Search

Drug solubility and dissolution remain a significant challenge in pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate repanglinide (RPG) nanosuspension-based buccal fast-dissolving films (BDFs) for dissolution enhancement. RPG nanosuspension was prepared by the antisolvent-precipitation method using multiple hydrophilic polymers, including soluplus®, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidine, poloxamers, and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose. The nanosuspension was then directly loaded into BDFs using the solvent casting technique. Twelve formulas were prepared with a particle size range of 81.6–1389 nm and PDI 0.002–1 for the different polymers. Nanosuspensions prepared with soluplus showed a favored mean particle size of 82.6 ± 3.2 nm. The particles were spherical and non-aggregating, as demonstrated by SEM imaging. FTIR showed no interaction between soluplus and RPG. Faster dissolution occurred for the nanosuspension in comparison with pure RPG (complete release vs 60% within 30 min). The nanosuspension was successfully incorporated into BDFs. The optimum film formula showed 28 s disintegration time, and 97.3% RPG released within 10 min. Ex-vivo permeation profiles revealed improved RPG nanosuspension permeation with the cumulative amount of RPG permeated is103.4% ± 10.1 and a flux of 0.00275 mg/cm2/min compared to 39.3% ± 9.57 and a flux of 0.001058 mg/cm2/min for pure RPG. RPG was successfully formulated into nanosuspension that boosted drug dissolution and permeation. The selection of the ultimate NP formula was driven by optimal particle size, distribution, and drug content. Soluplus NPs were shown to be the successful formulations, which were further incorporated into a buccal film. The film was evaluated for ex-vivo permeation, confirming successful RPG formulation with improved performance compared to pure drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current work was to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug, simvastatin (SM) by using the liquisolid compact technique (LS; SM-LS). Liquid load factors, and excipient ratios were used to calculate the required amounts of excipients necessary to prepare the SM-LS and compressed to tablets according to mathematical models. Avicel PH102, Aerosil 200 and Crosspovidone (CP) was used as carrier, coating material and disintegrant, respectively. Drug-excipient mixtures were evaluated compatibility by Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Prepared SM-LS formulations were evaluated for various pre-compression and post-compressional parameters, in-vitro dissolution, and stability studies (40 ± 2°C / 75 ± 5% RH) for 3 months. Among the different formulations, LS10 formulation which contains 30% drug, 5% CP, Avicel pH 102: Aerosil 200 (1:10) showed 14-folds increase in dissolution rate when compared with pure SM powder. FTIR-ATR and DSC studies confirmed that there was no interaction between the drug and excipients. Further, the LS10 formulation had shown comparable dissolution profile with commercially available tablet formulation. The LS10 formulation showed no significant changes in the physicochemical properties over 3 months during stability studies. Therefore, the SM loaded LS formulation could be considered as an alternative approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution for commercial formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe growing co-consumption of botanical natural products with conventional medications has intensified the need to understand potential effects on drug safety and efficacy. This review delves into the intricacies of intestinal pharmacokinetic interactions between botanical natural products and drugs, such as alterations in drug solubility, permeability, transporter activity, and enzyme-mediated metabolism. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how drug solubility, dissolution, and osmolality interplay with botanical constituents in the gastrointestinal tract, potentially altering drug absorption and systemic exposure. Unlike reviews that focus primarily on enzyme and transporter mechanisms, this article highlights the lesser known but equally important mechanisms of interaction. Applying the Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) can serve as a framework for predicting and understanding these interactions. Through a comprehensive examination of specific botanical natural products such as byakkokaninjinto, green tea catechins, goldenseal, spinach extract, and quercetin, we illustrate the diversity of these interactions and their dependence on the physicochemical properties of the drug and the botanical constituents involved. This understanding is vital for healthcare professionals to effectively anticipate and manage potential natural product-drug interactions, ensuring optimal patient therapeutic outcomes. By exploring these emerging mechanisms, we aim to broaden the scope of natural product-drug interaction research and encourage comprehensive studies to better elucidate complex mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analogical study of the journeys of the protagonists in Stephen King's novella Rat and the novel Bag of Bones. It is an attempt to identify the similarities and differences in the deliberation of the protagonists to create a long work of fiction that is brought to fruition only by the intervention of the supernatural. With room for minor variations, the narratives progress on a similar note that begins with the writers' struggle to write, followed by the change of scenery to precipitate manuscripts, the supernatural aid to dissolve the impediments, the dawn of disillusionment and the dissolution of the ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been used to address issues such as recyclability, cost-effectiveness, and tailored thermophysical properties. This is most relevant to recent efforts directed at dissolving cellulose for filament spinning and bioproduct development. Herein, we introduce a simple method to investigate how interactions between cellulose films (roughness, Rh = 37 nm) and ILs specifically 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][OAc]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([emim][Cl]), along with their water mixtures (0, 5, and 10 wt%) affect thermophysical properties relevant to cellulose dissolution (surface tension, γ; contact angle, θ; diffusivities, D; and bulk density, ρ) at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa under argon and air atmospheres. Thermophysical properties relevant to cellulose dissolution were measured at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa under argon (surface tension, γ, contact angle, θ), and air (diffusivities, D and bulk density, ρ) atmospheres to reveal the effect of the IL counter ions on the involved interactions with water. In general, water increased γ, θ, but reduced D, which supports experimental observations indicating the detrimental effect of water on IL-cellulose interactions. The [emim]+ cation (in [emim][OAc] and [emim][Cl]), produced a lower contact angle with cellulose while the interfacial properties (γ, θ, D) for ILs with the [OAc]− anion were marginally affected by water. By contrast, the two ILs carrying [Cl]− anions exhibited a significant reduction in D (from 11.7 · 10 - 13 to 2.9 · 10 - 13 m 2 s - 1 ) in the cation shift from [emim]+ to [bmim]+ at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa, with 0% water content. Overall, we present a methodical approach rooted in experimental and theoretical approaches to facilitate our understanding of ionic liquids (ILs), especially within the domain of bioprocessing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing textile industry is polluting the environment and producing waste at an alarming rate. The wasteful consumption of fast fashion has made the problem worse. The waste management of textiles has been ineffective. Spurred by the urgency of reducing the environmental footprint of textiles, this review examines advances and