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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the HIV. As the disease progresses, it interferes with the immune system increasing the risk of common infections such as tuberculosis well as other opportunistic infections and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems. Bloodborne transmission can be through needle sharing during intravenous drug use, needlestick injury in hospitals, transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product, or medical injections with unsterilized instruments. Aim: The aim of this study is to review the knowledge of dental undergraduate students on the transmission of HIV. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire containing 12 questions was prepared and distributed to 100 undergraduate students who consisted of final years and interns who belonged to the age group of 21-25 years. The data were collected and interpreted. Results: 72% of the students had a good basic knowledge on HIV transmission and 89% on clinical manifestations, 76% of the students wear protective gloves, masks, and eyewear, and 83% follow proper recapping of needle techniques and disposal of contaminated sharps after use. Conclusion: Most of the students had good knowledge about HIV/AIDS and the precautions to be taken. Overall, the students showed a positive attitude toward learning more about the universal precautions and oral manifestations of HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some patients are anxious about routine dental treatment; others, who may be able to cope with uncomplicated treatment, are worried by more unpleasant procedures such as minor oral surgery. Despite its excellent safety record there remains disquiet about the provision of conscious sedation for dental care. Management approaches to anxiety vary according to its severity, the age of the patient, the degree of cooperation and the patient's medical history. An increasing number of patients are managed with conscious sedation techniques in combination with local anaesthesia. As patient awareness of the risk of anaesthesia and the availability of sedation have increased, so the popularity of conscious sedation for dentistry has increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the patient's satisfaction on denture base color, customization, and esthetics fabricated by undergraduates of various institutions and creates an awareness and importance of it. Objective: The objective of this study was to establish the patient's esthetic satisfaction and fulfillment on the denture base color and customization and also to create understanding and awareness to undergraduates among many dental institutions. Background: Complete dentures are prosthetic devices that are used by completely edentulous patients to substitute the lost natural dentition which helps in maintaining the facial esthetics and function. There are various shades of the acrylic bases available matching patients' gingival color, and hence, it is important to understand the satisfaction levels of the patients. This study aims at assessing the same. Reason: The reason behind the study is most of the clinical year students do not give priority for the denture base color, customization, and esthetics. After fabricating the denture, the patient may not be satisfied esthetically. To reassure and educate about the patient concern and give awareness toward the importance of denture base color, customization, and esthetics, this study is initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occlusion is an important factor which governs the retention and stability of the complete denture. The occlusal concepts should be selected carefully depending on the situation of the patient. Aim: The aim of this study focuses on evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practice of occlusal concepts in complete dentures among general dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire containing questions on awareness of occlusal concepts in complete denture were given to a total of 100 general practitioners in Chennai. The data collected were computerized and analyzed statistically. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software 23.0 Version. To find the significant difference between the bivariate samples in the independent groups the unpaired sample t-test was used. For the multivariate analysis, the one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used. Results: For patients with U-shaped arches, the majority of general dental practitioners preferred balanced occlusion and for V-shaped arches they preferred canine guided occlusion. For patients with increased interarch space, they preferred balanced occlusion followed by lingualized occlusion, and for patients with decreased interarch space, they preferred canine guided occlusion and monoplane occlusion. For patients with highly resorbed as well as well-formed ridges, balanced occlusion was the choice. For patients with Skeletal Class I, balanced occlusion was preferred, for Skeletal Class II, Balanced and Canine Guided were preferred, and for Skeletal Class III, lingualized occlusion, and canine-guided occlusion and Balanced occlusion were equally preferred. Conclusion: The knowledge and awareness about occlusal concepts among general dental practitioners should be improved, and the occlusal concept should be selected depending on the situation of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this review are to gain knowledge on sugar-free chewing gums in oral hygiene maintenance. Background: Dental caries and periodontal diseases have historically been considered the most important global oral health burdens. Hence, the dental care needs to apply strategies for oral health problems. Chewing gum gained interest due to its ability to stimulate salivation and accelerate the clearance of fermentable carbohydrates from the dietary intake. Chewing gum with xylitol has received special attention due to its mechanical cleaning together with saliva stimulation. These actions could lead to a therapeutic and caries lowering action and various other oral health benefits. Xylitol is indeed becoming quite popular, especially in dentistry, and for good reason, it helps to prevent cavities. It is a natural sugar alcohol similar to other so-called sugar alcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol used as sugarless sweeteners. Xylitol also has the added effect of stopping the saliva from becoming acidic so that decay not only does not start but also rather your mouth becomes an environment that favors non-acid producing bacteria. Researchers have found that systematic use of xylitol chewing gum significantly reduces the relative risk of caries when compared to chewing gums containing sorbitol and sucrose. In addition, xylitol gum is more frequently associated with halting the progression of very tiny cavities versus other combination of chewing gum. The use of other products containing xylitol such as mints, candy, and cookies has shown a decreased incidence of dental caries by arresting active decay. Reason: This review was done to gain knowledge about the benefits of sugar-free chewing gums which is an excellent way to protect the overall oral health and even prevent cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaucoma is one of leading cause of blindness in the world. Glaucoma results because of opticnerve damage. Patients with glaucoma often presents with increased aqueous humor leading toincreased intra ocular pressure. Generally patients show lot of interest in non pharmacologicaloptions like lifestyle adjustment and alternative and complementary therapy (ACT) for management of glaucoma. At least 5% of glaucoma patients use ACT, while rest of patients who cannot afford therapy prefer natural remedies like caffeine, ginkgo biloba, bilberry, potential antioxidants includes alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin C, betacarotene, Vitamin Elutein, zinc, selenium, melatonin, glutathione, green tea extract and fruits and vegetables. Hence natural remedies are more beneficial and effective for management of glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of preprosthetic surgery is to prepare the soft and hard tissues of the jaws for a comfortable prosthesis that will restore oral function, esthetics, and facial form. It helps to restore the function of the jaws (mastication of food, speech, and swallowing), preserve or improve jaw structure, improve the patient's sense of well-being, and improve facial esthetics. One of several procedures might be performed to prepare the mouth for a denture, which includes bone smoothening and reshaping, removal of excess bone, and removal of excess gum tissue. This paper reviews these major procedures briefly outlining the surgical procedure, and discusses the indications and techniques of these procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical approach for treating cancer of the oral cavity results in considerable functional and cosmetic deformity. This results in impacting the patient's sense of self and well-being. The mental status examination is a structured assessment of the patient's behavioral and cognitive functioning. The mental health alters in the patient who places a high value on overall facial esthetic appearance. The study concentrates on evaluating the mental health status of the patients immediately after the resection of jaw and after the prosthetic replacement of dentofacial deformity. