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Oleogel significantly affects the product's sensory properties, texture, and shelf life. The goal of this study was to create oleogel by combining corn oil and sunflower oil and utilizing beeswax as a structural agent. A variety of physicochemical analyses were done to evaluate the quality of oleogel, including peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, fatty acid, rheological parameters and firmness. Different percentages of oleogel, ranging from 0% to 75%, were used to substitute margarine in cookies. The cookies' quality was evaluated using proximate analysis, color analysis, texture analysis, calorific value, and sensory analysis. The study yielded substantial results by finding the ideal margarine-to-oleogel mix ratio, allowing for the manufacturing of high-quality cookies with a greater degree of unsaturation. Cookies with oleogel showed higher levels of unsaturation and better properties, making them the preferred option among consumers.

为提高十六烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵改性蒙脱土（1627-MMT）脱除玉米油中玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）的效率，在对比不同改性蒙脱土对玉米油中ZEN脱除效果的基础上，以ZEN吸附脱除率为考察指标，采用单因素实验和响应面实验优化1627-MMT脱除玉米油中ZEN的工艺条件（1627-MMT添加量、吸附时间、吸附温度），并测定脱毒前后玉米油的理化性质及总甾醇和总生育酚含量变化。结果表明：相比其他3种改性蒙脱土，1627-MMT的ZEN脱除效果最佳；1627-MMT脱除玉米油中ZEN的最优工艺条件为1627-MMT添加量5%、吸附温度105 ℃、吸附时间23 min，在此条件下ZEN吸附脱除率为（89.16±0.10）%，脱毒后玉米油中ZEN含量为349.64 μg/kg,符合欧盟标准限量要求（≤400 μg/kg）；脱毒后玉米油的红值下降了72.34%，酸值下降了41.67%，过氧化值下降了42.00%，总甾醇和总生育酚的保留率分别为92.07%和85.34%，脂肪酸组成及含量无明显变化。综上，1627-MMT不仅可有效脱除玉米油中ZEN，还可降低玉米油的酸值、过氧化值及色泽，并对玉米油中的甾醇、生育酚含量及脂肪酸组成影响较小,在玉米油中ZEN 的脱除中具有一定的应用潜力。In order to improve the removal efficiency of zearalenone (ZEN) from corn oil by hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride modified montmorillonite (1627-MMT),on the basis of comparing the removal effects of different modified montmorillonites on ZEN in corn oil, using the removal rate of ZEN as index, the process conditions (1627-MMT dosage, adsorption time and adsorption temperature) of removing ZEN from corn oil by 1627-MMT were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the physicochemical properties of corn oil, contents of total sterol and total tocopherol before and after detoxification were determined.The results showed that compared with the other three modified montmorillonites, 1627-MMT showed the best ZEN removal effect, and the optimal ZEN removal conditions were obtained as follows: 1627-MMT dosage 5%, adsorption temperature 105 ℃, and adsorption time 23 min. Under the optimal conditions, the removal rate of ZEN was (89.16±0.10)%, and ZEN content in corn oil after detoxification was 349.64 μg/kg, meeting the EU standard limit requirements (≤400 μg/kg). After adsorption, the red value of corn oil decreased by 72.34%, the acid value decreased by 41.67%, the peroxide value decreased by 42.00%, the retention rates of total sterol and total tocopherol were 92.07% and 85.34%, respectively, and there was no significant change in the fatty acid composition and content. In conclusion, 1627-MMT can not only effectively remove ZEN from corn oil, but also reduce the acid value, peroxide value and color of corn oil, and have little impact on the contents of sterol and tocopherol and fatty acid composition in corn oil,which has certain application potential in the removal of ZEN from corn oil.

旨在为迷迭香脂溶性提取物在食用油保鲜方面的应用提供参考，以玉米油提取的迷迭香脂溶性提取物（可作为抗氧化剂）为原料，对其进行脱色处理，以脱色率为指标，通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化脱色工艺条件，并采用高效液相色谱法测定脱色前后迷迭香脂溶性提取物中脂溶性抗氧化成分（鼠尾草酸和鼠尾草酚）的含量。结果表明：与活性白土及活性白土与活性炭复配（质量比1∶ 1、1∶ 2、2∶ 1）脱色剂相比，活性炭对迷迭香脂溶性提取物的脱色效果最好，最佳脱色工艺为活性炭添加量2.1%、脱色温度50 ℃、脱色时间59 min，在此条件下脱色率为(75.02±0.37)%；脱色前后迷迭香脂溶性提取物中脂溶性抗氧化成分含量分别为4.065 5%和3.883 6%。综上，优化条件下迷迭香脂溶性提取物的脱色效果较好，且脱色对其脂溶性抗氧化成分含量影响较小。In order to provide a reference for the application of rosemary fat-soluble extract in the preservation of edible oil, the rosemary fat-soluble extract (which can be used as an antioxidant) extracted by corn oil was decolorized. With the decolorization rate as the index, the decolorization process conditions were optimized by single factor experiment and response surface methodology, and the content of fat-soluble antioxidant components (carnosic acid and carnosic phenol) in rosemary fat-soluble extract before and after decolorization was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that activated carbon had the best decolorization effect on rosemary fat-soluble extract compared with activated clay and compound decolorant of activated clay and activated carbon (mass ratio 1∶ 1,1∶ 2,2∶ 1). The optimal decolorization process conditions were as follows: activated carbon dosage2.1%, decolorization temperature 50 ℃, decolorization time 59 min. Under the optimal conditions, the decolorization rate was (75.02±0.37)%. The antioxidant content before and after decolorization in rosemary fat-soluble extract was 4.065 5% and 3.883 6%, respectively. In summary, the decolorization effect of rosemary fat-soluble extract under optimized conditions was better, and the decolorization had little effect on the content of fat-soluble antioxidant components.

