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Background: The French National Observatory for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors conducted a national survey aiming to evaluate the potential effects of confinement on the population’s physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors. Methods: In close collaboration with the French Ministry of Sports and a selected expert committee, 3 different questionnaires investigating 3 subgroup populations were included in the survey: (1) children, (2) adolescents, and (3) adults. Results: Forty-two percentage of children, 58.7% of adolescents, 36.4% of adults, and 39.2% of older people had reduced physical activity levels. Particularly, active transportation and endurance practices showed a significant decrease, while domestic, muscular strengthening, and flexibility activities increased. Sitting time and screen time increased, respectively, in 36.3% and 62.0% of children, 25.5% and 69.0% in adolescents, 24.6% and 41.0% in adults, and 36.1% and 32.1% in seniors. Conclusion: The COVID-19 confinement period led to important modifications in individual movement behaviors at all ages, particularly favoring decreased physical activity and increased sedentariness. These findings suggest that the authors need to inform and encourage people to maintain and improve their physical activities and to change their sedentary time habits during postconfinement and during the period of a potential future lockdown.

International audience; While there is a growing public health promotion of physical activity altogether with an increasing concern for sedentary time and their respective health implications, confusions remain around these concepts that might limit the understanding and adoption of the actual recommendations by the general population. The aim of this brief paper is to clarify the semantic around physical activity, inactivity and sedentary behaviors, underlying their respective and complementary effects on overall health and to detail the actual recommendations. (C) 2020 Societe francaise de nutrition.

International audience; The efficacy of weight loss interventions might be affected by the metabolic profile of adolescents with obesity. In this study, we hypothesized that the initial diagnosis of the MS, or its persistence after an intervention, will not reduce the efficacy of a 16-week multidisciplinary weight loss program. Ninety two adolescents (12-15 years; 62 girls) with obesity completed baseline anthropometric and body composition evaluation (DXA). Lipid profile, insulinemia, glycaemia and blood pressure were measured and metabolic syndrome (MS) diagnosed. The adolescents then followed a 4-month inpatient multidisciplinary weight management program. All measurements were performed before (T0) and after 4 months of intervention (T1). Body weight, body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass (%FM) decreased significantly between T0 and T1 (P < .001), with no difference in fat-free mass (kg). All metabolic variables (except blood pressure) were improved. 47.6% of the whole sample presented with MS at baseline against 35.7% at T1. Body weight (P = 0.006), BMI (P = 0.0261), %FM (P = 0.0211), hip circumference (= 0.0131), BMI percentile (P = 0.0319), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.0365) showed a time x group interaction and their deltas (variations between T0 and T1) were significantly different between adolescents with and without MS at baseline. There was no significant difference between adolescents with persistent and nonpersistent MS except for Delta BMI percentile that deceased significantly more in the non persistent group (P = 0.0115). According to our results, the efficacy of weight loss interventions is not reduced in adolescents initially diagnosed with MS or different between those who present a persistent or nonpersistent MS after the intervention.

International audience; The first emergency was to receive and treat COVID-19 patients in their acute phase; today, there is a clear need to propose appropriate post-acute rehabilitation programs. The aim of this research was to systematically review the effects of physical activity programs in the recovery of post-COVID-19 patients. The literature search followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022289219), and was conducted between August and December 2021. A total of 35 studies out of the 1528 initially identified were finally included in the analysis. The systematic review clearly showed the health benefits of rehabilitation including physical activity in post-COVID-19 recovery, regardless of exercise modalities. These positive results were even observed using minor muscle re-mobilization for severe cases (i.e., postural changes, few steps—2 times/day) or using low volumes of exercise for mild-to-moderate cases (i.e., 120 min/week). A total of 97% of the 29 studies that performed statistical analyses demonstrated a significant increase in at least one parameter of functional capacity, and 96% of the 26 studies that statistically investigated the effects on the quality of life, mental health, and general state reported improvements. Yet, most of the studies were retrospective, uncontrolled, and enrolled aged people with comorbidities presented in severe forms of COVID-19. Physical activity programs, in addition to their high heterogeneity, remained poorly described in 83% of the studies and were part of a multidisciplinary program for 89% of the studies. Despite promising results, there is today a real need for prospective well-designed studies specifically assessing the effects of physical activity. In addition, it might appear relevant to propose standardized programs further considering the main characteristics of patients such as age, comorbidities, or the severity of COVID-19.

International audience; Introduction: In France March 14, 2020 a national lockdown was imposed in France for 55 days to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 and all schools were closed. This study aimed to investigate the effects of home confinement as a result of lockdown on the activity (physical activity and sedentary behaviors), and their determinants, on French children (6-10 years) and adolescents (11-17 years).Methods: The National Observatory for Physical Activity and Sedentary behaviors launched an online survey from April 1 st , to May 6 th , 2020 using popular social networks and websites. It compared the level of physical activity (PA), sitting and screen time before and during the lockdown and identified the impact of the initial PA (active vs. inactive), sedentary (high vs. low) profiles of the participants and the housing conditions.Results: 6,491 children were included in this study. Initially active children and adolescents decreased their PA more than those initially inactive (p>0.001), while those who met the sitting time recommendations increased more their sitting time during lockdown (p

International audience; A growing interest in constitutional thinness has been observed in the last decades, but the publications however cover various fields of study and report equivocal results. The present work systematically reviewed any clinical trials enrolling participants with constitutional thinness and bibliographic researches were performed between December 2018 and June 2020. From a total of 1 212 records initially identified, 402 records were removed as duplicates, 381 articles were excluded based on titles or abstracts and 390 references were excluded against eligibility criteria. Thirty-nine articles were finally included in the systematic review. The results showed that constitutionally thin people seem to be underweight but not underfat and present a fat-free mass as blunted as anorexic patients, despite being a little less underweight. The meta-analysis confirmed that constitutionally thin people present normal energy intake and revealed a trend toward a higher resting metabolic rate to fat-free mass ratio which suggests a highly metabolic fat-free mass. Contrary to patients with anorexia nervosa, constitutionally thin people present normal levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, estradiol, growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. An intermediate level of leptin between anorexic and control participants was however observed in constitutional thinness. While all the studies reported normal free triiodothyronine and cortisol levels in constitutionally thin individuals, a higher fasting free triiodothyronine level (p = 0.033) and a lower 24 h mean cortisol level (p = 0.005) were observed for the first time. Present results give robust evidence that constitutionally thin people present an atypical phenotype highly different from anorexia nervosa.