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the mental health status of the patients underwent with mandibular resectomy. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted on 30 patients (males = 15 and females = 15) attending the OPD of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, located in southern part of India, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. All the patients included in the study were with a history of mandibular resectomy from 6 months to 2 years. All the patients had willingly participated in 5 min Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale survey. The survey was done for all the patients immediately after the surgery and 6 months after their prosthetic replacement. The results were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, post hoc Turkey, and paired t-tests. Results: The results show that the comparison of depression and anxiety scores among the patients immediately after the mandibular resection and the scores after the prosthetic replacement was found to be statistically significant P value (P = 0.05). f values were found to be pre-operative depression (f value = 0.333), pre-operative anxiety (f value = 0.015), postoperative depression (f value = 0.356), and post-operative anxiety (f value = 0.098). Conclusion: The depression and anxiety were highly associated with the patients immediately after their mandibular resection. A less high prevalence of depression and anxiety was reported in patients after the prosthetic replacement of their defective region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telescopic crown and bridge has been a treatment of choice in cases with feeble abutment to pontic ratio to provide a semi-fixed prosthesis for the patient. In cases of advanced periodontal disease, telescopic copings provide a solution which does not cause periodontal destruction or worsen an existing periodontal condition. The current case report describes a case where in the patient has periodontally compromised sparse abutment teeth. The treatment of choice was telescopic crown and bridge. The case report not only describes the treatment planning but also displays the laboratory steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the adult population, anxiety and depression are the most frequent emotional disorders. In cases when the infants are affected with oro-facial cleft disorders there may be significant influence on the psychology of their mothers. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in mothers of cleft palate children before and after the delivery of feeding plate obturators. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the anxiety levels among mothers with cleft palate children receiving feeding plate obturators. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 mothers (age limit of about 25-45 years) of cleft palate children (age limit of about 10 days-3 months) with feeding difficulties attending the Out Patient Department of Government Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, southern part of India were selected. To estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression in the mothers, the German version of the hospital depression and anxiety scale (HADS) was used. The data from 30 mothers from the German test manuals served as controls. Microsoft Excel and SPSS 3.0 software packages were used for description, evaluation, and analysis. The statistical analysis and the differences in the prevalence rates were tested by one-way anova and paired t tests. Results: One-way ANOVA was not found to be significant as the results were not statistically significant between the means of these two groups. Paired t-test gave a significant result among the mean differences between the groups P = 0.05. Conclusion: A feeding appliance effectively separates the oral cavity from nasal cavity, which in turns helps in nourishment and normal development of child by overcoming the difficulties in feeding. Thus, the psychological status of mothers had been better than before giving a feeding plate obturator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate interocclusal record minimizes the need for intraoral adjustments during prosthesis insertion. They are essential in providing high-quality restoration and reducing treatment time and cost. The success of the prosthetic rehabilitation treatment depends on several aspects related to the precise mounting of casts in the articulator for full mouth situations. This article helps us in understanding the various materials and techniques for prosthetic rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Every infant should receive a comprehensive health-care risk assessment irrespective of their circumstances. Numerous reports have shown association between orofacial cleft and weight loss, feeding disability. The purpose of this study was to understand the anxiety and depression among mothers and knowledge, attitude, and practice skills of feeding plate obturators among dental practitioners. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of feeding plate obturators among dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: The study involved a survey of 100 private dental practitioners all among India. The pre-tested questionnaire on the awareness and fabrication of feeding plate obturators among the dental practitioners was used to collect the data related. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis using frequency of responses and standard deviation. Results: The data acquired from this survey exhibited that 85% of dentists receive a frequency of cases with orofacial clefts of around 10/6 months, though these patients require a multidisciplinary approach through various phases of their growth, parents bother about their feeding disabilities, as 70% of patients age approaching clinic was around 15-45 days. Hence, the primary treatment approach could be a feeding plate obturator which helps them in feeding and swallowing. Whereas 55% of clinicians fabricate feeding plate obturators on their own and 30% depends on other clinicians for such cases. Usually, the obturators were been delivered in 1 or 2 days (80%). The hospital anxiety and depression scale has been recorded by clinicians (75%) before and after the fabrication of obturators. Whereas, 80% out of the above reveals that the anxiety and depression among mothers have been reduced after the treatment. Conclusion: The findings of this survey with dental practitioners showed that management of feeding difficulties among orofacial cleft infants with feeding plate obturators still presents some deviations from scientific literature recommendations, indicating the need to update these health-care professionals to establish guidelines for postnatal dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In edentulous patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), nocturnal use of oral appliance may be recommended as it shows improvement of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), oxygen saturation and increase in pharyngeal space overcoming the potential oral health risks. Hence, this prospective clinical trial is conducted to validate the efficacy of oral appliance at night in completely edentulous patients with OSA. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the volumetric changes in the airway using mandibular advancement device in completely edentulous patients with OSA. Materials and Methods: The eight completely edentulous subjects were included in this study. An adjustable mandibular advancement device (Medical Dental Sleep Appliance [MDSA]) was fabricated for each patient. Before the fabrication of the device, the baseline values for each patient were collected subjectively with an Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) questionnaire, and an objective evaluation from an overnight home sleep study (9 channel study) and volumetric assessment using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done. Results: AHI reduced from 16.025 ± 5.47 to 14.050 ± 4.31 showing a 25% reduction, oxygen desaturation was 95.8 ± 1.48-95.06 ± 2.56 and snoring index was 110.35 ± 86.9-101.33 ± 80.42 which showed a minimal reduction and heart rate was 68.33 ± 8.7-70.75 ± 4.3 showing a minimal increase from the baseline values. MRI values showed statistical significance in the anteroposterior direction (P = 0.016) and lateral direction (P = 0.021). Conclusion: The nocturnal use of the oral appliance showed a significant effect on AHI, oxygen saturation, and snoring index, (ESS) which can reduce systemic implications in patients with OSA and can also be used as a treatment modality for patients with mild to moderate OSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evaluation of blood loss during major surgical procedures is given utmost importance to provide supplements to compensate the same. Extraction is one of the most common procedures carried out by a dentist in their practice. During dental extractions, as the amount of blood lost is assumed to be minimal, least importance is given to quantify the same. In this study, gravimetric method of estimation of blood loss will be employed to approximate the extent of blood lost by an individual during minor surgical procedure involving extraction. Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the average amount of blood lost during closed extraction procedure. Methodology: This clinical study was conducted using standardized size of gauze which was pre-weighed and sterilized. These pre-weighed gauze will be used score 50 closed extraction procedures which excluded the extraction of mobile teeth and patients with bleeding and clotting disorders and other systemic illness. The gauze thus used was weighed post-extraction to determine the magnitude of blood loss. Result: The mean blood loss in study participants was 3.06 ± 3.0036 ml. Paired sample t-test showed statistically significant blood loss before and after dental extraction (t = 19.75, P < 0.001). There was no statistical difference with respect to age and gender post-extraction (F = 0.644 P = 0.595, F = 0.465 P = 0.709). Conclusion: Although negligible amount of blood is lost during a closed extraction procedure, it is the duty of the dentist to grade the same so that underestimation of blood loss is neglected and necessary dietary supplements are incorporated when required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The internet provides us with access to information, yet among those seeking health-related information, there is a concern it can be misinterpreted, unreliable, or both. Self-diagnosis using the internet is a particular concern if patients are using the internet in the place of a physician. With the internet growing over the years, it has led to much advancement in our society. Having access to a wealth of knowledge whenever we turn on our computers can be helpful in so many ways. The internet has revolutionized the way information is shared and accessed. Information retrieval is easier now than ever before. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of graduates who use internet as a diagnostic health information tool for their dental health. Materials and Methods: Self-administered mailed survey. Results: A total of 105 graduates were surveyed during the program. 95% of the graduates use internet on a daily basis. 70% of the people do visit the dentist only on having any kind of pain believe that the treatments shown in the internet do treat the disease. 58% of the people use self-medications. Conclusions: 70% of the people believe that the treatment options given in the internet do cure the disease and would prefer to use internet as a selfdiagnostic tool. The survey has a limitation, as it was conducted on 105 graduates using internet on a daily basis. The futuristic surveys including a larger sample size and comparison of people who do not use internet on a daily basis may alter our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of Problem: While subjective patient-based measures have been increasingly recognized as critical outcomes for prosthodontic treatment, there continues to be a need to validate objective measures such as masticatory efficiency with conventional complete dentures. Aim: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the masticatory efficiency with three different occlusal concepts in conventional complete dentures. Materials and Methods: Using various key words, an electronic search of clinical trials published in English literature was performed from four databases: Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google search, and hand-picked articles. Furthermore, a manual searching of the relevant journals and the bibliographies of reviews was performed. General satisfaction and masticatory ability were the major criteria for the evaluation of the outcomes. Studies which met these criteria were selected for a full-text reading. Results: This systematic review started with 44 articles, which were finally narrowed down to 5 articles, on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The following occlusal designs were included and analyzed balanced occlusion, canine-guided occlusion (CGO), and lingualized occlusion (LO). Conclusion: According to the articles included in this review, the investigations concluded that LO had better masticatory efficiency and esthetics with complete dentures when compared with bilateral balanced occlusion and CGO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concern with facial esthetics has followed the rise of civilizations, and faces representing the ideal of beauty have always been used as references. The smile is part of this beauty standard, which is measured subjectively. A harmonious smile depends on the balance that involves several factors, from its width to its ratio with facial outlines, tooth color and shape, as well as gingival exposure and contour. Different forms such as square, triangle, and oval will help in selecting teeth for prosthodontic rehabilitation. Aim: The aim of the study is to survey the prevalence of crown shape in maxillary central incisors of individuals among South Indian adult population. Materials and Methods: Study population comprised 300 (150 males and 150 females) individuals aging 20-25 years of South Indian population. Two photographs: One frontal profile and one intraoral picture were taken for analysis. The images were standardized and measured using KLONK image measurement tool. Result: 118 oval-shaped, 18 square-shaped, and 17 triangular-shaped incisors were among 152 oval-shaped faces. Likewise 26 oval-shaped, 52 square-shaped, and 6 triangular-shaped incisors were noted among the 84 square-shaped faces. Similarly, there were 11 oval-shaped, 23 square-shaped, and 29 triangular-shaped central incisors among 63 triangular-shaped faces. Conclusion: No significant relationship between the shapes of the face and tooth, or the association of these with gender was observed. The oval shape, both for men and women, was the most prevalent, and the triangular shape was the least common for both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Esthetic concerns are the prime focus in modern restorative dental practice. Composite resin restorative materials have played crucial roles in establishing esthetics in many clinical situations. However, they are also prone for the marginal discrepancy and microleakage. Bonding agents are used to minimize this phenomenon to improve the success of the restorations. Aim: This study is to assess the marginal adaptation (MA) of nanohybrid composite resin with two 7th generation dentin bonding agents. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 extracted human maxillary premolars were cleaned, processed, mounted, and divided into two experimental Groups A and B. Class V cavities were prepared in extracted teeth with the gingival margin on the dentin and the incisal margin on the enamel. The cavities were restored with a nanohybrid composite resin (Swiss Tec Composite, Coltene Whaledent, USA) using the experimental self-etching adhesives, Group A - (Bond Plus SE, Medicept Dental, UK) and Group B - (Kerr OptiBond, Heraeus Kulzer, Germany). After that, the restorations were light cured, finished and polished. After thermocycling, the MA was analyzed using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) (SEM, x600 magnification). The outcome measure is the widest distance between the restoration and tooth structure in the cervical margins expressed in the micrometer. The discrepancy in each margin was recorded, tabulated and analyzed. Results: The mean discrepancy between tooth structure and restoration in Group A was 3.35 ± 0.31 um and for Group B was 3.67 ± 0.24 um. An independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data. A statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Kerr OptiBond showed higher means of gaps than Bond Plus SE in the cervical margins. Even though a statically significance was observed between the two bonding agents, clinical significance may not be altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Precise occlusal restorations, both fixed and removable, require accurate occlusal records and a set of working casts, which should be mounted on a full-sized articulator, at least a semi-adjustable one. There is no perfect device that can duplicate the mandibular movements of a particular patient. The aim is to minimize the occlusal errors produced in the laboratory without adding any complicated and time-consuming procedures. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of the modified arbitrary facebow for recording the orientation jaw relation. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 undergraduate students Saveetha Dental College with prior experience in the orientation of a facebow were selected to orient the arbitrary facebow (UTS 3D by IVOCLAR VIVA DENT) and modified version of the same facebow. The students were divided into two groups. A single-blinded randomized control trial was performed. The time required to mount the facebow to the subject was recorded for both groups. The participants were randomly allocated into groups. Group (A) students received the conventional arbitrary facebow first to orient the facebow on the patient. Group (B) students received the modified arbitrary facebow first to orients the facebow for jaw relation. Results: Time taken to orient the conventional facebow ranged between 10 and 14 min with a mean value of 10 min 50 s, while time taken to orient the modified version ranged between 48 s and 1 m 53 s with a mean value of 1 min 24 s [Table 2]. Parallelism to the horizontal reference plane was verified by the second observer. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, a modified facebow was used to reliably reproduce the spatial orientation of the occlusal plane relative to the true horizontal plane with the patient in natural head position that corrects the occlusal plane record and develops a good concept of occlusion in planed restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological changes occur in pregnancy to upbringing the developing fetus and prepare the mother for labor and delivery. Early changes result in metabolic demands, increasing levels of pregnancy hormones, particularly those of progesterone and estrogen. Later changes starting in midpregnancy are caused from the expanding uterus by mechanical pressure. During pregnancy, some changes in maternal physiology can occur including increased maternal fat, blood volume, cardiac output, and blood flow to the kidneys and uteroplacental unit, decreased blood pressure, delayed gastrointestinal motility, and gastric emptying. These alterations are essential to optimize fetus and mother health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shock is described traditionally as tissue hypoxia due to inadequate perfusion which is classified as hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive. Hypovolemic shock is an important life-threatening emergency. In hypovolemic shock, there is decreased circulating blood volume due to the loss of intravascular fluid. Hemorrhagic shock is the most common form of hypovolemic shock and must be recognized early which prevent progression, morbidity, and mortality. Hence, this article will discuss about the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of hypovolemic shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Xerostomia forms one of the most common manifestations of systemic diseases or occurs as an adverse effect of medication. Treatment of xerostomia involves both in minimizing the symptoms and reducing the oral complications by administration of sialagogue such as pilocarpine and bethanechol which are cholinergic drugs in this study. Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the efficiency of pilocarpine and bethanechol as effective sialagogue agents in completely edentulous xerostomic patients. Materials and Methods: A closed label randomized control trial study was conducted among 30 xerostomic complete denture patients who reported to the clinic. Whole resting saliva (WRS) and whole stimulated saliva (WSS) were collected for 2 min in a test tube following which the sialagogue drug is administered for 2-3 weeks course and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: On statistical analysis, there was significant increase in mean salivary production of both the drugs that are pilocarpine and bethanechol, respectively, during the 1st week (P < 0.001). On crossover, pilocarpine was found to be more efficient than bethanechol with respect to both WRS and WSS, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study shows pilocarpine on comparison with Bethanechol is more effective in the management of xerostomia in completely edentulous patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metal-ceramic restorations have had a high degree of success, as they integrate the esthetics of porcelain and the strength and durability of metal. Noble metal alloys are commonly used to produce the metal substructure. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of recasting on the bond strength of porcelain to base metal alloys. Methods: Electronic search of the Pub Med-MEDLINE database was done. The reference lists of all eligible studies were also searched. The results of the searches were analyzed. The PUBMED search yielded a total of 7 articles, of which three studies met the inclusion criteria and four were excluded from the study. All the three included studies evaluated the effect of recasting on the bond strength of porcelain to base metal alloys. Results: The obtained studies showed varying levels of heterogeneity, and hence, a meta-analysis could not be performed. The tests used were the planar shear test and flexural tests to determine the bond strength of porcelain to base metal alloys. The literature has reported the following findings on porcelain bond strength with recasted alloys: (a) The first recasting of alloys reduces the bond strength of porcelain to the base metal alloys, (b) The second recasting does not differ greatly from the first recasting, and (c) a 50% recast of alloys greatly reduces its strength. Conclusion: Addition of previously used base metal dental alloy for fabricating metal ceramic restorations is not recommended as it reduces the strength of the alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A pontic is a part of the fixed partial denture (FPD) that replaces the missing tooth. There are various types of pontic designs, and choosing the right pontic design depending on several factors is critical to the success of the FPD. Aim: The aim of this study focuses on evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practice of pontic design in FPDs and its applications among general dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire containing questions on patient's awareness about pontic designs and their knowledge about the applications of pontic designs was given to a total of 100 general practitioners in Chennai. The data collected were computerized and analyzed statistically. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS statistics software 23.0 version. To find the significant difference between the bivariate samples in the independent groups, the unpaired sample t-test was used. For the multivariate analysis, the one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test was used. Results: Fifty-seven dentists preferred to give an ovate anterior pontic design, 33 dentists preferred a modified ridge lap anterior pontic design, and 10 dentists preferred a ridge lap anterior pontic design. For a posterior FPD, 28 dentists preferred a hygienic pontic design, 28 dentists preferred the ridge lap design, 29 preferred the modified ridge lap, and 15 preferred other types of pontic designs. Conclusion: The study inferred that although most dentists were aware of the pontic designs and their applications, many were not involved in the selection of pontic designs. Awareness should be improved on the pontic design selection for different situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep apnea obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is defined as frequent episodes of apnea and hypopnea and functional impairment. OSA treatment options are the use of oral appliance (OAs) in mild-to-moderate cases and use of continuous positive airway pressure or surgery in cases of severe sleep apnea. However, their efficacy in the treatment of OSA is questionable. