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AIM: To analyze whether wet-lab training (WLT) or surgical-simulator training (SST) is better for ophthalmology residents to master the chopping technique. METHODS: Sixty ophthalmology residents (in their second year) and three cataract surgeons participated in the study. The residents were randomly separated into two groups, WLT group and SST group. The residents in WLT group were asked to perform 10 trials of chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons, and then they performed and scored using simulator for one time. The residents in SST group underwent 10 trials of chopping using simulator, and the simulator scored each trail. Then, this group were asked to perform the chopping using pig eyes and scored by the surgeons. At last, we investigated the residents' satisfaction about the training. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics had no significant differences between the two groups. Recorded by the simulator, the residents in SST group got significantly higher overall score (83.90±1.31) than WLT group (78.73±1.92, P=0.03). And the residents in SST group got less corner area injured, and they spend less time than WLT group (P

AIM: To compare the therapeutic effect of Ranibizumab on retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)with or without preretinal hemorrhage(PRH). METHODS: From April 2017 to January 2018, a retrospective study was carried out on the diagnosed and treated ROP cases 66 eyes of 34 in the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University. All the infants were divided into two groups according to PRH or not. All patients were treated with intravitreal Ranibizumab under tropical anesthesia. The infants were followed up, and the cure and retreatment rate between the two groups after initial treatment were compared. RESULTS: After the initial treatment of intravitreal Ranibizumab, the cure rate was 65%(17)and 98%(39), and the retreatment rate was 35%(9)and 2%(1)in bleeding and non-bleeding group, respectively. 9 eyes with PRH needed retreatment; however, only 1 eye retreatment in the non-bleeding group. Notably, all the retreatment cases were cured by once more intravitreal Ranibizumab. The cure rate between two groups was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The curative effect with initial treatment of ROP with PRH was significantly lower than that without PRH. The retreatment cases were attenuated by repeated intravitreal Ranibizumab treatment.

Retinopathy of prematurity(ROP)is an immature proliferative retinal vascular disease that may lead to permanent blindness in preterm infant. Retinal laser photocoagulation is used for ablation of peripheral retina and treatment of ROP, however, it is destructive. Especially for the cases with lesions in Zone I region, retinal laser photocoagulation may cause severe complications. Recently, studies have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of ROP, and intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents can not only effectively impede ROP progression, but also gain timing for revascularization of a vascular retinal region. This article reviews the treatment indications, drug selection, injection site, dosage recommendation, follow-up of efficacy and complications of intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents in the treatment of ROP.

AIM: To explore the possible application of quadrant classification in retinopathy of premature infants at threshold and type 1 pre-threshold stage.METHODS: Thirty-two preterm infants with retinopathy at the threshold and type 1 threshold preterm stage in the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University from April 2017 to January 2018 were recruited for retrospective case analysis. The main location and stage of the retinopathy in these premature infants were divided into three categories by the quadrant method: only one quadrant(above the nose, subnasal, supratemporal, and subtemporal)recorded as “1 quadrant”; distributed in two quadrants(supertemporal+infratemporal, supra-nasal+sub-nasal, supra-nasal+super-temporal, sub-nasal+sub-temporal, supra-nasal+sub-temporal, sub-nasal+super-temporal)were recorded as “2 quadrants”; distributed more than two quadrants recorded as “>2 quadrants”. The clinic characteristics of all cases and the responses to intravitreal injection of ranibizumab were observed according to the quadrant method. RESULTS: Totally 32 cases with 62 eyes of premature infants recruited in the study. Only 2 eyes were in 1 quadrant before surgery, and the efficiency of a single injection was 100%. A total of 25 eyes were distributed in 2 quadrants, and with a single injection, the effective rate was 100%. 35 eyes with a distribution “2 quadrants” had a single injection rate of only 74% and a recurrence rate of 26%. CONCLUSION: The main lesions in most cases are distributed in “2 quadrants”(supertemporal+subtemporal). The more of quadrants accumulated for the major lesions and the more severe of the condition; the higher recurrence rate after intravitreous anti-VEGF therapy.