challenges to separate important textile constituents such as cotton (which is mostly cellulose), polyester (polyethylene terephthalate), and elastane, also known as spandex (polyurethane), from blended textiles. Once separated, the individual fiber types can meet the demand for sustainable strategies in textile recycling. The concepts of mechanical, chemical, and biological recycling of textiles are introduced first. Blended or mixed textiles pose challenges for mechanical recycling which cannot separate fibers from the blend. However, the separation of fiber blends can be achieved by molecular recycling, i.e., selectively dissolving or depolymerizing specific polymers in the blend. Specifically, the separation of cotton and polyester through dissolution, acidic hydrolysis, acid-catalyzed hydrothermal treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis is discussed here, followed by the separation of elastane from other fibers by selective degradation or dissolution of elastane. The information synthesized and analyzed in this review can assist stakeholders in the textile and waste management sectors in mapping out strategies for achieving sustainable practices and promoting the shift towards a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion The growth in gray divorce raises new questions about the marital dissolution process experienced by older adults. Our goal was to assess patterns of reconciliation among couples following marital separation, treating forming a union with a new partner as a competing risk.Repartnering after a gray divorce is common, particularly among men. However, the extent to which older adults reconcile with their spouses is unknown. In line with the few prior studies on marital reconciliation among younger people, we anticipated that spouses with fewer resources and more marital‐specific capital would be more likely to reconcile.Using the 1998–2018 Health and Retirement Study, we tracked women and men who experienced a marital separation after age 50 to evaluate their propensities to reconcile with their spouse versus form a coresidential union (i.e., cohabitation or remarriage) with a new partner relative to remaining separated.Roughly 7% of women and 11% of men reconciled with their spouses, whereas 12% of women and 26% of men instead formed unions with a new partner within 10 years of marital separation. We expected that having fewer resources and greater relationship‐specific investments would encourage reconciliation, but results were mixed for women and men alike. Resources did tend to be positively associated with repartnering, particularly for men.Our study contributes to the emerging research on repartnering after late‐life divorce as well as the limited literature on marital reconciliation by underscoring the utility of examining both reconciliation and repartnering as potential outcomes following marital separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper aims to explore and analyze the constitutional dimensions surrounding the authority of the Supreme Court in Pakistan to extend the prescribed time frame for conducting general elections, as stipulated by Article 224(2) of the Constitution. The research delves into the delicate balance between adhering to constitutional mandates and addressing the exigencies that may necessitate the extension of election timelines for the proper functioning of parliamentary democracy. Drawing upon comparative perspectives from other jurisdictions, the research seeks to highlight the nuanced considerations that surround this constitutional issue, examining instances where similar challenges have arisen and the approaches taken to address them. By doing so, it aims to contribute to a broader understanding of the intersection between constitutional provisions, democratic imperatives, and judicial authority in the context of election timelines. The literature review traces the judiciary's historical evolution, emphasizing independence and highlighting a gap in jurisdiction during delayed elections. Using qualitative and doctrinal methodologies, the study explores the Supreme Court's role, addressing a literature gap on its jurisdiction in delayed election scenarios. Findings indicate context-dependent power to extend election timelines, stressing collaborative decision-making with the Election Commission and the President. This research underscores the Court's pivotal role in preserving democratic integrity amid intricate election timelines, emphasizing the contextual nature of its authority to extend election periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low molecular weight organic acids often influence the surface reactions (adsorption/ precipitation) of minerals, which in turn affect the stability of elemental transport in environmental geochemical processes. The effect of malic acid on calcite-fluorine adsorption/ precipitation reactions was investigated. The results show that at the initial pH of 7.7 and lower F concentrations (5 mg·L-1¯), as the concentration of malic acid increases, its surface adsorption capacity becomes stronger and exhibits the inhibitory effects on F removal; at the F concentrations of 25 or 60 mg·L-1, the dominant mechanism of F removal is CaF2 precipitation; the intervention of malic acid shows little inhibition of the CaF, precipitation reaction; the stronger adsorption reaction of malic acid results in an increase of pH and a decrease in Ca concentration. At the initial pH of 8. 3 and low F concentration (<20 mg·L-1), malic acid still inhibits F removal through its competitive adsorption; as the concentration of malic acid increases, its effect of complexation with Cat results in a constant increase in pH and Ca concentration; at the medium F concentration of 60 mg·L-1, the dominant mechanism of F removal has been shifted to CaF2 precipitation; 20 mg·L-1 malic acid has inhibited it, and as the malic acid continues to increase, the pH value decreases and then increases, and the Ca concentration continues to increase, highlighting the effect of the malic acid complexation reaction; At high F concentration of 100 mg·L-1, 100 mg·L-1 malic acid greatly inhibits the CaF2 precipitation reaction, corresponding to a pH value that do not exceed that of the malic acid- free condition; the corresponding Ca concentration is still lower than its blank background value. implying the dominance of the CaF2 precipitation reaction. At the initial pH of 8.7, malic acid has a weak inhibition to F removal at low F concentration (5 mg·L-1); however, as the concentration of malic acid increases, the effect of its complexation reaction becomes much clearer, which results in a significant increase in both pH and Ca concentration; at high F concentration of 240 mg·L-1, the dominant mechanism for F removal is the CaF2 precipitation reaction, which is inhibited with increasing malic acid concentration, with increasing Ca concentration showing the effect of malic acid complexation, and decreasing pH values indicating the dominance of the CaF2 precipitation reaction. This study is important for the stability assessment of calcite minerals in organic acid-rich environments, and also provides a reference for the study of fluorine transport transformation on other minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study included the use of technogenic ore formations from the metallurgical industry of the Republic of Armenia for hydrometallurgical treatment in laboratory conditions. In the course of the study, a new complex pyrohydrometallurgical technological method was proposed, which is designed to effectively extract metals in the form of concentrates from technogenic ore formations, and produce technical silicon dioxide from materials resistant to chemical reagents. Within the framework of this method, raw materials obtained from technogenic formations are melted using certain chemical reagents, after which the resulting melt is dissolved in an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid in specially created gel-like conditions. The reduced silicic acid then