Purpose of Review The study aims to highlight the clinical importance of assessing and managing neuromusculoskeletal health in pediatric obesity and to support translation of evidence into practice. Recent Findings A growing evidence base suggests that children with obesity experience neuromusculoskeletal impairments and physical complications including increased pain, reduced muscle strength, impaired balance and motor skill, gait deviations, postural malalignment, greater fatigue, and potentially reduced flexibility and sub-optimal bone health. Such evidence supports the need to screen, assess, and optimize neuromusculoskeletal health as part of pediatric obesity management. Summary The likelihood of children with obesity experiencing neuromusculoskeletal impairments is high and can impact the way a child moves, and their interest or capacity to engage in physical activity and exercise. Barriers to movement should be minimized to promote optimal development of the neuromusculoskeletal system and to support engagement in sufficient physical activity for weight management. Healthcare professionals should screen for neuromusculoskeletal impairments as well as personalize interventions and modify standardized exercise interventions to optimize obesity treatment. Further research should explore whether neuromusculoskeletal impairments influence the success of obesity treatment or whether they improve following obesity treatment.

International audience; Constitutional thinness is defined as a state of severe underweight with a body mass index similar to anorectic patients (BMI < 17.5 kg/m(2)), in the absence of any eating disorders or other obvious disruptive factors impacting energy balance. The analysis of body composition is essential as a first approach to characterize constitutional thinness and might help identify new discriminating differences between constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa. A meta-analytical approach was performed to compare body composition of constitutionally thin, anorectic, and normal-weight subjects from all available studies found in the literature. The statistical analysis was carried out on large sample sizes: n = 205 females with constitutional thinness, n = 228 normal-weight control females, and n = 258 females with anorexia nervosa. Despite being as underweight as anorectic patients, constitutionally thin participants paradoxically presented higher percentages of fat mass than anorectic patients (18.9% vs. 11.4%, respectively; SMD [95% CI]: 1.62 [1.16; 2.08]), even found in the normal healthy ranges. Constitutionally thin people, however, display as low fat-free mass as anorectic patients. These observations question the use of high-fat diets in this population and bring new insights for nutrition and/or training strategies directed toward muscle mass gain. The present results give new elements to further distinguish constitutional thinness from anorexia nervosa and reinforce the need to better investigate the atypical phenotype of constitutional thinness.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in the energy cost of locomotion during walking (Cw) related to changes in body mass (BM, kg) and body composition in adolescents with obesity. Twenty-six (12 boys and 14 girls) obese adolescents (mean: body mass index, 33.6 ± 3.7 kg·m–2; 42.7 ± 4.5% fat mass (FM)) followed a 9-month multidisciplinary inpatient weight-reduction program consisting of lifestyle education, moderate energy restriction, and regular physical activity in a specialised institution. At baseline (M0), the end of the 9-month program (M9), and after the 4-month follow-up (M13), oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the standardised activity program were assessed by whole-body indirect calorimetry over 24 hours, and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At M9, adolescents showed an 18% reduction in BM (p < 0.001) and 40% in total FM, while fat-free mass (kg) remained stable in boys but decreased by ∼6% in girls (p = 0.001). Similarly, the mean Cw decreased by 20% (p < 0.001). At M13, BM, FM, and Cw were slightly higher compared with at M9. In conclusion, moderate energy restriction and regular moderate physical activities improved walking economy, improved exercise tolerance, and induced beneficial changes in the body composition of adolescents with obesity. Novelty: Reduction of FM in the trunk region, and consequently reducing the work carried out by respiratory muscles, contributes to reducing Cw in adolescents with obesity. A lower walking cost can be effective in improving exercise tolerance and quality of life in obese adolescents.

International audience; Background: To evaluate the impact of 4 months of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT)-centered weight-management intervention on health-related quality of life (HR-QOL), health perception (HP) and physical self-perception (PSP) in adolescents with obesity.Methods: Fifty-six adolescents with obesity (28 girls; mean body mass index [BMI], 35±4.89 kg/m2; z- BMI, 2.3±0.3; 11-17 years) followed a multidisciplinary weight-management intervention composed of nutritional counseling, HIIT program, and health-related therapeutic education. Anthropometric parameters, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), and maximal aerobic capacities (maximal oxygen consumption [VO2peak]) were assessed, and self-reported questionnaires were used to assess HRQOL (36-item short form survey), HP and PSP at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1).Results: Body weight (92.6±18.9 to 85.9±16.2 kg), BMI (35.0±4.8 to 32.1±4.5 kg/m2), z-BMI (2.3±0.3 to 2.1±0.3) and fat mass (36.0%±9.1% to 30.4%±7.8%) were significantly decreased (P

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International audience; Objectives: Pediatric obesity and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are strongly associated, and both promote metabolic impairments. However, the effects of a lifestyle intervention on the overall metabolic syndrome (MetS) are unknown. The objectives were i) to evaluate the effects of a lifestyle intervention on cardiometabolic risk (CMR), assessed with a dichotomous (MetS) and a continuous (MetScoreFM) instrument, in obese adolescents with and without SDB and ii) to compare the post-intervention cardiometabolic responses between adolescents with persistent (apnea-hypopnea index; AHI≥2) or normalized-SDB (AHI

Constitutional thinness (CT) is a nonpathological state of underweight. The current study aimed to explore skeletal muscle energy storage in individuals with CT and to further characterize muscle phenotype at baseline and in response to overfeeding. Thirty subjects with CT (15 females, 15 males) and 31 normal-weight control subjects (16 females, 15 males) participated in the study. Histological and enzymological analyses were performed on muscle biopsy specimens before and after overfeeding. In the skeletal muscle of CT participants compared with controls, we observed a lower content of intramuscular triglycerides for type I (−17%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (−14%, p < 0.05) muscle fibers, a lower glycogen content for type I (−6%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (−5%, p < 0.05) muscle fibers, a specific fiber-type distribution, a marked muscle hypotrophy (−20%, p < 0.001), a low capillary-to-fiber ratio (−19%, p < 0.001), and low citrate synthase activity (−18%, p < 0.05). In response to overfeeding, CT participants increased their intramuscular triglycerides content in type I (+10%, p < 0.01) and type IIA (+9%, p < 0.01) muscle fibers. CT individuals seem to present an unusual muscle phenotype and different adaptations to overfeeding compared with normal-weight individuals, suggesting a specific energy metabolism and muscle adaptations. ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT02004821. Novelty Low intramuscular triglycerides and glycogen content in skeletal muscle of constitutionally thin individuals. Low oxidative capacity, low capillary supply, and fiber hypotrophy in skeletal muscle of constitutionally thin individuals. Increase in intramuscular triglycerides in constitutional thinness in response to overfeeding.