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of OAs in patients diagnosed with severe OSA. Materials and Methods: Seventeen individuals (13 males and 4 females) with age of patient 26.27 ± 2.66; apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 47.35 ± 7.92 events/h, and mean body mass index 29.42 ± 5.67 were enrolled for the clinical trial. The patients had to wear a custom-made mandibular advancement device for 1 month. Out of 17, 15 subjects completed the protocol, 2 individuals with AHI levels 50.1 and 37.1 were unable to tolerate the device and withdrew from the study. Results: The MAA resulted in a reduction of baseline AHI index in 14 out of 15 individuals (93.3%). The mean AHI index reduced from 47.35 ± 7.92 to 23.03 ± 13.62, which is statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). The subjective outcome with Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score reduced for 13 out of 15 patients (87%). The baseline ESS score also reduced after 1 month of the study which was statistically significant (P < 0.007). Conclusion: Continued wear of OAs brings down the AHI from severe to mild or moderate OSA reducing the incidence of systemic complication and improving the quality of life of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation of the root canal. Of these three essential steps of root canal therapy, irrigation of the root canal is the most important determinant in the healing of the periapical tissues. The primary endodontic treatment goal must thus be to optimize root canal disinfection and to prevent reinfection. Moreover, during the preparation of root canal, manually and by rotary instruments, the smear layer is created that must be eliminated by irrigants. Irrigants have traditionally been delivered into the root canal space using syringes and metal needles of different size and tip design. This review summarizes the various irrigants and their delivery devices used in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Removable partial dentures (RPD) still form a significant part of treatment modalities in prosthodontics. Most distal extension RPD is constructed from single reversible or irreversible hydrocolloid impressions. Aim: The aim of this study was to check the awareness and utilization of different impression techniques used for RPD. Materials and Methodology: A self-structured questionnaire was designed consisting of 18 questions regarding various impression techniques used for RPD and dentists were also asked about the most common technique used by them. The survey was made on Google forms and distributed to dentists through electronic media. Results: The response rate was 93%. 97.8% dentists used alginate for the diagnostic impression of which 61.3% used medium setting alginate and 92.5% used perforated full tray for making the impression. 94.6% were aware about anatomic and functional impressions. 2% glutaraldehyde is most commonly used for disinfecting impressions by the dentists. Conclusion: Although dentists are aware of various impression techniques, maximum of them use selective pressure technique in their clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Edentulism is considered a poor health outcome and may compromise quality of life. The prosthetic management of the edentulous patient has long been a major challenge for dentistry. The classical treatment plan for the edentulous patient is the conventional complete denture. Aim: The aim of the study was to systematically review the literature comparing the effect of ball, bar and magnet attachment systems on the stability and retention of overdentures. Methods: Electronic search of the Pub Med-MEDLINE database was done. The reference lists of all eligible studies were also searched. The results of the searches were analyzed. Primary Outcome Measures: Stability of implant overdenture, retention of implant overdenture. Results: The PUBMED search yielded a total of 89 articles of which 3 studies met the inclusion criteria and 89 were excluded. The results were tabulated. Conclusion: Implant supported overdentures have different attachment systems such ball and ring, bar and clip, and magnetic attachments. Tests were done to assess which of these systems are the most efficient in terms of retention and stability of the denture. Bar and clip systems are the most effective systems in terms of denture retention followed by ball and ring systems and then magnetic attachments. Thus, bar-clip and ball-ring are both effective systems to be used in overdentures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) account for the most common orofacial pains rising from musculoskeletal origins. Almost 80% of the general population suffers from temporomandibular joints (TMJ) diseases. The range of the signs and symptoms vary from person to person. The diagnosis of the TMJ disorder should be done by a dental practitioner. The multifactorial nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose and treat. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of TMD's among general dental practitioners. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire containing questions on etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of TMD was given to a total of 100 general dental practitioners in Chennai. The responses were collected, and data analysis was done. Results: Our findings suggest that the general practicing dentists encounter TMD cases rarely and those excessive teeth grinding, and parafunctional habits have been widely acknowledged as the causative factor for TMD and TMJ imaging as the diagnostic tool. Majority of the practicing dentists prefer muscle relaxants as the first line of treatment. 92% of the general practitioners preferred referring the patient to a specialist. Among the practitioners who were confident in treating TMD occlusal splint was the treatment which most dentists felt confident. Conclusion: The gross domestic products felt more confident in TMD diagnostics, therapy decisions whereas they were not confident enough in treating a TMD patient even after they received a positive response after their first line of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have been done in Chennai to assess the trends of fixed partial denture practice done by private dental practitioners. According to many studies conducted, most of the dentists using commercial dental laboratories performed very unsatisfying tooth preparation and sent impressions that are unusable in nature. Aim: This study aims to integrate and evaluate the knowledge on impression techniques and materials used in fixed partial dentures among dental practitioners in Chennai. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 questionnaires each consisting of 21 questions were sent to various practitioners in Chennai, out of which 100 questionnaires were filled. Results: The results showed that 93% dental practitioners use irreversible hydrocolloid for diagnostic impression and 7% use other materials with 90.7% using gingival retraction cord plainly and 9.3% using other methods like electrocautery, laser methods to accurately record the final impression followed by which is 88% addition silicone in 66% putty reline/dual mix technique without spacer followed by 14% using monophase technique with 86% providing provisional prosthesis before the final prosthesis. Furthermore, the reason of shortcomings was noted as 73% for laboratory error, clinical error, patients' mental attitude, and oral hygiene practice were also noted. Conclusion: From the study results, the following conclusions were drawn. 93% of dental practitioners use irreversible hydrocolloid, 88% of them use addition silicone for final impressions in 66% putty reline/dual mix technique without spacer with almost 86% providing the provisional prosthesis. Thus, the appropriate technique, material, and armamentarium are required for long-term success for fixed partial denture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mouthwashes are often prescribed in dentistry for prevention and treatment of several oral conditions. Eucalyptus oil has many therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial effect and anti-inflammatory effect. It possesses strong cytotoxic effect and also have antibacterial effect against several pathogens. However, its efficacy as a mouthwash in oral hygiene maintenance needs to be investigated further. Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the therapeutic effect of chlorhexidine and eucalyptus oil mouthwashes in oral hygiene maintenance. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 human subjects selected were randomly allocated into two groups, Group I and Group II. The subjects in Group I were instructed to use 10 ml of chlorhexidine mouthwash for 14 days and Group II were instructed to use eucalyptus oil mouthwash for 14 days twice daily. Oral hygiene status was assessed by measuring the plaque and gingival scores. The plaque formation was assessed using erythrosine disclosing agent, and their scores were recorded using the Loe and Silness index and gingival index was calculated using Silness and Loe index at the baseline and 14 days. The results were then statistically analyzed. Results: A decrease of plaque level was seen in both mouthwashes without any adverse effects. The plaque index and gingival index scores for Group I and Group II after 14 days were 1.012 ± 0.25, 1.008 ± 0.27 and 1.254 ± 0.58, 1.233 ± 0.72 respectively. There was no statistical significant difference between chlorhexidine and eucalyptus mouthwashes (P > 0.05). Conclusion: An effective alternative to chlorhexidine, eucalyptus oil, can be used as mouthwash for effective oral hygiene maintenance. The present results, therefore, offer a scientific basis for traditional use and awareness about eucalyptus oil mouthwash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study was to estimate the role of the risk factor for peri-implantitis in patients receiving