AIM: To investigate whether inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by donepezil ameliorate aberrant retinal neovascularization (RNV) and abnormal glial activation in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). METHODS: A mouse model of RNV was induced in postnatal day 7 (P7) mice by exposure to 75% oxygen. Donepezil was administrated to P12 mice by intraperitoneal injection. Expression and localization of AChE in mouse retinas were determined by immunofluorescence. RNV was evaluated by paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Activation of retinal Müller glial cells were examined by immunoblot of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). rMC-1, a retinal Müller cell line, was used for in vitro study. Expression of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were determined by Western-blot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunostaining. RESULTS: Aberrant RNV and glial activation was observed after OIR. Of note, retinal AChE was mainly expressed by retinal Müller glial cells and markedly increased in OIR mice. Systemic administration of donepezil significantly reduced RNV and abnormal glial activation in mice with OIR. Moreover, ischemia-induced HIF-1α accumulation and VEGF upregulation in OIR mouse retinas and cultured rMC-1 were significantly inhibited by donepezil intervention. CONCLUSION: AchE is implicated in RNV with OIR. Inhibition of AChE by donepeizl is likely to be a potential therapeutic approach for retinal neovascular diseases.

AIM: To describe the application of image acquisition function of smart phone with slit lamp examination in the ophthalmology residency training program.METHODS: The supporting set for smart phone can be securely connected to the ocular lens of slit lamp microscopy. The anterior or fundus photos and dynamic videos were obtained through slit lamp examination with non-contact lens, three-mirror lens or gonio lens. Acquired images or recorded videos were transmitted to ophthalmology trainee by using wireless local area network(WLAN), WeChat and other software.RESULTS: High quality images and dynamic video could be successfully taken with smart phone and supporting set by slit lamp examination, which could clearly display tissue details and pathological features. The fast transmission of image data can enable more trainees to access clinic education resource simultaneously and communicate with each other timely and effectively.CONCLUSION: High resolution smart phones are wildly used and supporting sets are very accessible; thus high quality of images could be easily obtained for clinical teaching purpose. Furthermore, it enriches the clinical teaching resources. So the application of image acquisition function of smart phone with slit lamp examination is worthy in the standardized training of ophthalmology residents.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the serious complications of diabetes and an important cause of blindness. Despite much research on the pathogenesis of DR, there is still a lack of safe and effective treatment methods. Hu-zhang-qing-mai-yin (HZQMY), a Chinese medicine formula, has been clinically used in the safe and effective treatment of DR for many years. However, the systematic pharmacological research is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-DR effects of HZQMY and explore the possible mechanism involved. Methods: The constituents of HZQMY were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. DR model was established by high glucose simulation on human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs) in vitro. The cell viability, cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and tube formation were assessed. Subsequently the related mechanisms were analyzed by assays for JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular ROS, ATP, western blot and proteomics. Results: 27 main chemical components contained in HZQMY were identified. HZQMY significantly inhibited the viability and proliferation of HRCECs exposed to high glucose, and promoted the apoptosis. In addition, HZQMY also boosted the release of ROS and suppressed tube formation of HRCECs under high glucose exposure. Meanwhile, HRCECs treated with high glucose released more ROS than normal cells, which could be markedly inhibited by HZQMY in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, western blot assay indicated that HZQMY increased the expression of proteins related to the P38 signaling pathway and inhibited nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Proteomic analysis predicted that HSPA4, MAPK3, ENO1, EEF2 and ERPS may be the candidate targets of HZQMY in HRCECs. Conclusions: HZQMY inhibited the proliferation and promoted the Mitochondria related apoptosis of HRCECs exposed to high glucose possibly through regulating P38 and NF-κB signaling pathway.

Background: Patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene respond well to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been used as a complementary therapy for cancer for decades in China. CHM was proved to be effective in improving the quality of life (QOL) and reducing the toxicity associated with chemotherapy in patients with NSCLC. The purpose of the present trial is to determine whether CHM (Fuzheng Kang'ai decoction (FZKA), a CHM formula) combined with gefitinib results in longer progression-free survival with less toxicity than gefitinib alone. Methods/Design: This is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. This trial is designed to determine if CHM (FZKA) combined with gefitinib results in longer progression-free survival with less toxicity than gefitinib alone. A total of 70 NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations will be randomly assigned to treatment group (gefitinib plus FZKA granules) or control group (gefitinib plus placebo). The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. Secondary endpoints are: (1) overall survival; (2) disease control rate; (3) QOL, measured with the questionnaire of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-lung (FACT-L 4.0) and Lung Cancer Symptom Scale and (4) safety. Discussion: In previous clinical practice, we found that CHM (FZKA) could improve the therapeutic efficacy of gefitinib. This study will provide objective evidence to evaluate the efficiency of CHM combined with gefitinib in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, and may provide a novel regimen for patients with NSCLC. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (www.chictr.org): ChiCTR-IOR-14005679, registered 17 December 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluated the usefulness of lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of neonatal pulmonary atelectasis (NPA). The study shows the capability of lung ultrasonography to find those occult lung atelectatsis that could not be detected on chest radiograph and its function in diagnosing or excluding NPA in neonates.

