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A QuEChERS combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the rapid determination of natural capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and synthetic capsaicin in hot pepper and its products. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified by sequential use of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, octadecylsilane (C18), ethylenediamine-N-propylsilane silica gel (PSA) and graphitized carbon black (GCB). An Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used for separation, gradient elution was performed with a mobile phase comprising 0.4% phosphoric acid aqueous solution and 90% acetonitrile in water, and a fluorescence detector was used for detection. The results showed that natural capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and synthetic capsaicin had a good linear relationship in the range of 0.20–100 mg/L, with determination coefficients (R2) greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of natural capsaicin were 0.014–0.069 mg/kg and 0.046–0.23 mg/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of dihydrocapsaicin were 0.023–0.12 mg/kg and 0.077–0.39 mg/kg, respectively. The LOD and LOQ of synthetic capsaicin were 0.018–0.088 mg/kg and 0.059–0.30 mg/kg, respectively. The recovery rates were 91.6%–117.2% and the relative standard deviation (RSD) were 0.2%–6.1% for dry hot pepper, fresh hot pepper, shiitake mushroom paste with hot pepper and chili oil at three different spiked levels. The developed method is simple, accurate and suitable for the determination of not only dried and fresh hot peppers, but also natural capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and synthetic capsaicin in high oil and high protein hot pepper products.

Yumi Kotoda,1 Sohei Hishiyama,2 Jaehoon Shim,3,4 Hiroki Kobayashi,2 Ayasa Takamino,2 Masako Abe,2 Kenji Kashiwagi,1 Takashi Matsukawa,2 Masakazu Kotoda2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; 2Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; 3F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center and Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; 4Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Masakazu Kotoda, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan, Tel +81-55-273-9690, Email mkotoda@yamanashi.ac.jpPurpose: Corneal pain is one of the most common eye symptoms caused by various types of epithelial injuries, including traumatic abrasion, chemical injury, ulcers, ultraviolet exposure, and infection. However, current therapeutic options for corneal pain are limited. In this study, we synthesized a novel quaternary ammonium compound, N-propylamiodarone bromide (NPA), and employed a rodent model of corneal injury to investigate whether NPA offers prolonged corneal analgesia through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel-mediated selective cellular entry, without hindering corneal epithelial recovery.Methods: In the corneal injury model, 24 adult Wistar rats received a topical application of normal saline, oxybuprocaine, or NPA (n = 8 each), and corneal pain sensitivity was assessed using the von Frey technique. Another set of 32 rats with intact corneas received oxybuprocaine, capsaicin (a TRPV1 agonist), or NPA with or without capsaicin (n = 8 each), followed by a mechanical sensitivity evaluation. Potential adverse effects on normal epithelial recovery were evaluated using fluorescence and hematoxylin–eosin staining in an additional 8 rats with corneal injury.Results: In the corneal injury model, NPA produced significantly longer-lasting analgesia than oxybuprocaine (duration of the maximum effect: 215 ± 11 vs 25 ± 2 min, P < 0.001). None of the animals presented any signs of eye irritability. In contrast to injured eyes, NPA alone did not significantly increase mechanical sensitivity in naïve eyes. However, the co-administration of NPA and capsaicin produced significantly longer-lasting corneal anesthesia than oxybuprocaine (duration of the maximum effect: 165 ± 15 vs 31 ± 2 min, P < 0.001). NPA did not hamper wound healing.Conclusion: The novel quaternary ammonium NPA produced long-lasting analgesia against corneal injury without hampering corneal recovery, suggesting that it is a potential candidate for analgesic medicine targeting corneal pain.Keywords: analgesics, capsaicin, corneal injury, pain, TRPV1 channel

Capsaicinoids and capsinoids are bioactive compounds mostly found in peppers. Although preclinical studies have reported that these compounds can improve exercise performance due to transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1)-mediated thermogenesis, sympathetic modulation, and releasing calcium, it is still unclear how they affect exercise performance in humans as ergogenic supplements. Conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses reporting guide 2020, this systematic review examined the ergogenic effect of capsaicinoids and capsinoids on exercise performance in healthy adults. A total of 19 randomized placebo-controlled trials were included in the study. Studies were accessed by searching five databases (PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library). The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias assessment tool. According to the study results, 10 studies examining the effect of capsaicinoid and capsinoid supplements on exercise performance reported positive effects. Also, the effect of capsaicinoids and capsinoids on exercise performance is more pronounced in resistance training. This difference, which varies according to the type of exercise, may be due to the correlation between capsaicin transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 and insulin-like growth factor-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, carcass and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Methods Two experimental diets were offered to 36 crossbred barrows: basal diet (0% CAP) and basal diet with CAP at 0.02%. Each experimental group consisted of 18 pigs, with six replications (three each). Results Supplementation of CAP at 0.02% decreased average daily feed intake (p = 0.003) and feed cost/gain (p = 0.056), increased return on investment (p = 0.052) and increased gain:feed ratio (p = 0.037) during the growing period. There was no effect of CAP on the growth rate. The blood urea nitrogen and nitrogen (N) levels in faeces tended to decrease (p = 0.093 and p = 0.087), whereas the basophil level increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.029). In addition, dietary CAP supplementation decreased crypt depth (p = 0.022) and tended to increase the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the segment of the jejunum (p = 0.084). Backfat (BF) thickness (p = 0.047) was reduced by supplementing CAP. Whereas the protein content increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.021). Using CAP in the diet of growing pigs increased the pH at 6 h post-mortem (p = 0.046) and tended to increase the springiness value (p = 0.078) of the meat. In terms of meat color, CAP supplementation increased the yellowness (p = 0.029). Conclusion Supplemental CAP improves gut morphology and blood profiles, consequently promoting productive performance as well as carcass and meat quality.