endosseous dental implants. Background: Failure of dental implants is a major concern in spite of its large success rates. Endo-osseous implants are those prosthesis placed to compensate the missing teeth in the oral cavity and restore the normal form and function of occlusion. Chronic alcoholism, smoking, poor oral hygiene, and other systemic disturbances interfere with the cellular and molecular mechanisms potentially responsible for bone growth around the prosthesis. Materials and Methods: Patients reporting to Saveetha Dental College, Department of Implantology from the January 2016 to November 2017 were assessed for alcohol and tobacco usage using AUDIT SCORE and Fagerstrom questionnaire and were also screened for peri-implantitis. The information with regard to the anatomical site, age, gender, and occupation were evaluated along with the clinical and radiographical examination. The data were extracted. Then a correlation analysis was initiated using multiple regression models and results analyzed. Result: There was the increase in the incidence of peri-implantitis in patients with the habit of smoking, poor oral hygiene, and those with implants placed in the maxillary bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A lot of research on interalar distance, intercanthal distance, bizygomatic width, and intercanine width has been done for selecting the size of the anterior teeth, but there is no reliable method for selection of anterior teeth. In this article, the upper lip length and philtrum length are evaluated to check the correlation with anterior teeth size. Aim: The aim is to examine the relationship of upper lip length and philtrum length to maxillary central and lateral incisors teeth proportions in dentate patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 males and 25 females with the age of 18-21 years were selected for the study. They were seated in an upright position, and a flexible ruler was used to measure their upper lip length and philtrum length. A Vernier caliper was used to measure the height and width of the central and lateral incisors. The results were tabulated and significant correlations were studied. Results: In females, the upper lip length coincides with twice the height and width of the lateral incisors, whereas philtrum length coincides with width of the central incisors. In males, the mean height and width of both the central and lateral incisors are statistically significant with philtrum length and upper lip length. Conclusion: In the study, philtrum length can be taken as guide for selecting width of the central incisor in females. It can also use as guide for height and width of the both incisors in males. Lip length can be used as guide for selecting the size of both central and lateral incisors in males, whereas in females it can be used only for selecting lateral incisor size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traumatic neuroma is a rare disorder that occurs due to damage to the peripheral nerves. It is not a tumor that is malignant. It is a swelling that occurs due to trauma to a nerve during surgery, accidental damage to nerves during anesthetic administration. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of dentists in the management of traumatic neuroma. Materials and Methodology: The study was done among 100 dental practitioners in Chennai who were interested in taking part in the survey. Result: In this study, it was found that 89.1% of dentist knew the cause of traumatic neuroma. 58% of dentist was aware that the most common site was in mental foramen region. Most commonly encountered complication while administering local anesthesia was found to be 88.1% mostly around 70% in inferior alveolar region. The most common treatment of choice chosen by the dentist was found to be prosthetic stents. Conclusion: The study inferred that a vast majority were not aware of management strategies, follow-up and rehabilitation of patients with a traumatic neuroma. Hence, vigorous dental awareness programs may need to be conducted addressing this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental appliances and prosthesis are made from alloys containing different metals. Concerns exist over the release of metal ions such as Ni from dental alloys, mainly due to corrosion. The released metal ions can enter the bloodstream and can cause varying degrees of health ailments. In the present work, a systematic review on release of titanium ions from titanium dental appliances is described. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze the release of titanium ions from dental alloys in saliva. Materials and Methods: The PubMed search identified 83 studies among which four met the selection criteria. PICO analysis. Population: Individuals with Dental appliances and prosthesis. Intervention: Role of Titanium alloys in dental appliances and prosthesis. Comparison: Nickel alloys in dental appliances and prosthesis were compared. Outcome: The outcome was quantity of nickel and titanium ions released. Conclusion: All the studies concluded that there is a significant increase in the amount of nickel ions, whereas there was no significant increase in the amount of titanium ions from the measure before the intervention. Biocompatibility of titanium is a well-known thing. The fact that there is minimal release of titanium ions in artificial saliva also supports the biocompatibility of titanium. The obtained results may not correspond to metal ions release in in vivo conditions. Analyzing the results of both in vitro and in vivo tests, it seems that there is a necessity to elaborate standardized procedures, with detailed methodology provided. Only then, the results will be comparable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental implants are the most sort treatment modality in recent days. There is little guidance available regarding pre- and post-operative pain management. Although it is accepted that majority of patients will experience mild-to-moderate pain, following implant surgery, a degree of such pain is anticipated post-operatively. It is crucial that the clinician provides effective analgesia in this period. Aim: The aim of our study is to assess the knowledge, awareness, and practice, among Indian dentists, on the prescription pattern of analgesic drugs during routine oral implant surgery in normal healthy patients. Materials and Methods: A well-structured online multiple choice-based structured questionnaire was formulated with 14 questions. The sample size was chosen by simple randomized sampling as 100 dentists in Chennai, practising dental implant surgery as a treatment modality. The questionnaire was circulated to 100 participants including postgraduate students, staffs in institutions, and private practitioners, and results were tabulated. Results: The data acquired from this survey exhibited that 96% of dentists prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for analgesic effects and post-implant placement. Most commonly, they were prescribed after stage - I of implant therapy (80%). Most dentists reported prescribing NSAIDs, orally (86%) for twice a day (71%), for almost a week (60%). Dentists also preferred prescribing combination analgesic (66%). Of the population studied, 87% of dentists did not encounter any side effects. Only, 65% of dentists prescribed medications, by specifically targeting the side effects. Adjunctive prescription of steroids was done by only 47%. The data were compiled and represented graphically. Conclusion: Pain management in dentistry can be a challenging task. Hence, the necessity for prescription of analgesics becomes mandatory. The survey conducted highlights the need for bolstering awareness among dentists with respect to proper prescription of analgesics in the course of implant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentine hypersensitivity is characterized by short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to stimuli. In this split-mouth randomized clinical study, we investigated acupuncture as an effective way of providing anesthesia to relieve dentinal hypersensitivity. A total of 15 patients, 20 bilateral maxillary and mandibular vital teeth (40 sites) indicated for tooth preparation, were selected for the study and randomly allocated to two groups, A and B. Patients in Group A underwent tooth preparation with acupuncture on the right side and with subperiosteal infiltration on the left side, while vice versa was followed for Group B. Following tooth preparation, patients interpreted their sensation during the procedure using the Heft-Parker VAS score. The result of the Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the two techniques had no statistical significant difference (P = 0.330, > 0.05). Hence, it was proved that both the techniques are equally effective in providing adequate anesthesia for tooth preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed partial denture (FPD) replacements for teeth have taken a variety of designs throughout