Diesel fuel and corn oil are mixed in the 80:20 volumetric ratio. Dimethyl carbonate and gasoline are added to diesel fuel + corn oil blend in 4:96, 6:94, 8:92, and 10:90 volumetric ratios to obtain ternary blends. Effects of ternary blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine are investigated under different engine speeds (1000–2500 rpm). 3D Lagrange interpolation method is applied to measured data of dimethyl carbonate blends to predict the engine speed, blending ratio, and crank angle giving maximum peak pressure and peak heat release rate. On average, dimethyl carbonate blends and gasoline blends show 4.3642–12.1578% and 1.0323–8.6843% reduction in effective power, and 1.4938–3.4322% and 4.3357–8.7188% reduction in effective efficiency, respectively, relative to diesel fuel. On average, there is a reduction in cylinder peak pressure (4.6701–7.3418%; 4.0457–6.2025%) and peak heat release rate (0.8020–4.5627%; 0.4–1.2654%) for dimethyl carbonate blends and gasoline blends, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. Because of low relative errors (1.0551% and 1.4553%), 3D Lagrange provides well accuracy in the prediction of maximum peak pressure and peak heat release rate. On average, dimethyl carbonate blends produce less CO (7.4744–17.5424%), HC (15.5410–29.5501%) and smoke (14.1767–25.2834%) emissions, compared with diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormone replacement therapy has adverse effects that may cause additional health problems, such as hot flashes, cancer, ischemic stroke, and death. Phytoestrogen offers a safer alternative for hormone replacement therapy. The Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit plant is widely used as a medicinal ingredient and animal feed. This study aims to determine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala leaf extract on the uterine weight and estrous cycle of ovariectomized rats. This study used a completely randomized control design with two treatment groups (P1 and P2) and two control groups (negative (K) and positive (K+)) with six replications in each group (n = 24). The negative control (K-) received 2 mL of corn oil, while K+ received 0.1 mg/kg bw of 17β-estradiol. P1 and P2 received 250 and 300 mg/kg bw of Leucaena leucocephala leaf extract, respectively. The extract was administered daily by gavage for 30 days. Estrous cycle data were obtained on day 31 by previously collecting vaginal swabs twice a day for 15 days. After the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia using chloroform, their uterine organs were removed for weight measurement. The data were analyzed for normality and homogeneity using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests. The data distribution was not normal, so the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to test the hypothesis. If there was a difference between controls and treatments, the analysis continued with the Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05). Significant differences were found between the controls and treatments in the length of each phase and overall estrous cycle. The post-hoc Duncan's test revealed that the highest uterine weight was found in the 17β-estradiol-treated rat, which was significantly different from the extract-treated rats. However, no significant difference was found between the two extract-treated groups in terms of the uterine weight. In conclusion, administering Leucaena leucocephala leaf extract increased uterine weight and normalized estrous cycle in ovariectomized rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: During the ethanol creation process, ethanol and ethanol co-products are created. Ethanol plants take these co-products and market them in a secondary market. While originally just additional revenue streams, coproducts have evolved into valuable commodities themselves. Analyzing existing research, the study finds that most of the current economic understanding is for distillers' grains, a common coproduct used in animal feed. Newer coproducts like pelletized or high-protein grains are less studied. Moreover, alternative uses for coproducts such as plastics and CO2 have remained largely unexplored. The research underscores the need for further investigation to optimize coproduct utilization and inform future decision-making. We suggest focusing on the economic pricing, marketing, and regulatory structure of newer ethanol co-products to add additional value to the ethanol industry. During the mid-2000s to the early 2010s, the domestic ethanol industry witnessed substantial growth, with ethanol coproducts emerging as vital elements for plant profitability and livestock feeding. Initially serving as supplementary revenue streams, coproducts from ethanol production have evolved into diverse value-added offerings, bolstering revenue streams, and sustaining profit margins. This study reviews existing economic research on ethanol coproducts, detailing methodologies, product focus, and research locations. Initially gathering 972 articles from 9 databases, 110 articles were synthesized. We find that most studies primarily examined the growth and future of the ethanol industry with a limited focus on specific coproducts. Feed-use distillers' grains, especially dried distillers' grains, were the most widely published while newer coproducts like pelletized, de-oiled, and high-protein distillers' grains were relatively understudied. Non-feed-use products were notably overlooked, highlighting the need for exploration beyond conventional applications. The evolving market landscape for ethanol co-products has surpassed published academic understanding of the economic tradeoffs necessitating further research into product dynamics, pricing, marketing, market structures, and regulatory frameworks. This highlights and underscores the importance of investigating value-added grains across diverse commodities and geographic contexts to inform strategic decision-making and policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae are photosynthetic organisms which can be cultivated and produced in photo-bioreactors; therefore, choosing the design parameters and conditions are critical in order to achieve high efficiency and maximum productivity. Algae are of interest to biochemical industries because of their diverse species. This project seeks to build a photo-bioreactor tank to maximize Ulva lactuca non-seasonal survival to produce biodiesel from its biomass. The chosen design was because of the ease of monitoring, and the tank design effectively kept Ulva lactuca alive and fresh. Biodiesel was accomplished using an alkaline esterification for 50 g of dry mass of Ulva lactuca giving a relatively limited yield of approximate 13% of Ulva lactuca oil (4 ml) that was converted to (0.5 ml) biodiesel, compared with other oils such as soybean (42%), corn oil (60%) and cooked corn oil (40%). The yield of Ulva lactuca oil was statistically significantly lower than the other three types of oil (p-value = 0.0032). However, this project still aids in the economics of Jordan, as Ulva lactuca is grown locally in the Gulf of Aqaba. Ulva lactuca investment is worth considering because of its natural exposure, high yield, low cost, reduced algae contamination risk, and space requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer compound affecting female reproduction, leads to scenarios, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and infertility through oxidative stress (OS) mechanisms. Ascorbic acid (AA) is one of the antioxidants in infertility issues. Objectives: The present study investigates the ameliorative effect of AA on DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity in pubertal female Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats of four weeks of age were stratified into five groups. Group I was treated with corn oil (Vehicle), groups II and III with low and high dose DEHP, and groups IV and V with low and high dose DEHP+AA were administered for 30 days. Results: Increased body weight gain was noted in DEHP groups. Estradiol hormone was considerably reduced, whereas progesterone levels were increased in both low- and high-dose DEHP-treated groups. DEHP+AA groups have shown significant (p < 0.005) protection of these hormone levels as equal to the control group. The high-dose DEHP group shows an increased, ovarian estrogen receptor (ER) alpha, ER-beta, and progesterone receptor gene expression, and DEHP+AA groups have significantly (p < 0.005) showed expression similar to the control. OS was noted with decreased superoxide dismutase and increased malondialdehyde expression in Group III (GR III) compared to control, whereas the DEHP+AA treated group significantly protected OS by restoring the expression levels. DEHP-treated groups show elevated levels of both Bcl-2 and BAX which is specific to apoptotic expression and restored by AA treatment (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Evidence suggests that AA may protect against DEHP-induced ovarian toxicity by decreasing OS levels, improving folliculogenesis, and restoring the hormonal with receptor level alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distillers corn oil (DCO), a byproduct of corn ethanol production, offers an alternative glyceride source for biodiesel production. Nonetheless, its higher free fatty acids (FFA) content compared to other vegetable oils hampers its direct conversion into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) due to soap formation, catalysts' activity decreasing, and emulsions generation (thus reducing FAME yield), which compromise the quality and stability of the biodiesel produced. Thus, pretreatment steps such as esterification may reduce the FFA to mitigate these issues. In this context, by utilizing glycerine, a solution emerges: esterifying these high‐acidity oils to convert FFA into triglycerides (TAG) before transesterification. However, little is known about how integrated reaction conditions can affect the process in a catalyst‐free system. Thus, our study was guided by a clear‐cut objective: transforming DCO into a raw material ideally suited for biodiesel production, which involved a dramatic reduction in FFA content, reducing it from 18% to a mere 2% while preserving a high concentration of TAG. For that, we systematically employed a response surface methodology with a three‐factorial central composite design to investigate the complex interactions among key parameters: temperature, vacuum pressure, and the glycerol/oil mass ratio. Elevated temperatures and a 2:1 glycerol/oil mass ratio were beneficial for FFA reduction, increased TAG content, and improved oil color. Interaction analysis identified synergistic temperature and vacuum pressure effects on FFA reduction, TAG production, and photometric color index reduction, revealing optimal conditions. Hence, the statistical model highlights DCO as a viable oil for future transesterification processes, laying the foundation for an eco‐friendly and economically efficient biodiesel production network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the global context of environmental awareness, the present research proposes a sustainable alternative to the widely used petroleum-based epoxy coatings. Epoxidized corn oil (ECO) was tested as potential matrix for advanced nanocomposite coating materials reinforced with 0.25 to 1 wt.