Objective:To assess the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in French children from 2013 to 2017.Design:Cross-sectional study performed in fourteen regions of France. Physical measures included weight, height and BMI. Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined according to age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points from the International Obesity Task Force.Setting:France.Subjects:Children (10 159 boys, 9757 girls) from the voluntary, non-representative Diagnoform programme between 2013 and 2017, at the age of 4–12 years.Results:The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls compared with boys (P < 0·001). Underweight was also more prevalent in girls (P < 0·05). Although there were no significant changes in the prevalence of obesity in boys or girls from 2013 to 2017, a significant decrease in overweight among boys and girls was found (P < 0·001) during the same time period. In contrast, the prevalence of underweight increased in girls and boys (from 10·0 to 20·0 %, P < 0·0001) between 2013 and 2017.Conclusions:Results of the current study show that the prevalence of obesity was stable, while the prevalence of overweight decreased significantly, despite high in French children. Findings suggest also that thinness is becoming an important phenomenon in children. Developing preventive and nutritional programmes in order to modify the lifestyle might help control underweight and obesity in children.

Objectives: This study was performed to evaluate the long-term maintenance of nutritional changes promoted during an intensive initial intervention to induce body weight loss. The ability of these changes to predict long-term health outcomes was also examined. Methods: Nutritional variables, body composition, and metabolic markers collected in the RESOLVE project were analyzed before and after a 3-week intensive diet&ndash, exercise intervention (Phase 1), and during a subsequent supervision under free living conditions, of 12 months (Phase 2). Results: As expected, the macronutrient composition of the diet was modified to promote a negative energy balance during Phase 1. The decrease in carbohydrates imposed during this phase was maintained during Phase 2 whereas the increase in protein intake returned to baseline values at the end of the program. Dietary fiber intake was almost doubled during Phase 1 and remained significantly greater than baseline values throughout Phase 2. Moreover, fiber intake was the only nutritional variable that systematically and significantly predicted variations of health outcomes in the study. Conclusion: The adequacy of dietary fiber intake should be a matter of primary consideration in diet-based weight reduction programs.

Globally the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak has triggered an economic downturn and a rise in unemployment. As a result, global communities have had to face physical, health, psychological and socio-economical related stressors. The purpose of this study was to assess and report the impact of isolation and effect of coronavirus on selected psychological correlates associated with emotions. Following ethical approval, a mixed methods observational study was conducted using the validated COVISTRESS questionnaire. Two observational study scenarios were evaluated namely &ldquo, Prior&rdquo, to the COVID-19 outbreak and &ldquo, Currently&rdquo, i.e., during the COVID-19 pandemic. 10,121 participants from 67 countries completed the COVISTRESS questionnaire. From the questionnaire responses only questions that covered the participant&rsquo, s occupation, sociodemographic details, isolation and impact of coronavirus were selected. Further analyses were performed on output measures that included leisure time, physical activity, sedentary time and emotions. All output measures were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) with an intensity ranging from 0&ndash, 100. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman correlational analysis were applied to the leisure time, physical activity, sedentary time and emotional feeling datasets, p = 0.05 was set as the significance level. Both males and females displayed similar output measures. The Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significant differences with respect to &ldquo, COVID-19 and &ldquo, for sedentary activity (Z = &minus, 40.462, p &lt, 0.001), physical activity (Z = &minus, 30.751, p &lt, 0.001) and all other emotional feeling output measures. A moderate correlation between &ldquo, was observed among the Males (r = 0.720) in comparison to the Females (r = 0.639) for sedentary activity while weaker correlations (r &lt, 0.253) were observed for physical activity and emotional feeling measurements, respectively. Our study reported incremental differences in the physical and psychological output measures reported, i.e., &ldquo, &ldquo, participants increased their sedentary habits by 2.98%, and the level of physical activity reduced by 2.42%, depression levels increased by 21.62%, anxiety levels increased by 16.71%, and stress levels increased by 21.8%. There were no correlations (r) between leisure, physical activity and sedentary action (i.e., &ldquo, = &minus, 0.071, 0.097), no correlations (r) between leisure physical activity and emotion (i.e., &minus, 0.071 &gt, r &gt, 0.081) for &ldquo, and poor correlations (r) between leisure, physical activity and sedentary action (i.e., &minus, 0.078 &gt, 0.167) for &ldquo, Current&rdquo, The correlations (r) between sedentary action and emotion for &ldquo, and &ldquo, were (&minus, 0.100 &gt, 0.075) and (&minus, 0.040 &gt, 0.041) respectively. The findings presented here indicate that the COVISTRESS project has created awareness in relation to the physical and psychological impact resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings have also highlighted individual distress caused by COVID-19 and associated health consequences for the global community.

The existing literature about the definition and diagnostic criteria of constitutional thinness (CT) appears equivocal. The present work systematically reviewed the criteria used in the diagnosis of adult individuals with CT (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019138236). Five electronic bibliographic databases were searched between December 2018 and November 2019: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), Google Scholar and Clinical Trials. Search terms were combined with Medical Subject Headings terms. The search strategy included any clinical trials that enrolled adults with CT. Studies were systematically excluded if the state of thinness was not due to a well-identified constitutional origin. From the 689 references after duplicate removal, 199 studies were excluded based on title and 164 based on abstract. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 291 other studies were removed. Finally, thirty-five studies remained at the end of the process. The analysis of these studies showed high heterogeneity in the diagnostic criteria of CT. A real need emerged to adopt a common terminology and to systematically exclude potential non-constitutional origins of thinness such as eating disorders, associated pathology or over-exercising, with validated tools. Weight history, physiological menses and weight gain resistance are also important criteria to consider. The present systematic review revealed that our medical and scientific approaches of CT need to be harmonised in terms of terminology and diagnostic criteria. Although further studies are needed, we finally proposed recommendations and a decision tree to help in the recognition and diagnosis of CT.