undergoes a purification process by dissolving in a weak aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid to remove impurities, and then undergoes heat treatment in atmospheric air to convert into silicon dioxide. The metals contained in technogenic ore formations are separated into solid and liquid concentrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs), recognized for their safety and environmental friendliness, hold significant promise for large‐scale energy storage. However, the rapid capacity degradation resulting from the dissolution of active cathode materials hampers the advancement of AZIBs. Here, Ru0.2V2O5∙0.41H2O (RuVO) is synthesized with remarkable capacity retention (98.2% over 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1). The pre‐intercalation of Ru3+ enhances the stability of both intrinsic and cycling structures, elevating the Gibbs free energy and suppressing V‐dissolution thermodynamically. Additionally, Ru3+ intercalation modulates the potential energy surface of Zn2+ migration, leading to the dominance of Zn2+ in the insertion/extraction mechanism, thereby kinetically impeding the dissolution reaction. This study elucidates the dissolution thermodynamics and kinetics of V‐based cathodes through a combination of experiments, mechanism analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is a widely adopted unit operation that enhances the stability of pharmaceuticals. Conventionally, freeze-drying has been chosen, as evidenced by the numerous freeze-dried products available on the market. However, there are drawbacks related to freeze drying, extended drying times, freezing and processing-related stresses, and it operates as a batch process, making integration into continuous manufacturing schemes challenging. Similarly, spray drying has garnered significant consideration in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but limited production yields hinder its adoption. These shortcomings prompted a quest for next-generation drying technologies tailored for therapeutic products. The emerging drying technologies include nano-spray drying, spray freeze drying, thin film freeze drying, supercritical fluid drying, foam drying, and other miscellaneous techniques to cater to stability issues and enhanced bioavailability. While certain drying technologies have been successfully implemented in the processing of therapeutics, others are currently undergoing early-stage feasibility assessments. This review aims to comprehensively understand novel drying technologies and their potential to tailor pharmaceuticals and biologicals for optimal therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant proportion of marine calcium carbonate sediments are comprised of metastable minerals that are susceptible to diagenetic alterations during burial. These reactions can reset the geochemical signature of sediments and pore fluids and influence elemental cycling in the ocean. However, the timing and mechanisms by which these reactions take place are poorly constrained. This study uses cores drilled on the slope of the Great Bahama Bank to provide quantitative constraints on important diagenetic reactions; namely respiration-driven dissolution, authigenic carbonate mineral formation, and conversion of aragonite to low Mg calcite (LMC). We perform detailed mineralogical characterization using newly acquired, high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and over 1000 reanalyzed XRD scans, characterize sediments texturally and elementally using electron microprobe data, calculate pore fluid saturation state with respect to aragonite using a Pitzer ion interaction approach, and use pore fluid chemistry and experimental distribution coefficients to predict authigenic carbonate compositions. These data suggest that aerobic organic matter oxidation, enabled by the advection of oxygenated seawater throughout the upper ∼ 30 m interval of sediment, causes undersaturation and thus dissolution of biogenic high Mg calcite (HMC) and aragonite. Deeper, anaerobic organic matter oxidation takes over and causes supersaturation, promoting authigenic precipitation in the form of HMC, which in turn decreases pore fluid Mg/Ca and promotes aragonite conversion to LMC. One novel aspect of this study is the identification of three types of calcites using the newly acquired XRD and electron microprobe data. Based on their unique crystallographic characteristics and chemical compositions, these types of calcites are interpreted to represent pelagic biogenic LMC, bank-derived biogenic HMC, and authigenic HMC precipitated from pore fluids. Notably, the composition of the authigenic calcite matches that predicted to precipitate from pore fluids using an empirical Mg partition coefficient in calcite. Calcites that form authigenically and from aragonite via replacement are suggested to recrystallize with burial as evidenced by the decrease in Mg content and micro-strain. This process-based geochemical framework assigns diagenetic processes to a specific depth window within the sediment column and paves the way for a mechanistic understanding of carbonate diagenesis, one that is rooted in thermodynamic and kinetic bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, a generic Type A medicated article product can gain the FDA approval by demonstrating bioequivalence (BE) to the pioneer product by successfully conducting a blood level, pharmacodynamic, or clinical BE study. A biowaiver can be granted based on several criteria, assuming the dissolution of the test and reference products represents the only factor influencing the relative bioavailability of both products. Monensin is practically insoluble in H2O per the USP definition. Previously published data from a comparison study of monensin dissolution profiles from the pioneer product and four generic products using biorelevant media showed that generic monensin products demonstrated different dissolution profiles to the pioneer product in these USP biorelevant rumen media. This follow‐up study compared the solubility profiles in simulated intestinal fluid (cFaSSIF, pH 7.5) for the pioneer product and four generic products. The generic monensin products demonstrated different in vitro dissolution profiles to the pioneer product in biorelevant media. The differences demonstrated in solubility and dissolution profiles are of concern regarding the potential efficacy of generic monensin in cattle. There are also additional concerns for the potential development of Eimeria resistance in cattle receiving a sub‐therapeutic dose of monensin from a less soluble generic product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the dissolution of the monasteries in 16th century Sweden. The approximately fifty monasteries and friar's convents that existed in Sweden in the early 16th century were all dissolved over a period of about eighty years. Decisive for this development were decisions during the Diet in Västerås 1527, which decreed that monasteries that depended on tax from their estates should be subordinated under a nobleman, and that the mendicant friars should not be allowed to travel outside their convents more than ten weeks each year. Whilst most of the monasteries inhabited by monks or brothers had been dissolved before the 1560s, four female houses were still in existence at this time. These remaining nunneries were supported financially by the state, possibly to safeguard the nuns' social welfare. However, the monastic institutions were to meet a short-lived revival through the reign of King Johan III (rule 1568–1592), who not only supported them economically but also renovated a few of them and allowed Catholic priests to encourage Catholicism in Vadstena Abbey. Through this process of re-catholicizing, any prospects of creating successful Evangelical communities in Sweden were lost. The last remaining nunnery, Vadstena Abbey, was a vibrant Catholic institution when it was forced to close in 1595. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (2097-2806) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The most promising active ingredient of Crocus sativus L., crocetin (CCT), has been demonstrated to possess many biological activities. However, only a few studies have been conducted on CCT formulation, especially in oral formulation, mainly due to its insolubility in water, which limits its application for oral administration. This article reports an equilibrium saturation solubility and single-pass intestinal perfusion studies conducted to classify the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) of CCT. To enhance in vitro dissolution and in vivo oral bioavailability, ternary solid dispersions of CCT (CCT-SDs) with soluplus (SOL) as hydrophilic carrier and meglumine (MEG) as alkalizer were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) experiments. Four different preparation methods were evaluated using the optimal formulation, including solvent evaporation, ball milling, spray drying, and freeze-drying. Prepared formulations were characterized by TG-DSC, FTIR, X-RPD, and SEM; the pharmacokinetic studies were performed in rats after oral administration. The cumulative dissolution rate of CCT-SDs containing SOL and MEG prepared by the ball milling method was 97.1% at 15 min and remained at 95.6% at 480 min, which was significantly higher than that of untreated CCT. The lower crystallinity, smaller particle size, and higher microenvironment pH (pHM) were observed in CCT-SDs prepared by the ball milling method. In vivo absorption of CCT-SDs (Cmax = 52.789 ± 12.441 μg/mL and AUC0-12 = 191.748 ± 35.043 μg/mL·h) was greater than untreated CCT (Cmax = 5.918 ± 1.388 μg/mL and AUC0-12 = 44.309 ± 7.264 μg/mL·h). In conclusion, the current study provides ternary solid dispersion formulation of CCT to increase the in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability, which will benefit the commercial production and future clinical applications of CCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite in two commercial stainless steels, 15-5PH and M-154, was studied. In this work, a new approach combining hot deformation and additional post-treatment was investigated and compared with conventional annealing heat treatments for the dissolution of δ-ferrite. The results showed the acceleration in the dissolution of δ-ferrite using the new methodology. Samples from each steel were subjected to conventional annealing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, with soaking times of 1, 2, and 3 h. A second set of samples was subjected to hot compression experiments at 900 °C, under different strain rates, followed by post-processing heat treatments at 1000 °C and 1150 °C, while keeping the holding time constant for 10 min. Advanced microstructural characterization techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Probe Micro-Analysis (EPMA) were employed to investigate δ-ferrite dissolution in terms of changes in area fraction and chemical composition. The results indicated a strong correlation between the dissolution behavior of δ-ferrite and the processing parameters. In addition, thermodynamic calculations using Thermo-Calc software (version 2021.2.87071-368) were used to assess the diffusion of elements during the dissolution of δ-ferrite as a function of temperature and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol–gel synthesis parameters can significantly influence bioactive glass's structure, dissolution rates, and biocompatibility. For this study, various drying times and calcining temperatures were explored for a Zinc (Zn2+), Copper (Cu2+), and Cobalt (Co2+) doped silicate-based sol–gel bioactive glass composition. Surface area measurements showed an increase in the particle's surface area with decreased calcining temperature, whereas the particle size decreased with longer drying time and higher calcining temperature. The micropore area and volume showed an inverse relationship to the reduced particle size, with the microporosity increasing as the drying time was extended with the calcining temperature below the glasses' transition temperature (560–586 °C). A Kilchoanite (Ca3(Si2O7)) crystalline phase was present in each sample, and with increased calcining temperature above the Tg of the glasses, the degree of crystallinity increased. A drying time of 72 hrs with a calcining temperature of 450 °C showed an enhanced surface area (120 m2/g) with smaller average particle size (0.43 µm), increased microporosity, ion release rates within toxicity and pH limits, and growth inhibition for both gram-positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. Highlights: A drying time of 72 hrs leads to smaller particle size and increased microporosity below the Tg. A calcining temperature of 450 °C increases surface area and decreases crystallinity. Zinc, copper, and cobalt ion releases were within the limits of cytotoxicity and pH. A drying time of 72 hrs and calcining temperature of 450 °C presented bacterial growth inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of termination by just cause was first regulated for joint stock companies in Article 531 of the Turkish Commercial Code no. 6102, which was present in the previous Turkish Commercial Code no. 6762 for sole proprietorships and limited liability companies. Termination by just cause in limited liability companies is regulated under Code no. 6102, in the third paragraph of the Article 636, in parallel with the Article 531 of the Code. The subject of our study is the analysis of the concept of just cause and the Turkish court decisions regarding termination by just cause lawsuits in joint stock and limited liability companies. It is crucial to determine whether there is a different approach towards "just cause" for joint stock and limited liability companies in the practice, and if so, whether it is necessary. In this context, after analysing the general information about the termination by just cause lawsuit and the concept of just cause, the data obtained from the comparative analysis of court decisions for both types of the companies are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing integration of nanomaterials into daily life, the potential ecotoxicological impacts of nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted increased attention from the scientific community. This study assessed the ecotoxicity of ZnS quantum dots (QDs) doped with varying molar concentrations of Mn2+ on Chlorella vulgaris. The ZnS:Mn QDs were synthesized using the polyol method. The size of the ZnS:Mn QDs ranged from approximately 1.1 nm to 2 nm, while the aggregation size in Seine River water was 341 nm at pH 6 and 8. The presence of ZnS:Mn (10%) NPs exhibited profound toxicity to Chlorella vulgaris, with immediate reductions in viability (survival cells) from 71%, 60% to 51%, 52% in BG11 and Seine River water, respectively, at a concentration of 100 mg L−1 of ZnS:Mn (10%) NPs. Additionally, the ATP content in Chlorella vulgaris significantly decreased in Seine River water (by 20%) after 3 h of exposure to ZnS:Mn (10%) NPs. Concurrently, SOD activity significantly increased in Seine River water, indicating that the ZnS:Mn (10%) NPs induced ROS production and triggered an oxidative stress response in microalgae cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the influence of romantic relationships on the formation and dissolution of adolescent friendships with a longitudinal network sample (N = 133) from age 14 to 15. Using a dynamic, network statistical model (i.e., STERGM), we found that engagement in a romantic relationship shaped friendship homophily over time, with daters becoming friends with other daters, and singles forming friendships with other singles. Partnered adolescents were not more likely than those who were unattached to dissolve their friendships; however, they were significantly less prone to form new friendships over time. Results broaden our understanding of the role of romantic relationships in youth friendships by showing that romantic involvement deters friendship initiation, but when friendships do form, they tend to be