacement technique following the Archimedes principle. Mechanical behavior, such as hardness, impact toughness, tensile strength, and ductility was examined under the as-casted, artificially aged (T6), and retrogressed and reaged (RRA) conditions. Microstructural analysis and determination of intermetallic compounds were carried out using FESEM-EDX and XRD techniques. The fractured surface under tensile loading was also examined through FESEM to recognize the governing mode of failure. Hardness, 0.2% proof stress, and UTS of the composite containing 4 wt.% of ZrO2p were improved over monolithic alloy up to 29.8, 68.2, and 37.5% at the as-casted condition and 43.5, 86.3, and 85% at artificially aged condition, respectively. However, the addition of Grp decreased the properties mentioned above. On the contrary, the addition of both the particulates of ZrO2 and Gr (added separately or concurrently) decreased the ductility and impact strength irrespective of the material condition. FESE micrographs reveal the uniform distribution of dispersoids in the matrix phase. Furthermore, fractography depicts that the monolithic AA7068 matrix fractured in a ductile manner, while interfacial decohesion and particle cracking were the prime causes of failure in the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, aluminum matrix composites have been fabricated by pure zirconia (ZrO2) or pure graphene in the aluminum matrix because of good solid lubricant property of graphene and high compressive strength of ZrO2. Nevertheless, there is no study on the effect of both ZrO2 and graphene reinforced aluminum composite. In this current work, the tribological behaviors of Al-ZrO2 and Al-ZrO2-graphene composites with various contents (ZrO2: 1–12wt.%; graphene: 0.15–0.45wt.%) were investigated under different loads (5 and 10 N) via the pin-on-disk wear test unit. The density, porosity, hardness, and compressive strength were investigated by the Archimedes' principle kit, Vickers hardness test unit, and universal test machine, respectively. According to the test results, the micro-Vickers hardness, porosity, and compressive strength enhanced from 30 ± 1.2 HV, 7%, 186 ± 4 MPa (pure Al) to 75 ± 2 HV, 3.7%, 490 ± 4 MPa (Al-9%ZrO2-0.15%graphene), respectively. Similarly, the lowest friction coefficient (0.18 under a 10 N load), the mass loss (0.011 g under a 5 N load), and wear rate (0.0031 mm3/(Nm) under a 5 N load) were obtained at the Al-9%ZrO2-0.15%graphene composite. The mechanical strength and tribological behaviors of Al hybrid composites deteriorated in the case of over 9wt.%ZrO2 and 0.15wt.%graphene contents due to the agglomerations of graphene and ZrO2 nanoparticles. Therefore, it may be concluded that graphene is an excellent solid lubricator, and ZrO2 has a remarkable wear resistance for Al hybrid composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Light Processing (DLP) technology exhibits the capability of producing components with complex structures for a variety of technical applications. Postprocessing of additively printed ceramic components has been shown to be an important step in determining the final product resolution and mechanical qualities, particularly with regard to distortions and resultant density. The goal of this research is to study the sintering process parameters to create a nearly fully dense, defect-free, ceramic component. A high-solid-loading alumina slurry with suitable rheological and photopolymerisable characteristics for DLP was created. TGA/DSC analysis was used to estimate thermal debinding parameters. The sintering process of the debound parts was studied by employing a numerical model based on thermo-viscoelasticity theory to describe the sintering process. The validated Finite Element Modelling (FEM) code was capable of predicting shrinkage and relative density changes during the sintering cycle, as well as providing meaningful information on the final shape. Archimedes' principle and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterise the sintered parts and validate the numerical model. Samples with high relative density (>98.5%) were produced and numerical data showed close matches for predicted shrinkages and relative densities, with less than 2% mismatch between experimental results and simulations. The current model may allow to effectively predict the properties of alumina ceramics produced via DLP and tailor them for specific applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that hydroxyapatite is similar to the inorganic structure of bones and teeth. However, the use of pure HA in bone-tooth implants is limited because it has low mechanical properties. To overcome this problem, composites can be formed with various bio-ceramics. In this study, it was aimed to produce a new biocompatible composite material with high mechanical strength by adding different amounts of graphene and a constant amount of Si3N4 to HA. 5 different Hydroxyapatite-Silicon Nitride-Graphene bio composites with different reinforcement ratios were turned into pellets with the help of a single-axis press and sintered at 1 100 °C for 2 hours to gain final strength. The densities of the samples were determined according to the Archimedes principle, the microstructure was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the formed phases were determined by XRD analysis. In addition, the hardness of the samples was measured with Microvickers. As a result of the studies, it was determined that the hardness and density values increased by adding graphene and Si3N4 to HA. In addition, mechanisms that increase fracture toughness were observed in SEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zn 2 TiO 4 , the main ingredient of ZIT (Zinc Titanate) composite material, was prepared with ZnO and TiO 2 as raw materials, and its influencing factors were investigated just like temperature, the molar ratio of raw materials, and the sintering process. The research results show that the Zn 2 TiO 4 obtained by sintering the raw materials with 1.5:1 M ratio of ZnO and TiO 2 at 1000 °C for 4 h in NaCl–KCl molten salt has the highest purity and the best morphology. Subsequently, with Zn 2 TiO 4 as the main component, by adding CaHPO 4 , SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and Nd 2 O 3 , ZIT ceramic waste form was prepared through pre-sintering, sintering, and heat-treatment process. The influence of different mass fractions of Nd 2 O 3 in ZIT ceramic waste form on the properties of samples was studied, and the maximum Nd 2 O 3 content of ZIT ceramic waste form was finally determined to be 45 wt%. The densities of different samples were also determined by using the Archimedes principle, and the result shows that the densities are approximately between 3.5 g·cm−3and 4.5 g cm−3. Besides, the chemical stability of ZIT ceramic waste form with Nd 2 O 3 was explored through the PCT-B static immersion method and ICP test method. The study found that the leaching rate of ZIT ceramic waste form was relatively high at the initial stage of immersion and then gradually decreased. After soaking for 7 days, it gradually became stable. Finally, the 28-day leaching rate stabilized at the order of 10−6 g m−2 d−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force exerted on a solid immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that the solid displaces. In this 3D salt-reconstruction study we treat Zechstein evaporites in the Netherlands as a pseudo-fluid with a density of 2.2 g cm -3 , overlain by a lighter and solid overburden. Three-dimensional sequential removal (backstripping) of a differential sediment load above the Zechstein evaporites is