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BACKGROUND Loss of E-cadherin expression is associated with aberrant 5′ CpG island methylation in various tumors. METHODS The authors analyzed the methylation status and immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin in 142 endometrial tissues, consisting of 21 normal endometria, 17 endometrial hyperplasias, and 104 endometrial carcinomas. RESULTS All normal endometria and endometrial hyperplasias showed positive staining of E-cadherin, and methylation of the E-cadherin gene was not detected in any samples. In endometrial carcinoma, the positive ratio of methylation was higher and was associated with tumor dedifferention and myometrial invasion. In G1 endometrial adenocarcinomas, 66.7% showed positive staining and 33.3% showed heterogeneous staining. Methylation of the E-cadherin gene was detected in 15.6%. In G2 tumors, 19.0% showed positive staining, 69.0% showed heterogeneous staining and 11.9% showed negative staining. Methylation of the E-cadherin gene was found in 50.0%. In G3 tumors, 9.1% showed positive staining, 54.5% showed heterogeneous staining and 36.3% showed negative staining. Methylation of the E-cadherin gene was found in 81.8% of the tumors. Of the samples with no-myometrial invasion, 23.1% had methylation. In those with invasion in less than half of the myometrium, 28.6% did and in those with invasion of half or more of the myometrium, 55.6% had methylation. Of samples that did not have lymph node metastasis, 33.7% had methylation, whereas of samples that had lymph node metastasis, 60.0% had methylation. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to analyze methylation of the E-cadherin gene promoter of endometrial carcinoma and the evidence suggests that methylation of the E-cadherin gene occurs in association with the acquisition of invasive capacity. Cancer 2003;97:1002–9. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11157

In the low temperature gasification of wood biomass, fluidized beds may exhibit defluidization problems caused by tar. These problems may be avoided by using porous particles as a bed material to capture the tar. Using wood chips, we studied the tar capture behavior of various porous particles and the influence of fluidization on the tar capture performance under pyrolysis conditions. The results of thermobalance experiments showed that γ-alumina, sepiolite and activated clay had high tar capture performance. The tar capture depended on the specific pore surface area and pore volume of the particles, with particles having higher pore surface and volume showing greater tar capture. Furthermore, micropores in the particles were used for capture of the tar, and this promoted carbonization. The results of a small fluidized bed experiment showed that porous particles were able to capture the tar even under fluidized bed conditions, and that defluidization did not occur at a low weight ratio of the wood chip to the bed material.

It is well known that the functions of reproductive organs are regulated by sex steroids and their receptors and it is hypothesized that the progression of neoplasms that originate from the reproductive organs is influenced by them. However, the correlation between sex steroids and tumor progression, especially tumor invasion, is not well known in endometrial carcinoma. In our study, we focused on the influence of estrogen and its receptor in invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are known to be important in tumor invasion, as well as on endometrial carcinoma cells. The growth of Ishikawa cells, to which an estrogen receptor-alpha expressing vector was transfected, was accelerated by 17 beta-estradiol as was the acceleration of the expression of cyclin D1. By invasion assay, in conditions with 17 beta-estradiol, the invasiveness of Ishikawa cells was enhanced. Furthermore, according to the accelerated invasiveness, the expression of MMP-1, -7 and -9 and Ets-1 was enhanced. These results suggest that activation of ER-alpha by estrogen results in tumor progression by stimulating cell growth and invasiveness via acceleration of the expression of MMPs.

The use of particulate kaolinite as a sorbent for capturing cadmium compounds in hot flue gas was studied in the influence of temperature and residence time on removal efficiency. More than a half of the cadmium fed into the reactor was captured by kaolinite samples. It was also found that the amount of cadmium captured increased with time and that the removal efficiency at a temperature of 1 073 K was slightly higher than at 873 K. To clarify the mechanism of cadmium adsorption, the solubility of cadmium captured by particulate kaolinite was examined in both water and nitric acid. Acid-soluble cadmium constituted more than 80% of the total captured cadmium, while water-soluble cadmium constituted between 40 - 80%. This suggests that cadmium does not penetrate into the kaolinite particles, but it remains on the surface and that physical condensation accounts for approximately half of the cadmium aerosol captured by kaolinite particles.