Early adiposity rebound (EAR) predicts paediatric overweight/obesity, but current approaches do not consider both the starting point of EAR and the BMI trajectory. We compared the clinical characteristics at birth, age 3–5 and 6–8 years of children, according to the EAR and to its type (type A/type B-EAR). We assessed the childrenʼs odds of being classified as overweight/obese at age 6–8 years, according to the type of EAR as defined at age 3–5 years. As part of this two-wave observational study, 1055 children were recruited and examined at age 3–5 years. Antenatal and postnatal information was collected through interviews with parents, and weight and height from the health records. Type A and type B-EAR were defined in wave 1 according to the BMI nadir and the variation of BMIz-score between the starting point of the adiposity rebound and the last point on the curve. At 6–8 years (wave 2), 867 children were followed up; 426 (40·4 %) children demonstrated EAR. Among them, 172 had type A-EAR, higher rates of parental obesity (P< 0·05) and greater birth weight compared with other children (P< 0·001). Odds for overweight/obesity at 6–8 years, when adjusting for antenatal and postnatal factors, was 21·35 (95 % CI 10·94, 41·66) in type A-EAR children and not significant in type B-EAR children (OR 1·76; 95 % CI 0·84, 3·68) compared with children without EAR. Classification of EAR into two subtypes provides physicians with a reliable approach to identify children at risk for overweight/obesity before the age of 5 years.

International audience; Background: While the beneficial effects of exercise on appetite might depend on its timing during the day or relative to a meal, this remains poorly explored in youth.Objectives: To examine the importance of meal timing (+30 vs +90 minutes) after performing exercise on energy intake, appetite and food reward in adolescents with obesity.Methods: Eighteen adolescents with obesity randomly completed three conditions: (a) lunch (12:00 pm) set 30 minutes after a rest session (11:00 am); (b) lunch (12:00 pm) set 30 minutes after an exercise session (11:00 am)(MEAL-30); (c) lunch (01:00 pm) set 90 minutes after an exercise session (11:00 am)(MEAL-90). Lunch and dinner ad libitum energy intake was assessed, food reward (LFPQ) assessed before and after lunch, and before dinner, appetite sensations were assessed at regular intervals.Results: Energy intake was lower at MEAL-90 than MEAL-30 and CON at lunch (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively) and lunch + dinner combined (P < .001). A decrease in intake (g) of protein, fat and carbohydrate was observed. Post-exercise hunger was lower on MEAL-90 compared with CON. No condition effects were found at lunch for food reward.Conclusions: Delaying the timing of the meal after exercise might help affect energy balance by decreasing ad libitum energy intake without increasing hunger and by improving satiety in adolescents with obesity.

International audience; Background: While multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) programs have been suggested to improve the sensitivity of appetite control system, this study examined for the first time the effect of a specific multidisciplinary intervention on the hedonic aspects of food intake in adolescents with obesity.Study design: Twenty-four adolescents (11-15 years) with obesity (mean BMI: 35.7 ± 4.5 kg/m2; BMI percentile: 98.7 ± 0.5) took part in a 10-month inpatient WL program, which included physical activity, nutritional education and psychological support. Height, weight, body composition, food reward (pre- and post-meal), ad libitum energy intake, appetite sensations and eating behavior traits were assessed at baseline, 5 months and at the end of the 10-month intervention. Analyses were conducted with linear mixed models and paired t-tests.Results: The mean WL was 8.9 ± 6.9 kg. Appetite sensations and pre-meal hedonic ratings of liking for all food categories (HF: high-fat; LF: low-fat; SA: savory; SW: sweet) increased after 5 months (fasting hunger, p = 0.02; fasting desire to eat, p = 0.01; daily hunger, p = 0.001; pre-meal liking for HFSA, p = 0.03; LFSA, p = 0.04; HFSW, p = 0.009; LFSW, p = 0.005). In contrast, appetite sensations (fasting and daily), emotional eating (p < 0.001), uncontrolled eating (p = 0.009), and pre-meal explicit liking (for all food categories) decreased between months 5 and 10. Post-meal liking for HFSA (p < 0.001), LFSA (p = 0.002), HFSW (p = 0.02) and LFSW (p < 0.001) decreased between baseline and month 5 and remained unchanged between months 5 and 10.Conclusion: These findings suggest that adaptive mechanisms to WL occurring in the short-to-medium term are attenuated in the longer term with the persistence of WL. These results indicate improvements in the reward response to food in adolescents with obesity and may contribute to the beneficial effect of multicomponent WL interventions in this population. Future studies are required to confirm these findings and elucidate underlying mechanisms.; Adolescents; Energy intake; Food reward; Multidisciplinary intervention; Pediatric obesity; Weight loss.