Several kinds of novel lanthanide organic-inorganic mesoporous hybrid luminescent materials have been assembled by introducing the ternary lanthanide ions (Eu 3+ , Tb 3+ ) and beta-diketone (TTA, TAA) into the functionalized mesoporous hosts through the coordination bond and covalent bond by using 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane modified 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (Cyclen-Si) as an organic bridge molecule. These multicomponent hybrids are characterized by FTIR, TEM, XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, especially the photoluminescence properties of them. The luminescent spectra of the hybrids reveal that the MCM-41 based materials show strong emission intensities, high luminescent quantum efficiencies, long luminescent lifetimes and exhibit characteristic red and green luminescence originated from lanthanide ions (Eu 3+ or Tb 3+ ), which suggesting the Cyclen-Si bridge molecule is favorable for the assembly of lanthanide functionalized luminescent hybrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Background: Due to heterogeneity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), outcome assessment of HCC with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is challenging. Methods: We built histologic-related scores to determine microvascular invasion (MVI) and Edmondson-Steiner grade by training CT radiomics features using machine learning classifiers in a cohort of 494 HCCs with hepatic resection. Meanwhile, we developed a deep learning (DL)-score for disease-specific survival by training CT imaging using DL networks in a cohort of 243 HCCs with TACE. Then, three newly built imaging hallmarks with clinicoradiologic factors were analyzed with a Cox-Proportional Hazard (Cox-PH) model. Findings: In HCCs with hepatic resection, two imaging hallmarks resulted in areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.85) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.64–0.79) for predicting MVI and Edmondson-Steiner grade, respectively, using test data. In HCCs with TACE, higher DL-score (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.01; 95% CI: 2.02–4.50), American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage III+IV (HR: 1.71; 95% CI: 1.12–2.61), Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) with stable disease + progressive disease (HR: 2.72; 95% CI: 1.84–4.01), and TACE-course > 3 (HR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.45–0.76) were independent prognostic factors. Using these factors via a Cox-PH model resulted in a concordance index of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.71–0.76) for predicting overall survival and AUCs of 0.85 (95% CI: 0.81–0.89), 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86–0.94), and 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84–0.92), respectively, for predicting 3-year, 5-year, and 10-year survival. Interpretation: Our study offers a DL-based, noninvasive imaging hallmark to predict outcome of HCCs with TACE. Funding: This work was supported by the key research and development program of Jiangsu Province (Grant number: BE2017756).

AIM: To compare a trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and a bifocal IOL implantation in improving visual function after cataract surgery. METHODS: Eligible literatures were systematically searched through EMBASE and PubMed databases. The inclusion criteria were prospective comparative clinical trials on cataract surgery comparing trifocal IOL with bifocal IOL implantation that assessed visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and subjective vision quality. The effects were computed as standardized mean differences and pooled using fixed-effect or random-effect models. RESULTS: Four prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and five cohorts provided data were included by a systematic review, comprising 265 eyes implanted with trifocal IOLs and 264 eyes implanted with bifocal IOLs. Monocular distance visual acuity (VA) showed a statistically significant but small difference that favored trifocal IOLs (MD=-0.06; 95%CI, -0.10 to -0.02; Z=2.90, P=0.004 for uncorrected distance VA, and MD= -0.02; 95%CI, -0.03 to -0.00; Z=2.02, P=0.04 for corrected distance VA), but the data did not suggest that the effect of trifocal IOL implantation would clinically outperform bifocal IOL implantation. There was no significant difference in monocular near VA (MD=-0.01; 95%CI, -0.07 to 0.04; Z=0.42, P=0.68 for distance-corrected near VA, and MD=-0.01; 95%CI, -0.06 to 0.03; Z=0.55, P=0.58 for corrected near VA) or refraction between two groups. Contrast sensitivity and subjective visual quality had no conclusive results. CONCLUSION: All results indicate that trifocal IOL and bifocal IOL had similar levels of monocular distance and near VA.

AIM: To describe the application of smart phone and supporting set for acquiring fundus images with slitlamp examination and non-contact lens in primary hospital of the rural area. METHODS: The supporting set for smart phone was purchased from taobao and securely connected to the ocular lens of slitlamp microscopy. The fundus photos were imaged with assistance of non-contact slitlamp lens from Volk. RESULTS: High quality images of various retinal diseases could be successfully taken with smart phone and supporting set by slitlamp examination. The fundus images were send to patients with Wechat as medical records or used for telconsultant. CONCLUSION: High resolution smart phones are wildly used nowadays and supporting sets are very accessible; thus high quality of images could be obtained with minimal cost in rural hospitals. The digital fundus images will be beneficial for medical record and rapid diagnosis with telconsultant.