Abstract Circadian clock serves as a regulator of gastrointestinal health, and the disruption of circadian rhythm may trigger the dysregulation of the intestinal barrier functions. This study investigated the effectiveness of capsaicin (CAP) in mitigating intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by circadian disruption in male SPF C57BL/6J mice. Our findings indicated that CAP supplementation attenuated abnormal weight gain, alterations in serum lipid levels, and misalignment in hepatic and colonic circadian clock gene expressions in mice caused by constant darkness (CD) treatment. The restoration of the intestinal barrier integrity was also observed through the increase in mucosal thickness and goblet cell numbers. Both the diversity and the circadian rhythm of gut microbiota were improved in CAP‐treated group. Correlation analysis indicated that CAP could modulate the gut microbiota by affecting intestinal barrier function and systemic metabolism in CD‐treated mice. These results highlight the potential of CAP as a functional food component in maintaining the intestinal barrier homeostasis through regulating gut microbiota.

ABSTRACT: A meta-analysis was performed to investigate the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on lactational performance and blood chemistry and cell counts in dairy cattle. The database comprised 11 peer-reviewed studies published between 2011 and 2024. The overall effect of CAP, challenge (e.g., ketosis, glucose tolerance, LPS), and dose were considered explanatory variables in the analysis. Lactation performance response variables included DMI, milk yield (MY), ECM yield, feed efficiency (FE), milk components, and BW. Hematological response variables included red and white blood cell counts and blood BHB, total fatty acids, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Data were analyzed using random- and mixed-effect models in the “robumeta” package in RStudio. Milk yield was increased by 2.9% by CAP when compared with control. Capsaicin supplementation increased FE by 3.4% compared with control. Milk fat concentration and yield were also increased by CAP compared with control by 2.6% and 4.0%, respectively. Blood glucose concentrations were decreased 2.5% by CAP supplementation, whereas insulin levels were unaffected. Cows fed CAP during a challenge had higher MY and FE and tended to have lower blood glucose than their control counterparts. Overall, this analysis suggests that CAP supplementation may be directly affecting host physiology by altering glucose metabolism, but further research to define the mechanism is warranted.

As the body’s internal clock, the circadian rhythm regulates the energy expenditure, appetite, and sleep. There exists a close relationship between the host circadian rhythm and gut microbiota. In this work, a circadian disorder mouse model induced by constant darkness (CD) was constructed to investigate the regulating effects of capsaicin (CAP) on disturbances of metabolism homeostasis and gut microbiota in the respect of circadian rhythm-related mechanisms. Our results indicated that CAP reduced weight gain induced by circadian rhythm disorder in mice by inhibiting fat accumulation in liver and adipose tissue. The rhythmic expressions of circadian clock genes and lipid-metabolism related genes in liver were also recovered by CAP. Microbial study using 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that CAP modulated the gut microbiota richness, diversity and composition, and restored diurnal oscillations of gut microbes at the phylum and family level. These results indicated that CAP could alleviate CD-induced hepatic clock gene disruption and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice, providing theoretical basis for CAP to be used as a muti-functional ingredient with great health-promoting effects.

Abstract Background Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) is one of the severe complications in the clinic concerning mechanical ventilation (MV). Capsaicin (CAP) has anti-inflammatory and inhibitory effects on oxidative stress, which is a significant element causing cellular ferroptosis. Nevertheless, the specific role and potential mechanistic pathways through which CAP modulates ferroptosis in VILI remain elusive. Methods VILI was established in vivo, and the pulmonary epithelial cell injury model induced by circulation stretching (CS) was established in vitro. Both mice and cells were pretreated with CAP. Transmission electron microscopy, ELISA, Western blot, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, fluorescent probes, and other experimental methods were used to clarify the relationship between iron death and VILI in alveolar epithelial cells, and whether capsaicin alleviates VILI by inhibiting iron death and its specific mechanism. Results Ferroptosis was involved in VILI by utilizing in vivo models. CAP inhibited ferroptosis and alleviated VILI's lung damage and inflammation, and this protective effect of CAP was dependent on maintaining mitochondrial redox system through SITR3 signaling. In the CS-caused lung epithelial cell injury models, CAP reduced pathological CS-caused ferroptosis and cell injury. Knockdown SIRT3 reversed the role of CAP on the maintaining mitochondria dysfunction under pathological CS and eliminated its subsequent advantageous impacts for ferroptosis against overstretching cells. Conclusion The outcomes showed that CAP alleviated ferroptosis in VILI via improving the activity of SITR3 to suppressing mitochondrial oxidative damage and maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis, illustrating its possibility as a novel therapeutic goal for VILI. Graphical Abstract

In our diet, we ingest a variety of compounds that are TRPV1 modulators. It is important to understand if these compounds alter neural and behavioral responses to taste stimuli representing all taste qualities. Here, we will summarize the effects of capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, cetylpyridinium chloride, ethanol, nicotine, N-geranyl cyclopropylcarboxamide, Kokumi taste peptides, pH, and temperature on neural and behavioral responses to taste stimuli in rodent models and on human taste perception. The above TRPV1 agonists produced characteristic biphasic effects on chorda tympani taste nerve responses to NaCl in the presence of amiloride, an epithelial Na+ channel blocker, at low concentrations enhancing and at high concentrations inhibiting the response. Biphasic responses were also observed with KCl, NH4Cl, and CaCl2. In the presence of multiple stimuli, the effect is additive. These responses are blocked by TRPV1 antagonists and are not observed in TRPV1 knockout mice. Some TRPV1 modulators also increase neural responses to glutamate but at concentrations much above the concentrations that enhance salt responses. These modulators also alter human salt and glutamate taste perceptions at different concentration ranges. Glutamate responses are TRPV1-independent. Sweet and bitter responses are TRPV1-independent but the off-taste of sweeteners is TRPV1-dependent. Aversive responses to acids and ethanol are absent in animals in which both the taste system and the TRPV1-trigeminal system are eliminated. Thus, TRPV1 modulators differentially alter responses to taste stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is associated with a decline in oral immune function, marked by reduced levels of antimicrobial peptides such as defensins. Capsaicin, a bioactive component found in chili