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En este artículo se exponen los principales impactos que se evidenciaron en los participantes del programa de formación desarrollado en el marco del proyecto Laboratorios Vivos de Innovación y Cultura en los municipios de Clemencia y María la Baja, en el departamento de Bolívar (Colombia). Para la investigación se utilizó una metodología cualitativa de tipo descriptivo-analítico con insumos como entrevistas, indicadores de seguimiento al proyecto y documentos internos que exponen la experiencia vivida en el desarrollo del proceso. Los impactos del programa se analizan a la luz de las capacidades humanas en relación con el objetivo del programa de formación, que buscó fortalecer las dimensiones cognoscitiva, psicomotoras y afectivas de los participantes. Entre los resultados, se encuentra que este programa contribuyó al estímulo de habilidades y capacidades sociales, al uso y la apropiación de las TIC en relación con la generación de productos culturales, y a la consolidación de las identidades individual y colectiva.

Cities and their constant growth have a crucial role in global sustainable development. The objective of this article is to present a conceptual framework of collaborative governance for the shaping of sustainable cities. The adoption of the multiple case study (5) method allowed understanding the reality of the cities of Copenhagen (Denmark), Amsterdam (Netherlands), London (England), Hamburg (Germany) and Barcelona (Spain). Sources of evidence were collected through in-depth interviews, documents, and observation, plus the data analysis was performed by using the NVivo software. For that, exploratory-descriptive research was conducted with the use of a qualitative research approach. The results exhibit strategies, benefits, risks, and limits inherent to collaborative governance systems in the cities and bring contributions to the development of the governance theory. Resumo As cidades e seu constante crescimento têm um papel crucial no desenvolvimento sustentável global. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma estrutura conceitual de governança colaborativa para a formação de cidades sustentáveis. A adoção do método de estudo de casos múltiplos (5) permitiu compreender a realidade das cidades de Copenhague (Dinamarca), Amsterdã (Holanda), Londres (Inglaterra), Hamburgo (Alemanha) e Barcelona (Espanha). As fontes de evidências foram coletadas por meio de entrevistas em profundidade, documentos e observação, sendo que a análise de dados foi realizada utilizando o software NVivo. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa exploratório-descritiva com abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa. Os resultados apresentam estratégias, benefícios, riscos e limites inerentes aos sistemas de governança colaborativa nas cidades e trazem contribuições para o desenvolvimento da teoria da governança.

Proteases are physiologically and commercially important enzymes which are universally distributed among different sources, including plants, animals and microorganisms; and whose properties make them promising tools in a huge variety of areas. Recently, they have found use in novel biotechnological processes such as the production of protein hydrolysates, generating bioactive products with recognized positive attributes and biological effects. Using these active peptides decreases the use of chemical products, and allows the revaluation of protein byproducts generated by some industries. Microbial proteases are advantageous because microorganisms have a wide repertoire of biochemical tools, can be produced in less time and smaller spaces, with minimum nutritional requirements, and are susceptible to genetic modification. This chapter includes an analysis and discussion of the most relevant catalytic features, novel fungal sources, reaction conditions, and production processes for bioactive protein hydrolysates with relevance in the food industry.

Cities and their constant growth have a crucial role in global sustainable development. The objective of this article is to present a conceptual framework of collaborative governance for the shaping of sustainable cities. The adoption of the multiple case study (5) method allowed understanding the reality of the cities of Copenhagen (Denmark), Amsterdam (Netherlands), London (England), Hamburg (Germany) and Barcelona (Spain). Sources of evidence were collected through in-depth interviews, documents, and observation, plus the data analysis was performed by using the NVivo software. For that, exploratory-descriptive research was conducted with the use of a qualitative research approach. The results exhibit strategies, benefits, risks, and limits inherent to collaborative governance systems in the cities and bring contributions to the development of the governance theory.

Tumor growth in the cervix is a complex process. Understanding this phenomena is quite relevant in order to establish proper diagnosis and therapy strategies and a possible startpoint is to evaluate its complexity through the scaling analysis, which define the tumor growth geometry. In this work, tumor interface from primary tumors of squamous cells and adenocarcinomas for cervical cancer were extracted. Fractal dimension and local roughness exponent (Barabasi and Stanley (1996)), α l o c , were calculated to characterize the in vivo 3-D tumor growth. Image acquisition was carried out according to the standard protocol used for cervical cancer radiotherapy, i.e., axial, magnetic resonance T1 - weighted contrast enhanced images comprising the cervix volume for image registration. Image processing was carried out by a classification scheme based on quantum clustering algorithm (Mussa et al. (2015)) combined with the application of the K-means procedure upon contrasted images (Demirkaya et al. (2008)). The results show significant variations of the parameters depending on the tumor stage and its histological origin.

The convergence of today’s critical sanitary environmental and socio-economic crises is pressing humanity towards a shifting point from which a new paradigm could emerge, where accelerated scientific-technological innovations transforming social relations may enable a leap of conscience with the improvement appreciation of human life conditions and better caring for the planet as a whole, opening for a more fraternal cooperation and sustainability mind set. The crisis is systemic and has moral roots, so the solutions are asking for a change in human values and human consciousness that may already be found in initiatives like a new socio-economic models such as the Economy of Francisco, the Society 5.0 that are emerging and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Moreover, there is already a humanity awareness movement that defines patterns for levels of global consciousness that together with other development systems models may help to follow up the process of the transition from the society of knowledge to the society of consciousness. This close global monitoring would give us chance for a better global and local management showing signs of improvement, and give calls for alerts. This paper presents advances in this direction and shows how the ICT revolution on its way may already give support to collectively on-line monitoring with already existing important synthetic indicators that represent basic sensors for the process, showing what may be the way for the future, and what kind of metamorphose we may be emerging.