The action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on natriuresis, diuresis and vasodilatation, insulin resistance, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue may contribute to the healthy metabolic and cardiovascular development. Even though the circulating level of ANP is reduced in patients with obesity, its response to weight loss remains poorly explored in pediatric populations.To evaluate the effects of ANP variations in response to interdisciplinary weight loss intervention on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with obesity.73 adolescents with obesity attended a 20-week clinical interdisciplinary weight loss therapy including clinical, nutritional, psychological and exercise training approach. Body composition, biochemical analyses and blood pressure were evaluated. MetS was classified according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2007). After the treatment, volunteers were divided according to Increasing (n=31) or Decreasing (n=19) ANP plasma levels.Both groups present significant reduction of body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist, neck and hip circumferences (WC, NC and HC, respectively) and increasing fat-free mass (FFM). Interestingly, a significant reduction in body fat, TG/HDL-c ratio and MetS prevalence (from 23% to 6%) was observed in the Increased ANP group only.This study suggests that an increase in ANP serum levels after weight loss therapy could be associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risks and the reduced prevalence of MetS in adolescents with obesity.A ação do peptídeo natriurético atrial (ANP) na natriurese, diurese e vasodilatação, resistência à insulina, fígado, rim e tecido adiposo pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento metabólico e cardiovascular saudável. Embora o nível circulante de ANP seja reduzido em pacientes com obesidade, sua resposta à perda de peso ainda é pouco explorada em populações pediátricas.Avaliar os efeitos das variações do ANP em resposta à intervenção interdisciplinar para perda de peso na Síndrome Metabólica (SMet) e nos riscos cardiometabólicos em adolescentes com obesidade.73 adolescentes com obesidade participaram de uma terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso de 20 semanas, incluindo uma abordagem clínica, nutricional, psicológica e de exercícios físicos. A composição corporal, análises bioquímicas e pressão sanguínea foram avaliadas. A SMet foi classificada de acordo com a Federação Internacional de Diabetes (IDF) (2007). Após o tratamento, os voluntários foram divididos de acordo com os níveis de plasma do ANP aumento (n=31) ou ANP redução (n=19).Ambos os grupos apresentaram redução significativa de peso corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferências de cintura, pescoço e quadril (CC, CP e CQ, respectivamente), e aumento da massa livre de gordura (MLG). É interessante observar que houve uma redução significativa na gordura corporal, na razão de TG/HDL-c e na prevalência de SMet (de 23% para 6%) somente no grupo com ANP aumento.Este estudo sugere que o aumento nos níveis séricos de ANP após a terapia para perda de peso pode estar associado a melhorias nos riscos cardiometabólicos e na prevalência reduzida de SMet em adolescentes com obesidade.

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Background and aim Exercise timing has been suggested to affect appetite and energy intake (EI). The aim of this study was to examine the impact of exercising immediately before or after a meal on EI, appetite sensations and food reward (FR) in adolescents with obesity. Methods and results Seventeen adolescents with obesity completed 3 experimental sessions (randomized controlled trial): rest + lunch (CON); exercise + lunch (EX-MEAL); lunch + exercise (MEAL-EX). The exercise consisted of cycling 30 min at 65%V̇O2peak. Outcomes included ad libitum EI (weighed lunch and dinner), FR (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire at pre- and post-combination of exercise/rest and lunch, and pre-dinner) and appetite sensations (visual analogue scales). EI was not different between conditions. Compared with CON, relative EI at lunch was lower in EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX (p ≤ 0.05) and daily only in MEAL-EX (p < 0.01). Postprandial fullness was higher in EX-MEAL compared to CON. Compared with CON, both EX-MEAL and MEAL-EX attenuated the increase in wanting for sweet food and reduced explicit liking for fat. Conclusions These preliminary results suggest that exercising immediately before or after a meal produce few differences in appetite and have small beneficial effects on overall energy balance in adolescents with obesity, as well as on FR. Clinical trials NCT03967782.

International audience; While most of the time unconsidered, child and adolescent obesity has been also associated with impaired brain health and function that can definitely affect their social interaction and integration, and then well-being and mental health. The European Childhood Obesity Group recently gathered experts in the field who discussed the main available and reliable evidence regarding the role of physical activity on brain health and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with obesity and who propose here their main conclusions and recommendations.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether meeting movement behavior recommendations (i.e.,≥60 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] per day, ≤2 h of recreational screen time per day, and between9 and 11 h of nightly sleep), and combinations of these recommendations, are associated with dietary patterns of children. This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2011 and 2013 and included 5873children 9–11 years of age from 12 countries around the world. MVPA and nightly sleep duration were measured using 24-hour waist-worn accelerometry. Screen time habits were assessed via self-report. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary patterns, and the whole diet was described by two components derived from principal component analysis: “healthy” and “unhealthy” dietary pattern scores. Covariates included in the multilevel statistical models included age, sex, highest parental education, and body mass index z-score. A healthier dietary pattern score was observed when more movement behavior recommendations were met. Among the three movement behaviors, limiting screen time habits to the recommended amount was most strongly associated with healthier dietary patterns. Similarly, a less unhealthy dietary pattern was observed when more movement behavior recommendations were met. Surprisingly, the highest unhealthy dietary pattern was associated with children meeting the MVPA recommendation alone. Combinations including ≤2 h of screen time per day were those most strongly associated with a less unhealthy dietary pattern. Findings were similar across study sites and in boys and girls. In conclusion, meeting more movement behavior recommendations is generally associated with better dietary patterns in children from around the world, with limiting screen time habits showing the strongest relationships. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been suggested as an effective alternative to traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) that can yield improvements in a variety of health outcomes. Yet, despite the urgent need to find effective strategies for the treatment of pediatric obesity, only a few studies have addressed the impact of HIIT on eating behaviors and body composition in this population. This study aimed to compare the effect of HIIT versus MICT on eating behaviors in adolescents with obesity and to assess if the participants’ baseline dietary status is associated with the success of the intervention. Forty-three adolescents with obesity were randomly assigned to a 16-week MICT or HIIT intervention. Body composition and 24-h ad libitum energy intake were assessed at baseline and at the end of the program. Restrained eating, emotional eating, and external eating were assessed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire at baseline. Both interventions led to significant weight, body mass index (BMI), and fat mass percentage (FM%) reductions, with better improvements in FM% in the HIIT group; whereas 24-h ad libitum energy intake increased to a similar extent in both groups. HIIT provides better body composition improvements over MICT, despite a similar increase in energy intake. Restrained eaters experienced less weight loss and smaller BMI reduction compared with unrestrained eaters; higher baseline cognitively restrained adolescents showed a greater increase of their ad libitum energy intake. Novelty HIIT favors better body composition improvements compared with MICT. Both MICT and HIIT increased ad libitum energy intake in adolescents with obesity. Weight loss achievement is better among unrestrained eaters.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the magnitude of weight loss (WL) and serum concentrations of the main adipocytokines and appetite-regulating hormones in adolescents with obesity.After completion of informed consent,108 adolescents with obesity (14-19 y of age; postpubertal) were submitted to clinical, nutritional, psychological, physical exercise, and physiotherapy support for 1 y. Body composition (BC) and plasma levels of neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y [NPY], agouti-related peptide [AgRP], and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone [α-MSH]) and leptin were measured at baseline and post-intervention.After therapy, adolescents who lost10% body weight and10% body weight (were compared. Both groups presented improvements in BC and reduced leptin. The Δα-MSH, Δα-MSH/AgRP ratio, and Δα-MSH/NPY ratio were lower and AgRP and NPY variations were higher in the low weight loss group. The leptin concentration was close to normal in the high weight loss only. The ΔWeight, Δα-MSH and Δleptin were associated with body fat loss by multiple linear regressions for all samples.Weight loss10% seems to reverse obesity-induced hyperleptinemia while stabilizing the neuropeptides that control appetite in adolescents with obesity. We were able to produce a prognostic mathematical model to predict body fat loss using weight, leptin, and α-MSH variations.