peppers, has been theorized to modulate immune responses through specific receptor pathways. This study examined the effects of aging on oral defensin levels and the potential mitigating role of capsaicin, mediated by the immune response in oral tissues. We conducted a comparative analysis between young and aged mice, with or without capsaicin supplementation, for 3 months. The effect of capsaicin was also studied in vitro in senescence‐induced human oral keratinocytes. We found that aging did not reduce defensin levels uniformly but did so in some instances. Capsaicin treatment increased defensin levels in these cases, potentially through transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1)‐mediated pathways in the oral cavity. Capsaicin supplementation may counteract age‐related declines in oral defensin levels, enabling the maintenance of oral immune function during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of capsaicin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial inflammatory response by modulating silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1)/high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGBl)/ nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: BV2 mouse microglia were cultured in vitro, and pretreated with capsaicin (10 fxmol/L), SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 (100 µmol/L), capsaicin+EX.527 (10 µmol/L capsaicin+100 (xmol/L EX527) for 3 hours, and then treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 hours, the corresponding groups were LPS group, LPS+capsaicin group, LPS+EX527 group, and LPS+capsaicin+EX527 group, a normal cultured control group (Control) was also set up. Morphological changes of BV2 cells in each group were observed under a microscope; CCK-8 method was used to detect the viability of BV2 cells in each group; immunofluorescence staining was applied to detect the positive expressions of ionic calcium adaptor protein (Iba-1) and the polarization of Ml (positive for CD16/32)/M2 (positive for CD206) subtyp es in BV2 cells in each group; EL1SA was applied to detect levels of inflammatory factors in BV2 cells in each group; Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation were applied to detect expression of SIRT1/HMGB1/ INF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins in each group. Results: Compared with Control group, BV2 cells in LPS group were atrophied, with shortened processes, the cell viability, and levels of IL-1J3, TNF-a and IL-6 were increased, Iba-1 positive expression of BV2 cells and Ml type BV2 cells were increased, while expression of SIRT1 protein was decreased, expressions of acetylated (ace)- HMGB1 protein, cytoplasmic HMGBl protein and nuclear NF-KB protein were increased (P<0.05); after capsaicin pretreatment, the above conditions were improved, and the M2 type BV2 cells were increased; adding EX527 pretreatment on the basis of capsaicin pretreatment, the above conditions were all aggravated. Conclusion: Capsaicin can inhibit the inflammatory response induced by LPS-in- duced BV2 cell activation, which may be achieved by modulating the SIRT1/HMGB1/NF-κB signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The salivary microbiota of Italian and sub-Saharan African individuals was investigated using Nanopore sequencing technology (ONT: Oxford Nanopore Technologies). We detected variations in community composition in relation to endogenous (ethnicity, sex, and diplotypic variants of the TRPV1 gene) and exogenous (sensitivity to capsaicin) factors. The results showed that Prevotella, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Rothia are the most abundant genera, in accordance with the literature. However, alpha diversity and frequency spectra differed significantly between DNA pools. The microbiota in African, male TRPV1 bb/ab diplotype and capsaicin low-sensitive DNA pools was more diverse than Italian, female TRPV1 aa diplotype and capsaicin high-sensitive DNA pools. Relative abundance differed at the phylum, genus, and species level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sensory thresholds of hotness and pungent odour were determined from 120 chilli users. Three groups of Light (L), Moderate (M), and Heavy (H) chilli users were categorised based on their chilli consumption habits and sensitivity to hotness standard solutions. After the screening test, the users participated in 12 Alternative Forced Choice (AFC)‐sets, for each of three stimuli (capsaicin and 1‐Penten‐3‐One (1P3O) odour and dried chilli powder). The dried chilli 3‐AFC sample's concentration range was calculated to equate the same range of standard capsaicin stimuli for hotness sensation measurements. Concentrations of the three stimuli tested were in a range of (0.08–16.80 dry basis g L−1) for standardised dried chilli powder, (0.10–20.16 mg L−1) for capsaicin, and (0.01–2.04 μL L−1) for 1P3O. Heavy chilli users group threshold, as anticipated, indicated the highest average recognition level of stimuli in terms of pungency odour perceived from dried chilli (5.88 g L−1) and 1P3O (1.34 μL L−1), as well as for hotness sensation from dried chilli (7.19 g L−1) and capsaicin (12.79 mg L−1) samples. The magnitudes of heavy user's thresholds were exponentially higher than that of light users. At the recognition thresholds of oral hotness perception, the level of capsaicin presented in dried chilli sample was found to be much lower than the concentration of standard capsaicin sample. It was concluded that pungent odours and other flavours in dried chilli, increase hotness perception as compared with capsaicin stimulus. We also confirmed that 1P3O contributes to chilli pungent odour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanilloid analogs, which can activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), have been classified into two types based on susceptibility to forskolin (FSK). Treatment of cells expressing TRPV1 with FSK enhances TRPV1 responses to capsaicin-type ligands while diminishing the responses to eugenol-type ligands. In this study, we determined the effect of FSK on the activation of TRPV1 stimulated with vanilloid ligands, through the influx of Ca2+ in HEK293T cells expressing TRPV1. Our findings suggest that the effects of FSK can be attributed to the phosphorylation of TRPV1, as evidenced by using a protein kinase A inhibitor and TRPV1 mutants at potential phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, we examined the structure-activity relationship of 13 vanilloid analogs. Our results indicated that vanilloid compounds could be classified into three types, that is the previously reported two types and a novel type of 10-shogaol, by which TRPV1 activation was insusceptible to the FSK treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, carcass and meat quality of growingfinishing pigs. Methods: Two experimental diets were offered to 36 crossbred barrows: basal diet (0% CAP) and basal diet with CAP at 0.02%. Each experimental group consisted of 18 pigs, with six replications (three each). Results: Supplementation of CAP at 0.02% decreased average daily feed intake (p = 0.003) and feed cost/gain (p = 0.056), increased return on investment (p = 0.052) and increased gain:feed ratio (p = 0.037) during the growing period. There was no effect of CAP on the growth rate. The blood urea nitrogen and nitrogen (N) levels in faeces tended to decrease (p = 0.093 and p = 0.087), whereas the basophil level increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.029). In addition, dietary CAP