among those who are similarly dating. Our study highlights the significance of adopting a dynamic, social network perspective to examine both the formation and breakup of friendship transitions during this pivotal stage of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion behavior of the aluminum-alloyed austenitic steels Fe-18Ni-12Cr-2.9Al and Fe-18Ni-12Cr-2.3Al-Nb-C was investigated at 700 °C in static Pb for 1000 h as a function of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the liquid metal. In Pb with ~ 5 × 10–9 mass % dissolved oxygen, both steels showed dissolution. Depth of corrosion averaged 67 (± 18) µm and 78 (± 25) µm for Fe-18Ni-12Cr-2.3Al-Nb-C and Fe-18Ni-12Cr-2.9Al, respectively. In Pb with higher oxidation potential of 2 × 10–6 mass %O, both steels showed protective and accelerated oxidation. The protective thin oxide film (≤ 1 µm) was composed of outermost Fe-rich, intermediate Cr-rich and inner Al-rich sublayers. The thicker oxide scale was of irregular thickness (2 ÷ 30 µm) and consisted of Fe–Cr mixed oxide with Ni-rich metallic inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth hafnates and zirconates are candidate materials for thermal and environmental barrier coatings (T/EBC) to protect gas turbine engine components from various environmental threats, including molten silicates derived from ingested mineral debris. This article examines the reactions of Gd2Hf2O7 (GHO) and Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) to exemplary acidic and basic silicate melts. Exposure experiments at 1400°C reveal that both materials react to form mixed layers of apatite and fluorite. These layers largely hinder melt penetration of grain boundaries in GZO for exposures up to 4 h. However, extensive intergranular melt penetration occurs into GHO below the reaction layer within 1 h for the acidic melt and within 4 h for the basic melt. Shorter exposures (1–5 min) of Gd‐lean versions of the two compounds, viz. Gd0.2Hf0.8O1.9 and Gd0.2Zr0.8O1.9, are used to probe differences in the dissolution and diffusion rates. While both oxides form fluorite, the HfO2‐based one reacts more slowly than that based on ZrO2. Analysis of composition profiles across the solid/melt boundary reveals that Hf4+ diffuses more slowly than Zr4+ and that the hafnate dissolves more slowly than the zirconate; in both cases dissolution is diffusion‐controlled. The implications for the efficacy of reactive crystallization as a silicate mitigation strategy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upadacitinib, classified as a highly soluble drug, is commercially marketed as RINVOQ®, a modified-release formulation incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a matrix system to target extended release throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Our study aimed to explore how drug release will occur throughout the GI tract using a plethora of in vitro and in silico tools. We built a Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in GastroPlus™ to predict the systemic concentrations of the drug when administered using in vitro dissolution profiles as input to drive luminal dissolution. A series of in vitro dissolution experiments were gathered using the USP Apparatus I, III and IV in presence of biorelevant media, simulating both fasted and fed state conditions. A key outcome from the current study was to establish an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) between (i) the dissolution profiles obtained from the USP I, III and IV methods and (ii) the fraction absorbed of drug as deconvoluted from the plasma concentration-time profile of the drug. When linking the fraction dissolved as measured in the USP IV model, a Level A IVIVC was established. Moreover, when using the different dissolution profiles as input for PBPK modeling, it was also observed that predictions for plasma C max and AUC were most accurate for USP IV compared to the other models (based on predicted versus observed ratios). Furthermore, the PBPK model has the utility to extract the predicted concentrations at the level of the colon which can be of utmost interest when working with specific in vitro assays. Graphical abstract was created with Biorender.com [Display omitted] • New IVIVC protocol evaluated the predictive capability of various USP apparatuses. • USP IV provided the best dissolution profiles for the HPMC formulation. • Biopredictive dissolution was input into PBPK to understand upadacitinib GI absorption. • USP IV data and PBPK model were used to predict drug levels in the colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural and anthropogenic chelating ligands play important roles in promoting mineral dissolution during water-rock interactions. To address the remaining issue of how chelating ligands participate in the dissolution of minerals, this study investigated the dissolution characteristics of seven types of silicate minerals in the presence of a chelating ligand, N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamic acid (GLDA), which is a glutamic acid derivative, through batch dissolution experiments. The results showed that the dissolution of all types of silicate minerals, i.e., olivine (nesosilicate), epidote (sorosilicate), tourmaline (cyclosilicate), enstatite (single-chain inosilicate), hornblende (double-chain inosilicate), biotite (phyllosilicate), and anorthite (tectosilicate), can be enhanced by up to two orders of magnitude at both pH 4 and 8. The chelating ligand particularly facilitated the dissolution of minerals with a higher Al content, such as tourmaline and anorthite. Furthermore, the presence of chelating ligands enhanced the leaching of not only metals but also Si from minerals, resulting in a more congruent characteristic of mineral dissolution. A possible mechanism is that the chelating ligand adsorbs onto the negatively charged the mineral surface, which attracts more H+ and polarizes Si-O and Mg-O bonds, thereby dissolving the minerals at a faster rate. These results have significant implications for understanding the dissolution of minerals in nature and for the application of chelating agents in geological and materials engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic levitation can provide significant benefits for many fundamental research questions. However, it is important to consider that the acoustic field influences the measurement environment. This work focuses on the dissolution of immobilised drops using acoustic levitation in liquid–liquid systems. Previous work demonstrated that the acoustic field of standing waves impacts mass transfer by affecting the spread of dissolved substances in the continuous phase in two distinct ways: (I) solutes may either pass through nodal planes of the standing waves or (II) not pass. The binary systems examined for case (I) are 1-hexanol–water and 1-butanol–water, and for case (II), n-butyl acetate–water and toluene–water. This work quantifies the intensification effect of acoustic levitation on dissolution for the two types of behaviour, by comparing them with reference measurements of mechanically attached dissolving drops. The system was designed to ensure minimal intensification. The minimum intensification of mass transfer for levitating drops in the used setup of case (I) was 25%, and for case (II), it was 65%, both increasing with decreasing surface-equivalent diameter. With this understanding, acoustic levitation can be used more accurately in the field of mass transfer studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium sulfoaluminate-belite (CSAB) cement is considered a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement. Ye'elimite or calcium sulfoaluminate which is the primary phase of CSAB cement undergoes rapid hydration, leading to the formation of ettringite or monosulfate as the major hydration product. The reactivity of ye'elimite can be influenced by other phases (e.g., calcium sulfate, calcium hydroxide, and alkalis) present in CSAB cement, affecting the evolution of hydrated phase assemblage. CSAB cements are