used to incrementally restore the top Zechstein surface. Assumption of a constant subsurface evaporite volume enables the stepwise reconstruction of base Zechstein and the approximation of 3D salt-thickness change and lateral salt redistribution over time. The salt restoration presented is sensitive to any overburden thickness change caused by tectonics, basin tilt, erosion or sedimentary process. Sequential analysis of lateral subsurface salt loss and gain through time based on Zechstein isopach difference maps provides new basin-scale insights into 3D subsurface salt flow and redistribution, supra-salt depocentre development, the rise and fall of salt structures, and external forces' impact on subsurface salt movement. The 3D reconstruction procedure is radically different from classic backstripping in limiting palinspastic restoration to the salt overburden, followed by volume-constant balancing of the salt substratum. The unloading approach can serve as a template for analysing other salt basins worldwide and provides a stepping stone to physically sound fluid-dynamic models of salt tectonic provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal-based oxide glasses with composition 30Li2O·20PbO·xBi2O3·(50 − x)SiO2 (where, x = 0 to 50 mol%) were prepared by standard melt-quench procedure at temperature 1150 °C for 30 min. The amorphous nature of the prepared samples was confirmed by the low-intensity broad hump in XRD analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy predicts the role of Bi2O3 as network former as well as modifier due to the existence of BiO3 and BiO6 structural units. The Archimedes principle was used to compute the density of samples, which was found to increase with the bismuth concentration. The optical properties of synthesized samples were measured using UV–VIS–NIR spectroscopy. With increasing bismuth content, optical parameters such as cut-off wavelength, theoretical optical basicity, oxide ion polarizability, and molar refractivity increase, whereas the optical energy bandgap decreases. The large values of refractive index and smaller metallization criterion for all the samples (ranges from 0.310 to 0.395) suggest that studied glasses can be explored for non-linear optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the advances in the techniques of indirect estimation of leaf area, the destructive measurement approaches have still remained as the reference and the most accurate methods. However, even utilizing the modern sensors and applications usually requires the laborious and time-consuming practice of unfolding and analyzing the single leaves, separately. In the present study, a volumetric approach was tested to determine the pile leaf area based on the ratio of leaf volume divided by thickness. For this purpose, the suspension technique was used for volumetry, which is based on the simple practice and calculations of the Archimedes' principle. Results: Wheat volumetric leaf area (VLA), had a high agreement and approximately 1:1 correlation with the conventionally measured optical leaf area (OLA). Exclusion of the midrib volume from calculations, did not affect the estimation error (NRMSE < 2.61%); however, improved the slope of the linear model by about 6%, and also reduced the bias between the methods. The error of sampling for determining mean leaf thickness of the pile, was also less than 2% throughout the season. Besides, a more practical and facilitated version of pile volumetry was tested using Specific Gravity Bench (SGB), which is currently available as a laboratory equipment. As an important observation, which was also expectable according to the leaf 3D expansion (i.e., in a given 2D plane), it was evidenced that the variations in the OLA exactly follows the pattern of the changes in the leaf volume. Accordingly, it was suggested that the relative leaf areas of various experimental treatments might be compared directly based on volume, and independently of leaf thickness. Furthermore, no considerable difference was observed among the OLAs measured using various image resolutions (NRMSE < 0.212%); which indicates that even the superfast scanners with low resolutions as 200 dpi may be used for a precision optical measurement of leaf area. Conclusions: It is expected that utilizing the reliable and simple concept of volumetric leaf area, based on which the measurement time might be independent of sample size, facilitate the laborious practice of leaf area measurement; and consequently, improve the precision of field experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove Archimedes' principle for a macroscopic ball in ideal gas consisting of point particles with non-zero mass. The main result is an asymptotic theorem, as the number of point particles goes to infinity and their total mass remains constant. We also show that, asymptotically, the gas has an exponential density as a function of height. We find the asymptotic inverse temperature of the gas. We derive an accurate estimate of the volume of the phase space using the local central limit theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the physical, structural, optical and luminescence properties of Er 3 + doped borophosphate glasses. The samples were prepared with melt quenching technique at 1250 ∘ C by varying the concentration of Er 2 O 3 from 0.1 to 0.5 mol%. Density is measured by Archimedes principle and variation in density with erbium's concentration established its participation in the glass structure. X-ray diffraction affirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared glasses. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra revealed the structural units such as P--O--P , B--O--B and BO 4 present due to stretching and bending vibrations of various bonds. Ultra-violet-visible absorption spectra displayed various absorption peaks/bands originating from ground state of erbium 4 I 15 / 2 to 2 K 15 / 2 , 4 G 9 / 2 , 4 G 11 / 2 , 2 G 9 / 2 , 4 F 5 / 2 , 4 F 7 / 2 , 2 H 11 / 2 , 4 S 3 / 2 and 4 F 9 / 2 . The indirect optical band gap values varied between 2.56 and 3.19 eV. Judd Ofelt parameters ( Ω 2 , Ω 4 , Ω 6 ) were evaluated and they followed Ω 2 > Ω 4 > Ω 6 trend. These parameters helped to calculate radiative transition probability, stimulated emission cross section and gain bandwidth. For luminescence studies, the glass samples were excited at 379 nm and emission occured in the visible region showing peaks at 405 nm, 485 nm and 517 nm. Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates (x and y) were calculated for the glass samples and these coordinates lie in the blue region of CIE chromaticity diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-alloy steels prepared by PM methods are widely used in the automotive industry and commercial machinery to manufacture components for actual applications. The unique feature of PM materials is densification through deformation, which significantly enhances the mechanical properties of finished items. Machinability defines the way a material behaves during processing. Surface grinding is one of the traditional finishing processes, which may provide a better surface finish and narrow dimensional tolerance for machined components. The addition of molybdenum to low-alloy steels increases mechanical strength and machinability due to the nature of the alloying element. In this context, current experimental work focuses on the effect of densification on the machinability of the sintered Fe–0.5% C–2% Mo low-alloy steel. One sample was retained in the sintered state for the study, while four others were densified at different levels by uniaxial compaction. In this case, the maximum density of the pre-form was determined by the appearance of lateral cracks on the surface during the application of the incremental axial load for the densification process. Three sintered alloy steel preforms were subjected to cold upsetting by progressively applying three intermediate uniaxial loads. The density of as-sintered and deformed samples was measured according to Archimedes' principle. The surface grinding was performed on the as-sintered and densified specimens at constant machining parameters. After that, the surface roughness and hardness values were measured. It is found that an increase in density improved surface finish and hardness values of the preforms. The microstructure and surface morphology of the ground samples were also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-strength M54 steel has been considered a promising candidate for structural applications in spacecraft and aircraft because of its excellent match of strength and toughness. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique characterized by simultaneous uniaxial pressure and pulsed current allows achieving fully dense bulk materials at low temperature with short heating, soaking, and cooling times. SPS has been widely used to produce metal materials due to its efficiency and advantages caused by its distinctive heating mode. The sintering behaviors, structural transformations, and mechanical properties of the ultra-high-strength M54 steel prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) were studied in this work. The actual density of the SPSed specimen was measured according to Archimedes' principle, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to identify the phases of the raw powders and SPSed specimens. The microstructure of the SPSed specimens was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). After SPS consolidation, metallurgical bonding between powders was completed, and the ultra-high-strength M54 steel adjacent to nearly full densification was obtained directly. The quasistatic tensile tests indicated that the SPSed M54 steel exhibited better ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1933.88 MPa compared to the wrought M54 steel. According to TEM analysis, the primary strengthening mechanism was its lath martensite structure with high-density dislocations. The elongation was not significant due to the presence of micro-voids and inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, hydroxyapatite was obtained by the sol-gel method, and zirconia/hydroxyapatite composites (YSZ/HAp) were produced with weight proportions of 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, and 80/20, respectively. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Archimedes' principle, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Vickers microhardness, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The calvarial critical-sized defect experimental model in rats was used to evaluate the biological interaction between YSZ/HAp scaffolds and bone tissue by Micro CT analysis. The XRD patterns of composites showed the major intensity of the zirconia phase and lower intensity of the hydroxyapatite phase, but the FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite. Dense composite materials were verified by way of the Archimedes' principle, where the YSZ/HAp 85/15 sample had lower apparent porosity (0.60%) and water absorption (0.10%). Vickers microhardness showed that composite material hardness decreased with the increase of hydroxyapatite, varying from 1367.43 to 711.37 HV. SEM images were possible to quantify the crack sizes in the indentations and to identify the elements presents by EDS, while FESEM was applied to analyze the morphology of the powders and microstructure of the composites. Among the composite studied, YSZ/HAp 85/15 and YSZ/HAp 80/20 samples were the compositions that demonstrated the best mechanical behavior with a fracture toughness of 9.2 and 9.3 MPa m1/2, respectively. The YSZ/HAp scaffold showed an interaction with bone tissue. The percent bone volume (BV/TV, p < 0.001) and bone mineral density (BMD, p < 0.01) were significantly increased in Zirconia/hydroxyapatite scaffold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, additive manufacturing technique was preferred to produce Wolfram (W), Silicon (Si), and Molybdenum (Mo) doped Co-Cr biomedical alloy. In biomedical applications, the alloy consisting of Wolfram (W), Silicon (Si), Molybdenum (Mo), Chromium (Cr), and Cobalt (Co) elements as known for its high wear and good corrosion resistance. Two group of Co-Cr-Mo alloys were produced using the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) method, one of the additive manufacturing manufacturing techniques. One of the produced samples was then subjected to a secondary heat treatment process. The microstructures of the produced alloys were investigated using X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), Energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then, the mechanical properties of the alloys were analyzed by electrochemical corrosion test, microhardness test and Archimedes principle density measurement were the final tests. The data obtained as a result of the analyzes showed that a homogeneous microstructured Co-Cr-Mo alloy was produced by the additive manufacturing production technique. In addition, heat treatment caused serious changes on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the material. The most important of these changes was the reduction of the grains forming the alloy, resulting in an increase in the microhardness value of the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce discrete curvatures for planar curves based on the construction of sequences of pairs of mutually dual polylines. For piecewise-regular curves consisting of a finite number of fragments of regular generalized spirals with definite (positive or negative) curvatures our discrete curvatures approximate the exact averaged curvature from below and from above. In order to derive these estimates one should provide a distance function allowing to compute the closest point on the curve for an arbitrary point on the plane.With refinement of the polylines, the averaged curvature over refined curve segments converges to the pointwise values of the curvature and, thus, we obtain a good and stable local approximation of the curvature. For the important engineering case when the curve is approximated only by the inscribed (primal) polyline and the exact distance function is not available, we provide a comparative analysis for several techniques allowing to build dual polylines and discrete curvatures and evaluate their ability to create lower and upper estimates for the averaged curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cement was replaced by fly ash to improve the mechanical properties of the mortars, and microfiber was added to the mixtures to improve the durability properties of the mortars. This study also investigated the effect of microfibers on the durability index values of cement mortars with fly ash content. In the preparation of the samples, CEM I 42.5 R-type cement, standard sand and fly ash (FA) were used as raw materials. Three different sizes of polyamide micro-synthetic fiber were added to mixtures. 