supplementation decreased crypt depth (p = 0.022) and tended to increase the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the segment of the jejunum (p = 0.084). Backfat (BF) thickness (p = 0.047) was reduced by supplementing CAP. Whereas the protein content increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.021). Using CAP in the diet of growing pigs increased the pH at 6 h postmortem (p = 0.046) and tended to increase the springiness value (p = 0.078) of the meat. In terms of meat color, CAP supplementation increased the yellowness (p = 0.029). Conclusion: Supplemental CAP improves gut morphology and blood profiles, consequently promoting productive performance as well as carcass and meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the fusion of culinary cultures, chili products have gained widespread popularity among consumers. Capsaicin, the primary compound responsible for the spiciness of chili products, serves as a pivotal parameter in assessing the quality of chili peppers. A three-dimensional (3D) cell-based electrochemical sensor was developed to detect capsaicin by monitoring the release of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The working electrode utilized in this study was a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) that had been modified with AuPtNPs/ZIF-8-RGO. Encapsulation of HepG2 cells within a 4.0 wt% sodium alginate gel enabled their immobilization onto the working electrode, thus serving as the biometric element for signal recording via the amperometric i-t method. H2O2 kit assays showed that H2O2 release increased with increasing capsaicin concentration over a range of concentrations. With a detection limit of 0.848 μM, the developed biosensor effectively detected capsaicin at concentrations that varied from 10 μM to 120 μM. The sensor that was developed displayed exceptional sensitivity, stability, and reliability, offering a novel method for monitoring capsaicin level in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer with limited treatment options. Mesothelioma therapy often involves a multimodal approach including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the prognosis for patients remains poor. Difficult diagnosis, late symptoms when the tumor is in an advanced stage and the onset of chemotherapy resistance make mesothelioma difficult to treat. For this reason, it is essential to discover new pharmacological approaches. Capsaicin (CAPS) is the active compound of chili peppers. Based on CAPS's anticancer properties on various tumor lines and its chemo-sensitizing action on resistant cells, in this study, we evaluated the effects of CAPS on mesothelioma cells to assess its potential use in mesothelioma therapy. Methods: To evaluate antiproliferative effects of CAPS, we performed MTS assays on various mesothelioma cells, representative of all major mesothelioma subtypes. Transwell migration and wound-healing assays were used to examine the effect of CAPS on mesothelioma cell migration. We also determined the effects of CAPS on oncogenic signaling pathways by assessing the levels of AKT and MAPK activation. Results: In this study, we show that CAPS significantly reduces proliferation of both parental and cisplatin-resistant mesothelioma cells. CAPS promotes S-phase cell cycle arrest and inhibits lateral motility and migration of mesothelioma cells. Accordingly, CAPS suppresses AKT and ERK1/2 activation in MSTO-211H and NCI-H2052 cells. Our results support an antitumor effect of CAPS on cisplatin-resistant mesothelioma cells, suggesting that it may reduce resistance to cisplatin. Conclusions: Our results could pave the way for further studies to evaluate the use of CAPS for mesothelioma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The resolution of the skin's inflammatory response is only possible if its barrier function is restored. TRPV1 channel activation plays an important role during inflammation but the effect of this activation on the skin barrier under inflammatory conditions has not been clarified. We hypothesize that it could potentially aid the keratinocyte barrier by reducing inflammatory cytokine release and promoting tight junction development. Methods: To explore the role of TRPV1 activation in inflammation, we designed and optimized an in vitro model of keratinocytes with basal epidermal layer characteristics using HaCaT cells and TNFα to induce inflammation. Results: TNFα increased the gene expression of tight junction protein claudin 1 (CLDN1) by at least 2.60 ± 0.16-fold, in a concentration-dependent manner, over a 48 h period. The administration of a capsaicin pre-treatment reduced the CLDN1 expression to 1.51 ± 0.16-fold during the first 6 h after TNFα induction, whereas IL-8 cytokine release was reduced 0.64 ± 0.17-fold. After 48 h, CLDN1 protein levels increased by a factor of 6.57 ± 1.39 compared to cells only treated with TNFα. Discussion: These results suggest that activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin can potentiate the increase in CLDN1 expression and CLDN1 protein synthesis induced by TNFα in cultured keratinocytes, while reducing the release of IL-8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer continues to be one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers around the world. Despite the decrease in mortality, there has been a steady increase in its incidence. There is much evidence that naturally occurring phytochemicals could prove to be safer alternatives aimed at prevention and development of breast cancer. In the present review, we discuss important phytochemicals, namely capsaicin, alpha-santalol and diallyl trisulphide that are shown to have chemopreventive and anti-tumour properties against breast cancer development. We examined current knowledge of their bioavailability, safety and modulation of molecular mechanisms including their ability to induce apoptotic cell death, promote cell cycle arrest, and inhibit cellular proliferation in different breast cancer cell lines and in vivo models. This review emphasises the importance of these naturally occurring phytochemicals and their potential of becoming therapeutic options in the arsenal against breast cancer development provided further scientific and clinical validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Objective Methods Results Conclusions Sensitive skin is a worldwide skin problem, and its assessment of therapeutic efficacy traditionally relies on the facial stinging test. However, this test possesses certain limitations due to its restrictive application site, intense pain sensation, and adverse effects on physical appearance.This study aimed to develop and evaluate a highly efficient and user‐friendly sensitive skin simulation model, which combines tape stripping and capsaicin testing on the forearm (FA‐TS‐CAT), as an alternative to the facial stinging test.A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was conducted involving 74 subjects. Skin redness (a* value), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and self‐assessment questionnaires were collected at different time points for analysis.Tape stripping 5 times and 10 min application of capsaicin test were identified as the optimal conditions for the FA‐TS‐CAT model. Consistent stimulation and natural recovery trends of a* value and TEWL were observed on both the FA‐TS‐CAT and facial capsaicin test (F‐CAT) models within 50 min. After the 4‐t‐butylcyclohexanol complex emulsion was applied, the a* value in the FA‐TS‐CAT model exhibited a soothing