The main purpose of this article is to discuss how negative externalities generated by consumption can have impact on the same individual in his/her role as a citizen and consumer. Therefore, in order to highlight this relation,a generation, distribution and consumption of electricity systemwas presented. Asto methodological procedures, anexploratory and deductive typehas been adopted so as to approach the study, ie, we have started from general concepts on consumer behaviour and externalities, in order to build a relationship between the two concepts so as to explain citizen-conscious consumption-citizen. Regarding the analysis, a qualitative approach has been used for appreciation of content analysis. The main results of this research that can be highlighted are that both the negative externalities generated in production and distribution and the negative consumption externalities are absorbed by individuals in their roles as consumers or citizens. In this case, externalities are assimilated in the power supply bill or the government bill. So anyway the individual will pay,either as a consumer or as a citizen. So, to understand that externalities generated in consumer processes will be internalized and directed to oneself,, one can build a sense of "consumer-citizen".

The main purpose of this article is to discuss how negative externalities generated by consumption can have impact on the same individual in his/her role as a citizen and consumer. Therefore, in order to highlight this relation,a generation, distribution and consumption of electricity systemwas presented. Asto methodological procedures, anexploratory and deductive typehas been adopted so as to approach the study, ie, we have started from general concepts on consumer behaviour and externalities, in order to build a relationship between the two concepts so as to explain citizen-conscious consumption-citizen. Regarding the analysis, a qualitative approach has been used for appreciation of content analysis. The main results of this research that can be highlighted are that both the negative externalities generated in production and distribution and the negative consumption externalities are absorbed by individuals in their roles as consumers or citizens. In this case, externalities are assimilated in the power supply bill or the government bill. So anyway the individual will pay,either as a consumer or as a citizen. So, to understand that externalities generated in consumer processes will be internalized and directed to oneself,, one can build a sense of "consumer-citizen".

Dos nuevos índices de reactividad fueron desarrollados dentro del marco conceptual de la Teoría del Funcional de la Densidad. Estos nuevos descriptores, denominados índice de susceptibilidad electrofílica e índice de susceptibilidad nucleofílica, fueron probados para el reproducir las tendencias de reactividad química de series de quinonas halogenadas e indoles 5-sustituidos, respectivamente. Los sistemas moleculares mencionados fueron tratados computacionalmente utilizando el nivel de teoría B3LYP/6-31G(d). Para estos sistemas, los descriptores propuestos aquí mostraron ser más apropiados que otros descriptores ya conocidos, tales como el poder electro-donador, poder electro-aceptador y el comúnmente utilizado índice de electrofilicidad. Two new reactivity indices were developed within the conceptual framework of the Density Functional Theory. These new descriptors, called electrophilic susceptibility index and nucleophilic susceptibility index, were tested to reproduce the chemical reactivity trends of series of halogen-substituted quinones and 5-substituted indoles, respectively. The above mentioned molecular system were computationally treated by using the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. For these systems, the proposed descriptors showed to be more appropriate than other descriptors currently known such as the electrodonating power, the electroaccepting power and the popular electrophilicity index.

Una alternativa para estabilizar los subproductos provenientes de piscifactorías es el ensilaje de los residuos y vísceras, los cuales servirán como base para la alimentación de otras especies. Este proceso es amigable con el medio ambiente, seguro, simple tecnológicamente y económico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar parámetros fisicoquímicos de residuos de tilapia durante el proceso de fermentación ácido láctica. Se fermentaron matrices de residuos de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) inoculadas con bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) de yogur y Lactobacillus plantarum B2. Se usó un diseño factorial de 22 en el que los factores por evaluar fueron la matriz y el inóculo, cada uno con dos niveles. Se evaluaron, así mismo, parámetros fisicoquímicos como, pH, acidez titulable, consumo de azúcares totales y análisis proximal. Se encontró que el proceso fermentativo de ensilado inoculado con L. plantarum B2 presentó mejor comportamiento en cuanto a reducción de pH y producción de acidez titulable. En cuanto al ensilaje obtenido mediante la fermentación con yogur, presenta parámetros de calidad aceptables siendo este inóculo una alternativa viable para llevar a cabo el proceso de fermentación.

Este artigo tem por objetivo descrever como a aplicação da perspectiva de Produção Mais Limpa (PML) interfere na visão das externalidades advindas de um processo de produção de serviços. Para tanto, buscou-se como procedimentos metodológicos a pesquisa de caráter exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, ou seja, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental construiu-se as categorias de análise e posterior construção de um esquema para a avaliação do fluxo da produção de serviços. Nesse caso utilizou-se para o estudo a prestação de serviços de recebimento de faturas por uma instituição bancária. Ao tratar desse processo sob a perspectiva de PML verificou-se a existência de externalidades antecedentes e consequentes positivas ao se adotar o sistema eletrônico de pagamentos de faturas. A contribuição desta perspectiva é que ao utilizar o método de PML pode planejar a produção de serviços de forma mais sustentável, pois a visão da criação e produção de forma sistêmica e circular pode evidenciar o papel de cada agente nos três níveis propostos neste processo.

We propose a simple modification of the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method in order to tackle strongly disordered quantum spin chains. Our proposal, akin to the idea of the adaptive time-dependent DMRG, enables us to reach larger system sizes in the strong disorder limit by avoiding most of the metastable configurations which hinder the performance of the standard DMRG method. We benchmark our adaptive method by revisiting the random antiferromagnetic XXZ spin-1/2 chain for which we compute the random-singlet ground-state average spin-spin correlation functions and von Neumann entanglement entropy. We then apply our method to the bilinear-biquadratic random antiferromagnetic spin-1 chain tuned to the antiferromagnet and gapless highly symmetric SU(3) point. We find the new result that the mean correlation function decays algebraically with the same universal exponent $\phi=2$ as the spin-1/2 chain. We then perform numerical and analytical strong-disorder renormalization-group calculations which confirm this finding and generalize it for any highly symmetric SU($N$) random-singlet state., Comment: 9 pages,8 figures, final version to appear in PRB

El aceite de pescado es un producto industrial de alto valor nutricional por su contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) Omega-3, actualmente valorados por su efectos benéficos en la salud. Estudios y avances realizados desde el año 2000 en la extracción de aceite de pescado de diversas especies, su refinación y concentración de AGPI, son revisados en este artículo. Las técnicas de extracción van desde tecnologías convencionales como prensado húmedo y extracción por solventes, hasta tecnologías propuestas más recientemente como fluidos supercríticos y ensilaje de pescado. Así mismo, la refinación es realizada por métodos tradicionales, sin embargo existen nuevas tecnologías con potencial para su aplicación en aceite de pescado. Por otro lado, el interés en la concentración de AGPI Omega-3 ha crecido y varias técnicas han sido propuestas como winterización, métodos enzimáticos, fraccionamiento por fluidos supercríticos, complejación con urea, fraccionamiento por métodos cromatográficos y concentración por membranas. La información recopilada indica una tendencia a combinar diferentes tecnologías convencionales y emergentes a fin de mejorar los rendimientos y pureza del producto obtenido.