known for their useful attributes such as quick setting, early-stage strength development, and the ability to compensate for shrinkage. These properties are directly linked to the early-age hydration of CSAB cement. This study is focused on the influence of alkali and calcium sulfate on the hydration of ye'elimite. Early-age hydration (up to 3 days) of laboratory-synthesized ye'elimite was studied under different alkali concentrations in the mix with or without calcium sulfate. The addition of gypsum was found to accelerate the early-age hydration of ye'elimite, and the alkalis contributed to further acceleration of the hydration in the initial hours. Alkalis were found to stabilize the hydration beyond a few hours, leading to a lower degree of hydration. Furthermore, alkalis influenced the formation as well as morphology of the hydration products, and the influence was more predominant in the absence of gypsum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new and very quick method to depolymerize PET plastics is reported. The depolymerization experiments were conducted using a type-IV deep eutectic solvent containing ZnCl2 and urea, and a microwave oven as reactor. Different combinations of power and reaction times were employed while keeping the total energy constant. Successful conversions were obtained carrying out the process at 180 W for 2 min and 360 W for 1 min, whereas at higher powers and shorter times, an inclusion likely occurs of some solvent into the structure of the recovered PET flakes, as suggested by the porosity of the flakes, imaged by SEM microscopy. The flakes increase their crystalline character during the treatment, as indicated by the appearance of narrow diffraction peaks in the XRD patterns, at variance with the broad signals observed in the case of the pristine amorphous polymer. The NMR analysis of the supernatant liquid above the partially solubilized PET shows the presence of terephthalic acid peaks. The infrared spectra of the solid powder achieved upon the acidic treatment of the extract reveal the presence of C=O stretching peaks and the absence of typical CH2 wagging absorptions that satisfactorily comply with the presence of terephthalic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for extended release oral dosage forms is an important technique that can avoid potential clinical studies. IVIVC has been a topic of discussion over the past two decades since the inception of USFDA guidance. It has been routinely used for biowaivers, establishment of dissolution safe space and clinically relevant dissolution specifications, for supporting site transfers, scale-up and post approval changes. Although conventional or mathematical IVIVC is routinely used, other approach such as mechanistic IVIVC can be of attractive choice as it integrates all the physiological aspects. In the present study, we have performed comparative evaluation of mechanistic and conventional IVIVC for establishment of dissolution safe space using divalproex sodium and tofacitinib extended release formulations as case examples. Conventional IVIVC was established using Phoenix and mechanistic IVIVC was set up using Gastroplus physiologically based biopharmaceutics model (PBBM). Virtual dissolution profiles with varying release rates were constructed around target dissolution profile using Weibull function. After internal and external validation, the virtual dissolution profiles were integrated into mechanistic and conventional IVIVC and safe space was established by absolute error and T/R ratio's methods. The results suggest that mechanistic IVIVC yielded wider safe space as compared to conventional IVIVC. The results suggest that a mechanistic approach of establishing IVIVC may be a flexible approach as it integrates physiological aspects. These findings suggest that mechanistic IVIVC has wider potential as compared to conventional IVIVC to gain wider dissolution safe space and thus can avoid potential clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to optimally design earthen dams, it is inevitable to know the characteristics of its construction, including geological and geotechnical characteristics, as well as awareness of behaviors such as permeability and bedrock permeability changes during water intake and long-term exploitation of the dam reservoir. When the stone bed of the dam construction consists of materials containing gypsum and anhydrite, then these materials will last longer against the continuation of anti-flow. In the study of Hazdar, the influence of the primary permeability values of the Sedang-Basdter of Merash Dam construction, which consists of joints containing gypsum and anhydrite, and hydraulic gradient values on the speed and process of the expansion of the joint, along with the dissolution rate of materials containing gypsum and anhydrite, has been investigated. The amount of expansion of each joint for the duration of a dam is calculated and considering the amount of hydraulic gradient drop in the body of the dam and manat with gypsum, the water loss rate of the dam is evaluated. The results obtained from the circulation test with the hydraulic gradient find that in the length of the water flow path, the rate of increase in the diameter of the joint decreases gradually. Also, along the length of the water flow, in the places where there is purer gypsum, the rate of increase in the diameter of the seams is higher than the rest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanistic modeling of in vitro experiments using metabolic enzyme systems enables the extrapolation of metabolic clearance for in vitro-in vivo predictions. This is particularly important for successful clearance predictions using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The concept of mechanistic modeling can also be extended to biopharmaceutics, where in vitro data is used to predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. This approach further allows for the identification of parameters that are critical for oral drug absorption in vivo. However, the routine use of this analysis approach has been hindered by the lack of an integrated analysis workflow. The objective of this tutorial is to (1) review processes and parameters contributing to oral drug absorption in increasing levels of complexity, (2) outline a general physiologically based biopharmaceutic modeling workflow for weak acids, and (3) illustrate the outlined concepts via an ibuprofen (i.e., a weak, poorly soluble acid) case example in order to provide practical guidance on how to integrate biopharmaceutic and physiological data to better understand oral drug absorption. In the future, we plan to explore the usefulness of this tutorial/roadmap to inform the development of PBPK models for BCS 2 weak bases, by expanding the stepwise modeling approach to accommodate more intricate scenarios, including the presence of diprotic basic compounds and acidifying agents within the formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy alloy (HEA) nanoparticles are promising catalyst candidates for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report the synthesis of IrFeCoNiCu-HEA nanoparticles on a carbon paper substrate via a microwave-assisted shock synthesis method. Under OER conditions in 0.1 M HClO4, the HEA nanoparticles exhibit excellent activity with an overpotential of ∼302 mV measured at 10 mA cm-2 and improved stability over 12 h of operation compared to the monometallic Ir counterpart. Importantly, an active Ir-rich shell layer with nanodomain features was observed to form on the surface of IrFeCoNiCu-HEA nanoparticles immediately after undergoing electrochemical activation, mainly due to the dissolution of the constituent 3d metals. The core of the particles was able to preserve the characteristic homogeneous single-phase HEA structure without significant phase separation or elemental segregation. This work illustrates that under acidic operating conditions, the near-surface structure of HEA nanoparticles is susceptible to a certain degree of structural dynamics.

