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Interoception, the process of detecting and interpreting bodily sensations, may facilitate self-regulation and thereby play a crucial role in achieving elite performance in competitive sports. However, there is a lack of research conducted in world-class athletes. In the present research, two studies examined self-reported (interoceptive sensibility) and behavioural (interoceptive accuracy) interoception in elite (top 100 ranking) sprint and long-distance runners, and non-athletes. Study 1 used the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness Questionnaire. Sprinters reported having better regulation of attention to internal sensations, greater emotional awareness, better self-regulation, and reported a greater propensity to listen to their body for insight, than distance runners. Compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners had more bodily trust, attention regulation, and self-regualtion. Additionally, elite athletes reported lower emotional awareness, self-regulation, and body listening. Study 2 examined cardioception using two tasks: The Heartbeat Counting Task, and The Heartbeat Detection Task. Elite and non-elite runners performed the tasks under two conditions; in silence, and whilst listening to pre-recorded crowd noise that simulated the live sounds of spectators during a sporting event. Sprinters and distance runners were able to maintain heartbeat detection accuracy when distracted, whereas non-athletes could not. Across both tasks, compared to non-athletes, sprinters and distance runners were more confident than non-athletes in their interoceptive percept. Additionally, elite athletes compared to non-elite athletes were less accurate when counting their heartbeat and were characterised by a higher interoceptive prediction error. Athletic populations have altered interoceptive abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of footsteps of a neighboring runner (NR) on the main runner's step frequency (SF), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The participants were male long-distance runners belonging to a university track and field team. Two experiments were conducted in which the main runner (participant) and NR (examiner) ran with the same running speed on two adjacent treadmills separated by a thin wall. The participants were instructed that the experimental purpose was to investigate the HR when running with others and running alone. In Experiment 1, NR performed three trials of changing the footstep tempo in 5 bpm (beat per minute) faster (+5bpmFS), 5 bpm slower (-5bpmFS), or no footsteps (NF) conditions. The results showed that the footstep condition affected the variability of the SF but not the mean SF. Next, Experiment 2 was conducted by increasing the footstep tempo condition. NR performed seven trials of changing the footstep tempo by ±3 bpm, ±5 bpm, ±10 bpm, or no footstep. The results showed that the footstep condition affected the mean SF and the SF decreased at -10bpmFS compared to NF. There were no differences in the HR and RPE between conditions. These results indicated that the footsteps of NR could influence the SF, although it was unclear whether footsteps were involved in the synchronization between runners. Overall, our findings emphasize the environmental factors that influence running behavior, including the NR's footsteps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American storyteller Grace Paley (December 11, 1922-August 22, 2007) has been known for her political activism and her ability to construct powerful voices which recollected female, migrant, and urban collective experiences in post-world war ii America. In her stories, Paley emphasizes the act of storytelling as a tool for creating a collective shared experience out of individual characters, making the personal and domestic collective and political. In this paper, I will analyze the role of Paley's most prominent narrator, Faith Darwin, bridging the gap between the private and public urban spheres in three different and evolutive stories: "A Conversation with My Father" (1972), "The Long-Distance Runner" and "Faith in a Tree" (1974). These stories exemplify how Faith uses different strategies in storytelling with the purpose of achieving personal identity and empowerment through communal identification and the recollection of familiar experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this research is to examine the effect of training characteristics specific to athletics and football branches on some respiratory parameters in female athletes. 