We develop a general theory for discontinuous non-equilibrium phase transitions into an absorbing state in the presence of temporal disorder. We focus in two paradigmatic models for discontinuous transitions: the quadratic contact process (in which activation is only spread when two nearest- neighbor sites are both active) and the contact process with long-range interactions. Using simple stability arguments (supported by Monte Carlo simulations), we show that temporal disorder does not destroy the discontinuous transition in the former model. For the latter one, the first-order transition is turned into a continuous one only in the strong-disorder limit, with critical behavior belonging to the infinite-noise universality class of the contact process model. Finally, we have found that rare temporal fluctuations dramatically changes the behavior of metastable phase turning it into a temporal Griffiths inactive phase characterized by an exponentially large decay time.

Si preguntamos a un estudiante del bachillerato, cuál asignatura le parece más difícil, su respuesta será, sin duda, el curso de matemáticas, algunos factores influyen en el fenómeno y en este artículo trataré de analizarlos someramente: La primera dificultad sería la falta de medios auxiliares. Deteniéndonos en su aspecto más externo, vemos que las Matemáticas carecen de estos elementos que facilitan la enseñanza de otras asignaturas. La geografía, por ejemplo, casi tanto como en los libros, la aprendemos en mapas, gráficas y películas culturales que nos dan a conocer las regiones y costumbres de los pueblos más apartados de nosotros. Si pasamos a la literatura, no cabe duda que el contacto directo con las obras de los grandes autores y las lecturas de párrafos selectos, al mismo tiempo que nos revela sus cualidades, despierta en nosotros un vivo interés.

It has been proved in the context of quantum fields in Minkowski spacetime that the vacuum state is a thermal state according to uniformly accelerated observers—a seminal result known as the Unruh effect. Recent claims, however, have challenged the validity of this result for extended systems, thus casting doubts on its physical reality. Here, we study the dynamics of an extended system, uniformly accelerated in the vacuum. We show that its reduced density matrix evolves to a Gibbs thermal state with local temperature given by the Unruh temperature \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$T_{\mathrm{U}} = \hbar a/(2\pi ck_{\mathrm{B}})$$\end{document}TU=ℏa∕(2πckB), where a is the system’s spatial-dependent proper acceleration—c is the speed of light and kB and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\hbar$$\end{document}ℏ are the Boltzmann’s and the reduced Planck’s constants, respectively. This proves that the vacuum state does induce thermalization of an accelerated extended system—which is all one can expect of a legitimate thermal reservoir., The Unruh effect is a seminal result which illustrates the relative character of the particle concept in QFT, but its validity for extended systems is debated. Here, the authors show how a uniformly accelerated extended system of two coupled spins will evolve to a Gibbs thermal state at the Unruh temperature.

We uncover a novel mechanism for inducing a gapful phase in interacting many-body quantum chains. The mechanism is nonperturbative, being triggered only in the presence of both strong interactions and strong aperiodic (disordered) modulation. In the context of the critical antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 XXZ chain, we identify an emerging dimerization which removes the system from criticality and stabilizes the novel phase. This mechanism is shown to be quite general in strongly interacting quantum chains in the presence of strongly modulated quasiperiodic disorder which is, surprisingly, perturbatively irrelevant. Finally, we also characterize the associated quantum phase transition via the corresponding critical exponents and thermodynamic properties., Comment: Published version

O objetivo deste artigo foi refletir sobre o comportamento orientado para um consumo consciente e sustentável. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem interpretativista, interdisciplinar e sistêmica de forma que abrangesse questões relacionadas à economia, cultura, produção, entre outras. A discussão das ideias apresentadas neste trabalho partiu do pressuposto de que só se pode construir um consumo consciente se for entendido os fatores culturais relacionados ao comportamento do consumidor. No Brasil, a influência do consumo destaca um comportamento orientado pelo valor de bens e serviços, com parte das escolhas suprindo necessidades e desejos orientados por uma visão hedonista e inconsciente. Embora esta seja uma realidade compartilhada entre a maioria dos consumidores brasileiros, vale lembrar que a produção e o consumo geram externalidades negativas que, em algum momento, serão internalizadas. Assim, o consumo sustentável pode ser adotado de forma consciente ou por imposição das situações ambientais como no caso da água na região sudeste do Brasil em 2014.

Introduction. The production and commercialization of avocado are growing, but there are postharvest handling inconsistencies that lead to poor product quality. This situation must be corrected in order to ensure the proper conservation by using appropriate techniques, such as the use of environmentally friendly edible coatings. Objective. We evaluated the effect of modified cassava starch coatings (Manihot esculenta) on respiration rate, firmness, weight loss and color development of the Hass variety avocado (Persea americana Miller), at temperature of 24°C and relative humidity of 77,5 %. Materials and methods. A randomized complete block design with four treatments was used: T1: uncoated fruits; T2: 2 %; T3: 3 % and T4: 4 % starch, all with 2 % glycerin. Three replicates were performed and the results were subjected to analysis of variance (a=0,05). Results. Significant differences were found for respiration rate and color, with the 4 % starch coating being the most responsive to maintaining fruit quality conditions. Conclusions. Coatings with 2, 3 and 4 % starch retained quality characteristics as a result of lower weight and firmness loss, diminished respiration rate and color preservation.