0.5% (by mass) fiber was added to mixtures. Physical properties were determined according to Archimedes' principle after 28 and 90 days of curing. Then, compressive and flexural strength tests were performed. In conclusion, strength increased with an increase in curing time, and ≥30% FA addition increased water absorption, resulting in a decrease in mechanical strength. FA addition up to 20% improved the 90-day specimens'strength. The 28-day specimens no R1228 (46.4 MPa) and 90-day specimens no 2FA1290 (49.1 MPa) had the highest compressive strength. According to the durability index, FA replacement improved durability. Although the results varied according to fiber lengths, it was concluded that the use of 12 mm fiber was more suitable in terms of durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al composites have got major attention in the research environment with its durability in industrial applications. This work deals with the addition of nano-silica into the Al6061 matrix and an investigative experimentation was carried out for the preparation of metal matrix composite. Two methods have been adopted, namely single step and two-step stir casting for investigating the better method for achieving the desirable properties. Different wt% samples were fabricated for maximum dispersion and good mechanical properties at an optimum filler loading. Samples were tested for microstructural characterisation of the composite using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD. Tensile, compression and Brinnel's Hardness Number (BHN) reveals the strength of both the composites. The density and porosity of composite was tested on the sample using Archimedes' principle. The effect of reinforcement and fabrication methods was analysed for maximum dispersion. Each silica particle acts as a nucleation agent and load-bearing element. Various factors were analysed in the experimentation process for optimisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our work, we studied the impact of lanthanum oxide (La2O3) on barium-lead-borosilicate (BLBS) glass systems in terms of physical properties and photon shielding characteristics. With this motivation, we aimed at synthesizing a BLBS glass system with a composition of 6Na2O-0.8MgO-0.25Al2O3-(55-y)SiO2-11B2O3-7.3CaO-13BaO-0.83SrO-5.75PbO-yLa2O3, (y: 0, 5, 10, and 20 wt%), via traditional melting techniques. The fabricated glass samples, La-0 to La-20, were analyzed using some characterization techniques, including Archimedes' principle and spectroscopic gamma-rays experiment. According to the measurements, one can observe that all glass series show a transparent appearance irrespective of varying La2O3 content. On the other hand, the increasing La2O3 insertion ratio has a favorable influence on glass density (ρglass). That is, ρglass increases from 2.9419 to 3.3479 g.cm−3 in subjection to the amount of La2O3 from 0 to 20 wt%. Similarly, molar volumes (Vm) for the La-series are found to be in an inclining behavior, namely, from 23.52 to 25.46 cm3 mol−1. With regards to the gamma-rays (356, 511, 661.7, 1173, 1275, and 1332 keV) attenuation characteristics, the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) values obtained for the lowest energy by experimental and simulation methods for La-0 to La-20 samples were found in the range from 0.3298 to 0.4175 cm−1 and 0.3349 to 0.3992 cm−1, respectively. Similarly, the LAC for all energies increased as the La2O3 additive ratio increased; that is, the La-20 sample had the highest protection ability. In addition, we found out a good agreement among the FLUKA, XCOM, and experiments. Lastly, the LAC values of La2O3 added glass samples were compared with some concrete used for shielding, commercially available protection glasses, and some recent studies in the literature. The results showed that our glass samples, especially the La-20 glass sample, can be used as a potential candidate for photon shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most commonly used method for measuring the density of liquids is based on Archimedes' law. Lubricating oil generally has a defined density standard to show the quality of the oil. The purpose of this study is to determine oil density simply by applying Archimedes' law. This research was conducted in three steps. First, the measurement of the empty pycnometer. Second, the measurement of the pycnometer mass containing distilled water and oil. Third, measurement of copper mass in the medium of air, distilled water and oil. From the results of measurements and calculations, the obtained density of distilled water is (0.995 ± 3,582 x 10-4) gr/cm3 whose value is very close to the value of 1 gr/cm3 so that the distilled water used in this study is suitable as a reference/standard in finding volume copper; oil density is (0.868 ± 2.14 x 10-3) gr/cm3 whose value is very close to the value of oil density measured and calculated with a pycnometer of (0.875 ± 4.637 x 10-4) gr/cm3.

This article discusses the importance of density in various fields, such as quality control and medicine. It focuses on an experimental activity for high school and first-year university physics students to determine the density of different liquids using Archimedes' principle. The apparatus required for the experiment is described, and the results show that the values obtained for the density of liquids are close to the accepted values. The article concludes that this experiment is suitable for students to explore data and can be done at home with minimal assistance. [Extracted from the article]

Lima and Monteiro [1] derived the buoyant force in a nonuniform gravitational field by applying a gradient version of the divergence theorem to the surface integral of the pressure forces [2]. Here it is outlined an alternate approach in the framework of fluid mechanics, based on the energy formulations of the equations of state for compressible fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate:triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TFEMA: TEGDMA) ratio on various functional properties of Bis-GMA/TFEMA:TEGDMA/UDMA composites. The experimental composites were loaded with 70% (weight% of total monomer) fillers consisting of silanised fumed silica, zirconia, and strontium fluoride. The light-cured composites were analysed for degree of conversion by FTIR-ATR technique, volumetric shrinkage in according to the Archimedes' principle, and fluoride ion release and recharge capacity by ion selective electrode. Water sorption, water solubility, and flexural strength were determined in accordance with ISO 4049 standard. Results showed that the degree of conversion, fluoride release and recharge capacity, water sorption, water solubility increased, and polymerization shrinkage decreased, with increasing TFEMA:TEGDMA ratio. Besides, twofold increase in flexural strength was observed for composite with the highest TFEMA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: This paper aims at devising creativity developmental activities based on methodology and the Storytelling tool. The topic selected for the study was Archimedes' principle included in the Industrial Chemical Engineering curriculum in Mexican public university, during the 2021 confinement period. Methods: The research was a case study following an inductive and analytical method. For data collection, a selfmade rubric was used based on specific creativity criteria. Through structured didactic planning, a series of activities aligned to the STEAM methodology were designed. Results: The creativity categories of the product made by the students were analyzed and described. All information was triangulated when discussing the results. Conclusions: It is concluded that there is empirical evidence that suggests that the development of creativity may be stimulated by the proposed set of activities. In addition, this way of learning results innovating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study attempts to support the