% single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW) with carboxyl and amide functionalities. The elemental composition of the epoxy networks was monitored by XPS, showing the increase of O/C ratio to 0.387 when carboxyl-functionalized SW are added. To achieve sustainable composite materials, citric acid was used as curing agent, as a substitute for conventional counterparts. The influence of both surface functional groups and concentration of SW was evaluated through structural and thermo-mechanical analysis. The progressive increase of the DSC enthalpy for SW formulated systems indicates a possible pattern for specific interactions within the bio-based epoxy translated by adjusted activation energy. For 1% neat SW addition, the Ea values decreased to 46 kJ/mol in comparison with 53 kJ/mol calculated for neat epoxy. Furthermore, the -COOH groups from SW nanostructures exerted a strong influence over the mechanical performance of bio-epoxy networks, improving the crosslinking density with ~ 60% and twofold the storage modulus value. Accordingly, by gradual addition of SW-COOH filler within the ECO-based formulations, a very consistent behaviour in seawater was noted, with a 28% decreased value for the absorption degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unsaturated fat replacement should be used to reduce the use of saturated fat and trans fatty acids in the diet. In this study, pea protein micro-gels (PPMs) with different structures were prepared by microparticulation at pH 4.0–7.0 and named as PPM (pH 4.0), PPM (pH 4.5), PPM (pH 5.0), PPM (pH 5.5), PPM (pH 6.0), PPM (pH 6.5), and PPM (pH 7.0). Pea protein was used as a control to evaluate the structure and interfacial properties of PPMs by particle size distribution, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), free sulfhydryl group content, and emulsifying property. PPM (pH 7.0) was suitable for application in O/W emulsion stabilization because of its proper particle size, more flexible structure, high emulsifying activity index (EAI) and emulsifying stability index (ESI). The Pickering emulsion stabilized by PPM (pH 7.0) had a uniform oil droplet distribution and similar rheological properties to cream, so it can be used as a saturated fat replacement in the manufacture of ice cream. Saturated fat was partially replaced at different levels of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, which were respectively named as PR0, PR20, PR40, PR60, PR80, and PR100. The rheological properties, physicochemical indexes, and sensory properties of low-saturated fat ice cream show that PPM (pH 7.0)-stabilized emulsion can be used to substitute 60% cream to manufacture low-saturated fat ice cream that has high structural stability and similar melting properties, overrun, and sensory properties to PR0. The article shows that it is feasible to prepare low-saturated fat ice cream with PPM (pH 7.0)-stabilized Pickering emulsion, which can not only maintain the fatty acid profile of the corn oil used, but also possess a solid-like structure. Its application is of positive significance for the development of nutritious and healthy foods and the reduction of chronic disease incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of different dietary lipids (sheep's fat, olive oil, coconut oil, and corn oil) on specific biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome in both healthy and diabetic rats. Methods: The study designed for 45 days, utilized a male diabetic wistar rat (body weight, 180–220 g) model induced by streptozotocin (45 mg/kg bw). The rats were divided into two sections: five non-diabetic and five diabetic groups, each containing six rats. The first group in each section serving as the control, received a standard diet. Both non-diabetic or diabetic groups, were provided with a standard diet enriched with 15% sheep fat, 15% coconut oil, 15% olive oil, and 15% corn oil, respectively for a duration of 45 days. Results: Post-supplementation, both healthy and diabetic control rats exhibited a higher food intake compared to rats supplemented with lipid diet; notably food intake was higher in diabetic control than healthy control. However, rats fed with coconut oil, olive oil and sheep fat showed weight gain at the end of the experiment, in both healthy and diabetic groups. Coconut oil supplementation significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased HDL-C and total cholesterol level in diabetic groups compared to healthy group, it was confirmed by an increased PPAR-α and ABCA-1 protein level. Olive oil significantly decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels in diabetic rats when compared to sheep fat or coconut oil. Corn oil significantly decreased fasting glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels compared to all other groups. Corn and olive oil supplemented normal groups, found with significant increase in hepatic glucose-lipid oxidative metabolism associated protein, like FGF-21, MSH, ABCA-1, PPAR-γ and decreased lipogenesis proteins like, SREBP and PPAR-α levels. In contrast, sheep grease and coconut oil increased SREBP and PPAR-α expression in both normal and diabetic groups. Most notably, normal and diabetic groups pretreated with sheep grease resulted in increased inflammatory (MCP-1, IL-1β, TLR-4, TNF-α), and oxidative stress markers (LPO, GSH, GPx, SOD and CAT) linked with metabolic complications. Conclusion: The combination or alternative use of olive oil and corn oil in daily diet may play a significant role in preventing proinflammatory condition associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to evaluate the effects of the antioxidant thymoquinone on treated and untreated kidneys on histological and oxidative parameters as well as Kidney Injury Molecule (KIM-1) levels in an experimental unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) with resultant hydronephrosis (HN) model. In adherence to the Animal research: reporting of in vivo exepriments guidelines, 34 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups which were named accordingly: "CO" (corn oil), "TQ" (thymoquinone and corn oil), "HNCO" (UPJO-HN and corn oil), "HNTQ" (UPJO-HN, thymoquinone and corn oil). Histologically, pelvic epithelial damage, glomerular shrinkage and sclerosis, tubular damage, interstitial edema-inflammation-fibrosis (IEIF), and vascular congestion were assessed. Biochemically, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and KIM-1 levels were assessed. Macroscopic HN developed in all obstructed kidneys. Ipsilateral obstructed kidneys deteriorated in all histological parameters. Thymoquinone attenuated glomerular shrinkage and sclerosis alterations but increased vascular congestion. Contralateral non-obstructed kidneys also showed histological deterioration. Thymoquinone had beneficial effects in terms of IEIF presence in contralateral kidneys but it increased vascular congestion. MDA and SOD results were inconclusive. UPJO caused decreased GR levels in the ipsilateral kidneys but not in the contralateral ones. This effect was not ameliorated by thymoquinone treatment. KIM-1 levels were increased in ipsilateral obstructed kidneys with a lower level in HNTQ group than in HNCO. KIM-1 level of the ipsilateral HNTQ group was higher than in both non-obstructed ipsilateral kidney groups. The effect of thymoquinone in ameliorating bilaterally observed histological alterations was limited and controversial. Oxidative damage detected by GR measurements was not prevented by thymoquinone. Thymoquinone partially decreased the damage as evidenced by reduced KIM-1 levels in thymoquinone-treated obstructed kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): We aimed to investigate the effects of quercetin (QRC) against cyclophosphamide (CP)- induced testicular damage and how it interacts with apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways. Materials and Methods: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, 10 in each group; Control group (corn oil, intragastrically, 14 days), QRC group (100 mg/kg QRC, dissolved in corn oil, 14 days), CP group (200 mg/kg CP, intraperitoneally, single dose on the 7th day), and CP+QRC group (100 mg/kg QRC, intragastrically, 14 days and 200 mg/kg CP, intraperitoneally, single dose on the 7th day). Animals were sacrificed one day after the last QRC application and the effects of quercetin were evaluated by histological, morphometrical, and hormonal parameters. Also, nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) immunoreactivities were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results: CP increased the testicular weight/body weight ratio, significantly decreasing body weights and testicular weights. All hormone levels were also reduced significantly. Morphometrically, seminiferous tubules diameter and germinal epithelial thickness decreased, while a significant increase was determined in interstitial field width in addition to histological damage. Furthermore, immunohistochemical findings also indicated that NFkB and Bax immunoreactivity were increased in the CP group, whereas significant decrease was seen in Nrf2 and Bcl-2 immunoreactivity. Apoptotic cell and tubule index were reduced in CP. QRC ensured improvement in all findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of vehicles play a pivotal role in defining the conclusion of any regulatory and pre-clinical toxicology study. The functional observational battery is one of the vital parameters to study the toxicological effect of compounds. This study investigates the impact of oral dosing with reverse osmosis water, 0.5 % w/v carboxymethyl cellulose and corn oil on functional observational battery parameters (neurobehavioural observations, motor activity, sensory reactivity measurements, grip strength and foot splay) in Wistar rats when administered for 90 d through oral gavage. Functional observational battery was performed during the 12th w of treatment. No mortality, morbidity or clinical sign of toxicity was observed. Body weight decreased marginally in carboxymethyl cellulose treated group during the 12th w. Motor activity was increased significantly in reverse osmosis water and carboxymethyl cellulose treated groups. The decrease in foot splay was also noted in all vehicles treated groups. The variation observed in grip strength by vehicles was not definitive or conclusive. No abnormality was observed in qualitative parameters of functional observational battery (sensory reactivity and neurobehavioral observations) and gross examination. From these results, it is evident that all vehicles have some notable influence on functional observational battery performed at the 12th w of treatment. This type of variation is critical to figure out sought conclusion for the compound of interest in regulatory studies. The recommendation is given to use strong and reliable historical control data to optimise or fix these variations and to avoid false conclusion regarding the compound where these vehicles are used as a control in regulatory toxicological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on fat appetite have focused on long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) due to their obesogenic properties. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), conversely, exhibit antiobesogenic effects; however, the regulation of MCT intake remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mice can distinguish between MCTs and LCTs, and the specific appetite for MCTs is governed by hepatic β-oxidation. We generated liver-specific medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)-deficient (MCADL−/−) mice and analyzed their preference for MCT and LCT solutions using glyceryl trioctanoate (C8-TG), glyceryl tridecanoate (C10-TG), corn oil, and lard oil in two-bottle choice tests conducted over 8 days. In addition, we used lick microstructure analyses to evaluate the palatability and appetite for MCT and LCT solutions. Finally, we measured the expression levels of genes associated with fat ingestion (Galanin, Qrfp, and Nmu) in the hypothalamus 2 h after oral gavage of fat. Compared with control mice, MCADL−/− mice exhibited a significantly reduced preference for MCT solutions, with no alteration in the preference for LCTs. Lick analysis revealed that MCADL−/− mice displayed a significantly decreased appetite for MCT solutions only while the palatability of both MCT and LCT solutions remained unaffected. Hypothalamic Galanin expression in control mice was elevated by oral gavage of C8-TG but not by LCTs, and this response was abrogated in MCADL−/− mice. In summary, our data suggest that hepatic β-oxidation is required for MCT-specific appetite but not for LCT-specific appetite. The induction of hypothalamic galanin upon MCT ingestion, dependent on hepatic β-oxidation, could be involved in the regulation of MCT-specific appetite. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Whether and how medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) intake is regulated remains unknown. Here, we showed that mice can discriminate between MCTs and LCTs. Hepatic β-oxidation participates in MCT-specific appetite, and hypothalamic galanin may be one of the factors that regulate MCT intake. Because of the antiobesity effects of MCTs, studying MCT-specific appetite may help combat obesity by promoting the intake of MCTs instead of LCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyester‐urea coatings were synthesized from corn oil with the help of a series of reactions in three different compositions by varying the amount of urea. Out of all the synthesized compositions, the best composition was optimized based on various parameters. The optimized composition was used as a matrix and graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated in three ratios, for the formulation of corn oil‐based CPEUr@GO nanocomposites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm all the reactions. The physico‐mechanical properties of CPEUr2 coating were found to be the best among all the compositions. Therefore, CPEUr2 was selected as a matrix for the inclusion of GO nanosheets to prepare CPEUr2@GO nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that incorporation of GO enhanced the thermal stability of CPEUr2 up to 325°C. The anticorrosive studies revealed the high impedance value of 6.5 × 105 Ω.cm2 in case of CPEUr2@GO0.5. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the inclusion of 0.5 wt% GO proved to be the optimized amount to produce sustainable CPEUr2 coatings with good performance. These CPEUr@GO nanocomposite coatings can be used for various protective purposes owing to their excellent physico‐mechanical thermal as well as anticorrosive performance. Highlights: Corn oil‐based polyester‐urea, CPEUr, coatings were synthesized in three different compositions.The best composition was used as a matrix for the formulation of CPEUr@GO nanocomposites.Graphene oxide of 0.5 wt% was found to be the optimum quantity required to modify CPEUr matrix.Thermal stability, mechanical durability as well as corrosion resistance performances were enhanced.The environment friendly approach is suitable for the development of corrosion protective coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furan (FU) and Cadmium (Cd) are toxic agents, and persistent exposure may harm both human and animal health. Therefore, we explored the effects of FU and Cd on liver of the male rat. Male Wister rat groups are distributed randomly: control group (Cr-water): rats were given DI water; control oil group (Cr-oil): rats received corn oil; Furan group: rats received Furan (FU, 16 mg/kg) orally; Cd group: rats obtain cadmium (Cd, 2 mg/kg) orally; and FU+Cd group: rats given both FU + Cd. For 30 days, each therapy was administered once daily. Blood samples and hepatic tissues were obtained after all rats were euthanized. The outcomes showed that treatment with FU or Cd alone considerably caused liver damage, evidenced by serum increase of AST, ALT, ALP, triglycerides, and cholesterol as well as histological changes. Following FU or Cd exposure, there were significant reductions in CAT, GSH, and SOD contents, as well as increases in malondialdehyde along with upregulated expression of PCNA and TNF-α. In contrast, when FU and Cd were administered together potentiated each other and caused more cellular damage in liver tissue. This study found that the primary modulator for enhancing FU and Cd toxicity when administered together was thought to be oxidative stress pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse‐ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four‐week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd2+ (CdCl2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered orally to mice) for PCM group, and 50 mg/kg/d PCM + 0.0015 (0.0045 and 0.0135) mg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 21 days. For in vitro experiment, the cultured ovaries were treated with acetone for the control group, 0.1% acetone + 8.4 μg/L Cd2+ for the Cd2+ group, 0.63 mg/L PCM (dissolved in acetone) for the PCM‐group, and 0.63 mg/L PCM + 2.8 (8.4 and 25.2) μg/L Cd2+ for L+ (M+ and H+) PCM group for 7 days. Mouse body weight in each treatment group, the weight and volume of ovaries in all PCM groups were lower than the control. Both in vivo and in vitro, all‐stage follicle numbers were lower in M+PCM and H+PCM groups, whereas the atretic follicles and CASPASE3/8 were higher; meanwhile, lower estradiol and progesterone and higher unfolded protein response (UPR) members in all PCM groups. L+, M+, and H+PCM groups had further ovarian damage and stronger UPR than PCM groups, as did M+PCM groups over Cd2+ groups. It is hypothesized low‐level PCM and Cd2+ may mutually promote each other's triggered UPR and exacerbate ovarian damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial processing of mandarin fruits yields a large amount of peel waste, resulting in economic losses and environmental pollution. The peels of mandarin fruits are a good source of biomass and active substances that can be used to produce food packaging systems. In this study, active food packaging films were prepared based on sodium alginate and twelve varieties of mandarin peel powder. The structures, properties, and corn oil packaging performance of the films were compared. Results showed that the twelve varieties of mandarin peel powder differed in pectin, lipid, protein, crude fiber, and total phenol contents. The prepared films all exhibited a yellow color, 117.73–152.45 μm thickness, 16.39–23.62% moisture content, 26.03–90.75° water contact angle, 5.38–8.31 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1 water vapor permeability, 5.26–12.91 × 10−20 m2 s−1 Pa−1 oxygen permeability, 4.87–7.90 MPa tensile strength, and 13.37–24.62% elongation at break. Notably, the films containing mandarin peel powder with high pectin and lipid contents showed high moisture/oxygen barrier ability and mechanical properties. The films containing mandarin peel powder with high total phenol content exhibited high antioxidant- and antimicrobial-releasing abilities and good performance in delaying corn oil oxidation. Overall, the results suggested that the films have good application potential in active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of replacing beef fat with corn oil chicken skin oleogel on the quality parameters of model meat batters. Four different batches were prepared with varying amounts of oleogel (50% (O50), 75% (O75), 100% (O100)) as a fat substitute, while a control group was prepared with 100% (C) beef fat. Chemical composition, technological properties, color, texture, fatty acid composition, and oxidative changes were evaluated. The results showed that oleogel addition increased moisture and decreased protein content. Water holding capacity and cooking yield improved by the addition of oleogel. Replacing beef fat with oleogel increased lightness and yellowness, and reduced redness compared to control samples. The hardness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness of the control were significantly higher than the samples formulated with oleogel. The incorporation of oleogel resulted in a reduction in saturated fatty acids (SFA) and an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). As the level of oleogel increased, the amount of linolenic acid also increased significantly. Replacing beef fat with oleogel resulted in significant reductions in the atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) indexes. At the end of the storage, the highest TBARS value was recorded in the control sample formulated with 100% beef fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This work aimed to define the histopathological severity of fluorinated, brominated and chlorinated pyrethroid insecticides on endocrine pancreas of mice. Methods: Fourty male mice (Mus musculus) were categorized into four groups and each group containing ten animals. 0.1mL dose of corn oil was given to the vehicle contro (VC) group animals for three days. This group was kept as a reference group. The 0.1mL corn oil containing 5mg/kg dose of each insecticide such as Cypermethrin (CYP), Deltamethrin (DLT) and Lambda cyhalothrin (LC) was given to three group of mice for three days, followed by three days of none treatment. Dissection procedure was carried out at 7th day. Results: All the micrometric results and histopathological alterations have shown that pyrethroid insecticides were highly toxic to endocrine pancreatic tissues. The various histopathological sign such as strip arrangements of endocrine cells in islets, endocrine cellular necrosis mainly in the central and pericentral areas of islets and increased vacuolation in surviving endocrine cells etc. In three insecticides treated groups, there were significantly decline in the relative abundance of endocrine cells per unit area (1230µm²) such as CYP (8.8±0.25) DLT (7.5±0.23) and the LC (7.5±0.23) as compare to control group (9.7± 0.24). It indicates that type II pyrethroid insecticides are generally pancreo-toxic and they specifically target the islets of langerhans cells. Conclusions: The severity of the mentioned pathological sign in LC and DLT groups indicated that these non-dietary halogenated (fluorinated and brominated respectively) pyrethroid inflict more severe histopathological impacts on the endocrine pancreas as compare to the simple chlorinated type II pyrethroid the CYP. The findings reflects that these otherwise consider comparatively safer or less toxic insecticides for the non-target organisms like mammals have come out to be highly toxic to the endocrine tissues particularly the pancreas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the effects of Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) (fluorinated type II pyrethroid) insecticides on testicular histopathologies and their amelioration on the posttreatment of Basella rubra extract (Br). Methods: Sixty male albino mice were divided into six groups (n=10) as follow: 1: Control group (CO) received 0.1mL corn oil on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6) through gavage; 2: Basella rubra group (Br) were given Br extract on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 3,4:Bifenthrin (BF) and Lambda-Cyhalothrin (Lct) were treated with their respective 5mg/kg insecticides dissolved in CO on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and drinking water (day 4-6); 5,6: Lct+Br and BF+Br were given respective insecticides on day 1 & 2, no treatment (day 3) and Br (day 4-6). Both testes were excised on euthanasia and processed on day 7th. Results: Both insecticide-exposed