Rice yield and heading date are two distinct traits controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). The dissection of molecular mechanisms underlying rice yield traits is important for developing high-yielding rice varieties. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of Ghd8, a major QTL with pleiotropic effects on grain yield, heading date, and plant height. Two sets of near isogenic line populations were developed for the cloning of Ghd8. Ghd8 was narrowed down to a 20-kb region containing two putative genes, of which one encodes the OsHAP3 subunit of a CCAAT-box binding protein (HAP complex); this gene was regarded as the Ghd8 candidate. A complementary test confirmed the identity and pleiotropic effects of the gene; interestingly, the genetic effect of Ghd8 was dependent on its genetic background. By regulating Ehd1, RFT1, and Hd3a, Ghd8 delayed flowering under long-day conditions, but promoted flowering under short-day conditions. Ghd8 up-regulated MOC1, a key gene controlling tillering and branching; this increased the number of tillers, primary and secondary branches, thus producing 50% more grains per plant. The ectopic expression of Ghd8 in Arabidopsis caused early flowering by 10 d—a situation similar to the one observed by its homolog AtHAP3b, when compared to wild-type under long-day conditions; these findings indicate the conserved function of Ghd8 and AtHAP3b in flowering in Arabidopsis. Our results demonstrated the important roles of Ghd8 in rice yield formation and flowering, as well as its opposite functions in flowering between rice and Arabidopsis under long-day conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

AIM: To evaluate 23G vitrectomy for macular edema in eyes with retinal vein occlusion(RVO)combined with vitreoretinal traction(VMT)or epiretinal membrane(ERM).METHODS: Totally 22 patients(22 eyes)diagnosed with macular edema of RVO combined with VMT or ERM were retrospectively analyzed. Twelve cases performed with 23G vitrectomy together with peeling of inner limiting membrane(ILM)and/or ERM were considered as the observation group or intervention group. Ten cases without vitrectomy were recruited as control group. The best corrected visual acuity(BCVA)and central retinal thickness(CRT)at baseline, 1, 3 and 6mo were recorded and compared.RESULTS: At baseline, the difference of BCVA and CRT between observation group and control group was not statistically significant(P=0.645, 0.206). After vitrectomy, the BCVA and CRT of RVO patients in observation group were significantly improved compared with baseline at each follow-up(F=2.895, P=0.048; F=16.431, PCONCLUSION: The 23G vitrectomy could markedly improve BCVA and reduce CRT in RVO patients with macular edema combined with VMT and/or ERM.

AIM: To investigate the association of Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Val16Ala polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases were searched. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to evaluate the strength of the association. Subgroup, sensitivity, and cumulative analyses were performed. Publication bias was also analyzed. RESULTS: Eight studies were included in the pooled analysis. The MnSOD Val16Ala polymorphism was associated with the risk of DR under the dominant model (OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.48-0.91, P

AIM: To evaluate visual acuity outcomes after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration(wAMD). METHODS: We reviewed the medical documents of the patients who underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation surgery during June 2013 and January 2016. Totally 61 eyes of 48 patients with wAMD in the stable stage were recruited. The pre- and post-operative vision of selected cases were recorded and compared.RESULTS: After phacoemulsification and intralocular lens implantation, visual acuity changes were as follows: 49 eyes improved, 11 eyes retained, and 1 eye deteriorated. Visual acuity improvement after cataract surger were statistically significant(PCONCLUSION: Visual acuity improved in patients with wet AMD after phacoemulcification and intraocular lens implantation.

AIM: To retrospectively analyze the surgical strategies and outcome of traumatic lens dislocation. METHODS: Retrospective study. Clinical data of 105 cases(105 eyes)diagnosed with traumatic lens dislocation from April to June 2014 in our hospital were recruited. According to position of dislocated lens and complicated situations, different surgical approaches were performed, including intracapsular lens extraction, phacoemulsification, vitrectomy through pars plana and lensectomy.Meanwhile, vitreo-retinal or anti-glaucoma surgeries were performed in complicated cases.Preoperative and postoperative LogMar(Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution)visual acuity were compared by paired t-test. Perioperative complications including expulsive choroidal hemorrhages and recurrent retinal detachment were recorded and assessed. RESULTS: All 105 dislocated lenses were removed completely. Visual acuity of 91 eyes(86.7%)were significantly improved postoperatively.The visual acuity of most patients was 0.1-0.3(42 eyes, 40.0%)and 1 patient's visual acuity with lens subluxation reached more than 0.8 postoperatively. Expulsive choroidal hemorrhages occurred in 1 eye intraoperatively and 1 eye postoperatively. Recurrent retinal detachment was observed in 2 eyes postoperatively. CONCLUSION: According to position of the lens dislocation, personalized surgery strategy is critical for therapy of traumatic lens dislocation.Expulsive choroidal hemorrhage is one of most several complications and should be managed properly.