preparation, setup and implementation of innovation for informal science learning that help students with technology application in physics topic. There are 349 students were selected as the sample of this study, in two STEM activities during International Scout STEM Camporee. Following the module developed for informal learning activity, the data collection focus using a survey focus on the learning opportunities created by the module for technology application. Teaching technology application in formal setting is known challenging due to syllabus constraints. Here, fluid mechanics is a branch of physics knowledge that relates directly with the technology application. The innovation in the informal science learning module has a specific focus on the technology application of fluid mechanic. Post and pre-test were conducted. The post-test was conducted to investigate prior understanding of fundamental fluid mechanic concepts during the designing stage with the students' ability to make inference. Descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation were used as the data analysis methods. The finding shows that most of the students did have an initial idea of science concepts such as buoyancy, density, weight of mini Titanic, and Archimedes' principle. However, their ability to make inference and observation is weakly correlated and not significant. This findings show that students are capable to produce observations and inferences when technology application is brought into discussion during informal science learning. As a conclusion, for informal science learning, it is important for educators to consider the outcomes for students' learning because the opportunities for students to tap into their prior knowledge from self-determination can be easily achieved within this setting. This study proposes important measures during informal science learning environment to maximize the learning opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AA7075 + 6%B4C+3%ZrC nano hybrid composite was successfully fabricated, with nano reinforcements composition in AA7075 alloy selected based on previous investigation, to achieve better mechanical performance. Two different sintering techniques, namely conventional and microwave, were implemented to determine the effect on microstructural and mechanical properties. Microstructural investigation was performed with the help of W-SEM. Tensile, compression, and hardness were measured with the help of UTM and Vickers microhardness machine. Porosity was calculated by using Archimedes principle. It was observed that the added nano ZrC particles formed agglomerates and the B 4 C particles were distributed homogenously. Composites processed by microwave sintering showed excellent mechanical properties compared to the conventionally sintered composites. No intermetallic compounds were detected in microwave sintered composites through XRD analysis, indicating strong and clean interface bonds between matrix and reinforcement particles. High strain to fracture value of 12.24% was noted in microwave sintered nano hybrid composite, while it was 6.12% for conventional sintered one. Fractography revealed no peeling action of reinforcements from the matrix material, and the mode of failure was brittle. It was concluded that, while fabricating nano range hybrid composites, the implementation of advanced sintering technique (microwave sintering) with low sintering temperatures and low sintering times with internal heat generations, helps in eliminating defects that may develop because of high surface energies of nano range reinforcements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the radiation shielding properties for four Te-based alloys. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed pure phases in all studied samples; however, a secondary phase is detected in the CrTe sample in good agreement with the literature. All samples' densities were measured using the Archimedes principle. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was calculated using Geant4 MC Toolkit and then compared with the XCOM data. Many photon-shielding properties were computed for all investigated samples based on the MAC. The Phy-X and SRIM were used to determine the fast neutron removal cross-section (ΣR) and projected range, respectively. As a result, PbTe shows superior shielding features compared to the rest of the investigated samples to use this sample in different shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated steel plants, in general, produce large amounts of solid wastes during the production of iron and steel. Linz–Donawitz sludge (LDS) is an industrial solid waste generated in huge quantities during steelmaking. These fine solid particles were recovered after wet cleaning of the gas emerging from LD converters. This work aims at processing, characterization, and wear response of a class of polypropylene composites utilizing LDS as a filler material. Mechanical properties of these thermoplastic composites were evaluated under standard test conditions. The actual and the theoretical density values of the polypropylene-LDS composites were measured using Archimedes' principle and rule of mixture respectively. The micro-structural features of the worn surfaces of various particulate filled composite specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy in order to ascertain the wear mechanisms. X-Ray Diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the phases and planes of the components present within a material. Sliding wear tests were conducted using Taguchi's L25 orthogonal arrays over a range of sliding velocities (0.63–3.15 m/s), normal loads (5–25 N), sliding distances (500–2500 m), and LDS contents (0–20 wt.%). The sliding wear tests were performed on the prepared polypropylene-LDS composite specimens as per ASTM G99 using Taguchi's Orthogonal Arrays followed by the parametric appraisal of the wear process by response surface methodology (RSM). Both Taguchi analysis and RSM suggest that the filler content and the sliding velocity are the most significant factors affecting the specific wear rate of the composite specimens. This work opens up a new avenue for the utilization of LD sludge as a potential filler material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell size is an important variable in the study of cellular growth, metabolism, and the cell cycle. The large size of Amoeba proteus and the ease with which it can be collected and cultured have made it a star in biology education—and it was a model for research on cell biology before the introduction of molecular genetic methods. Measuring the cytoplasmic density of a single amoeba without modern instrumentation seems like a difficult task, but this was done with supreme accuracy in the 1940s. The solution was based on the familiar Cartesian diver that is used to demonstrate Archimedes's principle. It required the fabrication of a tiny diver that would respond to the additional mass of a cell. Experiments using this method allowed investigators to study changes in size and density associated with feeding, starvation, and cell division. This research is an illustration of the ingenuity of cell biologists in the pre-molecular genetic era of their field, which is often overlooked by contemporary scientists. The consideration of the mass, density, and buoyancy of free-living amoebas encourages a new hypothesis about the evolution of testate amoebas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the role of technological resources in lesson planning and teaching practices in the context of Vergnaud's Theory of Conceptual Fields. All the work on