Two methods for the feed of vapor from solid materials in the Center for Nuclear Study ECR ion source are described. A rod placed near the wall of the plasma chamber, operating up to a melting point of 2600 °C, has been used for CaO, SiO2, and FeO. An oven with a number of openings, operating up to 800 °C, has been used for P2O5, Li, and S. Typical ion beam intensities of (7)Li(2+), (6)Li(3+), (40)Ca(12+), and (56)Fe(15+) are achieved 280, 75, 28, and 7 eμA, respectively. High intensity heavy ion beams are stably supplied into the azimuthally varying field cyclotron.

The Norrish Type I and Type II reactions in the photolysis of 2-pentanone included within the alkali metal cation-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite have been investigated by experimental and theoretical approaches. Changes in the molecular environment of the zeolite cavities by exchanging the cations had significant effects not only on the adsorption state but also on the photochemical reactions of the ketones included within the zeolite cavities. The yields of the photolysis decreased and the ratio of the Type I/Type II reactions increased, respectively, by changing the ion-exchanged cations from Cs+ to Li+. The observed IR and phosphorescence spectra of the adsorbed ketones and the ab initio molecular orbital calculations of this host-guest system indicate that the ketones interact with two different adsorption sites, i.e. the surface OH groups and alkali metal cations, while the interaction between the ketones and cations increased by changing the cations from Cs+ to Li+. Molecular orbital calculations were also carried out and indicated that the zeolite framework promotes the delocalization of the charge density of the alkali metal cations which can modify the interaction between the adsorbed ketones and cations, resulting in significant changes in the photolysis of these ketones.

To examine whether and at which stage of endometrial carcinogenesis decreased connexin expression occurs, we investigated changes in the expression of the gap junction proteins, connexin 26 (Cx26), Cx32 and Cx43, in human endometrial hyperplasia and cancer samples. Forty-eight endometrial tissue samples (15 endometrial hyperplasias and 33 endometrial cancers) were subjected to immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis. In endometrial hyperplasia, Cx26 was aberrantly expressed in all samples as revealed immunohistochemically. There was weak or negative expression in 12 samples (80.0%) and diffuse expression in cytoplasm in 3 samples (20.0%). Cx32 expression in those samples was similar to that of Cx26; there was weak or negative expression in 11 samples (73.3%) and diffuse expression in 4 samples (26.7%). In endometrial cancer, Cx26 was expressed weakly or negatively in 25 samples (75.8%), diffusely in 6 samples (18.2%) and normally in 2 samples (6.1%), while Cx32 was expressed weakly or negatively in 26 samples (78.8%), diffusely in 5 samples (15.2%) and normally in 2 samples (6.1%). It was confirmed that weak staining of Cx26 and Cx32 was due to poor expression of their mRNA. All samples showed weak Cx43 protein expression as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. In the majority of samples, concomitant expression levels of Cx26 and Cx32 protein were observed, confirming our long-term hypothesis that Cx26 and Cx32 are both abnormally regulated in a coordinated fashion in the endometrium. Our results indicate that during endometrial carcinogenesis, loss of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) may occur due to the suppressed expression and the aberrant localization of connexin at relatively early stages. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Kinoite was found in a dump at the Fuka mine, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It occurs as aggregates of flaky crystals, and rarely as subhedral platy crystals up to 1 mm wide in a vein cutting into crystalline limestone. Associated minerals are stringhamite, calcite and an unidentified mineral. The empirical formula of the mineral is (Ca2.00Mg0.02)Σ2.02(Cu1.92Fe0.04Co0.04)Σ2.00Si2.98O10·2.25H2O on the basis of O=10 (anhydrous). The unit cell parameters are a=6.989 (1), b=12.904 (2), c=5.659 (1)A, and β=96.15 (2)°. The mineral is optically biaxial negative with refractive indices α=1.642 (2), β=1.662 (2), and γ=1.675 (2). The Vickers microhardness is 536 kg mm−2 (50 g load) and the density is 3.14 g cm−3. It is likely that kinoite at the Fuka mine was formed as a primary mineral by a reaction of Cu- and Si-bearing fluids with limestone.