Antes de considerar lo que bien pudiera ser una alternativa del contenido de los cursos sobre Metodología de la Investigación en la Universidad, precisemos los siguientes conceptos:Fases fundamentales de la investigaciónMétodo científicoMetodología de la investigaciónFASES FUNDAMENTALES DE LA INVESTIGACIONLa investigación científica es un proceso mediante el cual un sujeto (el investigador) se encamina hacia los hechos para obtener un conocimiento científico de cierta naturaleza y características. En este proceso es posible distinguir algunos momentos

El crecimiento económico depende de los niveles de utilización de los factores productivos, capital físico y trabajo, así como de la tecnología que se incorpore, pero además puede estar relacionada de manera directa con el capital humano, elemento esencial para lograr tasas de crecimiento económico sostenidas, dada su capacidad para generar nuevo conocimiento creando retornos crecientes a escala. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el crecimiento de la economía colombiana en el período 1975 – 2010 en el marco del modelo ampliado de Solow, mediante la estimación de un modelo que incorpora el capital humano como variable explicativa, utilizando para ello un esquema de vectores autorregresivos con su correspondiente modelo de corrección de errores. Teniendo en cuenta que la información que se utilizará es de corte longitudinal, se debe establecer inicialmente el orden de integración de las series de tiempo, así como la existencia de cointegración entre las variables objeto de análisis. Esta información proviene de fuentes secundarias de organismos oficiales colombianos e internacionales. Los resultados validan la significancia estadística de los coeficientes de la ecuación de cointegración así como del término de corrección de error, confirmando la incidencia del capital humano en el crecimiento económico colombiano en el periodo 1975-2010.

We investigate the entanglement and nonlocality properties of two random XX spin-1/2 critical chains, in order to better understand the role of breaking translational invariance to achieve nonlocal states in critical systems. We show that breaking translational invariance is a necessary but not sufficient condition for nonlocality, as the random chains remain in a local ground state up to a small degree of randomness. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the random dimer model does not have the same nonlocality properties of the translationally invariant chain, even though they share the same universality class for a certain range of randomness., Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures

We study the impact of quenched disorder (random exchange couplings or site dilution) on easy-plane pyrochlore antiferromagnets. In the clean system, order-by-disorder selects a magnetically ordered state from a classically degenerate manifold. In the presence of randomness, however, different orders can be chosen locally depending on details of the disorder configuration. Using a combination of analytical considerations and classical Monte-Carlo simulations, we argue that any long-range-ordered magnetic state is destroyed beyond a critical level of randomness where the system breaks into magnetic domains due to random exchange anisotropies, becoming, therefore, a glass of spin clusters, in accordance with the available experimental data. These random anisotropies originate from off-diagonal exchange couplings in the microscopic Hamiltonian, establishing their relevance to other magnets with strong spin-orbit coupling., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Supplemental Material: 6 pages, 5 figures. Published version

espanolEl presente trabajo relaciona los metodos tradicionales usados para analizar la calidad fisica de un alimento extruido para peces, como dureza, durabilidad, estabilidad en agua, velocidad de hundimiento, densidad aparente, capacidad de absorcion-perdida de aceite y porosidad como metodos para en el control de su produccion a nivel industrial. Las propiedades fisicas de los pellets son relevantes para la toma de decisiones relacionadas con las condiciones de procesamiento, transporte, almacenamiento, aprovechamiento biologico del animal y evaluacion de nuevas materias primas y aditivos. Existen diversos metodos para determinar la calidad fisica de los pellets. Sin embargo, en su mayoria se relacionan con alimentacion de animales terrestres, los cuales no son apropiados para la alimentacion de peces. Estos requieren condiciones de resistencia al estres mecanico y al mismo tiempo presentar una textura y tamano que facilite la ingesta adecuada del alimento en el agua. EnglishThe present work relates the traditional methods used to analyze the physical quality of fish extruded food, such as hardness, durability, water stability, sinking speed, bulk density, oil absorption and loss capacity and porosity as methods for the control of Its production at an industrial level. The physical properties of the pellets are relevant for decision making related to the conditions of processing, transport, storage, biological use of the animal and evaluation of new raw materials and additives. There are several methods for determining the physical quality of the pellets. However, they are mostly related to feeding of terrestrial animals, which are not suitable for feeding fish. These require conditions of resistance to mechanical stress and at the same time should have a texture and size that facilitates the adequate intake of food in the water.

espanolEl presente trabajo evaluo la utilizacion de estiercol de vaca como inoculo durante el arranque de un sistema de digestion anaerobia termofila seca (DATS) de la fraccion organica de residuos solidos urbanos (FORSU). Se sabe que el arranque es la etapa de mayor complejidad durante la digestion anaerobia y exige la eleccion de un inoculo apropiado y disponible. La estrategia se dividio en tres etapas: (1) aclimatacion del inoculo, (2) adicion del residuo y (3) re-inoculacion. Los porcentajes de metano revelaron una elevada actividad metanogenica y rapida aclimatacion del inoculo al rango termofilo. Durante la etapa de incorporacion de la FORSU los niveles AGV, AGV/Alc y alcalinidad tienden a incrementar. El pH desciende y requiere ajuste continuo. Tras la re-inoculacion, el pH alcanza un valor por encima de 7.47, pero tiende igualmente a descender, mientras que AGV y AGV/Alc se mantienen sobre los 12,58 g/ml y 0,83 respectivamente. Los parametros medidos sugieren que la mezcla sustrato/inoculo sufrio una acumulacion excesiva de AGV lo que indica que el residuo requiere niveles mayores de inoculacion. EnglishIn this study, cow manure was evaluated as inoculum in the star-up of the dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion process (DTAD) of municipal solid waste (MSW). Start-up is the more complex stage in anaerobic digestion in which an appropriate and available inoculum is required. The start-up was separated in three stages: (1) inoculum acclimation, (2) waste incorporation and (3) re-inoculation. Methane percentages revealed a high methanogenic activity and rapid inoculum acclimation to the thermophilic range. During the stage 2 high VFA and VFA/Alk was observed. The pH decreases and adjustment is continuously required. In the stage 3, the pH reaches a value higher than 7.47 but it tends to decrease rapidly. On the other hand VFA and VFA/Alk reach 12,58 g/ml y 0,83 respectively. The evaluated parameters suggest that the substrate/inoculum mixture suffered an excessive VFA accumulation that shows that the waste required higher inoculation levels.