Background: Losartan potassium, an antihypertensive medication, has high solubility and a short half-life that result in potential adverse effects and rapid drug clearance. Multiparticulate drug delivery systems enhance the drug’s bioavailability, decrease patient-to-patient variability, and optimize drug distribution. Herein, losartan potassium pellets for sustained drug release were developed and characterized. Methods: The formulation process involved varying the concentrations of Eudragit RSPO (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) and Eudragit L100 (200 mg, 400 mg, or 600 mg) across nine pellet batches, and adjusting the triethyl citrate concentrations accordingly. The pellets’ bulk density, tapped density, flow properties (Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio, and angle of repose), drug content, particle size distribution, and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Interactions between losartan potassium and the excipients were analyzed with FTIR and DSC. Results: FTIR spectra indicated physical interactions without major chemical alterations, whereas DSC thermograms revealed changes in thermal behavior due to excipient interactions. In vitro drug release studies indicated that formulations with higher concentrations of Eudragit RSPO and triethyl citrate achieved controlled, prolonged drug release. The optimized batch (F7) demonstrated balanced characteristics including favorable bulk and tapped density, good flow properties, and a sustained release profile. Varying the polymer and plasticizer concentrations significantly influenced pellet performance, and F7 was found to be the most promising formulation for sustained-release applications. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of polymer selection and formulation optimization in developing effective sustained-release drug delivery systems, and has potential implications for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in clinical practice.

The accumulation of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in landfills has been causing severe environmental problems. This study examines the dissolution properties of EAFS minerals, including brownmillerite and gehlenite, essential for their possible use in resource recovery. An investigation was conducted to compare the effects of sonication and stirring on mineral dissolution while also assessing the usage of citrate as a complexing agent for gehlenite. Synthetic brownmillerite and gehlenite minerals were dissolved in aqueous solutions at room temperature using a 1:100 g/ml ratio. The dissolved elements were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), while zeta potential and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were used to assess changes in surface chemistry. Brownmillerite had significant dissolution extents, with Al and Ca dissolving up to 16 % and 8 %, respectively, in contrast to gehlenite, which dissolved less than 2 % under similar conditions. Sonication significantly increased the dissolution of brownmillerite by up to 100 %, although its impact on gehlenite dissolution varied depending on the duration of time. Besides, adding citrate enhanced the leaching of Al and Ca from gehlenite by facilitating complexation. XPS data demonstrated differences in elemental ratios on brownmillerite and gehlenite surfaces affected by the method used and the presence of citrate. Lastly, the dissolution extents of Al and Ca from EAFS were up to 12 %, depending on time and mixing method, with a preference for sonication over stirring. In conclusion, this study showed that minerals in EAFS have distinct dissolution characteristics, and sonication and citrate can considerably enhance dissolution.

Abstract The diverse range of patterns in porous media formed by dissolution processes depends on the relative magnitude of flow, transport, and chemical reactions at pore surfaces. However, distinguishing between regimes often relies solely on qualitative, visual comparisons of emergent structures. Here, we propose a quantitative measure capable of identifying different regimes using the concept of the spatial flow focusing profile, which segments the medium into cross sections along the flow direction to calculate the flow focusing index for each section. We employ this measure in numerical simulations of a dissolving porous medium using a pore network model. We obtain a morphological phase diagram of dissolution patterns, which we characterize using the flow focusing profile. In particular, we demonstrate that analyzing the temporal changes in the profile allows one to quantitatively distinguish between wormholing and channeling. The transition between them is shown to be affected by the heterogeneity of the system.

The production of cellulose derivatives using ionic liquid (IL) as solvents and catalysts has become prominent over the last few years, since the process eliminates the use of toxic substances. This study aimed to map and understand the trends in cellulose processing using ILs by a patent analytic approach and technology life cycle modeling. The documents were searched on the Espacenet® and Orbit® platforms.The majority of innovations have come from companies based in developed countries. The data fitted to the sigmoid BiDoseResp model and the life cycle S-curve showed a market in an early stage of maturity. This mapping brings information that subsidizes decision-making regarding investments, research, and innovations aimed at IL-mediated cellulose treatment. Potential markets mostly use ILs of the imidazolium family in polymer chemistry, machinery, and biotechnology technologies. However, medical and pharmaceutical technologies and microstructure and nanostructure applications are still emerging, fostering perspectives for innovation.