高温場での石灰石による脱塩酸反応に関する温度依存性とガス雰囲気の影響を調べることを目的として，過渡現象を含む石灰石によるHCl吸収特性およびCaCl2からのHCl放出特性の双方に関する実験的検討を行った．各実験は，石灰石またはCaCl2の粒子試料で構成される固定層反応系出口のガス中HCl濃度をHCl分析計により連続測定することによって行われた．その結果，HCl吸収・放出反応ともにCaCl2の融点1,045Kが大きく影響しており，HCl吸収においては923-1,023Kの温度域に最適温度があること，HCl放出において1,045Kを超えると放出量が著しく増加することがわかった．また，共存ガスによってもHCl吸収・放出特性は影響を受け，S02はHCl吸収反応に干渉すること，あるいはときとしてこれを抑制すること，ガス中に含まれる水分濃度が高いほどHCl放出量は多いことが確認された．

A case of uterine endometrial carcinoma 15 months post-partum, who did have none of typical risk factors of uterine endometrial carcinoma, is presented. The occurrence of post-partum uterine endometrial carcinoma is extremely rare condition probably due to anti-carcinogenic effects of progesterone. Progesterone refractory cells in the uterine endometrium, which could be an origin of the endometrial carcinoma, might have existed.

Incineration ash was melted using a micro-scale furnace under various temperatures and gas atmospheres. As a result of the elemental composition analysis of the molten slag, it was confirmed that heavy metals with properties of low boiling points were readily emitted during melting treatment. The emission amount is influenced by vitrification behavior of the ash with operating temperature. The emission of lead and zinc under the reducing condition is larger than that under the oxidizing condition. Cadmium is completely vaporized under all conditions examined in the present study.

The tribological responses of solid-lubricated ball bearings for vacuum use are described with reference to their friction torque, wear life, performance at high temperatures and high loads, effects of bearing materials other than steel, outgassing, dust generation and cost reduction, based (in part) on the materials offered by Japanese bearing manufacturers. In view of their outgassing and dust-generation characteristics, solid lubricants applied so far are not satisfactory. A new generation of fluorinated-polymer-lubricated bearings provides low contamination properties and can be used in air as well as in vacuum.

The liquid mixing time of a bubble column with a draft tube is experimentally studied. The diameter and height of the column, the diameter and length of the draft tube, and the mode of sparging gas were changed and the liquid mixing time was measured.The lengths of bottom and top clearances have significant effects on the liquid mixing time. The liquid mixing time increases with increasing column aspect ratio of height to diameter. The liquid mixing time of the bubble column with a draft tube is longer than that of a standard bubble column when the column aspect ratio is relatively high. The liquid mixing time has a minimum when the diameter ratio of draft tube to column is 0.5 to 0.6. These effects of equipment dimensions are expressed by an equation. In the experiment using different solutions, the liquid mixing time becomes shorter with increasing liquid surface tension, or with increasing liquid viscosity.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was evaluated to detect mycoplasma contamination of avian live virus vaccines. The specificity of the primers showed that 34 strains belonging to nine species of avian mycoplasma DNA could be detected. The sensitivity of PCR to detect mycoplasma DNA was 10(0.2) colony forming units (cfu) of Mycoplasma synoviae and 10(0.7) cfu of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. When M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum were spiked into several avian live virus vaccines, PCR gave a positive reaction except for the avian pox and the avian encephalomyelitis vaccines which were prepared from organ homogenates. Short-term incubation of avian encephalomyelitis vaccines improved the sensitivity of PCR to detect both M. synoviae and M. gallisepticum. Therefore, PCR, combined with the short-term incubation, were shown to be most effective in detecting mycoplasma contamination in all of avian live virus vaccines.