We propose a strong-disorder renormalization-group approach to study the Anderson localization transition in disordered tight-binding models in any dimension. Our approach shifts the focus from the lower to the upper critical dimension, thus emphasizing the strong-coupling/strong-disorder nature of the transition. By studying the two-point conductance, we (i) show that our approach is in excellent agreement with exact numerical results, (ii) confirm that the upper critical dimension for the Anderson transition is ${d}_{c}^{+}=\ensuremath{\infty}$, (iii) find that the scaling function shows a previously reported `mirror symmetry' in the critical region, and (iv) demonstrate that the range of conductances for which this symmetry holds increases with the system dimensionality. Our results open an efficient avenue to explore the critical properties of the Anderson transition using the strong-coupling high-dimension limit as a starting point.

The quality of context information is still one of the most overlooked factors by developers and end-users, and this makes context-aware applications less reliable. While there is recent work in this area that focuses on identifying and modeling relevant quality parameters for context information, software developers still have not yet adopted these solutions at large because they do not offer the right set of abstractions that they are familiar with. This paper presents model and language constructs, as well as software engineering tools to address these quality of context concerns. We demonstrate our overarching solution on a non-trivial Ambient Assisted Living scenario involving assistance services for the elderly supported by indoor localization technologies.

Programming by demonstration is a technique where, contrary to detailed programming, the robot learns from one or several demonstrations of the execution of the task by a human or another robot. A technique which allows a humanoid robot, take a tool to the head of a screw, following a similar trajectory than demonstrated trajectory by a human being, is presented. The technique also allows variations in location and orientation in the screw head. This is achieved thanks to the use of machine vision techniques and probabilistic models estimated from the demonstrated trajectories. Image processing consists of color space segmentation, and interest point’s selection in the screw head to calculate its position and orientation. The required trajectory in the presence of variations is generated using parameterized Gaussian mixture models in the task. With the above, the new required trajectories are generated in accordance to the variations. The system operation is presented through the illustration of the new trajectories, and pictures of the robot following these trajectories. Despite some limitations of the robotic platform used, acceptable results were achieved.

Este estudio evaluó el proceso de modificación enzimática de almidón de yuca para su aplicación en el desarrollo de películas flexibles biodegradables. Para ello se determinaron las condiciones óptimas de temperatura, concentración de enzima y tiempo de reacción para obtener equivalentes de dextrosa (ED) entre 10 y 25%. Se evaluó el efecto del grado de modificación sobre las propiedades mecánicas de películas flexibles de almidón a diferentes ED (0, 7, 10, 13, 17, 21%). A valores de ED inferiores a 13%, las películas exhibieron un incremento en el esfuerzo, con respecto a las películas de almidón nativo, mientras la elongación disminuyó para estos mismos niveles. De otro lado, las películas de almidón hidrolizado a valores de ED superiores a 13%, presentaron propiedades de esfuerzo y elongación semejantesa las presentadas por películas de almidón nativo, por lo que estas podrían ser las más apropiadas entre las películas evaluadas, teniendo en cuenta los posibles cambios que podrían llevar a superar las limitaciones que implica el uso de almidón nativo.

Context-awareness refers to systems that can both sense and react based on their environment. One of the main difficulties that developers of context-aware systems must tackle is how to manage the needed context information. In this paper we present MLContext, a textual Domain-Specific Language (DSL) which is specially tailored for modeling context information. It has been implemented by applying Model-Driven Development (MDD) techniques to automatically generate software artifacts from context models. The MLContext abstract syntax has been defined as a metamodel, and model-to text transformations have been written to generate the desired software artifacts. The concrete syntax has been defined with the EMFText tool, which generates an editor and model injector. MLContext has been designed to provide a high-level abstraction, to be easy to learn, and to promote reuse of context models. A domain analysis has been applied to elicit the requirements and design choices to be taken into account in creating the DSL. As a proof of concept of the proposal, the generative approach has been applied to two different middleware platforms for context management.

Fraude e corrupcao sao fenomenos sistemicos que provocam rupturas no tecido social e vultosos prejuizos as organizacoes governamentais e privadas, e em ultima instância, ao cidadao. Na raiz da fraude e corrupcao esta a percepcao moral do individuo, sua compreensao da natureza etica em escolhas profissionais. O objetivo da pesquisa e avaliar a percepcao moral de profissionais do varejo no Brasil. Utilizou-se analise estatistica social e descritiva de dados secundarios cedidos formalmente pela empresa ICTS Global. A amostra e nao probabilistica por conveniencia, realizada entre os anos de 2004 e 2011, com 11.850 profissionais de empresas privadas situadas no Brasil. Os dados obtidos com a pesquisa mostram que ha diferencas significativas quanto a percepcao moral no setor varejista, comparativamente aos demais setores da economia brasileira, no sentido de ser este menos suscetivel a suborno; e, ainda, observa-se certa diferenca nas areas do proprio setor quanto as percepcoes sobre suborno.

El siguiente artículo se orienta a elaborar un abordaje pormenorizado, desde los recursos conceptuales brindados por la Teoría de los Sistemas Sociales Autopoiéticos desarrollada por Niklas Luhmann, sobre la deriva semántica que ha evidenciado la noción de libertad, en base a las principales reformas acontecidas desde el aparato público sobre el ámbito educacional. A partir de lo anterior, hemos seleccionado cuatro periodos históricos que revisten una particular cuota de importancia para el desarrollo del análisis, en cuanto nos permiten observar las variaciones de mayor significación en los marcos regulatorios que encuadran la idea de libertad ya mencionada. Asimismo, hacemos hincapié en la efervescencia de los movimientos de protesta ligados a las demandas estudiantiles, en tanto nos permiten vislumbrar desvíos e irritaciones comunicativas que tienden a interpelar al andamiaje estatal. Según tales premisas, enfatizaremos los mecanismos con que el Estado ha procesado tales demandas sociales, considerando para esto, sus autodescripciones en materia del rol que le compete, las regulaciones que ha enarbolado y las tematizaciones de los aspectos relevantes en el discurso de los movimientos de protesta.