groups (BF and Lct) had extensive damage to seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissues. Empty spaces in the tubules and interstitial tissues, wavy borders of the tubules, decrease in spermatids with immature spermatozoa, and demaged spermatogonia was also observed in both insecticides treated groups. Simultaneously, the mean cross sectional area of seminiferous tubules also showed significant (p<0.05) increase in Lct and BF than CO and Br groups. Altogether, results demonstrated that BF and Lct causes detrimental effects on testes and may influence fertilization, decrease spermatids and spermatozoa and in Lct and Bf respectively as compared to CO, and damaged spermatogonia were observed. Conclusions: Based upon these findings it is concluded that BF and Lct exposure cause alterations in testicular histology that can be rescued through Br treatment indicating the importance of Basella rubra fruit in male reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research work was designed to explore the mitigating properties of Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract on the pancreatic histopathologies of Carbofuran treated mice. Methods: There were 4 experimental groups: 1) Vehicle Control group (VC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for first 3 days and normal water for next five days. 2): Carbofuran group (CF); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil for 3 days followed by normal water for rest of 5 days. 3): Carissa carandus group (CC); received 0.1mL of 5% DMSO solution in corn oil for 1-3 days, not treated with any dose on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution was given for remaining 4 days. 4) Carbofuran+ Carissa carandus group (CF+CC); treated with 0.1mL of 5% DMSO+5mg/kg Carbofuran solution in corn oil till day 3, no treatment on day 4 and 0.1mL of Carissa carandus solution from day 5 to 8. Animals were dissected on the 9th day of study to recover intact pancreas for histopathological and micrometric studies. Results: All histopathological and micrometric results proved that carbofuran is highly toxic for endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Prominent histopathological landmarks like lipid droplets in various areas inside the islets of Langerhans, acinar fat cells and lipid steatosis in exocrine tissue clearly illustrated degenerative effect of carbofuran. The relative area occupied by endocrine and exocrine cells per unit area (116 µm2) was significantly (p≤0.05) lower for CF as compared to VC. Similarly significant (p≤0.05) increase in mean width of inter acinar spaces was obvious in CF (5.5±0.4µm) as compared to VC (1.7±0.2µm). All these histological and micrometric deteriorations of carbofuran treatments were noticeably reversed in CF+CC group. Conclusions: These findings clearly indicate that carbofuran is a potent toxicant for endocrine and exocrine pancreas and Carissa carandus fruit pulp extract possess rescuing and regenerative potentials against such pancreatoxic effects of carbofuran in male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease, but if the condition is left untreated, it will develop to a more severe periodontal disease that can damage the supporting tissues of the teeth which can cause inflammation of the periodontal tissues due to the presence of oral microbial biofilms, especially gram-negative anaerobes, such as porphyromonas gingivalis. The curcumin extract administration is able to inhibit and stop the activity of inflammatory mediators produced by bacteria. To determine the effect of 1% curcumin on the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP 13 in the gingiva of Wistar rats exposed to P. gingivalis bacteria. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats as gingivitis models, P. gingivalis bacteria that have been grown in TBS media previously, 1 g of curcumin that was mixed with Corn oil to a volume of 100 ml to form a suspension of curcumin with a concentration of 1%. This study used an in vivo laboratory experimental method using experimental Wistar rats which criteria had been determined and were divided into 5 treatment groups. In this study, curcumin was effective in reducing the number of lymphocytes and MMP 13 in gingivitis. Conclusion: Prolonged exposure to Pg can affect the increase in the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP 13, but with the administration of 1% curcumin, it was seen that there was a decrease in the number of lymphocytes and the expression of MMP13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting about 75% of hepatic neoplasia, making it the most common kind of liver cancer worldwide. So, this study was planned to evaluate the beneficial chemopreventive efficacy of hesperidin (Hes) in experimental model of Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) / Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) -induced HCC in rats. Thirty male rats were divided into 3 equal groups. Group 1 (normal control): rats didn't receive any treatment. Group 2 (HCC): HCC was induced in rats by injection of DEN (200mg/kg b.w/i.p), then 2 weeks later of DEN injection rats received 3 weekly successive doses of CCl4 (3ml/kg b.wt/orally) at 1:1 dilution in corn oil as a promoter of carcinogenic effect. DEN and CCl4 administration were repeated once again after 5 weeks. Group 3 (HCC+ hesperidin): 15 weeks after HCC induction, rats treated with Hes (150 mg/kg b.wt), orally and continued for 6 weeks. A significant increase in serum ALT, AST and ALP activities were observed in HCC-induced rats. However, significant downregulation of liver Nrf2, Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and MicroRNA-34a with upregulation of FGF-2 and MicroRNA-221 with Global DNA hyper-methylation were observed in HCC group. Hesperidin treatment exhibited downregulation of microRNA-221 and FGF-2 with upregulation of Nrf2, Bcl-2, caspase 3 gene and Global DNA hypo-methylation. Interestingly, improvement of liver histopathological alterations supported the chemopreventive activity of Hesperidin. Conclusively, Hesperidin ameliorates the progression of HCC and has promising chemopreventive, and antiangiogenic activity, inhibiting growth promoting oncogene and initiation of gene regulating apoptosis and protects the liver from oxidative damage and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Echinacea has grown in popularity due to its broad therapeutic benefits. Despite its popularity, comprehensive safety evaluations for three medicinal species are limited. In this study, female Sprague-Dawley rats received oral doses (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/d) of 75% (v/v) ethanol extract from the aerial parts of 9 Echinacea samples of three species -- Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida -- over a 7-day period. Blood and serum samples, collected twenty-four hours post the final dose, were analyzed for hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. The results revealed varied effects across the tested samples, with many parameters showing no discernible impacts at administered doses. Subtle alterations were observed in parameters such as relative liver weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and platelet count. Parameters like relative spleen weight, alanine transaminase (ALT), glucose, urea, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and RBC count exhibited effects in only one out of the nine samples tested. These findings emphasize the heterogeneity in the effects of Echinacea. While the results suggest that Echinacea samples might be considered relatively safe, potential clinical implications warrant caution and underscore the importance of extended testing. A comprehensive toxicity profile assessment remains paramount to conclusively ascertain the safety of three Echinacea species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The present study aimed to investigate the effects of fish oil supplements compared to corn oil on serum lipid profiles by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until 30 December 2022. Pooled effect sizes were reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Cochrane Collaboration’s risk-of-bias tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. Lipid parameters, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), were assessed in the meta-analysis. Results Overall, 16 eligible trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results revealed that the fish oil supplements significantly reduced TG (WMD: − 25.50 mg/dl, 95% CI: − 42.44, − 8.57, P = 0.000) levels compared to corn oil. Also, in this study, fish oil supplements had a positive and significant effect on HDL (WMD: 2.54 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.55, 4.52). There were no significant changes in TC and LDL. Conclusions Our findings showed the effects of fish oil supplements on reducing TG and increasing HDL-c compared to corn oil. Further larger and well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these data.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame-retardant organohalogen pollutants that act as endocrine/neuroendocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). In humans, exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFR) or other environmentally persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and novel organophosphate flame retardants has been associated with increasing trends of diabetes and metabolic disease. However, the effects of PBDEs on metabolic processes and their associated sex-dependent features are poorly understood. The metabolic-disrupting effects of perinatal exposure to industrial penta-PBDE mixture, DE-71, on male and female progeny of C57BL/6N mouse dams were examined in adulthood. Dams were exposed to environmentally relevant doses of PBDEs daily for 10 weeks (p.o.): 0.1 (L-DE-71) and 0.4 mg/kg/d (H-DE-71) and offspring parameters were compared to corn oil vehicle controls (VEH/CON). The following lipid metabolism indices were measured: plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, adiponectin, leptin, and liver lipids. L-DE-71 female offspring were particularly affected, showing hypercholesterolemia, elevated liver lipids and fasting plasma leptin as compared to same-sex VEH/CON, while L- and H-DE-71 male F1 only showed reduced plasma adiponectin. Using the quantitative Folch method, we found that mean liver lipid content was significantly elevated in L-DE-71 female offspring compared to controls. Oil Red O staining revealed fatty liver in female offspring and dams. General measures of adiposity, body weight, white and brown adipose tissue (BAT), and lean and fat mass were weighed or measured using EchoMRI. DE-71 did not produce abnormal adiposity, but decreased BAT depots in L-DE-71 females and males relative to same-sex VEH/CON. To begin to address potential central mechanisms of deregulated lipid metabolism, we used RT-qPCR to quantitate expression of hypothalamic genes in energy-regulating circuits that control lipid homeostasis. Both doses of DE-71 sex-dependently downregulated hypothalamic expression of Lepr, Stat3, Mc4r, Agrp, Gshr in female offspring while H-DE-71 downregulated Npy in exposed females relative to VEH/CON. In contrast, exposed male offspring displayed upregulated Stat3 and Mc4r. Intestinal barrier integrity was measured using FITC-dextran since it can lead to systemic inflammation that leads to liver damage and metabolic disease, but was not affected by DE-71 exposure. These findings indicate that maternal transfer of PBDEs disproportionately endangers female offspring to lipid metabolic reprogramming that may exaggerate risk for adult metabolic disease.