One of the most significant topics for therapeutic endoscopy in recent years is the develop‐ ment of new therapeutic strategies for gastric neoplasms, called endoscopic submucosal dis‐ section (ESD)[1]-[7]. This technique was developed to allow resection of difficult lesions with characteristics such as large size, irregular shape, coexisting ulcer findings or difficult location that could not be resected en bloc using conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). One of the most important benefits of this procedure is to obtain accurate histologi‐ cal diagnosis. Additional benefits of ESD include that it is minimally invasive in nature and allows preservation of the entire stomach, resulting in the improved postoperative quality of life[8], [9]. Therefore, ESD is widely accepted as a standard treatment strategy for gastric ne‐ oplasm.

The collection characteristics of a solar air heater with a built-in net, in which a metallic net was inserted parallel in the space between the transparent cover plate and the absorber, were theoretically analyzed. The working fluid (air), which entered the solar air heater at a uniform inlet velocity and a constant inlet temperature, was divided into two layers (upper and lower layer) by the metallic net. Solar radiation impinges uniformly from above, passing through the transparent cover plate and being absorbed partly by the net and partly by the absorber. For the present solar air heater, the continuity, momentum and energy equations were derived under several assumptions and numerically solved. The calculations were performed for the cases of eight kinds of metallic nets which had different transmissivities, under different combinations of mass flow rate of air and incident solar radiation. Also, the cases of a conventional solar air heater and a solar air heater without a net were theoretically analyzed. The calculated results were compared with the experimental data reported in a previous paper, and the effects of the net transmissivity, net setting position and solar air heater length on temperature distributions within the air layer and the collection efficiency were examined. The calculated results show fairly well the tendencies of the experimental data, and the several assumptions made and the calculation method used in the theoretical analysis are found to be valid.

Background: Aging, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and pancreatitis have been reported to be the risk factors for pancreatic cancer. There is much evidence showing that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), especially those in BCAR1, PDX1, ZNRF3, or TERT, influence one's predisposition to pancreatic cancers and survival. However, the association between SNP and pancreatic precancerous lesions is not yet clarified. In the present study, we clarified the clinicopathological features of precancerous lesions of the pancreas by examining autopsied elderly cases. Methods: We analyzed serial autopsy cases (men, 1326; women, 1075; mean age, 80.6) of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and performed a comparative analysis based on the sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients. The SNPs were analyzed using HumanExome BeadChip. Results: The occurrence of PanIN increased with advanced age. Approximately, 60% of the elderly patients showed low-grade PanIN. The autopsy cases showed that the occurrence of low-grade PanIN was positively correlated with the female sex, advanced age, and increase in BMI. The SNPs of the ARHGAP17 gene, p.G782D (rs28365822) and rs1106576, were risk factors for PanIN (Table, P Citation Format: Yoko Matsuda, Masashi Tanaka, Atsuko Seki, Keisuke Nonaka, Makoto Nishimura, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Hisashi Yoshimura, Kaiyo Takubo, Tomio Arai. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in ARHGAP17 are associated with pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in 2401 autopsied elderly patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1157.

ドラフトチューブに固定化担体の役割を与えることを目的として, 径の異なる多孔円筒から成る二重管の間隙に粒子を充填した充填二重多孔ドラフトチューブを考案し, これを備えた気泡塔の液混合および気液物質移動について検討した.充填二重多孔ドラフトチューブの内径, 外径, 粒子径を種々に組合せて, 流動状態を観察し, 液混合時間, ガスホールドアップ, 物質移動容量係数を測定した.充填二重多孔ドラフトチューブを用いた場合, 粒子層を通る半径方向の気液流れが生じ, このとき粒子層によって気泡が微細化されることが観察された.液混合時間, ガスホールドアップ, 容量係数に対して各部寸法の最適値が存在した.また, 標準気泡塔, エアリフト気泡塔との比較から, 充填二重多孔ドラフトチューブを用いることにより液混合および気液物質移動が改善され, とくに大気泡が形成されやすい液に対して有効であることが認められた.

A solar air heater with a built-in net was proposed and the collection characteristics were experimentally investigated. Eight kinds of metallic nets, which had different transmissivity and opening fraction, were configured parallel in the space between the transparent cover plate and absorber. The temperature distribution within the air layer and pressure drop were measured, and the effects of the net transmissivity and opening fraction on the temperature distribution, collection efficiency and pressure drop were examined.When the metallic net was inserted in the solar air heater, the temperature distribution within the air layer was quite different and the collection efficiency became 16 to 35% higher than those of conventional solar air heaters and solar air heaters without a net. The collection efficiency had a maximum against the net transmissivity. By changing the net setting position, the pattern of temperature distribution was much affected while the collection efficiency was hardly affected. The pressure drop in the present solar air heater was higher than those in the conventional solar air heater and the solar air heater without a net, and had a maximum against the net transmissivity, i.e. the net opening fraction.