The main purpose of this article is to discuss how negative externalities generated by consumption can have impact on the same individual in his/her role as a citizen and consumer. Therefore, in order to highlight this relation,a generation, distribution and consumption of electricity systemwas presented. Asto methodological procedures, anexploratory and deductive typehas been adopted so as to approach the study, ie, we have started from general concepts on consumer behaviour and externalities, in order to build a relationship between the two concepts so as to explain citizen-conscious consumption-citizen. Regarding the analysis, a qualitative approach has been used for appreciation of content analysis. The main results of this research that can be highlighted are that both the negative externalities generated in production and distribution and the negative consumption externalities are absorbed by individuals in their roles as consumers or citizens. In this case, externalities are assimilated in the power supply bill or the government bill. So anyway the individual will pay,either as a consumer or as a citizen. So, to understand that externalities generated in consumer processes will be internalized and directed to oneself,, one can build a sense of "consumer-citizen". O objetivo principal deste artigo é discutir como as externalidades negativas geradas do consumo podem impactar no mesmo indivíduo em seu papel de cidadão e consumidor. Para tanto, a fim de evidenciar essa relação foi apresentado o sistema de geração, distribuição e consumo de energia elétrica. Sendo que quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos adotou-se como abordagemo estudo do tipo exploratório-dedutivo, ou seja, partiu-se de conceitos gerais sobre o comportamento do consumidor e das externalidades, para construiruma relação entre os dois conceitos com o objetivo de explicar um consumo-cidadão. Com relação à análise, foi adotado um enfoquequalitativo, sendo utilizada para sua apreciação a análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados desta pesquisa que podem ser destacados são que tanto as externalidades negativas geradas da produção e distribuição quanto as externalidades negativas do consumo são absorvidas pelos indivíduos em seus papéis de consumidores ou de cidadãos. No caso em questão, as externalidades são assimiladas na conta de energia ou na conta do governo. Portanto, de qualquer forma o indivíduo irá pagar, como consumidor ou como cidadão. Assim, ao entender que as externalidades geradas em processos de consumo serão internalizadas e direcionadas ao próprio indivíduo, pode se construir uma percepção de “consumidor-cidadão”.

Se presenta una técnica que permite la programación por demostración de un robot para que ejecute una tarea secuencial o compleja. Se utiliza una combinación de redes de Petri y modelos de mezcla de gaussianas parametrizado en la tarea; con la primera se coordina la secuencia de la tarea, en tanto que la segunda permite variaciones en la posición y orientación de los objetos de la misma. Una técnica de segmentación de tareas, descompone la demostración en subtareas. Con la secuencia de las subtareas, se obtiene una lista de acciones (plan) y con este se genera de manera automática una red de Petri. A la técnica también se le suministran las plantillas modelo de cada subtarea y los modelos de mezcla de gaussianas parametrizados en la tarea de las trayectorias de la subtarea que se quiere que admita variaciones. Una función compara las trayectorias de cada plantilla con las trayectorias repuesta del modelo, y la de mayor similitud indica que en vez de la plantilla, se debe emplear el modelo de mezcla parametrizado. Mediante el uso de un robot de fabricación propia, el cual ejecuta la tarea de tomar, transportar una llave y apretar una tuerca, se ilustra el desempeño de la técnica a través de gráficas. A technique of programming by demonstration of a robot is proposed. Such a technique allows that a robot execute sequential or complex tasks. It uses a combination of Petri nets and task parameterized Gaussian mixture models. The first one handles the task sequence, while the second one allows variations in the position and orientation of objects involved in the task. Using a segmentation task technique, the demonstration is chunked in subtasks. With the subtasks sequence, an action list or plan is obtained and with this, a Petri net is automatically generate. Models of the templates of each subtasks and task parameterized Gaussian mixture models of the subtask that we want to allow variations are also provide to the technique. A function compare one each of the template trajectory with the task parameterized model response trajectory and the most similar indicate that instead of the template, the task parameterized model is use. Through the use of a homemade robot, which executes the task of tightening a nut, the performance of the technique is illustrated by using figures.

We investigate the influence of time-varying environmental noise, i.e., temporal disorder, on the nonequilibrium phase transition of the contact process. Combining a real-time renormalization group, scaling theory, and large scale Monte-Carlo simulations in one and two dimensions, we show that the temporal disorder gives rise to an exotic critical point. At criticality, the effective noise amplitude diverges with increasing time scale, and the probability distribution of the density becomes infinitely broad, even on a logarithmic scale. Moreover, the average density and survival probability decay only logarithmically with time. This infinite-noise critical behavior can be understood as the temporal counterpart of infinite-randomness critical behavior in spatially disordered systems, but with exchanged roles of space and time. We also analyze the generality of our results, and we discuss potential experiments., Comment: 14 pages, 16 eps figures included. Final version as published