In this work, an automated dissolution system (dissoBOT) was used for dissolution testing for the first time. Carry-over (CO) of the dissoBOT was determined for paracetamol (PA) and diclofenac sodium (DS), which are active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Initially, partial method validation of the UV-VIS spectrophotometry method for PA and DS determination was performed by defining the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), linear concentration range, accuracy, and precision. The LODs and LOQs were less than 0.01 mg/L for both APIs. The determined linear concentration ranges were from 1.00 mg/L to 30.00 mg/L for PA and from 0.50 mg/L to 3.50 mg/L for DS (the square of the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9990, and the quality coefficient was less than 1.00 % for both APIs). The accuracy of the method was evaluated by calculating the recovery (Re) of the solutions of standards with known concentrations. The method for both APIs was deemed to be accurate (the average Re for PA and DS were 99.81 % and 101.43 %, respectively). Precision was evaluated by calculating the relative standard deviation (RSD). The method for PA and DS was deemed to be precise, as the RSD value for PA was 0.13 %, and for DS was 0.38 %. The volume (V) of the washing medium in both cleaning cycles performed by the dissoBOT system, as well as the medium dispensing V, were established, where the medium dispensing V was in accordance with the United States Pharmacopeia requirements. The CO of the dissoBOT system, using tap water as the washing medium, was determined to be less than 1.00 % for both APIs. The CO values for one cleaning cycle of the sampling station with a V of 2 mL was in the range of 1.24–1.54 %, for V of 5 mL was in the range of 0.78–0.93 %, and for V of 10 mL was in the range of 0.27–0.36 %. In addition, the CO of the dissoBOT, when employing two cleaning cycles of the sampling station (each V of 10 mL) was reduced (CO

Abstract The electrochemical applications of gold span the entire pH spectrum. Recently, gold dissolution in acidic and alkaline media has been studied, but less attention has been given to electrolytes at intermediate pH values. To address this gap, this work uses on‐line electrochemical dissolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to examine gold dissolution across a pH range of 1 to 12.7 using phosphate buffer solutions. All experimental parameters, except pH, are kept constant, enabling a clear investigation of pH effects on anodic (gold oxidation) and cathodic (gold oxide reduction) dissolution processes. Results show that dissolution amounts are lowest at neutral pH values between 3 and 7, varying with the applied potential and exposure time. Anodic and cathodic dissolution dominate in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, respectively. Depending on the highest applied potentials and time exposure, the main dissolution mechanism shifts at pH=5, 7, and 9. The pH dependence of Au dissolution is proposed to be linked to the nature of gold oxides formed, the kinetics of oxide formation/reduction, gold ion redeposition, and the influence of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on dissolution. These results provide fundamental insights into gold dissolution under neutral pH conditions.

Abstract Uncontrollable growth of Zn dendrites, irreversible dissolution of cathode material and solidification of aqueous electrolyte at low temperatures severely restrict the development of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. In this work, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFEA) with a volume fraction of 50% as a highly compatible polar‐solvent is introduced to 1.3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 aqueous electrolyte, achieving stable high‐performance Zn‐ion batteries. Massive theoretical calculations and characterization analysis demonstrate that TFEA weakens the tip effect of Zn anode and restrains the growth of Zn dendrites due to electrostatic adsorption and coordinate with H2O to disrupt the hydrogen bonding network in water. Furthermore, TFEA increases the wettability of the cathode and alleviates the dissolution of V2O5, thus improving the capacity of the full battery. Based on those positive effects of TFEA on Zn anode, V2O5 cathode, and aqueous electrolyte, the Zn//Zn symmetric cell delivers a long cycle‐life of 782 h at 5 mA cm−2 and 2 mA h cm−2. The full battery still declares an initial capacity of 116.78 mA h g−1, and persists 87.73% capacity in 2000 cycles at −25 °C. This work presents an effective strategy for fully compatible co‐solvent to promote the stability of Zn anode, V2O5 cathode and aqueous electrolyte for high‐performance Zn‐ion batteries.

Phosphorus plays a multifaceted role for all known life and hence understanding its sources on the early Earth provides constraints on how life developed to incorporate this element into its biochemistry. Currently, the major phosphorus mineral group on the surface of the Earth are the apatites, which are poorly soluble calcium phosphates and hence may not have been a good source of phosphorus on the early Earth. An alternative source of phosphorus may be the mineral olivine. Given that olivine makes up a large part of the upper mantle of Earth and presumably other rocky planets and moons, it stands to reason that olivine may be a potential phosphorus reservoir for prebiotic chemical environments. Here we examine the phosphorus content of 10 olivine samples from different terrestrial localities to determine their P content and P speciation. We find that extracts of the samples contain varying amounts of phosphate, and some contain pyrophosphate. Olivine may have served as a source of phosphate on the early Earth and possibly elsewhere in the solar system, and its dissolution could have supplied this nutrient to a nascent biosphere.

Increasing influx of poorly water-soluble drugs poses a significant challenge to oral drug delivery. Conventional solubilization techniques such as solid dispersion and cyclodextrin inclusion, while capable of improving drug dissolution, suffer from a great predicament in subsequent formulation processing. A novel “powder solution technology,” the liquisolid technique, has come to the forefront in dealing with drug solubilization and formulation of oral “problem” drugs. The liquisolid technique involves the adsorption of liquid medications onto suitable carrier and coating materials, followed by conversion into free-flowing, dry-looking, and compressible powders. In the liquisolid system, the drug is dispersed in an almost molecular state, which greatly contributes to drug dissolution and absorption. This review aims to present the fundamentals of liquisolid technology and update the concept of liquisolid processing to expand its applications. The trend of modern drug discovery, drug solubilization approaches, application of liquisolid technology in formulation innovation, formulation composition, and design of liquisolid systems were discussed in detail. Special emphasis was placed on the application of liquisolid technology to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Accumulating evidence shows that the liquisolid technology has immense potential to improve oral delivery and facilitate the secondary development of insoluble drugs.