To investigate whether magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (ME-NBI) is useful for evaluating the area of superficial, depressed- or flat-type differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach.This procedure was performed in Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital and Kitakyushu Municipal Medical Center. The subjects were 31 patients in whom biopsy findings, from superficial, depressed- or flat-type gastric lesion, suggested differentiated adenocarcinoma in the above 3 hospitals between January and December 2009. Biopsy was performed on the lesion and non-lesion sides of a boundary (imaginary boundary) visualized on ME-NBI. The results were pathologically investigated. We evaluated the accuracy of estimating a demarcation line (DL) on ME-NBI in comparison with biopsy findings as a gold standard.The DL that could be recognized at 2 points on the orifice and anal sides of each lesion during ME-NBI was consistent with the pathological findings in 22 patients with 0-IIc lesions, 7 with 0-IIb lesions, and 2 with 0-IIb + IIc lesions, showing an accuracy of 100%.The results suggest the usefulness of ME-NBI for evaluating the area of superficial, depressed- and flat-type differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

To study enhancement in heat transfer by corrugated tubes, one smooth tube and seven kinds of three-starts spirally corrugated tubes which had different combinations of the depth and pitch of corrugation were used in a double-pipe heat exchanger. The friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the tube inside and annulus were measured, and the contribution of the corrugated tubes to the enhancement in heat transfer was examined.The spirally corrugated tubes provided a secondary spiral fluid motion near the tube wall. The effects of the geometrical parameters were expressed by the tube severity factor which is a function of the depth and pitch of corrugation and the tube diameter. With increasing severity factor, both the friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of the tube inside and annulus increased. The contribution of the corrugated tubes was examined by evaluating the overall performance which was defined as the ratio of the enhancement in heat transfer to the increase in friction factor. A maximum in overall performance appeared at a relatively low severity factor.

Wear and degradation as exhibited by degassing of three commercially available perfluoroalkylpolyethers, A, straight chain with acetal linkage (OCF2CF2)p(OCF2)q;B, straight chain without acetal linkage (CF2CF2CF2O)n; C, branched chain (CFCF3CF2O)m, were evaluated at 0.025 mis under 1 to 300 N at 10−5 Pa in a four-ball configuration using 440C and Si3N4 balls, Φ:6.35 mm, as test specimens. A quadrupole mass spectrometer having a mass range of 1 to 200 amu was employed to analyze gaseous products released from the sliding surfaces. Disregarding the gas released, Oil C showed slightly better wear characteristics than B, but far better than A when tested with a 440C ball on 440C balls. Taking gas evolution into account, Oil B carried the highest load; the initial degassing was detected at the Hertzian pressure of 1 GPa for A, 2 GPa for B, and 1.75 GPa for C when using 440C balls, and at 1.5 GPa for A and 2.75 GPa for C when using Si3N4 balls. Oil B evaluated with Si3N4 balls did not evolve gases even at 2.75 ...

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a new image enhancement system employing optic digital methods to enhance images of blood vessels on mucosal surfaces, allowing improved visualization of mucosal surface structures. Studies have progressed over the last several years, and the clinical usefulness has been demonstrated. NBI has become frequently applied for preoperative diagnosis before endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of digestive tract cancers, as well as for assessment of the range of ESD for en-bloc resection of large lesions. Consensus has been reached with regard to the usefulness of NBI for detecting micro-lesions of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma indicated for ESD, for the diagnosis of the range and depth. NBI has also been attracting attention for diagnosing gastric cancer based on the observation of micro blood vessels on the mucosal surface and mucosal surface microstructures. The usefulness of NBI has been reported in relation to various aspects of colon cancer, including diagnoses of the presence, quality, range, and depth of lesions. However, as NBI has not surpassed diagnostic methods based on magnifying observation combined with the established and widely employed dye method, its role in ESD is limited at present. Although NBI is very useful for the diagnosis of digestive tract cancers, comprehensive endoscopic diagnosis employing the combination of conventional endoscopy including dye spraying, EUS, and NBI may be important and essential for ESD.