The corrosive coastal environment will result in a high corrosion rate for any equipment installed there. This is due to the constant exposure to saltwater, high humidity levels, and strong winds. Therefore, it is crucial to use corrosion-resistant materials and regularly maintain the equipment to ensure its longevity in such an environment. One method to reduce the rate of corrosion is to pay close attention to the manufacturing parameters of these components, one of which is the face milling process. The aim of this study is investigating the effect of face milling process with different dept of cut using minimum quantity lubrication method with corn oil as a renewable vegetable cutting fluid. In this study AISI 316L stainless steel was face milled using HAAS VF-2 CNC machine. The depth of cut is varied between 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.6 mm. The results demonstrated that the greater the depth of cut, the greater the surface roughness value that will be generated. It is resulting in increment in the corrosion rate value.

Time-Temperature Indicator made from corn oil and red palm oil had a potency to be used in cold chain food system. However, the evaluation of its reliability was required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of indicator to monitor the changes of pasteurized milk quality based on microbial growth at several storage temperatures. This study was conducted in three stages. Stage 1 was making corn oil and red palm oil blending with 70:30 (%v/v) ratio. Stage 2 was measurement of diffusion length, coefficient, kinetics and activation energy at five storage temperature (4, 29, 37, 44, and 51 ºC). Stage 3 was quantification of total microbial count at three different storage temperature (8, 29, and 40 ºC). The result showed that the activation energy of corn oil and red palm oil Time-Temperature indicator was 36.796 kJ/mol. Meanwhile, the activation energy of pasteurized milk microbial growth kinetics was 44.021 kJ/mol. The reliability of indicator was good, because the activation energy difference value between microbial growth and indicator was lower than 25 kJ/mol.

Deltamethrin is a widely used synthetic pyrethroid pesticide. It causes reproductive toxicity. Aim of the work: it evaluates the impact of vitamin E in restoration of the testicular integrity of albino rats after toxicity induced by Deltamethrin. Thirty-six adult male albino rats were included, and they were further sub-divided into four experimental groups; Group A: six rats served as controls. Group B (Model): 10 rats equally divided into two sub-groups (B1): the rats received deltamethrin dissolved in oil in a dose of 0.6 mg/kg/daily by nasogastric gavage for 2 weeks. (B2): the rats received Deltamethrin in the same dose of group B1 for 1 month. Group C (Protected): 10 rats equally divided into two sub-groups (C1): the rats received deltamethrin orally 0.6 mg/kg/day concomitant with Vitamin E dissolved in 1 ml of corn oil in a dose 200 mg/kg/day by nasogastric gavage for 2 weeks. (C2): the rats received deltamethrin concomitant with Vitamin E in the same dose of group C1 for 1 month. Group D (Treatment): 10 rats received deltamethrin for 1 month followed by Vitamin E for another month in the same previously prescribed doses. Significant decreases in serum testosterone level, GSH, catalase activity, and significant increase in MDA in the deltamethrin-treated group were detected. Moreover, histological and ultrastructural examinations of the testis seminiferous tubules showed detrimental alterations in the deltamethrin group which were duration dependent. Vitamin E administration reversed such alterations. Vitamin E ameliorates the testicular dysfunction caused by Deltamethrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, poses a significant threat to human health as an increasingly prevalent environmental and foodborne pollutant. Our previous study revealed that wild Silybum marianum seeds ethanolic extract (SMSE) attenuated B[a]P-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in albino rats. In this work, we extended our hypothesis to investigate the potential protective effects of SMSE against hepatic and nephritic injuries induced by B[a]P. Thirty-six male albino rats were assigned into six groups: Group I, the control (-Ve), received 10 ml/kg/BW corn oil orally twice weekly; Group II, the control (+Ve), was given 50 mg/kg/BW of B[a]P in corn oil twice weekly; and Groups III, V, IV, and VI were orally administered B[a]P + SMSE at 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg BW/day, respectively, for four weeks. B[a]P exposure significantly (p≤0.05) increased the relative weights of the liver (33.33%) and kidney (39.68%); cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity, a biotransformation marker, (68.25%); tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels, a pro-inflammatory mediator, (95.95%); liver enzymes activities (AST, 124.09%, ALT, 124.98%, and ALP, 128.77%); and renal function indicators (serum urea, 60.18%, and creatinine, 68.35%), accompanied by severe histopathologic changes in liver and kidney tissues compared to control (-Ve). Conversely, SMSE interventions significantly (p≤0.05) dosedependently reduced elevated rates of these indices, while improving liver and kidney histoarchitecture. The SMSE's protective effects may result from its bioactive compounds content that regulate B[a]P metabolic enzymes, inhibit CYP450 activity, suppress TNF-α, and scavenge other reactive intermediates. Our results suggest SMSE as a potential natural approach to alleviating environmental pollutants' detrimental effects and deserves further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the diversity of energy sources at the present time, they have not been able to be a real alternative to crude oil, as it is still considered the primary source of energy in the world and will remain so for many years. As is known, the petroleum industry consists of an interconnected series of operations, starting with extracting crude oil from wells and ending with its refining process. As is known, the petroleum industry consists of an interconnected series of operations, starting with extracting crude oil from wells and ending with its refining process. These operations vary in degree of difficulty, cost, and challenges they face. Crude oil emulsion is one of the most costly issues in this important industry. In the current study, a novel environmentally friendly bio-demulsifier synthesized from corn oil waste has been introduced. The unique characteristics of this novel bio-demulsifier were diagnosed using several tests, including: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The demulsification activity has been evaluated using a bottle test method as a function of settling time, water content, and temperature. The maximum separation ratio was 69.3% at a dose of 1000 ppm for 5 hours and 70 °C, while the water-oil ratio was 30/70. The obtained results demonstrate that bio-demulsifier could be used as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative in initial demulsification units, which will reduce the environmental hazards and financial costs associated with the oil industry when using traditional demulsification methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, CASRN: 10605-21-7) exhibits spindle poisoning effects and is widely used as a fungicide. With respect to genotoxicity, carbendazim is deemed to be non-mutagenic in vitro, but it causes indicative DNA damage in vivo and chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the mutagenicity of carbendazim in vivo. Results: MutaMice were treated with carbendazim orally at doses of 0 (corn oil), 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg/day once a day for 28 days. A lacZ assay was used to determine the mutant frequency (MF) in the liver and glandular stomach of mice. MutaMice were administered up to the maximum dose recommended by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guidelines for Chemicals No. 488 (OECD TG488). The lacZ MFs in the liver and glandular stomach of carbendazim-treated animals were not significantly different from those in the negative control animals. In contrast, positive control animals exhibited a significant increase in MFs in both the liver and glandular stomach. Conclusions: Carbendazim is non-mutagenic in the liver and glandular stomach of MutaMice following oral treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study's objective is to turn AISI 304 stainless steel (304 SS) utilizing the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) technique while comparing the outcomes to dry turning. Based on the responses, cutting force, surface roughness, and temperature, three process parameters, speed, feed, and depth of cut (doc), were optimized and regressed for both dry and wet conditions. Dry turning and wet turning are carried out, and the responses are noted. Later, the surface roughness (Ra) of the machined component under both conditions is tested with the help of a surface roughness measuring instrument. The surface roughness of the component under wet turning is reduced to 0.5958 μm from 0.7425 μm with dry turning. The cutting temperature was controlled very well in wet turning with a value of 61.21 °C than with a value of 84.16 °C in the case of dry turning. The cutting force developed during dry turning is reduced