15 female long-distance runners (age: 18.86 ± 1.18 years), 15 female football players (age: 20.40 ± 1.24 years), and 15 female sedentary (age: 20.26 ± 2.05 years) participated voluntarily in the study. The respiratory function values of the participants were determined using a spirometer device. A one-way ANOVA test was applied to compare the mean of respiratory parameters between groups. Tukey post-hoc test was used to determine which group caused the difference in cases where there was a significant difference. In the research findings, the forced vital capacity (FVC), the volume of air exhaled in the first second of forced expiration (FEV1), the volume of air exited in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%), vital capacity (VC) and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) values of the long-distance runners were statistically significantly higher than the sedentary (p<0.05). It was determined that the FEV1, PEF, and FEF25-75% values of the long-distance runners were significantly higher than the football players (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference between other parameters (p>0.05). It was found that the football players' PEF and MVV values were significantly higher than the sedentary (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that the respiratory functions of female long-distance runners were better compared to football players and sedentary females. Training characteristics of long-distance runners can be applied for better development of respiratory functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 6-week supplementation with a daily dose of 2g of curcumin on VO2max and prooxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in middle-aged amateur long-distance runners during the preparatory period of the macrocycle. Thirty runners were randomly assigned to a placebo group (PL) and a curcumin-supplemented group (CU). Their VO2max was assessed before supplementation and after 6 weeks of supplementation. Venous blood samples were collected from the participants at rest, immediately after exercise, and after 1h of recovery to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx), non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH, UA) and sirtuin 3 level (SIRT 3), as well as the levels of oxidative stress markers (TOS/TOC, MDA, and 8-OHdG) and muscle damage markers (CK, LDH, and Mb). VO2max, the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, the concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants, the levels of oxidative stress markers, and the levels of muscle damage markers did not change significantly in the CU group over 6 weeks of supplementation with curcumin. However, the resting concentration of SIRT 3 was found to be significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) compared with pre-supplementation. Curcumin supplementation does not have a significant effect on VO2max and prooxidant/antioxidant homeostasis in runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To date, the relationship between footstrike pattern and performance, as well as with injury incidence in endurance running remains unclear. For these reasons, it is currently not recommended to modify footstrike pattern in an uninjured long-distance runner. The purpose of this study was to analyse whether athletic coaches apply these current scientific recommendations with their endurance runners on the field. Methods: A Delphi method study was used to develop an online survey that was administered to French-speaking athletic coaches in Belgium. The survey comprised three sections: 1) coaches' profile, 2) coaches' perception of footstrike patterns, 3) practices pertaining to footstrike patterns. Results: One hundred and fourteen respondents completed the entire questionnaire. Ninety-six (84%) athletic coaches reported modifying the footstrike pattern of their endurance runners. They reported that they modify their runners' rearfoot and forefoot strike more often than a midfoot strike (P < 0.0001) to prevent injury (83%) and to improve performance (66%). According to them, midfoot strike is considered as the best landing pattern for endurance performance (47%) and injury prevention (36%) whereas rearfoot strike is considered as the worst (respectively, 50% and 52%). Summary and conclusion: This study highlights the disparities between scientific recommendations and athletic coaches' field practices for modifying footstrike patterns in endurance runners. Contrary to current scientific literature recommendations, a large proportion of coaches modify the natural footstrike pattern of their endurance runners towards a midfoot strike pattern to improve performance and prevent injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As an adjunct to running training, heavy resistance and plyometric training have recently drawn attention as potential training modalities that improve running economy and running time trial performance. However, the comparative effectiveness is unknown. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if there are different effects of heavy resistance training versus plyometric training as an adjunct to running training on running economy and running time trial performance in long-distance runners. Methods: Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Twenty-two studies completely satisfied the selection criteria. Data on running economy and running time trial performance were extracted for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed with selected potential moderators. Results: The pooled effect size for running economy in heavy resistance training was greater (g = − 0.32 [95% confidence intervals [CIs] − 0.55 to − 0.10]: effect size = small) than that in plyometric training (g = -0.13 [95% CIs − 0.47 to 0.21]: trivial). The effect on running time trial performance was also larger in heavy resistance training (g = − 0.24 [95% CIs − 1.04 to − 0.55]: small) than that in plyometric training (g = − 0.17 [95% CIs − 0.27 to − 0.06]: trivial). Heavy resistance training with nearly maximal loads (≥ 90% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM], g = − 0.31 [95% CIs − 0.61 to − 0.02]: small) provided greater effects than those with lower loads (< 90% 1RM, g = − 0.17 [95% CIs − 1.05 to 0.70]: trivial). Greater effects were evident when training was performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance (10–14 weeks, g = − 0.45 [95% CIs − 0.83 to − 0.08]: small vs. 6–8 weeks, g = − 0.21 [95% CIs − 0.56 to 0.15]: small) and plyometric training (8–10 weeks, g = 0.26 [95% CIs − 0.67 to 0.15]: small vs. 4–6 weeks, g = − 0.06 [95% CIs 0.67 to 0.55]: trivial). Conclusions: Heavy resistance training, especially with nearly maximal loads, may be superior to plyometric training in improving running economy and running time trial performance. In addition, running economy appears to be improved better when training is performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance and plyometric training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) is a useful parameter to assess aerobic capacity and estimate training intensity in middle- and long-distance runners. However, whether middle- and long-distance runners reach different levels of MAS compared to other endurance athletes with similar VO2max has not been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to compare VO2max, MAS and spatiotemporal parameters between sub-elite middle- and long-distance runners (n = 6) and endurance non-runners (n = 6). In addition, we aimed to compare the maximal blood lactate concentration [BLa] experienced by participants after conducting these tests. Methods. Telemetric portable respiratory gas analysis, contact and flight time, and stride length and rate were measured using a 5-m contact platform during an incremental test at a synthetic athletics track. VO2, heart rate, respiratory quotient values in any 15 s average period during the test were measured. [BLa] was analyzed after the test. Running spatiotemporal parameters were recorded at the last two steps of each 400 m lap. A coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated for each spatiotemporal variable in each participant from 8 km h-1 onwards. Results. Whereas runners reported faster MAS (21.0 vs. 18.2 km h-1) than non-runners (p = 0.0001, ES = 3.0), no differences were found for VO2max and maximum blood lactate concentration during the running tests (p > 0.05). While significant increases in flight time and stride length and frequency (p < 0.001, 0.52 ≤ ηp² ≤ 0.8) were observed throughout the tests, decreases in contact time (p < 0.001, ηp²=0.9) were reported. Runners displayed a greater %CV (p = 0.015) in stride length than non-runners. We conclude that middle- and long-distance runners can achieve a faster MAS compared to non-running endurance athletes despite exhibiting a similar VO2max. This superior performance may be associated to a greater mechanical efficiency. Overall, runners displayed a greater ability to modify stride length to achieve fast speeds, which may be related to a more mechanically efficient pattern of spatiotemporal parameters than non-runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte is the property of Redprint Editora Ltda. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Running has gained many devotees over recent decades, thanks to its capacity to maintain and improve health, however, the accessibility and certain characteristics of this pursuit can facilitate the appearance of some negative health consequences. Nowadays, running is one of the most popular amateur sports, but it is thought that excessive running encourages the appearance of addictive behaviours and other health problems. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk of exercise addiction amongst runners, investigating the influence of variables like age, sex, distance, and performance. The Spanish version of the Running Addiction Scale (RAS-8) was administrated to a sample composed of 513 Spanish amateur long-distance runners, between the ages of 18 and 64. Overall, results showed that competitive amateur runners in our sample had a low risk of addiction, although age, level of performance, and training variables such as the average number of kilometres run per week, length of training sessions, and number of training days per week were statistically significant risk factors. It is hoped that this research will help the development of more efficient strategies to prevent and control addictive behaviours amongst amateur runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chuychai J, Srihirun K, Chinapong S, Sanpasitt C, Khaosanit P, Nokkaew N. Fluid Containing Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin: An Alternative Ergogenic Aid to Enhance Endurance Exercise Performance in Long-Distance Runners. JEPonline 2022;25(4):1-13. Thirteen male marathon runners completed the randomized, double-blind, and crossover study to investigate the effects of the highly branched cyclic dextrin (HBCD) and glucose-containing beverages (GLUC) on running endurance capacity. Thirty minutes before each time to exhaustion (TTE) test, participants ingested 500 mL of either 1.5 g·kg-1 BW of HBCD or glucose. The TTE consisted of a 3-minute warm-up, a 30-minute run at the velocity at VT1 and running at the velocity at VT2 until exhaustion to determine the endurance capacity, as well as blood glucose and lactate concentration, HR, RPE, and fluid loss. There was no significant difference in the interaction effect for blood glucose and