For superficial esophageal cancer, conventional endoscopic mucosal resection with cap (EMRC) has been widely prevailed for reliable and safety treatment1. Recent innovations of diagnostic endoscopy including high-resolution endoscopy, narrow band imaging (NBI), and magnified endoscopy allow detect and identify more small lesions of the GI tract, and endoscopist are forced to develop their skills for endocopic treatment. Recently, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been developed for en bloc resection of larger superficial tumor in the GI tract than conventional EMR. In this decade, ESD has been widely accepted as a more reliable therapeutic procedure than EMR in Japan, and various devices are developed. Of the esophageal cancers, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common carcinoma in Japan, and iodine staining endoscopy has been widely used to detect esophageal SCC. Conventional EMRC has been performed for these 10 years, however, since conventional EMRC were carried out with small size cap, 12mm in diameter, there has been the risk to be piecemeal and residual lesions. Recently, newly classification of intrapapillary capillary loop pattern (IPCL) has developed for diagnose the early esophageal neoplasm, and because of these diagnostic innovation, therefore, many endoscopist are forced to remove larger en bloc resection for reliable ESD as well as gastric or colorectal lesions. Therefore, in Japan, ESD for large superficial esophageal neoplasm has been applied; however, esophageal ESD is considered as more difficult and challenging than gastric ESD, and only few studies have elucidated the technical feasibility of ESD in the esophagus. Needle knife has been used for early gastric and colorectal ESD, and it has been considered causing high complications for esophageal ESD because of its sharpness. For this reason, using other knives, some clinical case series are reported for esophageal ESD, and the safety of esophageal ESD using needle knife is still unclear. In this study, we conducted consecutive esophageal ESD with needle knife and compared EMR to evaluate safety and reliability of needle knife as esophageal ESD device.

Recently, we reported a case of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma presenting with unique vascular features. In the report, we defined the tree-like appearance (TLA) on the images of abnormal blood vessels which resembled branches from the trunk of a tree in the shiny mucosa, in which the glandular structure was lost. The 67-year-old female was diagnosed with gastric MALT lymphoma. The patient received eradication therapy for H. pylori. Conventional endoscopy revealed multiple ill-delineated brownish depressions in the stomach and cobblestone-like mucosa was observed at the greater curvature to the posterior wall of the upper gastric body 7 mo after successful eradication. Unsuccessful treatment of gastric MALT lymphoma was suspected on conventional endoscopy. Conventional endoscopic observations found focal depressions and cobblestone-like appearance, and these lesions were subsequently observed using magnified endoscopy combined with narrow band imaging to identify abnormal vessels presenting with a TLA within the lesions. Ten biopsies were taken from the area where abnormal vessels were present within these lesions. Ten biopsies were also taken from the lesions without abnormal vessels as a control. A total of 20 biopsy samples were evaluated to determine whether the diagnosis of MALT lymphoma could be obtained histologically from each sample. A positive diagnosis was obtained in 8/10 TLA (+) sites and in 2/10 TLA(-) sites. Target biopsies of the site with abnormal blood vessels can potentially improve diagnostic accuracy of gastric MALT lymphoma.

We investigated the antimicrobial activities of twelve derivatives of benzyl phenyl sulfide by using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values against 10 microbial strains. These derivatives of benzyl phenyl sulfides were synthesized by means of the nucleophilic coupling reaction at our laboratory. MIC testing revealed that all synthetic derivatives of benzyl and 4-methoxybenzyl phenyl sulfides had no effect against the tested microbial strains. However, the compounds of 4-nitrobenzyl phenyl sulfide showed antimicrobial activity against many of the tested strains. Above all, 4-nitrobenzyl 4-chlorophenyl sulfide 11 exhibited the strongest and widest ranging inhibitory effects among the twelve synthetic compounds. We researched the antimicrobial activities of the coupling materials of sulfide. As a result, it was considered important for the expression of antimicrobial activities that the sulfide had a 4-nitrobenzyl group and 4-chlorophenyl group in the same molecule as in the case of benzyl phenyl sulfide.