Background: High-intensity exercise can have an anorectic impact, leading to negative energy balance. Several studies have reported that the practice of physical activity could also cause a shift in perceptions and preferences, causing a change in food intakes. Objective: This study aimed to question to what extent the timing of exercise in relation to a meal could have an impact on olfaction and gustation, appetite, and food choices. Methods: Twelve males aged 25 (4) years with a body mass index of 22.4 (2.0) kg/m2 attended two experimental visits in a counterbalanced fashion. The participants consumed a standardized breakfast between 7:00 and 7:30 a.m. and were subjected to smell and taste tests upon arrival at the laboratory (8:30 a.m.). In the EX9:40 visit, the participants performed a 30-min exercise session (70% of maximum oxygen uptake) at 9:40 a.m., followed by a 90-min sedentary break. In EX10:30, the participants first took part in the 90-min sedentary break and then performed the 30-min exercise session at 10:30 a.m. Taste and smell tests were performed again at 11:40 a.m., immediately followed by an ad libitum buffet-style meal. Visual analog scales were used to report appetite sensations during the session and satiety quotients around the lunch. Results: There was no difference in energy intakes between the EX9:40 (596 [302] kcal) and EX10:30 (682 [263] kcal) conditions (p = .459). There was no condition effect for the taste and smell sensations (all ps > .05), appetite sensation, or satiety quotients around the meal (all ps > .05). Conclusion: Exercise timing in the morning had no effect on taste and smell perceptions, appetite sensations, or energy intakes.

Despite the consequences of night-shift work, the diet of night-shift workers has not been widely studied. To date, there are no studies related to food intake among emergency healthcare workers (HCWs). We performed a prospective observational study to assess the influence of night work on the diet of emergency HCWs. We monitored 24-h food intake during a day shift and the consecutive night, and during night work and the daytime beforehand. We analyzed 184 emergency HCWs’ food intakes. Emergency HCWs had 14.7% lower (−206 kcal) of their 24-h energy intake during night shifts compared to their day-shift colleagues (1606.7 ± 748.2 vs. 1400.4 ± 708.3 kcal, p = 0.049) and a 16.7% decrease in water consumption (1451.4 ± 496.8 vs. 1208.3 ± 513.9 mL/day, p = 0.010). Compared to day shifts, night-shift had 8.7% lower carbohydrates, 17.6% proteins, and 18.7% lipids. During the night shift the proportion of emergency HCWs who did not drink for 4 h, 8 h and 12 h increased by 20.5%, 17.5%, and 9.1%, respectively. For those who did not eat for 4 h, 8 h and 12 h increased by 46.8%, 27.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. A night shift has a huge negative impact on both the amount and quality of nutrients consumed by emergency healthcare workers.

ObjectiveTo examine score validity and reliability of a child version of the twenty-one-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQ-R21) in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents and its relationship with BMIZ-score and food/taste preferences.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSchool-based.ParticipantsChildren (n158), sixty-three boys (mean age 11·5 (sd1·6) years) and ninety-five girls (11·9 (sd1·9) years).ResultsExploratory factor analysis revealed that the CTFEQ-R21 was best represented by four factors with item 17 removed (CFFEQ-R20), representing Cognitive Restraint (CR), Cognitive Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2) and Emotional Eating (EE), accounting for 41·2 % of the total common variance with good scale reliability. ANOVA revealed that younger children reported higher UE 1 and CR scores than older children, and boys who reported high UE 1 scores had significantly higher BMIZ-scores. Children with high UE 1 scores reported a greater preference for high-protein and -fat foods, and high-fat savoury (HFSA) and high-fat sweet (HFSW) foods. Higher preference for high-protein, -fat and -carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW and low-fat savoury foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores.ConclusionsThe study suggests that the CFFEQ-R20 can be used to measure eating behaviour traits and associations with BMIZ-score and food/taste preferences in Canadian children and adolescents. Future research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and other geographical locations, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating or socio-economic status.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 10-month structured physical activity intervention implemented within the workplace on overall health indicators among tertiary (office workers) employees.In this quasi-experimental study, 224 employees followed a 10-month worksite physical activity program. Overall health was assessed at baseline, after 5 months, and by the end of the intervention.Fat mass percentage decreased significantly. There was a time effect favoring push-ups, abdominal strength, flexibility, heart rate postexercise, heart rate +30 seconds, and heart rate +60 seconds postexercise. Anxiety, depression, and eating habits also improved. In total, 45% of participants completed the whole intervention.Although a structured on-site physical activity program supports improved health indicators, adherence remains a concern and requires specialists to develop new strategies.