the lectures was carried out using App Inventor to create a mobile app for 9th Grade students (age 13-14). Students had to understand how the mobile application contributes to learning Archimedes' principle and then take part on a survey after been given the lecture on buyoant force. The survey was taken by 78 students from a public school, with a quantitative and qualitative approach to the case study. Following this, the analysis showed that the Theory of Conceptual Fields is a crucial reference of didactic planning and can be used to build technological resources that actively engage students throughout their learning process, because it supports the class environment in selecting concepts and key-theories and what correlates between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between the decomposition process and properties of zircon ceramic was analysed. The decomposition process of zircon was investigated by kinetics model, thermodynamics and experimental phenomena. The Coats-Redfern and Kissinger models were used as basic kinetics models, and thermodynamics, thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the decomposition process and calculate the kinetics parameters. The microstructure, pores characteristics, densification and physical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Archimedes' principle. The results showed that the decomposition process of zircon could be divided into two stages, with the first and the second stages controlled by the phase boundary reaction and diffusion control reaction, respectively. The decomposition rate of the first decomposition stage was slow and the mechanism function was g(x) = 1-(1-α)1/3 while the decomposition rate of the second stage was fast and the mechanism function was g(x)=(1–2/3α)-(1-α)2/3. The large decomposition amount of zircon increased the amount of liquid phase, which would reduce the densification of zircon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is the fabrication of functionally graded aluminum ceramic composite (FGACC) using centrifugal casting and to study its physical and mechanical properties. LM6 aluminum alloy and silicon nitride (Si3N4) are mixed to form FGACC. This enables the material to have the best of both materials. Si3N4 is varied in size of 30 and 3 µm and volume fraction of 8% and 12%. Centrifugal casting was carried out based on L4 orthogonal array. The gradual change in the distribution of reinforcement of the casted FGACC is ensured using optical microscope SEM and hardness. Image Analyser software was used analyze the volume fraction of phase and grain size for all FGACCs. It was observed that the Si3N4 concentration increases from the inner to the outer periphery of the casted ring. This is due to the radial forces generated from centrifugal casting to segregate a second discrete phase from the matrix of composite materials. Rockwell hardness values increased from the inner to the outer region ensuring the gradual increase in Si3N4. Hardness increased by 30 and 22% in outer for 3 and 30 µm. Archimedes principle was used to find the density based on which the porosity was calculated. Porosity values were 1.8% in the outer region and 2.97% in the inner region. SEM images were also used to characterize the FGACC. ANOVA was done to find the most influencing parameter on hardness. R2 value for the outer region was 99.24%, indicating that the developed model is accurate and fits very well with experimental values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) is applied as a recent metaheuristic optimization algorithm to reduce energy losses and capture the size of incorporating a battery energy storage system (BESS) and photovoltaics (PV) within a distribution system. AOA is designed with revelation from Archimedes' principle, an impressive physics law. AOA mimics the attitude of buoyant force applied upward on an object, partially or entirely dipped in liquid, which is relative to the weight of the dislodged liquid. Furthermore, the developed algorithm is evolved for sizing several PVs and BESSs considering the changing demand over time and the probability generation. The studied IEEE 69-bus distribution network system has different types of the load, such as residential, industrial, and commercial loads. The simulation results indicate the robustness of the proposed algorithm for computing the best size of multiple PVs and BESSs with a significant reduction in the power system losses. Additionally, the AOA algorithm has an efficient balancing between the exploration and exploitation phases to avoid the local solutions and go to the best global solutions, compared with other studied algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archimedes' principle has been and still is a complicated concept to understand by introductory students, especially as typically stated in physics textbooks. Take for example its statement by Bierman: "When a body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, a buoyant force from the surrounding fluid acts on the body. The force is directed upward and has a magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid that has been displaced by the body." The principle may seem confusing to some students when introduced using the variation of pressure between the top and bottom of an object. Such students "cannot apply Archimedes' principle even in very simple situations." For this reason, a 3D-printed instrument, Archie, was developed that can be used to help with the introduction of Archimedes' principle using simple experiments and observations. This article offers an introductory description and sample measurements showing how Archie works in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formation is considered a cost and time intensive production step in industrial production of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). One solution for improvement is an acceleration of the formation step by applying higher C‐rates. In this study, formation protocols with up to 2 C were applied to LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) II graphite pouch cells with a nominal capacity of 5 Ah. The formation protocols utilizing higher C‐rates result in a decrease in overall formation time, but also in increased gassing due to additional electrolyte decomposition. The resulting gas phase was quantitatively determined using gas chromatography‐barrier discharge ionization detection (GC‐BID) and with regard to gas volume by making use of the Archimedes principle. Main formation gases in these cells were identified as CO and C2H4. Increased C‐rates altered certain decomposition reactions. Especially the CO evolution was increased. Nevertheless, gassing was smallest for 0.1 C and increased with lower and higher C‐rate. In case of too low C‐rates hydrogen was identified as the main formation gas. However, higher gassing was not correlated with higher capacity loss during formation. Furthermore, the dependence of the C‐rate on gassing was found to be dependent on the graphite material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borate based glass system of binary B2O3-CdO with different compositions are prepared by melt quenching technique. XRD, SEM, ultrasonic, FT-IR, and DTAstudies have been employed to study the modification caused by CdO on the structure of the prepared glasses. The absence of Braggpeaksin the XRD pattern confirms the amorphous and homogeneous nature of the glass samples. The SEM image clearly depicts that there is no crystalline phase existing in overall surface of the samples and also confirms the amorphous nature of the samples. The ultrasonic (both longitudinal