by applying a mist of oil, which lubricates the surface, thereby reducing the cutting force to a value of 4.987 Kgf from 5.254 kgf. Corn oil produces better results and can be used as an alternate cutting fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant with endocrine-disrupting properties that induce fetal growth restriction (FGR). Previous studies on pregnant ewes revealed that BPA exposure causes placental apoptosis and oxidative stress (OS) and decreases placental efficiency, consequently leading to FGR. Nonetheless, the response of gut microbiota to BPA exposure and its role in aggravating BPA-mediated apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and OS of the maternal placenta and intestine are unclear in an ovine model of gestation. Results: Two pregnant ewe groups (n = 8/group) were given either a subcutaneous (sc) injection of corn oil (CON group) or BPA (5 mg/kg/day) dissolved in corn oil (BPA group) once daily, from day 40 to day 110 of gestation. The maternal colonic digesta and the ileum and placental tissue samples were collected to measure the biomarkers of autophagy, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, and OS. To investigate the link between gut microbiota and the BPA-induced FGR in pregnant ewes, gut microbiota transplantation (GMT) was conducted in two pregnant mice groups (n = 10/group) from day 0 to day 18 of gestation after removing their intestinal microbiota by antibiotics. The results indicated that BPA aggravates apoptosis, ERS and autophagy, mitochondrial function injury of the placenta and ileum, and gut microbiota dysbiosis in pregnant ewes. GMT indicated that BPA-induced ERS, autophagy, and apoptosis in the ileum and placenta are attributed to gut microbiota dysbiosis resulting from BPA exposure. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the underlying role of gut microbiota dysbiosis and gut-placental axis behind the BPA-mediated maternal intestinal and placental apoptosis, OS, and FGR. The findings further provide novel insights into modulating the balance of gut microbiota through medication or probiotics, functioning via the gut-placental axis, to alleviate gut-derived placental impairment or FGR. DorkkcsjvJM4thb48aSHyr Video Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of fish oil supplements compared to corn oil on serum lipid profiles by performing a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: Online databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched until 30 December 2022. Pooled effect sizes were reported as the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias tool was utilized to evaluate the quality of the studies. Lipid parameters, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), were assessed in the meta-analysis. Results: Overall, 16 eligible trials were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The results revealed that the fish oil supplements significantly reduced TG (WMD: − 25.50 mg/dl, 95% CI: − 42.44, − 8.57, P = 0.000) levels compared to corn oil. Also, in this study, fish oil supplements had a positive and significant effect on HDL (WMD: 2.54 mg/dl, 95% CI: 0.55, 4.52). There were no significant changes in TC and LDL. Conclusions: Our findings showed the effects of fish oil supplements on reducing TG and increasing HDL-c compared to corn oil. Further larger and well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important factors limiting the growth and development of children is gastrointestinal helminths. A conscious anthelmintic herbal cure is a rational approach to establishing a sustainable public health program in the treatment of oxyurid infections that are mostly seen in children, disrupt development, frequently recur and are asymptomatic. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the anthelmintic features of Artemisia annua L. and to compare the antinematodal effect of A. annua L. n-hexane extract with Albendazole (ABZ) in naturally infected mice. For this purpose, A. annua L. n-hexane extract was extracted and orally administered to Balb-c mice infected with Syphacia obvelata oxyurid species at 300, 600, and 1200 mg/kg doses for seven days. Mice were examined for changes in S. obvelata egg numbers on days -7, -1, 1, 3, 5, and 7 by the anal tape method. As a reference drug, ABZ was administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg for three days, and as solvent control, corn oil was given in the same way and time as the extract. Some components of A. annua L. were investigated for possible chemical interactions and free energy of binding in Haemonchus contortus β-tubulin (Hcβ-tubulin) protein and rat Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase II (RnCPT II) enzyme by in silico docking simulations. Stigmasterol and friedelin inhibit the RnCPT II enzyme in silico with 9.43 nM and 13.07 nM Ki values, respectively, while not binding to Hcβ-tubulin. Arteannuin-B and scopoletin inhibited both RnCPT II and Hcβ-tubulin. A. annua L. n-hexane extract at 1200 mg/kg dose reduced oxyurid eggs by 88% on the 7th day. ABZ caused a 65.58% reduction. As the result, arteannuin-B, scopoletin, stigmasterol and friedelin are worthy of isolation and investigation in vitro and in vivo in terms of their anthelmintic effect. They can be evaluated as potential anthelmintic molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidacloprid (IMI), a widely used pesticide in agriculture and a potential food contaminant, poses significant health concerns. This study sought to comprehensively evaluate its neurotoxic effects while investigating the potential protective role of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), a naturally occurring dietary antioxidant renowned for its capacity to combat oxidative stress, support cardiovascular health, and maintain optimal nerve function. In this study, 28 rats were divided evenly into four groups and administered oral treatments of corn oil, IMI, IMI + ALA, and ALA, respectively. The results of the study indicated that rats exposed to IMI exhibited significant neurobehavioral impairments, decreased levels of antioxidant enzymes and acetylcholinesterase activity, reduced expression of HO-1 and Nrf2, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α in their hippocampal tissues. Furthermore, histopathological analysis of the brain tissues, specifically cortex and hippocampus, from the IMI-treated group revealed varying degrees of neuronal degeneration. In contrast, rats co-administered ALA alongside IMI showed noticeable improvements in all the assessed toxicological parameters. This study underscores the vital significance of ALA as a potential therapeutic adjunct in mitigating the adverse neurobehavioral consequences of insecticide exposure. By harnessing the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, ALA demonstrates its ability to shield against IMI-induced neurotoxicity, offering a promising avenue for enhancing public health and safety. As a result, our findings advocate for the incorporation of ALA as a daily dietary supplement to fortify resilience against oxidative stress-related neurobehavioral deficits linked to pesticide exposure, thereby advancing our understanding of neuroprotection strategies in the face of environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the lung, carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process that includes initiation by a genotoxic agent, promotion that expands the population of cells with damaged DNA to form a tumor, and progression from benign to malignant neoplasms. We have previously shown that Mitsui-7, a long and rigid multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), promotes pulmonary carcinogenesis in a mouse model. To investigate the potential exposure threshold and dose-response for tumor promotion by this MWCNT, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) initiated (10 μg/g, i.p., once) or vehicle (corn oil) treated B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to filtered air or MWCNT (5 mg/m3) for 5 h/day for 0, 2, 5, or 10 days and were followed for 17 months post-exposure for evidence of lung tumors. Pulmonary neoplasia incidence in MC-initiated mice significantly increased with each MWCNT exposure duration. Exposure to either MC or MWCNT alone did not affect pulmonary neoplasia incidence compared with vehicle controls. Lung tumor multiplicity in MC-initiated mice also significantly increased with each MWCNT exposure duration. Thus, a significantly higher lung tumor multiplicity was observed after a 10-day MWCNT exposure than following a 2-day exposure. Both bronchioloalveolar adenoma and bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma multiplicity in MC-initiated mice were significantly increased following 5- and 10-day MWCNT exposure, while a 2-day MWCNT exposure in MC-initiated mice significantly increased the multiplicity of adenomas but not adenocarcinomas. In this study, even the lowest MWCNT exposure promoted lung tumors in MC-initiated mice. Our findings indicate that exposure to this MWCNT strongly promotes pulmonary carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammation and insulin resistance lead to metabolic syndrome and there is an urgent need to establish effective treatments and prevention methods. Our previous study reported that obese model Zucker (fa/fa) rats fed with ozonated olive oil alleviated fatty liver and liver damage by