Currently, many research studies are being carried out on the production of alcohol from lignocellulosic biomasses. In this study, the ethanol obtained from a mixture of coffee pulp and mucilage, commercial baker's yeast and panela (dehydrated and solidified cane juice) was evaluated. The pulp and mucilage of coffee underwent an acid hydrolysis, and the wort (pulp juice and mucilage) was fermented with an inoculum of exponential phase Saccharomyces cerevisiae and commercial whole panela. The fermented product was distilled, and the gas chromatographic analysis showed an ethanol yield of 25.44 kg/m³, resulting from the 64.40 kg/m³ of total sugars, such yield is equivalent to 77.29% of the theoretical yield. This fact shows that the production of ethanol is viable in small coffee farms using readily available raw materials. The stillage was analyzed and it presented the following values: 0.40 ppm (Iron), 0.97 ppm (Magnesium), 1.54 ppm (Calcium), and 4.40 ppm (Phosphorus). The results confirm that they are particularly useful as a complement in the production of bio-fertilizers for earthworms.En la actualidad se desarrollan numerosas investigaciones para la producción de alcohol a partir de biomasa lignocelulósica. En este estudio, se evaluó el etanol producido a partir de pulpa y mucílago de café, levadura comercial y panela (jugo de caña solidificado y deshidratado). La pulpa y el mucílago del café se hidrolizaron vía acida y el mosto (jugo de pulpa y mucilago) se fermentó con un inóculo de Saccharomyces cerevisiae en fase exponencial, elaborado con panela entera comercial. El producto fermentado se destiló y su análisis mediante cromatografía de gases arrojó un resultado de 25,44 kg/m³ de etanol a partir de 64,40 kg/m³ de azúcares totales, lo que equivale a un rendimiento del 77,29% respecto al teórico; mostrando que es posible su obtención en pequeñas fincas cafeteras con materias primas de fácil acceso. Se analizaron las vinazas resultantes del proceso, reportando valores de 0,40 ppm (Hierro), 0,97 ppm (Magnesio), 1,54 ppm (Calcio), y 4,40 ppm (Fósforo), lo que las hace particularmente útiles como complemento en el desarrollo de biofertilizantes para la lombricultura.

The objective of this article is show that the BRIC´s multinationals do not have global strategies but regional strategies, and they do not belong to same strategic groups, so they cannot be analyzed on the same perspectives and theories. The literature on strategic groups and regionalization of multinationals give support for the thesis presented above, which it is tested by quantitative and qualitative secondary data concerning the oil and gas multinational industry of the BRIC countries. The result argues that multinationals from these countries are regional and adopt strategies idiosyncratic. Therefore, when analyzing the multinational companies from the BRIC assumptions must reflect the peculiarities of each country of the multinationals and their relationship with the regional competitive environment., O presente artigo tem como objetivo mostrar que as multinacionais dos países do BRIC não são globais, mas regionais, e que elas fazem parte de diferentes grupos estratégicos, portanto não podem ser analisadas sobre a mesma ótica. A revisão teórica sobre grupos estratégicos e regionalização das multinacionais sustenta a tese acima, que é testada por meio de dados secundários quantitativos e qualitativos referentes às multinacionais da indústria de óleo e gás dos países do BRIC. O resultado sustenta que as multinacionais desses países são regionais e adotam estratégias idiossincráticas. Portanto, ao analisar as empresas multinacionais originárias do BRIC as premissas devem repercutir as peculiaridades das multinacionais de cada país e sua relação com o ambiente competitivo regional.

Este trabalho traz o resultado da pesquisa realizada para identificar se e como práticas das organizações de Economia de Comunhão na Liberdade contribuem para promover uma cultura organizacional que possa contribuir no desenvolvimento local sustentável. A coleta de dados foi realizada a partir de pesquisa de campo quali-quantitativa com a aplicação de questionário fechado e entrevistas semiestruturadas para gestores e funcionários, e observação não participante. Os dados levantados e os resultados obtidos indicam que, mesmo tendo o propósito de partilharem o lucro e incidirem na sociedade de modo direto no espírito da Fraternidade, as empresas pesquisadas têm diferentes patamares de influência e, em alguns casos, é possível afirmar que esta influência é ainda pouco perceptível para a sociedade em geral.

The Human Development Index (HDI) was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities must be the ultimate criterion for assessing a country’s development, and not only your economic growth. In 2012, the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) in Brazil, the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEAD) and the João Pinheiro Foundation took the challenge of adapting the Global HDI methodology to calculate the HDI municipalities. The HDI municipalities consolidates a dialogue informed and based on development from HDI. This study aims to portray the dimension of education in 5,565 cities in 27 states in Brazil. The result shows that 50% of the States are classified as inadequate, 24% as satisfactory, 16% as unsatisfactory and only 10% as a reference. This evidence makes it possible for the construction of plans of action, such as an incubation program for States classified as unsatisfactory and benchmarking program for countries classified as reference. The education improves the quality of the human factor and modifies the entire picture of the country, because there is no country that has managed to develop without investing in education.

Urban sprawl is a natural process of the cities‘ growth as consequence population growth. The population need a food, water and housing for survival and for its species to continue populating the land. The literature existing about urban sprawl considers a population growth causes impacts on people’s quality of life because they consume more food, water, electricity, transport for their locomotion, and other products and services. The fact is the urban sprawl and population growth are directly linked and can not be separated in any study on the subject. Sprawl is the process in which the spread of development across the landscape far outpaces population growth. This is article show the process Urban sprawl and consequences of poorly managed expansion the city São Paulo – Brazil. The phenomenon of sprawl there are several common characteristics pervading time in history from development the city of São Paulo. The phenomenon of sprawl the city of São Paulo is a common the any big city, the result of a complex set of interrelated socioeconomic and cultural forces. For example, land value is often considered the main driver of socioeconomic development patterns. However, at any time in the current or ancient history, land value is lower on the periphery and very expensive in urban centers. Other factors contribute to the occupation of land on the outskirts of large cities: existence of water and the quality of land for agriculture, the cost of keeping the dwelling lower when compared to the cost of the city center, the size of the land is larger at the beginning of the occupation.