ObjectiveTo develop and validate a child and adolescent version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQr17) and to assess its psychometric properties and factor structure. We also examined associations between the CTFEQr17 and BMI and food preferences.DesignA two-phase approach was utilized, employing both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.SettingPrimary and secondary schools, UK.SubjectsIn phase 1, seventy-six children (thirty-nine boys; mean age 12·3 (sd1·4) years) were interviewed to ascertain their understanding of the original TFEQr21 and to develop accessible and understandable items to create the CTFEQr17. In phase 2, 433 children (230 boys; mean age 12·0 (sd1·7) years) completed the CTFEQr17 and a food preference questionnaire, a sub-sample (n253; 131 boys) had their height and weight measured, and forty-five children (twenty-three boys) were interviewed to determine their understanding of the CTFEQr17.ResultsThe CTFEQr17 showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’sα=0·85) and the three-factor structure was retained: cognitive restraint (CR), uncontrolled eating (UE) and emotional eating (EE). Qualitative data demonstrated a high level of understanding of the questionnaire (95 %). High CR was found to be significantly associated with a higher body weight, BMI and BMI percentile. High UE and EE scores were related to a preference for high-fat savoury and high-fat sweet foods. The relationships between CTFEQr17, anthropometry and food preferences were stronger for girls than boys.ConclusionsThe CTFEQr17 is a psychometrically sound questionnaire for use in children and adolescents, and associated with anthropometric and food preference measures.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating sufficient moderate to vigorous physical activity is recognized as a key determinant of physical, physiological, developmental, mental, cognitive, and social health among children and youth (aged 5-17 y). The Global Matrix 3.0 of Report Card grades on physical activity was developed to achieve a better understanding of the global variation in child and youth physical activity and associated supports. METHODS: Work groups from 49 countries followed harmonized procedures to develop their Report Cards by grading 10 common indicators using the best available data. The participating countries were divided into 3 categories using the United Nations' human development index (HDI) classification (low or medium, high, and very high HDI). RESULTS: A total of 490 grades, including 369 letter grades and 121 incomplete grades, were assigned by the 49 work groups. Overall, an average grade of "C-," "D+," and "C-" was obtained for the low and medium HDI countries, high HDI countries, and very high HDI countries, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides rich new evidence showing that the situation regarding the physical activity of children and youth is a concern worldwide. Strategic public investments to implement effective interventions to increase physical activity opportunities are needed. ispartof: JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH vol:15 issue:S2 pages:S251-S273 ispartof: location:United States status: published

International audience

Introduction et but de l’etude Alors que le role des voies homeostatiques et neurocognitives impliquees dans les reponses nutritionnelles a l’exercice a ete identifie en fonction de l’intensite, modalite ou encore duree de l’exercice [1] (Thivel, 2018) ; seuls Albert et al. (2015) [2] ont questionne le role du delai entre l’exercice et le repas sur l’apport energetique (AE) et les sensations d’appetit (SA) chez de jeunes hommes sains. Le but de la presente etude est d’evaluer l’effet du delai entre l’exercice et le repas sur l’AE, les SA et le systeme de la recompense chez des adolescents souffrant d’obesite. Materiel et methodes Quinze adolescents obeses ont effectue 3 sessions experimentales de maniere randomisee : (i) repos sans exercice (CON) ; (ii) une seance d’exercice fixe 180 min avant le dejeuner (EX-180) ; (iii) une seance d’exercice fixe 30 min avant le dejeuner (EX-60). L’AE au dejeuner a ete evalue tout comme les sensations d’appetit et le systeme de la recompense. Resultats et analyse statistique L’AE relatif au dejeuner sur la session CON est superieur a EX-60 (p Conclusion Ces resultats preliminaires suggerent qu’un court delai entre l’exercice et le repas pourrait avoir un effet plus benefique sur le bilan energetique journalier qu’un delai plus long chez l’adolescent obese. Ces resultats pourraient avoir une implication importante pour les prises en charge cliniques en activite physique.

Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have become important public health problems. Both diseases share intrinsic pathways and contribute for an increase in cardiovascular risk. Many proinflammatory adipokines including TNF-alfa, IL-6, PAI-1, and leptin are increased in obesity and their roles in the development of related diseases including OSA are presented in the literature. Despite the increasing interest in the interplay between obesity and OSA, the mechanisms involved between obesity, OSA, and related disorders are not yet substantially conclusive. The evidences suggest that the inflammatory pathway is the connecting key between the diseases. Some therapeutic approaches are proposed, such as exercise and nutritional counseling, as adjuvant tools, with low cost and possibility to apply at all times in the course of life. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to explore the interaction between obesity and OSA as well as to show the impact of exercise and nutritional interventions in the control of both diseases.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multidisciplinary weight loss intervention on energy intake and appetite sensations in adolescents with obesity, depending on the initial diagnosis or persistence of the metabolic syndrome. Ninety-two adolescents with obesity (12&ndash, 15 years) followed a 16-week multidisciplinary weight loss intervention. Anthropometric and body composition characteristics, metabolic profile, ad libitum daily energy intake, and appetite sensations were assessed before and after the intervention. The presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) was determined at baseline (MS vs. non-MS) and after the program (persistent vs. non-persistent). While the intervention was effective in inducing weight loss (body weight T0: 87.1 &plusmn, 14.9 vs. T1: 81.2 &plusmn, 13.0 kg, p &lt, 0.001) and body composition improvements in both adolescents with and without MS, energy intake (p = 0.07), hunger (p = 0.008), and prospective food consumption (p = 0.03) increased, while fullness decreased (p = 0.04) in both groups. Energy intake and appetite were not improved in non-persistent MS after the program and remained significantly higher among non-persistent adolescents compared with initially non-MS adolescents. To conclude, appetite control seems impaired in obese adolescents, irrespective of being affected by MS or not, whereas the treatment of MS in this population might fail to effectively preclude the adolescents from potential post-intervention compensatory food intake and subsequent weight regain.

Epub ahead of print; The prevention and management of chronic diseases, particularly overweight and obesity, relies on multidisciplinary strategies mainly combining dietary approaches with physical activity. Recently, the timing of exercise (time of the day as well as delay/position relative to a meal) has been suggested as an important parameter to consider when prescribing physical activity. Some studies have for instance shown the interest of the timing of exercise on the glycemia, sleep and body composition regulation. However, the impact of exercise-timing on appetite control and energy intake remains unclear. This is why, the present paper questions whether physical exercise, depending on its timing during the day and related to a meal, can affect energy intake, appetite sensations and food reward. Although evidences remain actually limited, exercising during the morning; and particularly close to lunch, might have a better impact on overall energy balance through reduced subsequent energy intake, without leading to compensatory intakes at the following meals. Importantly, dealing with the timing of exercise to optimize energy balance (and affect energy intake and appetite) does not only require to consider its time during the day (morning vs. afternoon or evening), but also and maybe mainly its order/position (pre vs. post) and delay regarding meals. While the actual literature remains limited in this area, the present paper tends to highlight the importance of considering the timing of exercise to optimize our impact on the overall energy balance, and to encourage the elaboration of further studies to better understand and determine the potential effect of this timing of exercise, in order to find the best combination between the different exercise characteristics, intensity, duration, modality, to empower these effects.