lactate concentration, HR, and RPE between HBCD and GLUC over the period of trials. HBCD ingestion prior to exercise resulted in longer TTE than GLUC (42.67 ± 4.92 vs. 40.77 ± 4.40 minutes, P = 0.02) and less body fluid loss than GLUC (0.28 ± 0.18 vs. 0.50 ± 0.32 kg, P = 0.04). In conclusion, an HBCD beverage ingestion may help to maintain fluid loss more effectively than consuming an isocaloric glucose beverage, resulting in improved endurance performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The proposed domain independent model for scene text localization is new. • Exploring partial convolution with Yolov5-transformer for feature extraction. • Integrating the swin transformer with the novel channel attention modules. • The result of the proposed method is superior to the existing methods. Text localization across multiple domains is crucial for applications like autonomous driving and tracking marathon runners. This work introduces DIPCYT, a novel model that utilizes Domain Independent Partial Convolution and a Yolov5-based Transformer for text localization in scene images from various domains, including natural scenes, underwater, and drone images. Each domain presents unique challenges: underwater images suffer from poor quality and degradation, drone images suffer from tiny text and loss of shapes, and scene images suffer from arbitrarily oriented, shaped text. Additionally, license plates in drone images may not provide rich semantic information compared to other text types due to loss of contextual information between characters. To tackle these challenges, DIPCYT employs new partial convolution layers within Yolov5 and integrates Transformer detection heads with a novel Fourier Positional Convolutional Block Attention Module (FPCBAM). This approach leverages common text properties across domains, such as contextual (global) and spatial (local) relationships. Experimental results demonstrate that DIPCYT outperforms existing methods, achieving F-scores of 0.90, 0.90, 0.77, 0.85, 0.85, and 0.88 on Total-Text, ICDAR 2015, ICDAR 2019 MLT, CTW1500, Drone, and Underwater datasets, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the more interesting parts of this work is how Mori positions Murakami in relation to the intersecting forces of English, Japanese, and translation with this last acting as the fulcrum of Murakami's early style. Mori has only been partially successful in his desire 'to have demonstrated that Murakami's short stories deserve closer critical attention then they have so far been accorded in relation to his literary I oeuvre i as a whole' (87). Like the relatively unexplored role translation has in Murakami's writing, this, too, might be deemed a missed opportunity to produce a work that extended Mori's earlier explorations into Murakami's early I oeuvre i . [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the effect of drag and effective drafting in elite sports. The authors acknowledge the partial effectiveness of traditional pacing methods that rely on pacers, but note that these methods often rely on pacers who withdraw halfway through the race. They argue that pacing by means of technologies such as WaveLight lighting can provide more consistent pacing, but diminish the benefits of drafting that traditional pacing provides. The authors conducted experiments in a wind tunnel and found that drag increases with wind speed, with a headwind generating a drag of approximately 50% of the external mechanical work at 15 m/s. They also cite previous studies that have shown a decrease in perceived effort and oxygen consumption when running behind another runner in a wind tunnel. The authors suggest that improving racing strategy to account for effective drafting could be an effective way to improve performance in elite running. [Extracted from the article]

While female long-distance runners are considered to have strong body dissatisfaction and body concerns, body-image research that incorporates detailed anthropometric and body composition parameters is still limited. The present study therefore investigates the physical characteristics and body image of Japanese female long-distance runners and explores the factors that influence their body image. Detailed anthropometric and body composition assessment using a dual-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (DFBIA) was conducted on 30 Japanese female university long-distance runners. In addition, a questionnaire that included the Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS) and the Ben-Tovim Walker Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) was administered. On average, the participants had relatively low body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) (BMI: 18.3 ± 1.6 kg/m2; %BF: 19.7 ± 4.4%), but about 50–60% of them perceived themselves as being fat or having an excessive level of %BF. Their BSS scores were not associated with their measured physique. However, the anthropometric variables of the limbs were associated with the BAQ and its subscales. There was no single source that the majority referred to obtain information on their body, and performance was the only reason for their increased body concern. In order to better understand the factors that influence their body dissatisfaction and the effects of providing accurate information on behaviour modification, further investigation is warranted.