trend similar to the F‐CAT model, with a significantly reduced by 3.99‐fold and 3.28‐fold at T3 and T4 (p < 0.001), compared to the placebo. Notably, the test efficiency of the FA‐TS‐CAT model was threefold higher than that of the F‐CAT model, and subjects showed more willingness to participate in the FA‐TS‐CAT test (95.95% vs. 4.05%).These results indicated the FA‐TS‐CAT is a highly efficient and user‐friendly model for sensitive skin, providing a reliable and valid method for clinical research in sensitive skin treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to study safe and biocompatible medicinal compounds which necessitates the discovery of new agents from simple natural starting materials. In this study, eight novel capsaicin derivatives have been synthesized by combination of oxadiazole containing fatty acids with vanillyl amide. All the compounds were characterized by spectral analysis and were examined for their cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized derivatives was evaluated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. All of the synthesized derivatives have exhibited significant antioxidant activity in comparison to butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) which is used as a reference antioxidant. The novel capsaicin derivatives with nitro (8 e) and methoxy substituents (8 f, 8 g and 8 h) exhibited the most significant antioxidant activity compared with BHT. In cytotoxicity assay against three cell lines, the derivative with bromo substituent showed excellent activity against B16‐melanoma cancer cell line followed by nitro and methoxy analogs which showed promising activity against HepG2‐ hepato and DU145‐prostate cancer cell lines respectively. In addition, all the derivatives exhibited moderate broad spectrum antibacterial, antifungal and anti‐inflammatory activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the development and evaluation of a herbal cream with anti-inflammatory properties as a natural alternative to conventional creams containing synthetic drugs, such as diclofenac, which are associated with side effects like itching, allergies and potential accumulation issues. Herbal formulations offer the potential for effective inflammation relief without these adverse effects. The herbal cream was prepared by heating the oil phase comprising beeswax, Vaseline, and soft liquid paraffin to 70°C and the aqueous phase containing alcoholic extracts of capsaicin, turmeric, neem, tulsi, menthol, almond oil, and preservatives to 75°C. The aqueous phase was then gradually incorporated into the oil phase at 70°C under continuous stirring, followed by cooling to room temperature and packaging. Evaluation of the cream included tests for pH, uniformity, appearance, consistency, application ease, and removability. Initial results indicated that the formulation displayed favorable physical characteristics, suggesting its potential as an effective anti-inflammatory alternative to synthetic drugbased creams without their associated adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a global health challenge with rising incidence and mortality rates, posing significant concerns. The World Health Organization reports cancer as a leading cause of death worldwide, contributing to nearly one in six deaths. Cancer pathogenesis involves disruptions in cellular signaling pathways, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and metastasis. Among emerging players in cancer biology, Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels, notably TRPV1, have garnered attention due to their altered expression in cancer cells and roles in tumorigenesis and progression. TRPV1, also known as the capsaicin receptor, is pivotal in cancer cell death and pain mediation, offering promise as a therapeutic target. Activation of TRPV1 triggers calcium influx and affects cell signaling linked to growth and death. Additionally, TRPV1 is implicated in cancer-induced pain and chemo-sensitivity, with upregulation observed in sensory neurons innervating oral cancers. Also, when capsaicin, a compound from chili peppers, interacts with TRPV1, it elicits a "hot" sensation and influences cancer processes through calcium influx. Understanding TRPV1's multifaceted roles in cancer may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for managing cancer-related symptoms and improving patient outcomes. The current review elucidates the comprehensive role of capsaicin in cancer therapy, particularly through the TRPV1 channel, highlighting its effects in various cells via different signaling pathways and discussing its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to establish capsaicin as a potent natural chemotherapeutic agent in chronic myeloid leukemia by unveiling anti-cancer mechanisms, concentrating at pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on K562 cells. Methodology: After REC approval, this research proceeded with culturing K562 cells and treatment with serial concentrations of capsaicin for calculation of subsequent 50% Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values via MTT [3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay, expression analysis of gene, comparative analysis of relative gene fold (intrinsic biomarkers caspase-3, caspase-9) as apoptosis mediator biomarkers followed by Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Anti-proliferative activity was confirmed via Nitric Oxide (NO) releasing Assay. Results: For K562 cells, the IC50 of capsaicin (12.1 µM) showed high gene expression of intrinsic pro-apoptotic biomarkers caspase-3 and caspase-9 with the relative gene fold of 12.1 and 13.9 respectively. Persistent peaks of NO levels confirmed the anti-proliferative potential of the compounds. Strongest growth inhibitory activity was seen at the peak time of 100-120 min. Conclusion: Capsaicin proved to be a strong pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative phytochemical agent leading to therapeutic effects against K562 cells. Further studies would help in identifying key molecular intricacies by which capsaicin exhibits diversified anti-cancer potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Arthritis is the one of the leading causes of disability among a large group of population. It is a slowly progressive disorder that effects the joints to a stage where they are not considerably functional and mobile. Counter Anti-inflammatory agents are among the first choice of treatments that leads to reduction in swelling, inflammation and pain primarily. Method: The current study was aimed to develop topical gels loaded with microsponges of Capsaicin. The prepared microsponges were intended to release drug in the controlled manner thus effectively managing the red flags of arthritis. Microsponges technology is recognized as a novel technology of drug delivery that provides enhanced action for longer duration. In this study Boswellia Serrata a natural resin is also incorporated with capsaicin to study the possible effects of the two when given in combination. Capsaicin was procured in the purest form by AOS Products Private Limited which was then used to prepare microsponges and were further incorporated in the form of topical gels using various concentrations of Boswellia Serrata. Results: This research focuses on the possible positive effects of Capsaicin in the form of microsponges to manage the conditions of arthritis. The prepared formulations were optimized and were evaluated on the basis of experimental outcomes. DPPH model was