Presently, the differential diagnosis of gastric adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma by endoscopy is very difficult. We carried out magnifying endoscopy with narrow band imaging (NBI) in lesions that required discrimination between gastric adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and prospectively evaluated whether the tumor typing that we propose is useful for their differential diagnosis.The materials were 93 lesions that required differential diagnosis between gastric adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma among the gastric epithelial tumors for which endoscopic treatment was planned at three facilities during the 14 months between November 2008 and December 2009. According to the typing method proposed by our facility based on images of the mucosal ultrastructure and microvessels obtained by magnified endoscopy combined with NBI, type I-II and type III-V lesions were diagnosed as gastric adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, respectively, before endoscopic treatment, and the accuracy of the diagnoses were prospectively examined by comparing them with the postoperative pathological findings.Of the 93 lesions, 87 could be typed into the five types of our typing method, but six lesions could not be classified. The 87 lesions consisted of 16 type I, 12 type II, 29 type III, 27 type IV, and three type V lesions. The percentages of accurate preoperative diagnoses of types I-II as adenoma and types III-V as well-differentiated adenocarcinoma were 79% and 93%, respectively.The tumor typing based on NBI was useful for the endoscopic differentiation of gastric adenoma and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a promising procedure that enables en bloc resection of large superficial tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract. On the other hand, ESD in the colon and rectum is technically difficult to perform because of its anatomical features. At our institution, 137 consecutive superficial colorectal tumors larger than 20 mm in diameter in 137 patients were treated by ESD between April 2007 and October 2010, and 132 lesions were successfully resected. The average procedure time was 79.2 minutes, and the rate of en bloc resection was 89.1% (122/137). The rate of complete resection, defined as en bloc resection with tumor-free lateral and vertical margins, was 85.4% (117/137). The rate of perforation was 3.6% (5/137). Colorectal ESD achieved a high rate of en bloc resection and complete resection and is applicable in the colorectum.

The tribological characteristics of hot-pressed self-lubricating composites, consisting of molybdenum disulfide, refractory metal oxides and refractory metals, were evaluated at temperatures up to 450 °C in vacuum. Sliding bearings made from the composites were run against 304 stainless steel shafts at a rotational speed of 120 rev min −1 under an applied load of 1.7 N for (6–10) ×10 6 revolutions. Wear was negligible at temperatures under 100 °C. However, wear of the composite bearings, at a specific wear rate of (2–5) ×10 −8 mm 3 N −1 mm −1 , occurred at 300 °C. At 450 °C, a weight loss of about 10–30 mg of the shaft and a weight gain of almost the same amount of the bearings were observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed iron and traces of iron sulfide on the bearing surface, indicating that a chemical reaction had occurred between the composite bearing and the steel shaft. To examine the effect of counterpart material, pin-on-disk friction tests using a composite pin and an Si 3 N 4 disk were performed at temperatures up to 450 °C. In contrast to the 304 steel counterpart, an excellent tribological response was found with the Si 3 N 4 disk. The specific wear rate of the composite pin at 450 °C was 2.2 × 10 −10 mm 3 N −1 mm −1 and the wear of the Si 3 N 4 disk was negligible. An attempt was made to improve the strength of the composite. By adding 304 stainless steel in a fraction of 5% to the composition, an improvement in strength of the composite of about 30% was obtained. Furthermore, this had a good effect on the tribological performance of the composite at high temperature.

Tribological characteristics of transfer films from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based, glass-fiber reinforced composites to 440C stainless steel disks were evaluated in an ultra-high vacuum, using a dual-pin-on-disk friction tester. The transfer film was formed by rubbing a composite pin against a 440C stainless steel disk. A friction test was then carried out using the other 440C stainless steel pin. Three types of composites with the additives, Mo, Ag or MoS2 were tested. Outstanding tribological performance was obtained with the composite containing molybdenum. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the transfer film showed both PTFE and metal fluoride to exist on the disks for all the composites tested. Therefore, metal fluoride is not the reason for the outstanding performance observed using the composite with the molybdenum additive. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) studies showed that, for the case of the composite containing molybdenum, considerable transferred fluorine was foun...