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of Honghua preserved amniotic membrane (AM) for preventing scar formation of the filtering bleb in a rabbit model of glaucoma trabeculectomy surgery.METHODS: Totally 36 rabbits (36 eyes) were randomly divided into 3 groups:the experimental group (ocular trabeculectomy in combination with Honghua preserved AM transplantation), the control group (ocular trabeculectomy surgery in combination with AM implantation), and the blank group (single trabeculectomy). Clinical observations [including intraocular pressure (IOP), filtering blebs and complications], Masson-Trichrome staining, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR), Western blot were performed on different time points (D1, D7, D14, D21 and D56) after the surgery.RESULTS: After operated for 14d, there were statistically significant differences in the filtering blebs compared to the situation before operation (P<0.05), whereas no statistically difference on that among three groups (P>0.05). After 21d, the IOP of experimental group was lowest (P<0.05). There was significant difference between control group and blank group (P<0.05). On postoperative D14, the mean number of fibroblasts in the experimental group was significantly lower (40.6±10.2) compared to those in the control group (54.4±10.8) and blank group (68.2±11.6) (P<0.05, respectively). The mean numbers of the macrophage in the experimental and control groups were respcitively significantly lower versus the blank group (P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). Compared to that in blank group, the level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) expression in sclera and conjunctival areas was reduced in the experimental and control groups on protein and mRNA level (PP>0.05).CONCLUSION:The trabeculectory surgery with Honghua preserved AM can control IOP, sustain the functional filtration bleb, inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts and open the filtrating pathway on the rabbit glaucoma models.

A new lignanamide (1), lyciumamide K, together with four known analogues (2–5), was isolated from the root of Lycium yunnanense Kuang. Based on HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data and quantum chemistry ECD calculations, the structure of this new compound was confirmed, including its absolute configuration. Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of compounds 1–5 in the oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assay showed that they all exhibited significant antioxidant activities. Particularly, compound 1 showed the best activity with ORAC values (U/mol) of 7.90 ± 0.52. Thus, the new lignanamide may be a good source of bioavtive and protective compounds.

Cholinium amino acid ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs), which are wholly composed of renewable biomaterials, have recently been demonstrated to have very promising properties for applications in organic synthesis and biomass pretreatment. In this work, the toxicity of these ILs toward enzymes and bacteria was assessed, and the effect of the anion on these properties is discussed. The inhibitory potentials of this type of ILs to acetylcholinesterase were weaker approximately an order of magnitude than the traditional IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Additionally, the [Ch][AA] ILs displayed low toxicity toward the bacteria tested. Furthermore, the biodegradability of the [Ch][AA] ILs was evaluated via the closed bottle and CO(2) headspace tests using wastewater microorganisms. All the ILs were classified as 'readily biodegradable' based on their high levels of mineralization (62-87%). The presence of extra carboxyl or amide groups on the amino acid side chain rendered the ILs significantly more susceptible to microbial breakdown. In addition, for most of the [Ch][AA] ILs, low toxicity correlated with good biodegradability. The low toxicity and high biodegradability of these novel [Ch][AA] make them promising candidates for use as environmentally friendly solvents in large-scale applications.

In past few years, as security ciphers in the Internet of Things (IoT), the research of lightweight block cipher has attracted tremendous attention in cryptography. The SPN structure has been widely used in the design of block cipher. However, the encryption and decryption processes of ciphers based on the SPN structure are different. We design a new SPN structure, which is perfect for lightweight block cipher. The new SPN structure makes that the encryption process is the same as decryption. Moreover, input and output data directions are the same for encryption and decryption processes. Thus, the same process can absolutely be shared in decryption and encryption both for software and hardware implementation. Further, we propose a family of involutional lightweight block cipher, called Loong, based on the proposed SPN structure and components. Rigorous analysis indicates that Loong is of high security against cryptanalysis, especially the differential attack and linear attack. As shown by our experiments and comparisons, Loong is compact in hardware environment and is suitable for the IoT.