the years. Many principles involved in the preparation and construction of fixed prostheses are still dominating, although more compatible and resilient materials have been introduced in recent years. FPD transmits forces through the abutment to the periodontium. Failures are due to poor engineering, use of improper material, inadequate tooth preparation and faulty fabrications. Therefore, it is important to select abutment in FPD. The clinicians must recognize the forces developed by the oral mechanism and the resistance of the tooth and its supporting structures to them. This article will review the conditions and requisites for the selection of abutment for FPDs for the long-term success of fixed dental prosthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis, a quietly progressing metabolic bone disease that leads to minimizing of bone mass, is widely prevalent in India and fractures due to osteoporosis are a common cause of mortality and morbidity in adult Indian males and females. Low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue is the main characteristic features of osteoporosis and are also the leading causes for increasing risk of fractures. Likelihood of developing osteoporosis in women is 4 times when compared to men. The maintenance of oral health in adults with osteoporosis is important. Studies revealed that osteoporosis is one of the risk factors for osseointegration process during dental implant healing. Hence, osteoporosis is considered a questionable condition for the placement of dental implants. However, literature states that osteoporosis patients are not contraindicated for dental implants. The aim of this study was to determine whether a diagnosis of osteoporosis shows its effect on the survival rate of osseointegrated dental implants. Aim: The aim is to evaluate the success rate of implants with osteoporotic bone. Objectives: (1) To evaluate the implant success rate in the patients with osteoporotic bone, (2) To assess various treatment options in the patients with osteoporotic bone. Study and Design: A review was done on the success rate of dental implants with osteoporotic bone. A wide evaluation of articles was done, and the data were collected from various search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, research gate, Scholars portal database, Medline, Embase, and few other hand search articles. The bibliographies were evaluated with the other electronically searched articles. The studies included were evaluated and analyzed. Conclusion: Based on the above literature search, dentists should perform a proper assessment of treatment planning while placing dental implants in osteoporotic patients for a better implant survival rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chewing gum may serve as an effective oral hygiene device when brushing may not be possible. Sugar-free gums are simple, inexpensive and are readily available. It increases salivary flow, raises the pH of plaque and saliva, reduces oral malodor, and is effective for stain removal. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chewing gum in oral hygiene aid. Materials and Methods: The study group consists of 10 patients. Their oral health status is estimated by recording the debris and calculus index to determine the oral hygiene index simplified (OHI-S). The patient is then asked to chew chewing gum for 5 min. The OHI-S is recorded again. The two results are compared. Results: Mean OHI score before and after intervention with sugarcane is 2.41 (+/-0.285) and 0.760 (+/-0.184), respectively. A paired t-test was used to analyze statistically significant differences at 5% significance. The t-test revealed a statistically significant reduction in OHI following sugarcane chewing (T = 19.19, DF= 9, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: This study shows that chewing gum is very effective in reducing plaque and debris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The control of debris and plaque is essential to maintain the health and hygiene of the oral cavity. Plaque control is of two types, namely mechanical plaque control and chemical plaque control. Aim: The aim of the study is to see Effect of sugarcane chewing on controlling plaque intraorally. Materials and Methods: The study group consists of 50 patients. Their oral health status is estimated by recording the debris and calculus index to determine the oral hygiene index score (OHI-S). The patient is then asked to chew on the sugarcane. The OHI-S is recorded again. The two results are compared. Results: Mean OHI-S before intervention was 2.480 (±0.266). OHI-S after intervention was 0.640 (±0.158). A paired t-test was done to analyze statistically significant differences at 5% significance. The t-test revealed a statistically significant reduction in the OHI following sugarcane chewing (t = 15.28, df = 9, P < 0.01). This shows that sugarcane is very effective in the reduction of plaque and debris in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Sugarcane rich in fiber acts as a natural mechanical plaque control removing the debris. The chewing of sugarcane also enables the secretion of more saliva which removes the debris and also neutralizes the acidity brought about by the bacteria present in the oral cavity. Furthermore, the alkaline nature of the sugarcane reduces the acidity of the oral cavity and reduces dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the efficacy of conventional surgical knife to that of laser-assisted excision of operculum in terms of patient comfort assessment, post-operative pain, and healing. Background: Periodontal therapy and management have come a long way since their introduction into dentistry. The earlier surgeries performed were effective, and it involved removing a part of the crestal bone, as these techniques were not achieved esthetically newer techniques came into practice involving both esthetic management and removal a layer of gingival tissue overlying the affected area. In the following article, we should discuss about the newer techniques can be used one by managing with the heal off surgical knife management and other by diode laser. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. The study consisted of 30 patients with clinically diagnosed pericoronitis who required excision of the operculum. They were divided into two groups: A and B. Group A comprised cases were operculum excised with surgical knife and Group B comprised cases were operculum excised using diode laser. Clinical parameters such as patient comfort, post-operative pain, and healing were assessed and compared between two groups. Results: The results were based on patient comfort, with Group-A who underwent surgical knife for operculectomy with a value of 89.12 ±2.64 and Group-B had operculectomy done by means of laser with a value of 93.12 ±1.69 (P < 0.05) and patient post-operative pain, with Group-A who underwent operculectomy with a value of 13.52 ±4.67 and those who underwent management by diode laser had a mean value of 8.42 ±3.17 (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between both the techniques with respect to wound healing. Conclusion: The use of diode laser in excision of operculum has several advantages over surgical knife such as enhanced hemostasis, less post-operative pain, and a better post-operative healing. Therefore, lasers can be considered as a better and acceptable alternative for excision of pericoronal flaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to review the various literature on the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, investigation, and treatment of necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP). Background: NUP is the most severe inflammatory periodontal disorders caused by bacterial plaque and usually run an acute course. Clinical features in NUP are characterized by the presence of punched out, ulcerated and necrotic lesions that may be covered by a pseudomembrane of necrotic tissue. The ulcerations are extremely painful and show spontaneous bleeding. An important feature of NUP is the rapid and severe loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone in few days or weeks. Other clinical features include the presence of oral halitosis, adenopathies, fever, and general discomfort. Methodology: A Medline literature search was conducted on the management of NUP. The articles ranging from 1988 to 2016 were searched. 14 articles were relevant to this review article of 43 articles that were searched. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment planning is crucial in treating necrotizing periodontal diseases. In human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients, the lack of oral hygiene, plaque accumulation, and reduced CD4 counts increase the risk factor for periodontal diseases and other opportunistic infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the growing usage of mobile phones in our daily lives, it is necessary to recognize the adverse effects of mobile phone radiation on our health. Radiation from mobile devices has been known to affect the autonomous nervous system after prolonged use. It has been documented that electromagnetic radiation increases leaching of mercury from amalgam fillings. Aim: This study aims to study the effects of radiation from mobile devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 natural teeth were selected and amalgam restorations were done. The teeth were then separated into a control group and experimental group and placed in artificial saliva. The experimental group was subjected to mobile phone radiation for 160 min. The control group was placed away from all types of radiation. The artificial saliva was then tested for to evaluate the amount of mercury leached in the experimental and control groups. Results: The mean concentration of mercury in the experimental group was 0.047 ± 0.020 mg/L and the concentration in the control was 0.029 ± 0.008 mg/L. The difference in the concentration of mercury in the artificial saliva in the control and experimental groups was significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study provide evidence of the harmful effect of electromagnetic radiation from mobile devices on dental amalgam. Further, investigations are required to identify the longterm effects of radiation emitted from mobile devices on health in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is not any best adhesion protocol for zirconia in the field of dentistry, especially in the restorations, where there is a reduced mechanical retention. There is less literature available on which cement is the recommended cement for the cementation of monolithic zirconia crowns. Zirconia-based ceramics show excellent mechanical strength and superior fracture resistance due to an inherent transformation toughening mechanism. Various cement have been used to lute the monolithic zirconia crowns, namely, the zinc phosphate cement, resin cement, glass ionomer cement, and the polycarboxylate cement. Every cement has its own pros and cons. The purpose of this study was to perform a review of the literature about the cementation of monolithic zirconia crowns, evaluating the properties of the luting cement most commonly used. The review was performed through PubMed, and a bibliographic search on the international literature of the past 10 years was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The position of the incisive foramen in relation to the central incisors varies in different standard textbooks. This study was aimed at bringing in a standard value for the distance between the incisive foramen and central incisors in male and female skulls. Aim: This study aims to measure the variation in position of the incisive foramen in relation to the interproximal region of the central incisors in dry human skull. Materials and Methodology: A total of 61 adult dry human skulls were selected, with full complement of teeth with fully erupted third molars. Measurements were made from the interproximal region of the central incisors to the incisive foramen using a digital Vernier caliber. Results: The study inferred the location of incisive foramen to be about 0.99 cm from the interproximal region of the central incisors. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the average values of the male and female skulls. The study was not significant statistically due to limited study samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender can also be determined by the study of X and Y chromosomes in the cells which are not undergoing active division. The presence or absence of X chromosome can be studied from buccal smears, skin biopsy, blood, cartilage, hair root sheath, and tooth pulp. After death, it persists for variable periods depending on the humidity and temperature in which tissue has remained. X chromatin and intranuclear structure are also known as Barr body. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of X Barr body and Y Barr body observed in pulp tissue as a tool for gender determination. Materials and Methods: The research was conducted in 30 patients (15 male and 15 female). The tooth extracted was from the anteriors of maxilla and mandible. The removed pulpal tissue is stored in 5% formalin for 7 days, paraffin blocks are prepared and the block is cut at 5 µm thickness and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and is viewed under a trinocular microscope under ×100 magnification, and 50 cells are viewed for Barr bodies. Result: In females, the mean of Barr bodies was found to be 13 ± 2, and in the males, it was found to be 5 ± 3. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the pulp tissues with a maximum number of Barr bodies belong to a female and pulp with a minimum number of Barr bodies belongs to a male. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the analgesic effectiveness of opioid agonists in post-operative pain after endosseous dental implant placements. Materials and Methods: A total of 44 patients requiring the placement of endosseous dental implants were considered in this study for comparing the two drug interventions, namely, the tramadol (opioid analgesic) and aceclofenac administered orally. The identified patients were randomly allocated into two groups, with odd numbers following group A and even numbers following group B and procedure was performed vice versa. Followed by which the procedure was performed and the experimental drug was administered. After a period of 1 week, the implant will be placed on contralateral side and the experimental drug will be administered. The patients graded the pain for both the drugs after 2 hours of dental implant placement with a 100-point visual analog scale. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that according to Mann-Whitney tests performed with this non-parametric population at 5% confidence interval, both the groups showed no statistically significant difference with P = 0.533 retaining the null hypothesis. Conclusion: Both the drugs showed equal effectiveness, and hence, opioid analgesics can be administered in situations where patients are intolerant to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of classification of partial edentulous arches provides communication between dental colleagues, students, technician about the case, for planning good treatment and to design the partial denture. It also predicts the difficulties commonly occurring with particular removable partial denture design. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of partial edentulism according to Kennedy classification. Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the frequency of prevalence of various partial edentulism based on Kennedy's classification in relation to arch, age, and gender of the patients. Methodology: The study was conducted in patients attending outpatient clinic in Saveetha Dental College and Hospital. The survey was done in 200 patients based on age groups (20-30 years, 30-40 years, 40-50 years, and 50-60 years), arch (maxilla and mandible), and genders (male and female). The survey was done by doing visual examination for determining the prevalence of partial edentulism. Result: Based on the data collected, the prevalence of Class III was more in both the genders of about 70% followed by the prevalence of Class I accounting for about 16% in female and 11% in males. Conclusion: Kennedy's Class III was the most common in both dental arches. Gender had no effect on the prevalence of various Kennedy's classes, while age had a significant effect. Mandibular partial edentulism was found to be more common than maxillary partial edentulism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ceramics are the most widely used materials in dentistry for fixed replacement of missing teeth. Though, strong and esthetic the material might be, there may be fractures or chipping of the material due to various reasons. . In these situations, porcelain repair systems (PRS) have a major role that can avoid replacement of the affected prosthesis and allow repair of it. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the awareness and application of PRS in dental clinics in Chennai, through a questionnaire-based survey. Methodology: A self-structured questionnaire was designed consisting of 18 questions regarding various impression techniques used for removable partial denture, and dentists were also asked about the most common technique used by them. The survey was made on Google forms and distributed to dentists through electronic media. Result: The response rate was 59 out of the 60 dentists that were asked to answer. From the gathered data, it is seen that only 54% of dentists were aware of the PRS and 46% are unaware. 56% of dentists opted to replace the fractured prosthesis, while only 44% showed willingness to repair the damaged porcelain. Conclusion: To conclude the survey, not many practitioners in Chennai are aware of PRS and their uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]