used to calculate the Anti- inflammatory effect of using Capsaicin loaded microsponges in combination with Boswellia Serrata resin. Conclusion: The study concludes that for management of arthritis certain naturally available agents can show equivalent efficacy and results when compared to marketed available dosage forms. Moreover, the microsponge technology ensures controlled release that provides excellent therapeutic action for extended periods of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sweet bell pepper (SBP, Capsicum annuum L.) can be employed as a spice in many dishes and may also be eaten as a delicious fruit. These two nutritional attributes are owing to the strong, deep taste of many SBP phytochemicals. This fruit has many additional beneficial properties because it contains high concentrations of minerals and vitamins that distinguish it from other kinds of fruits. Almost every part of the SBP is thought to be an excellent source of bioactive substances that are health supporters, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and various aromatic substances. The ability of SBP-phytochemicals to work as antioxidants, reducing the harmful effects of oxidative stress and consequently preventing many chronic illnesses, is one of their main biomedical characteristics. These phytochemicals have good antibacterial properties, mostly against gram-positive pathogenic microbes, in addition to their anti-carcinogenic and cardio-preventive effects. So, this review aims to highlight the nutritional qualities of SBP-derived phytochemicals and their illness-alleviated characteristics. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, and analgesic properties are some of the ones discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, we have extracted the Capsaicinoids & characterized by HPLC method. Our aim is to isolate and identify the presence of capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in the capsicum sample grown in a soil supplemented with bacterial culture of Rhodopseudomonas species. After growing the capsicum plants for six months (180 days), the sample from the pericarp, seed and placenta of the fruit were collected and bioactive compounds were extracted by methanol & estimated for the analysis of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin. In HPLC method, the level of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin in the Capsicum fruits were quantified and considered as the most reliable and rapid method available for qualitative and quantitative analysis of Capsaicinoids Chili has diverse uses, where it is used as a spice in food, medicinal preparations, as culinary supplement and also as ornamental plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) and can affect up to 50% of DM patients during their lifetime. Patients typically present with numbness, tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities. Since there is no treatment targeting the underlying mechanism of neuropathy, strategies focus on preventative care and pain management. Recent Findings: Up to 69% of patients with diabetic neuropathy receive pharmacological treatment for neuropathic pain. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed four drugs for painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN): pregabalin, duloxetine, tapentadol, and the 8% capsaicin patch. Nonpharmacological treatments such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) both show promise in reducing pain in DM patients. Summary: Despite the high burden associated with PDN, effective management remains challenging. This update covers the background and management of diabetic neuropathy, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, preventative care, and current therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease. Diabetes increases the risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Capsaicin is extracted from chili peppers and possesses many pharmacological properties, including anti-diabetic, pain-relieving, and anti-cancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the effects of capsaicin on glucose metabolism and prostate growth in T2DM mice and uncover the related mechanisms. Mice model of diabetes was established by administering a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Oral administration of capsaicin for 2 weeks inhibited prostate growth in testosterone propionate (TP)-treated mice. Furthermore, oral administration of capsaicin (5 mg/kg) for 2 weeks decreased fasting blood glucose, prostate weight, and prostate index in diabetic and TP-DM mice. Histopathological alterations were measured using hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining. The protein expression of 5α-reductase type II, androgen receptor (AR), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were upregulated in diabetic and TP-DM mice, but capsaicin reversed these effects. Capsaicin decreased the protein expression of p-AKT, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), IGF-1R, and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in diabetic and TP-DM mice. Capsaicin also regulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and modulated the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, including E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin, α-SMA, TGFBR2, TGF-β1, and p-Smad in TP-DM mice. In this study, capsaicin alleviated diabetic prostate growth by attenuating EMT. Mechanistically, capsaicin affected EMT by regulating RAGE/IGF-1/AKT, AR, and TGF-β/Smad signalling pathways. These results provide with new therapeutic approach for treating T2DM or T2DM-induced prostate growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Capsaicin, a bioactive compound found in peppers, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-lipidemic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of capsaicin on atherosclerosis progression. Methods: Apolipoprotein E knockout mice and their C57BL/6 controls were utilized to assess blood lipid profile, inflammatory status, and atherosclerotic lesions. We also examined the influence of capsaicin on cholesterol influx and efflux, and the role of TRPV1 and PPARγ signaling pathways in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Results: Capsaicin treatment reduced weight gain, visceral adiposity, blood triglycerides, and total and non-HDL cholesterol. These improvements were associated with a reduction in atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta and carotid. Capsaicin also improved hepatic oxidative and inflammatory status. Systemic inflammation was also reduced, as indicated by reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion on the mesenteric plexus. Capsaicin decreased foam cell formation by reducing cholesterol influx through scavenger receptor A and increasing cholesterol efflux via ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, an effect primarily linked to TRPV1 activation. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of capsaicin as a promising agent for atherosclerosis prevention, highlighting its comprehensive role in modulating lipid metabolism, foam cell formation, and inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of liver disease continues to rise, encompassing a spectrum from simple steatosis or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and liver cancer. Dietary habits in individuals with liver disease may significantly impact the treatment and prevention of these conditions. This article examines the role of chili peppers, a common dietary component, in this context, focusing on capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers. Capsaicin is an agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily 1 (TRPV1) and has been shown to exert protective effects on liver diseases, including liver injury, NAFLD, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. These protective effects are attributed to capsaicin's anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-steatosis and anti-fibrosis effects. This article reviewed the different molecular mechanisms of the protective effect of capsaicin on liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The a6 subunit-containing GABAA receptors (a6GABAARs) are highly expressed in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), the sensory hub of the trigeminovascular system (TGVS). Hypo-GABAergic transmission in the TG was reported to contribute to migraine-related behavioral and histopathological phenotypes. Previously, we found that Compound 6, an a6GABAAR-selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), significantly alleviated TGVS activationinduced peripheral and central sensitization in a capsaicin-induced migrainemimicking model. Methods: Here, we tested whether the deuterated analogues of Compound 6, namely DK-1-56-1 and RV-I-29, known to have longer half-lives than the parent compound, can exert a similar therapeutic effect in the same model. The activation of TGVS was triggered by intra-cisternal (i.c.) instillation of capsaicin in male Wistar rats. Centrally, i.c. capsaicin increased the quantity of c-Fosimmunoreactive (c-Fos-ir) neurons in the trigeminal cervical complex (TCC). Peripherally, it increased the calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity (CGRP-ir) in TG, and caused CGRP release, leading to CGRP depletion in the dura mater. Results: DK-I-56-1 and RV-I-29, administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), significantly ameliorated the TCC neuronal activation, TG CGRP-ir elevation, and dural CGRP depletion induced by capsaicin, with DK-I-56-1 demonstrating better efficacy. The therapeutic effects of 3 mg/kg DK-I-56-1 are comparable to that of 30 mg/kg topiramate. Notably, i.p. administered furosemide, a blood-brain-barrier impermeable a6GABAAR-selective antagonist, prevented the effects of DK-I-56-1 and RV-I-29. Lastly, orally administered DK-I-56-1 has a similar pharmacological effect. Discussion: These results suggest that DK-I-56-1 is a promising candidate for novel migraine pharmacotherapy, through positively modulating TG a6GABAARs to inhibit TGVS activation, with relatively favourable pharmacokinetic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lipid droplet (LD) is a metabolically active organelle, which changes dynamically with the metabolic state and energy requirements of cells. Proteins that either insert into the LD phospholipid monolayer or are present in the cytoplasm, playing a crucial role in lipid homeostasis and signaling regulation, are known as LD-associated proteins. Methods: The keywords "lipid droplets" and "metabolic diseases" were used to obtain literature on LD metabolism and pathological mechanism. After searching databases including Scopus, OVID, Web of Science, and PubMed from 2013 to 2024 using terms like "lipid droplets", "lipid droplet-associated proteins", "fatty liver disease", "diabetes", "diabetic kidney disease", "obesity", "atherosclerosis", "hyperlipidemia", "natural drug monomers" and "natural compounds", the most common natural compounds were identified in about 954 articles. Eventually, a total of 91 studies of 10 natural compounds reporting in vitro or in vivo studies were refined and summarized. Results: The most frequently used natural compounds include Berberine, Mangostin, Capsaicin, Caffeine, Genistein, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Chlorogenic acid, Betaine, Ginsenoside, Resveratrol. These natural compounds interact with LD-associated proteins and help ameliorate abnormal LDs in various metabolic diseases. Conclusion: Natural compounds involved in the regulation of LDs and LD-associated proteins hold promise for treating metabolic diseases. Further research into these interactions may lead to new therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the experiment, 320 84-day-old Korean quails with similar body weight and good health were randomly divided into 4 groups. with 5 replicates per group, and 16 Korean quails per replicates, the control group was fed with basal diet, capsaicin group 1, capsaicin group 2 and Capsaicin group 3 were fed with basal diet + 60, 120, 240 mg/kg capsaicin respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group, the egg production rate was significantly increased (P< 0.05) and the feed-egg ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in 120 mg/kg capsaicin group 2; the levels of serum total protein and ALB in Capsaicin group 2 and 3 were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), and the levels of serum glucose and urea nitrogen were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05), the levels of serum total superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and Glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased in capsaicin 2 group and capsaicin 3 group (P<0.05), the level of serum malondialdehyde in capsaicin group 2 was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05) . To sum up, proper capsaicin can improve the laying performance of quails, improve serum biochemical indexes, enhance the antioxidant capacity of the body, and synthesize various indexes, the effect of adding 120 mg/kg capsaicin into the feed of quail was better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that functions as a non-selective channel receptor that is widely expressed in skin tissue, including keratinocytes, peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and immune cells. Several structural features of TRPV1 are involved in heat-induced activation, where stimulation of TRPV1 elicits a burning sensation, reflecting the receptor's important role in pain. A TRPV1-mediated signalling pathway that functions as an endogenous pain resolution mechanism by inducing nuclear translocation of β-arrestin2 to minimize desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). TRPV1 agonists can reduce pain primarily by interfering with pain nerve conduction. Several TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates have failed in clinical trials because by interfering with the detection of the above-mentioned stimuli, they triggered serious side effects such as hyperthermia and painful impaired heat detection. In the case of agonists, systemic administration causes more severe side effects such as respiratory damage. Therefore, only topical preparations with limited effectiveness have been developed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin is currently the only one approved for the treatment of muscle, bone, neuropathic pain and migraine, and is only available as a low-concentration cream or as a transdermal patch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces a complex sequence of apoptotic cascades and inflammatory responses, leading to neurological impairment. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a nonselective cation channel with high calcium permeability, has been implicated in neuronal apoptosis and inflammatory responses. This study used a mouse ICH model and neuronal cultures to examine whether TRPV1 activation exacerbates brain damage and neurological deficits by promoting neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation. ICH was induced by injecting collagenase in both wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and TRPV1−/− mice. Capsaicin (CAP; a TRPV1 agonist) or capsazepine (a TRPV1 antagonist) was administered by intracerebroventricular injection 30 min before ICH induction in WT mice. The effects of genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of TRPV1 using CAP or capsazepine on motor deficits, histological damage, apoptotic responses, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neuroinflammatory reactions were explored. The antiapoptotic mechanisms and calcium influx induced by TRPV1 inactivation were investigated in cultured hemin‐stimulated neurons. TRPV1 expression was upregulated in the hemorrhagic brain, and TRPV1 was expressed in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes after ICH. Genetic deletion of TRPV1 significantly attenuated motor deficits and brain atrophy for up to 28 days. Deletion of TRPV1 also reduced brain damage, neurodegeneration, microglial activation, cytokine expression, and cell apoptosis at 1 day post‐ICH. Similarly, the administration of CAP ameliorated brain damage, neurodegeneration, brain edema, BBB permeability, and cytokine expression at 1 day post‐ICH. In primary neuronal cultures, pharmacological inactivation of TRPV1 by CAP attenuated neuronal vulnerability to hemin‐induced injury, suppressed apoptosis, and preserved mitochondrial integrity in vitro. Mechanistically, CAP reduced hemin‐stimulated calcium influx and prevented the phosphorylation of CaMKII in cultured neurons, which was associated with reduced activation of P38 and c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling. Our results suggest that TRPV1 inhibition may be a potential therapy for ICH by suppressing mitochondria‐related neuronal apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Serving as a reservoir, the gastric fundus can expand significantly, with an initial receptive and a following adaptive relaxation, controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic reflex circuits, respectively. We hypothesize that mechanosensitive enteric neurons (MEN) are involved in the adaptive relaxation, which is initiated when a particular gastric volume and a certain stretch of the stomach wall is reached. To investigate whether the responsiveness of MEN in the gastric fundus is dependent on tissue stretch, we performed mechanical stimulations in stretched versus ganglia "at rest". Methods: Responses of myenteric neurons in the guinea pig gastric fundus were recorded with membrane potential imaging using Di‐8‐ANEPPS. MEN were identified by small‐volume intraganglionic injection in ganglia stretched to different degrees using a self‐constructed stretching tool. Immunohistochemical staining identified the neurochemical phenotype of MEN. Hexamethonium and capsaicin were added to test their effect on recruited MEN. Key Results: In stretched compared to "at rest" ganglia, significantly more MEN were activated. The change in the ganglionic area correlated significantly with the number of additional recruited MEN. The additional recruitment of MEN was independent from nicotinic transmission and the ratio of active MEN in stretched ganglia shifted towards a nitrergic phenotype. Conclusion and Inferences: The higher number of active MEN with increasing stretch of the ganglia and their greater share of nitrergic phenotype might indicate their contribution to the adaptive relaxation. Further experiments are necessary to address the receptors involved in mechanotransduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at understanding the mechanisms of nociceptive signaling in lamina X of the spinal cord, which are involved in the regulation of pain sensations. First, tetrodotoxin, which blocks action potentials, was applied to the system, which made it possible to isolate miniature synaptic activity (mEPSCs). After that, they added pidal, an agonist of TRPV1 receptors, which caused a significant increase in the frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs. Against the background of tetrodotoxin, the effect of capsaicin was biphasic: at first, the frequency of events increased sharply, after which it gradually decreased, but the amplitude increased. A control, without tetrodotoxin, application of capsaicin also caused an increase in synaptic activity, but this effect was not biphasic. Additional blockade of NMDA receptors (AP-5) partially reduced capsaicin-induced activity, while an AMPA receptor blocker (CNQX) almost completely abolished it, suggesting a critical role of glutamate receptors in maintaining this activity. The obtained results emphasize the importance of TRPV1 receptors in central sensitization and the possibility of its regulation, which opens new ways of modulation of chronic pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Capsaicin is the main pungent compound in red pepper responsible for its dual attributes of culinary utility and bioactive efficacy. This review aims to systematically review the preparation methods, pungency, and bioactivities of capsaicin. Capsaicin can be extracted by maceration, microwave, near‐infrared extraction, supercritical fluid, and ultrasound‐assisted extraction methods. Also, it can be synthesised through chemical, biosynthetic, and in vitro cell methods. Capsaicin can elicit a pungent sensation via activation of TRPV1 receptor. Furthermore, it has been reported to display various bioactivities, such as hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, analgesic, anti‐cancer, anti‐inflammatory, and intestinal health‐protecting activities via several signalling pathways. Overall, this review can provide a theoretical reference for understanding the preparation, pungent sensation, and bioactivities of capsaicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy of capsaicin combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of dysphagia after stroke. Methods A total of 85 stroke patients with dysphagia and no true bulbar palsy were included and divided into 3 groups by random number table method: the capsaicin group (28 cases), the rTMS group (29 cases) and the capsaicin combined with rTMS group (28 cases). On the basis of conventional rehabilitation treatment, patients of the capsaicin group were given capsaicin to stimulate oropharynx 3 times a day (30 min before breakfast, lunch and dinner) for 6 days/week. Patients of the rTMS group were given S1 hot spot magnetic stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex on the healthy side, once a day, 6 times a week, and patients of the capsaicin combined with rTMS group were treated with capsaicin combined with S1 hot spot magnetic stimulation. The treatment course of the 3 groups was 3 weeks. Before and after treatment, patients were evaluated by WST, SSA, EAT-10 and VFSS, respectively, to determine the degree of improvement in their swallowing function. Results There were no significant differences in WST, SSA, EAT-10 and VFSS scores before treatment between the 3 groups, and the above indexes were improved after treatment in the 3 groups. The improvement in the capsaicin combined with rTMS group was more obvious than that of the other 2 groups (P＜0.05). Conclusion Capsaicin combined with rTMS can significantly improve swallowing function of patients with swallowing disorder after stroke compared with capsaicin or rTMS alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)