suppressing inflammatory factors. However, differences among animal species related to the safety and efficacy of ozonated olive oil administration remain unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of oral intake of ozonated olive oil on lipid metabolism in normal mice and mice in the obesity model. C57BL/6J and db/db mice were fed the following AIN-76 diets for four weeks: the mice were either fed a 0.5% olive oil diet (Control diet) or 0.5% ozonated olive oil diet (Oz-Olive diet) in addition to 6.5% corn oil. The results indicated that four weeks of Oz-Olive intake did not adversely affect growth parameters, hepatic lipids or serum parameters in normal C57BL/6J mice. Subsequent treatment of db/db mice with Oz-Olive for four weeks reduced the levels of hepatic triglycerides, serum alkaline phosphatase, and serum insulin. These effects of Oz-Olive administration might be due to suppression of fatty acid synthesis activity and expression of lipogenic genes, as well as suppression of inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, this study confirmed the safety of Oz-Olive administration in normal mice and its ability to alleviate hepatic steatosis by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and inflammation in obese mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the operational efficiency of a hammer mill and delve into a high-efficiency, energy-saving grinding mechanism, the crucial parameters influencing the grinding of corn straw were identified as the spindle speed, hammer–sieve gap, and sieve pore diameter. According to the force analysis and kinematics analysis, the key factors affecting corn straw grinding were the spindle speed, the hammer–sieve gap, and the sieve pore diameter. The grinding process of corn straw was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) and the discrete element method (DEM) gas–solid coupling numerical simulation and experiment. The numerical simulation results showed that with the growth of time, the higher the spindle speed, the faster the bonds broke in each part, and the higher the grinding efficiency. When the energy loss of the hammer component was in the range of 985.6~1312.2 J, and the total collision force of the corn straw was greater than 47,032.5 N, the straw grinding effect was better, and the per kW·h yield was higher. The experimental results showed that the optimum combination of operating parameters was a spindle speed of 2625 r/min, a hammer-screen gap of 14 mm, and a sieve pore diameter of 8 mm. Finally, the CFD–DEM gas–solid coupling numerical simulation validation tests were performed based on the optimal combination of the operating parameters. The results showed that the energy loss of the hammer component was 1189.5 J, and the total collision force of the corn straw was 49,523.5 N, both of which were within the range of better results in terms of numerical simulation. Thus, the CFD–DEM gas–solid coupling numerical simulation could accurately predict the corn straw grinding process. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving a hammer mill's key components and grinding performance. Meanwhile, the proposed gas–solid two-phase flow method provided theoretical references for other research in agricultural machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of exposure to nonylphenol (NP) on anxiety/depression-like behaviors in rats and alleviation of those effects via green tea and zinc selenium (Zn-Se) tea interventions. Material and Methods: Totally, 40 male specific-pathogen free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10 rats per group): control group (5 ml/kg corn oil), NP group (40 mg/kg NP), NP + GT group (40 mg/kg NP + 1 g/kg/day green tea), and NP + Zn-Se tea group (40 mg/kg NP + 1 g/kg/day ZST). All dose-based groups received oral gavage of either corn oil or drugs over a 6-month period: NP at a dosage of 40 mg/kg/day was administered to rats for the initial 3 months, followed by a combination of NP with green tea and NP with Zn-Se tea for the subsequent 3 months. Results: Tea intervention resulted in weight loss in rats. The hippocampal tissue NP level in the tea group was slightly lower than that in the NP group. Following tea intervention, compared with the NP group, the residence time in the light-dark box test was shortened PGT = 0.048, P < 0.001), and the number of entries into the closed arm in the elevated plus maze test in the tea-treated group was significantly reduced. In addition, the immobility time in the central square in the open field test decreased. The sucrose preference index score in the sucrose preference test increased, and the immobility time in the forced swimming test was reduced (PGT = 0.049, PZST < 0.001). The effects of Zn-S e tea were superior to green tea. The damage to the hippocampal tissues in the group treated with tea was less than that in the NP group. The cellular arrangement was tighter with degeneration, deepstaining, and pyknotic nerve cells were visible. The nuclei in the NP group were atrophied, and the cells were sparsely arranged. Compared with the control group, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level was lower in the NP group. The serum corticosterone level in the NP group was elevated. Compared with the NP group, serum corticosterone level was reduced in the NP + Zn-Se tea group. Conclusion: Chronic NP exposure induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors in rats. Green tea effectively reduced the damage to the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex induced by NP. The effects of Zn-Se tea were slightly more noticeable than those of conventional green tea. Highlights: 1) Chronic NP exposure induced anxiety/depression-like behaviors in rats. 2) Zn-Se tea reduced the damage of hippocampal and prefrontal cortex induced by NP. 3) NP-induced depression accompanied by the changes of BDNF, CORT and neuropathology. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil methyl ester has promising properties for bio-based resin production due to its higher degree of unsaturation. The initial low methyl ester yield from corn oil compared to soybean and canola oils requires further investigation of the influence of neutralization at the end of the transesterification reaction. To evaluate the neutralization effect with HCl, corn, canola, and soybean oil were transesterified using NaOH at 60 °C with a 6:1 methanol–oil ratio. This research also investigated the effect of reaction times (0.5–1.5 h) with varying neutralization levels (0–100%) on the corn oil methyl ester yield. The yield of corn, canola, and soybean methyl ester was increased significantly by 16–25% through neutralization, indicating the positive impact of neutralization. The corn oil methyl ester yield ranged from 45 to 79% across different neutralization levels and reaction times. With 25% neutralization, the yield increased by 20%. On the other hand, the yield reduced by 18–24% over time when there was no neutralization. A statistical model was developed where the yield varied significantly with the acid amount, reaction time, and their interactions. The quality of the corn methyl ester was found to be within the limits of standard pure methyl ester. Overall, the effect of neutralization showed promise in increasing the yield of quality methyl ester from commercial corn oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that flaxseed oil is important for preventing obesity and producing adiponectin. To clarify this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between obesity and different fat sources in mice fed diets with 6 types of fat and oils. C57BL/6J mice were given a control diet containing 5% corn oil or a high-fat diet containing 20% of either lard, palm oil, rapeseed oil, oleate-rich safflower oil, corn oil, or flaxseed oil for 14 weeks. In another experiment, mice were given a control diet and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 1 week. At the end of study, plasma adiponectin and expression of fatty acid metabolism–related factors in white and brown adipose tissue and the liver were measured. Dietary flaxseed oil, which is rich in α-linolenic acid, did not induce obesity. Flaxseed oil resulted in increased β-oxidation–related factors in epididymal white adipose tissue, decreased fatty acid synthesis–related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue following increase of plasma adiponectin. The results suggested that increase in plasma adiponectin after intake of flaxseed oil may be due to altered expression of AdipoQ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in epididymal white adipose tissue. Flaxseed oil increased expression of adiponectin in visceral fat and regulated obesity-controlling fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white adipose tissue and liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue. A high-fat diet containing lard or palm oil induced obesity, whereas a high-fat diet containing flaxseed oil prevented it. Flaxseed oil promoted mRNA expression of AdipoQ in eWAT, but not in sWAT. Plasma adiponectin induced by flaxseed oil related to regulation of β-oxidation–related factors in eWAT, fatty acid synthesis–related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in BAT. Abbreviations: BAT, brown adipose tissue; eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue; sWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]