El objetivo fue obtener una bebida alcohólica a partir de naranja valencia. Fueron dos etapas. En la primera se realizó una caracterización fisicoquímica del fruto. En la segunda, se determinó el efecto del grado de maduración, la adición de nutrientes y anhidro sulfuroso, por un periodo de 21 días de fermentación. La caracterización fisicoquímica mostró dos estados de maduración (cinco y seis) aptos para el proceso de fermentación. La segunda etapa, los parámetros de inicio de fermentación fueron: 9g/Kg de ácido cítrico, 20°Brix, 63g de (NH4)2PO4/Kg de levadura, 160,37g de (NH4)2S0(4)/Kg de levadura y 0.8mg de S0(2)molecular/L El análisis estadístico arrojó para 73, un valor de azúcar residual de 60.1 g/dm³, grado alcohólico de 8.25°GL, viabilidad celular del 70%, acidez total de 0.9689%, acidez volátil de 0.090% y pH de 3.6, valores ajustados a la NTC 708, ideales para la fermentación de vinos dulces.O objetivo foiobter urna bebida alcoólica a partir de laranja "Valencia". Foram duas etapas. Naprimeira, realizou-se urna caracterização físico-química do fruto. Na segunda, determinou-se o efeito do grau de maduração, a acrésci-mo de nutrientes e anidros sulfuroso, porum período de 21 dias de fermentação. A caracterizagao físico-química apresentou dois estados de maduração (cinco e seis) aptos para o processo de fermentação. Na segunda etapa, os parâmetros de inicio de fermentação foram: 9gKg de ácido cítrico, 20° Brix, 63g de (NH4)2PO4/Kg de levedura, 160,37g de (NH4)2S0(4)/Kg de levedura e 0.8 mg de S02 molecularL. A análise estatística deupara T3, um valor de açúcar residual de 60.1 gdm3, grau alcoólico de 8.25° GL, viabilidade celular do 70%, acidez total de 0.9689%, acidez volátil de 0.090% e pH de 3.6, valores ajustados à NTC 708, ideáis para a fermentação de vinhos docesThe objective was to obtain an alcoholic beverage from orange valence. There were two stages. In the first, a physicochemical fruit. In the second, it was determinedthe effectofthe degree of maturation, the addition ofnutrients and anhydrous sulphur, foraperiod of 21 days of fermentation. Physicochemical showed two states ofmaturity (five and six) fit for the fermentation process. The second phase, starting fermentation parameters were: 9g/Kg citric acid, 20°Brix, 63g (NH4)2PO4/Kg yeast, 160.37 g (NH4)2S0(4)/Kg yeast and 0.8mg of S0(2) molecular/L. Statistical analysis showed T3 for a valué of 60.1 g/dm3 of residualsugar, alcoholic strength of 8.25°GL, cell viability of 70%, 0.9689% of totalacidity, volatile acidity of 0,090% andpH of 3.6, valúes adjusted to the NTC 708, idealparameters for the fermentation of sweet wines

En este estudio se evaluó el proceso de compostaje apartir de gallinaza de aves de jaula y el efecto de la mezcla con diferentes proporciones de material celulósico sobre la composición física y química del compost. Se evaluó un proceso de fermentación en pila móvil con capacidad de 621 m³/pila. Se tomaron muestras diarias para mediciones de temperatura, humedad y pH, al final del proceso se realizaron análisis físico-químicos para determinar la calidad del producto, de acuerdo a la NTC 5167 sobre fertilizantes orgánicos en Colombia. Se elaboró un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con un grupo testigo identificado como blanco y tres tratamientos con dos réplicas para cada uno, mezcla de gallinaza y aserrín+viruta con relación C/N de 21:1 (T1 condición actual "blanco"), 25:1 (T2), 27.5:1 (T3)y 30:1 (T4), respectivamente. El proceso de compostación se evaluó durante 45 días para todos los tratamientos. Respecto a la humedad ningún tratamiento alcanzó el valor establecido por la NTC 5167 (Este estudo avalio uo processo de compostagem de estéreo de aves de gaiola e efeito da mistura com diferentes proporções de material de celulose sobre a composição física e química do composto. Nos avallamos um processo de fermentação na pilha móvel com capacidade de 621 m³/pila. Diariamente a mostras foram levadas para as medições de temperatura, umidade e pH, no final do processo é a análise físico-química realizada para determinar a qualidade do produto, de acordó com a NTC 5167 em adubo orgânico, na Colômbia. Desenvolvido inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com um grupo controle identificados como brancos e três tratamentos com duas repetições para cada mistura de estéreo de galinha e chip + serragem com relação C/N de 21:01 (T1 condição atual "branco"), 25:1 (T2), 27.5:1 (T3) e 30:1 (T4), respectivamente. O processo de compostagem foi avallado por 45 días para todos os tratamentos. Com relação a qualquer tratamento de umidade atingiu o valor definido pela NTC 5167 (In this study it was evaluated the process of composting from poultry manure, and the effect of the mixture with different proportions of cellulose material on the chemical and physical composition of compost. A process of fermentation in mobile pile was evaluated with capacity of 621 m³/pile. Some samples were daily taken in order to measure temperature, humidity and pH, at the end of the process physical and chemical analysis were made in order to determine the quality of the product, which was analyzed according to the NTC 5167 about organic fertilizers in Colombia. A design was made complete/y at random (DCA) with a witness group identified as "Blanco" and three treatments with two replicas for each one, a mixture of poultry manure and sawdust plus wood shavings with a relation C/N of 21:1 (T1 current condition "Blanco"), 25:1 (12), 27.5:1 (T3) and 30:1 (T4) respectively. The process of composting was produced during 45 days for every treatment. As for humidity, no treatment reached the value established by the NTC 5167 (

This conceptual article has as main aim described the project management as a factor to improve the sustainability of society. To do so, it is necessary to understand the project attributes and the changes in perspectives when adopting project management as a practice to promote sustainability. The discussion proposed here uses a heuristic method searching for patterns in the academic literature and in organizations to build arguments that can aid in the dissemination of project management practices. It is worthy to notice that it is not our intention here to deal with these issues in depth, but to encourage a discussion so that issues can be raised and solutions can emerge. Then, in addition to the question of sustainability in project management, we also added a discussion about the incorporation or greater stimulus to the use of project management practices in the public segment. There is a risk of being superficial in the discussion presents here, but the reason to integrated several contents is because it is not possible to describe a more sustainable society without addressing all segments.

The magnetic analog of the Gruneisen parameter, that is, the magnetocaloric effect, is a valuable tool for studying field-tuned quantum phase transitions. We determine the magnetic Gruneisen parameter of the one-dimensional random transverse-field Ising model, focusing on its low-temperature behavior at the exotic infinite-randomness quantum critical point and in the associated quantum Griffiths phases. We present extensive numerical simulations showing that the magnetic Gruneisen parameter diverges logarithmically with decreasing temperature in the quantum Griffiths phase. It changes sign right at criticality. These results confirm a recent strong-disorder renormalization group theory. We also compare our findings to the behavior of the clean transverse-field Ising chain.