and shear) velocities are measured using the Pulse Echo Overlap method. Density of the glass samples is measured by Archimedes principle using water as immersion liquid. From the measured data, the elastic moduli and other parameters such as molar volume, Poisson's ratio, acoustic impedance, microhardness and Debye temperature have been evaluated and they are used to gain knowledge about the structural, mechanical properties and are correlated with the rigidity and compactness of the glass systems. IR spectroscopic studies have been carried out to explore the role of divalent cation in the structure of the studied glasses. The transition temperature(Tg), crystallization temperature(Tc) and melting temperature(Tm) is identified using Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The glass stability factor and Hruby's parameter are calculated from above mentioned temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the structural and optical properties of (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15) (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1)O 3 system mixed with B 2 O 3. The samples with the composition xB 2 O 3 + (100-x) (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15) (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1)O 3 (where x = 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mol. %) were prepared using the melting quenching technique to form borate-based glass containing BaO, CaO, ZrO 2 and TiO 2 (BBCZT). X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared samples. The macroscopic structure of the glasses was assessed from the density measurements determined through Archimedes' principle, while information regarding the atomic structural units and vibrational modes were obtained from Infrared measurements. Increasing the B 2 O 3 content led to variation of the relative intensity of these modes together with a decrease (increase) in density (molar volume), indicating a less dense and open-structure for the glass network. The absorption spectra showed absorption bands associated with the optical transitions B 2 2 g → B 2 1 g and B 2 2 g → A 2 1 g of Ti 3 + ions occupying distortion octahedral sites (Ti Oh 3 +) in the glass matrix. The ligand field strength (10Dq), optical energy gap (E o p t ), Urbach's energy (ΔE), and nonlinear optical properties (NLO) were calculated in the study. • Explore the structural and optical properties of (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15) (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1)O 3 (BCZT) when utilized as a glass material. • Preparation a glass sample composed of 95 % (Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15) (Ti 0.9 Zr 0.1)O 3 and utilizing only 5 % of B 2 O 3 glass-former. • The prepared glass samples exhibit anomalous behavior of N 4 value with respect to the ratio of alkali oxides. • The ligand field strength (10Dq), and linear/non-linear optical properties were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the pinning behaviour of carbon black reinforced MgB 2 bulk superconductors produced by in-situ field assisted sintering technique (FAST), also called spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique, was investigated. It is well known that the superconducting parameters of MgB 2 are enhanced by chemical doping. Carbon-containing additives replace boron in the MgB 2 crystal structure, creating pinning centres and increasing both the upper critical field and the critical current density. For this purpose, a series of polycrystalline samples with chemical composition MgB 2-x C x (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4) were prepared. The density of the samples was determined by the Archimedes principle and it was found that the relative density decreased with increasing carbon content. It is well known that carbon-containing additives suppress the transition or critical temperature (T c) of the MgB 2 superconductor. In this study, the critical temperatures of superconductors decreased with carbon black reinforcement. The critical current densities (J c) of the samples were determined from the width of the hysteresis curves by using the Bean critical model, and it was determined that the critical current densities deteriorated with this reinforcement. This degradation in critical current densities was accompanied by a reduction in the irreversibility field (H irr) and pinning force (F p). It was concluded that the carbon black used as a reinforcement element did not act as a pinning centre. • Carbon black reinforced MgB 2 superconductor can be sintered with SPS at lower temperature and in a shorter time. • Carbon black reinforced MgB 2 superconductors were produced for the first time with the in-situ spark plasma technique. • It has been observed that the materials produced with SPS exhibit a highly porous structure. • The grain boundary density decreased, which led to the deterioration of critical parameters of MgB 2 such as T c , J c , F p , H irr etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel quaternary glasses with varying compositions of x Bi 2 O 3 -(75– x)TeO 2 –20Li 2 O–5Al 2 O 3 were synthesized using a melt-quenching method to analyze their physical, elastic properties and to evaluate their potential as radiation shielding materials. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and ultrasonic measurement were utilized to study those properties. The radiation shielding properties of the glass samples were determined for 0.01–10000 MeV photon energy range by using Phy-X/PSD software. The incorporation of Bi 2 O 3 , ranging from 0 mol% to 5 mol%, led to an increase in density which is measured by Archimedes' principle, ascending from 4.68 to 5.06 g/cm3. The longitudinal, bulk, shear, and Young's modulus, displayed a non-linear decline from 63.41 to 61.44 GPa, 33.52 to 33.20 GPa, 22.41 to 21.18 GPa, and 54.99 to 52.39 GPa. Furthermore, the inclusion of Bi 2 O 3 up to x = 5 mol% produce mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of 14.892 cm2/g at x-ray energy of 40 KeV, surpassing that of commercial RS360 and RS520 radiation shielding glasses by 577% and 323%, respectively. When subjected to gamma ray of 662 KeV the MAC is 0.08 cm2/g which was also accompanied by a reduction in the half-value layer (HVL) to 1.58 cm where it surpassed the concrete by 38% and linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) of 0.38 cm−1. The effective atomic number (Z eff) and effective electron density (N eff) reach maximum value of 59.74 and 7.88 × 1023 electrons/g at 0.02 MeV respectively. These results highlight the suitability of the glass composition with x = 5 mol% as an exceptional choice for employment as to shield against both X-rays and gamma rays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the design and operation of the pneumatic inkwell, which was used before the invention of fountain and ballpoint pens. The inkwell solved the problem of ink evaporation by exposing only a small surface of ink to the air. The article also mentions the connection between the pneumatic inkwell and barometers, New England storm glasses, and hummingbird feeders. The author provides diagrams and references to support their explanations. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the discrete element method and hydrostatics theory, an improved Archimedes principle is proposed to study the rules pertaining to resistance changes during the penetration process of an intruder into the particulate materials. The results illustrate the fact that the lateral contribution to the resistance is very small, while the tangential force of the lateral resistance originates from friction effects. Conversely, the resistance of particulate materials on the intruder mainly occurs at the bottompart of the intruding object. Correspondingly, the factors that determine the resistance of the bottom part of the intruding object and the rules pertaining to resistance changes are analyzed. It is found that when the volume density and friction coefficient of the particles and the radius of the bottom surface of the cylindrical intruder are varied, the resistance-depth curve consists of a nonlinear segment and a linear region. The intersection of the two stages occurs at the same location h/R = 0.15±0.055. The slope of the linear stage is determined by the friction coefficient of the particles. Accordingly, the relationship between the slope and the friction coefficient is quantified. Finally, it is shown that the slope is independent of the geometry of the intruder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder metallurgy confers the specific properties to the materials by selecting appropriate components with proper compositions. An attempt was made to produce the dense aluminum-based metal matrix composite for the brake lining through powder metallurgy. In this work, two different sintering approaches of microwave sintering and spark plasma sintering were used to obtain the dense material. Based on the properties required for performing the intended functions, the powders of aluminum (80%), boron carbide (8%), silicon dioxide (7%), nickel (3%), and graphite (2%) were used to produce a metal matrix composite (MMC). The particle size, bulk/apparent density, and tap density of each powder were determined using the corresponding tests. The powders were mixed and blended with the help of a high-energy ball mill. The portion of the blended mixture was processed through the microwave sintering, where it was first compacted with the hydraulic press and then sintered at an appropriate sintering cycle. Other samples of the same chemical composition have been prepared using spark plasma sintering, where compaction and sintering occur simultaneously at a particular temperature and pressure. The density and microhardness values from each sample were determined using the Archimedes principle and the Vickers microhardness test, respectively. The SEM analysis was performed to analyze the morphology of the sample material after it has been processed by microwave sintering and spark plasma sintering. From the assessment of the obtained results, it was observed that the spark plasma sintering approach is an appropriate method to produce dense materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigs (n = 192) from 64 commercial sites across 14 production facilities in the Midwest USA were used to evaluate baseline biological measurements used to determine bone mineralization in pigs. There were 3 pigs selected from each site representing: 1) a clinically normal pig, 2) a pig with evidence of clinical lameness, and 3) a pig with a history of recent low feed intake within a hospital pen (sick pig). Pigs ranged in age from nursery to market weight, with the three pigs sampled from each site representing the same phase of production. For each pig, blood, urine, and the right and left metacarpal, fibula, 2nd rib, and 10th rib were collected and analyzed. Serum was analyzed for Ca, P, and 25(OH)D3 as part of the serum chemistry profile. and. Each bone was measured for bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted methods). Bone density was measured on each bone based on Archimedes principle. For defatted bone ash, all bones were cleaned of tissue and then placed in Soxhlet extractors containing petroleum ether for 7 days as a means of removing water and fat. Bones were then dried at 105°C for 7 days and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 24 h. Healthy pigs had increased (P < 0.05) serum calcium and 25OHD3 compared with sick pigs, with lame pigs intermediate (Table). Healthy pigs also had increased (P < 0.05) serum phosphorus compared with sick and lame pigs, with no differences between the sick and lame pigs. For defatted bone ash and bone density, there was a pig type × bone interaction (P < 0.001). There were no differences between pig types for the fibulas, 2nd rib, and 10th rib, but metacarpals from healthy pigs had greater bone ash compared with sick pigs, with lame pigs intermediate. For bone density, healthy and lame pigs had greater (P < 0.05) bone density than sick pigs for the metacarpals and fibulas, with no difference observed for the ribs. In summary, there appear to be differences in serum analysis between a healthy, lame, and sick pig. Differences in bone mineralization between pig types were observed in the metacarpal and fibula, but not ribs. The metacarpal appears to be the most sensitive bone to detect differences in bone mineralization between pig types. There was also considerable range in values within pig type across production sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigs (n = 350; initial body weight = 11.9 ± 0.56 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of different bones and analytical methods on the assessment of rib bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Currently, there is little information available describing the effect of rib location (2nd through 10th) on measures of bone mineralization including density and ash. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. Pens of pigs were assigned dietary treatments consisting of: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient); 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate; 3) P at 0.33% STTD P using monocalcium phosphate and phytase; 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D; 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), and 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). After feeding diets for 28-days, eight pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. The 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th ribs were collected from each pig and analyzed for bone density and non-defatted bone ash. All bones were cleaned of tissue and then dried at 105°C for 7 d and then ashed in a muffle furnace at 600°C for 24 h. Bone density was measured on each bone based on Archimedes principle. There was no interaction between bone and dietary treatment for bone density and non-defatted bone ash (P > 0.05; Table). Therefore, interpretation of results will focus on the effect of bone and treatment on measures of mineralization. Pigs fed deficient P (0.19%) had less bone density and ash percent compared with treatments fed NRC and industry levels of P. For bone density, there was a significant main effect of bone (P = 0.001), with the 10th rib having greater bone density than all other treatments and the 3rd rib having greater bone density than the 5th rib. Bone density of the 2nd and 7th ribs did not differ (P >0.05) from either the 3rd or 5th ribs. For non-defat bone ash, 10th rib had the greatest (P < 0.05) bone ash, followed by the 2nd rib which was greater (P < 0.05) than the 3rd rib, with the 5th and 7th ribs having the least non-defat bone ash percent. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on the bone being measured. When measuring all of the bones, the 10th rib has the greatest value for bone density and bone ash percent, while the 5th rib has the least value for both bone density and bone ash percent compared with the rest of the bones analyzed. These results can help guide diagnostic investigations and aid in comparing results across different bones used to measure bone mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]