International audience; Objectives: Because adolescents with obesity are susceptible to bone fragility during weight loss (WL), we evaluated the impact of eccentric (ECC) versus classical concentric (CON) training at the same oxygen consumption (V˙O2) on bone density, geometry and strength.Methods: Thirty five adolescents were included into 2 training (CON and ECC cycling) and a control (CTR, without training) groups. Anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, hip structural analysis and quantitative bone ultrasound were assessed before and after the 12-week intervention.Results: The trainings promoted significant improvements in body mass index, total fat (FM) and lean mass (LM), with better improvements for FM and LM in the ECC group (p < 0.05). Leg LM percentage increased only in the ECC group (p < 0.05). Total body bone mineral content and density increased in both training groups (p < 0.001) with significant time x group interactions only between ECC and CTR (p < 0.05). Buckling ratio at the intertrochanteric region and femoral shaft increased only in CTR and CON groups (p < 0.05). Speeds of sounds at the calcaneum increased only in ECC group (p < 0.01).Conclusions: Bone fragility, from a compromised relationship between density, geometry and strength, might be prevented with the ECC modality.

International audience; Background: We investigated the impact of obesity on responses to high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on hunger and energy intake (EI) in young men.Methods: Ten men with obesity (OB) (body mass index [BMI]: 34.6±4.4 kg/m²) and 10 with normal weight (CG) (BMI: 23.1±3.9 kg/m²) participated in a HIIE session. The session consisted of 6 rounds performed at 100% of maximum aerobic velocity (MAV) for 30 seconds, followed by 30 seconds of active recovery at 50% MAV and concluded with 4 minutes of passive recovery. This was repeated three times. EI was estimated at baseline and 24h-post HIIE. Hunger was measured at baseline, 2h- and 24h-post HIIE.Results: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased in both groups (p

International audience; Background and aims: Pediatric obesity and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) are associated with cardiometabolic risk (CMR), but the degree of severity at which SDB affects cardiometabolic health is unknown. We assessed the relationship between the CMR and the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), to identify a threshold of AHI from which an increase in the CMR is observed, in adolescents with obesity. We also compared the clinical, cardiometabolic and sleep characteristics between adolescents presenting a high (CMR+) and low CMR (CMR-), according to the threshold of AHI.Methods and results: 114 adolescents with obesity were recruited from three institutions specialized in obesity management. Sleep and SDB as assessed by polysomnography, anthropometric parameters, fat mass (FM), glucose and lipid profiles, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at admission. Continuous (MetScoreFM) and dichotomous (metabolic syndrome, MetS) CMR were determined. Associations between MetScoreFM and AHI adjusted for BMI, sex and age were assessed by multivariable analyses. Data of 82 adolescents were analyzed. Multivariable analyses enabled us to identify a threshold of AHI = 2 above which we observed a strong and significant association between CMR and AHI (Cohen's d effect-size = 0.57 [0.11; 1.02] p = 0.02). Adolescents with CMR+ exhibited higher MetScoreFM (p < 0.05), insulin resistance (p < 0.05), systolic BP (p < 0.001), sleep fragmentation (p < 0.01) and intermittent hypoxia than CMR- group (p < 0.0001). MetS was found in 90.9% of adolescents with CMR+, versus 69.4% in the CMR- group (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The identification of a threshold of AHI ≥ 2 corresponding to the cardiometabolic alterations highlights the need for the early management of SDB and obesity in adolescents, to prevent cardiometabolic diseases.

International audience

Exercise modifies energy intake (EI) in adolescents with obesity, but whether this is mediated by the exercise-induced energy deficit remains unknown. The present study examined the effect of exercise with and without dietary replacement of the exercise energy expenditure on appetite, EI and food reward in adolescents with obesity. Fourteen 12–15-year-old adolescents with obesity (eight girls; Tanner 3–4; BMI 34·8 (sd 5·7) kg/m2; BMI z score 2·3 (sd 0·4)) randomly completed three experimental conditions: (i) rest control (CON); (ii) 30-min cycling (EX) and (iii) 30-min cycling with dietary energy replacement (EX + R). Ad libitum EI was assessed at lunch and dinner, and food reward (Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) before and after lunch. Appetite was assessed at regular intervals. Lunch, evening and total EI (excluding the post-exercise snack in EX − R) were similar across conditions. Lunch and total EI including the post-exercise snack in EX + R were higher in EX − R than CON and EX; EX and CON were similar. Total relative EI was lower in EX (6284 (sd 2042) kJ) compared with CON (7167 (sd 2218) kJ; P < 0·05) and higher in EX + R (7736 (sd 2033) kJ) compared with CON (P < 0·001). Appetite and satiety quotients did not differ across conditions (P ≥ 0·10). Pre-meal explicit liking for fat was lower in EX compared with CON and EX + R (P = 0·05). There was time by condition interaction between EX and CON for explicit wanting and liking for fat (P = 0·01). Despite similar appetite and EI, adolescents with obesity do not adapt their post-exercise food intake to account for immediate dietary replacement of the exercise-induced energy deficit, favouring a short-term positive energy balance.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity resistance and endurance exercise on body composition and plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations in overweight individuals. One hundred participants were randomly assigned to 3 exercise interventions: high-resistance–low-aerobic exercise (Re), low-resistance–high-aerobic exercise (rE), low-resistance–low-aerobic exercise (re). Interventions began with 3 weeks of residential supervision (phase 1) after which participants had to manage the physical activity programs individually (phase 2). Body composition and plasma variables were measured at baseline and after phase 1 as well as after 3, 6, and 12 months. Significant decreases in body weight and fat were observed after phase 1 (p < 0.001) and continued at a lower rate for up to 3 months and then remained stable for the rest of the protocol. Once a body weight plateau was reached, body fat loss after the Re and rE conditions exceeded the fat loss observed in the re condition by 1.5–2 kg (p < 0.05). Leptin was significantly decreased after day 21 and month 3 (p < 0.001) and remained stable for the rest of the study. Ghrelin was significantly increased after day 21 and month 3 (p < 0.001) and returned to a level comparable to baseline between month 6 and 12 when body weight and fat had reached a plateau. In conclusion, this study reinforces the idea that an increase in exercise intensity may accentuate body fat loss before the occurrence of a body weight plateau. Resistance to further fat loss was accompanied by a decrease in plasma leptin and an increase in plasma ghrelin.