気泡塔の性能改善を目的として, 多孔ドラフトチューブの内部に充填物を備えた気泡塔を考えた.充填物には比較的流動抵抗の小さい金網リングを用い, 多孔ドラフトチューブ, 金網リングの各寸法を種々に組合せて, 流動状態を観察し, ガスホールドアップ, 気液界面積および液混合時間を測定した.多孔ドラフトチューブの内部に金網リングを充填することにより, 『多孔壁による気泡微細化』に加えて『充填物による気泡微細化』が生じた.ガスホールドアップ, 気液界面積に対して多孔ドラフトチューブの径, 孔径, 開孔率, 金網リングの目開きの最適値が存在した.最適ドラフトチューブ径におけるガスホールドアップ, 気液界面積は充填気泡塔とほぼ同じであった.また, 液混合時間は, 標準気泡塔, 充填気泡塔などに比べ, きわめて短かった.COD除去率は充填気泡塔と同程度であり, 本気泡塔の排水処理への適用性が示唆された.

The title carbenium ion 1 was observed by low temperature NMR in solution. Its strong oxidizing power was demonstrated by the reduction potential and the effective oxidation of methoxy-substituted benzopinacolone 3 .

In order to improve the performance of the bubble column, the countercurrent bubble column with perforated draft tube was considered, and the flow characteristics were experimentally examined. A part of gas and liquid radially flowed through the holes of the draft tube and large bubbles were subdivided into small ones. The gas holdup and volumetric coefficient showed a maximum with respect to the draft tube diameter, and increased with increasing draft tube length. The ratios of the gas holdup and volumetric coefficient of the column with perforated draft tube to those of the column without draft tube increased with increasing liquid downflow velocity and decreasing gas velocity. The countercurrent bubble column with perforated draft tube was found to be effective in increasing the gas holdup and volumetric coefficient for the viscous liquid.

The effects of equipment dimensions and gas dispersion on the flow characteristics of a bubble column with perforated draft tube were experimentally examined. Gas was dispersed into the inner section of the draft tube or into the annular section between the column and the draft tube. Under various combinations of column diameter and diameter and length of the draft tube, the flow pattern was observed and the liquid mixing time, gas holdup and specific gas-liquid interfacial area were measured.In either gas dispersion, gas and liquid radially flowed through holes in the draft tube, and large bubbles were subdivided into small ones. Gas dispersion into the inner section was more effective in shortening the liquid mixing time. The liquid mixing time was shortened by increasing the ratio of height/column diameter, and was most shortened at a diameter ratio of draft tube/column of about 0.6. Gas dispersion into the annular section was effective in increasing the gas holdup and the interfacial area. The interfacial area was also increased by decreasing the characteristic length of the gas dispersion section.

エネルギ効率の高い曝気槽用分散器の開発を目的として, 内部にオリフィス板を備えた気液同時吹込みノズルおよびノズル径よりやや大径のチューブから成る分散器を考えた.分散器の各部分の寸法を種々に組合せて, 流動状態を観察し, 吸込みガス流量, 物質移動容量係数を測定した.ノズルの先端にチューブを備えることにより, 槽内からチューブ内への液巻込みが生じ, 吸込みガス流量が増大した.この巻込み液流量は供給液流量の数倍であった.吸込みガス流量に対して, ノズル長さ, オリフィス径, ノズル-チューブ間距離, チューブの径・長さの最適値が存在した.ガス流量を一定とした実験において, オリフィスはガス吸込みに加えてノズル内の気泡細分化に大きく寄与することが認められた.市販型分散器との比較実験では, 吸込みガス流量, 容量係数ともに本分散器の方が高かった.

The title carbenium ion 1 was observed by low temperature NMR in solution. Its strong oxidizing power was demonstrated by the reduction potential and the effective oxidation of methoxy-substituted benzopinacolone 3 .