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The book "Advances in Online Therapy: Emergence of a New Paradigm" edited by Haim Weinberg, Arnon Rolnick, and Adam Leighton explores the challenges and changes brought about by online therapy. The book covers various psychotherapeutic approaches and how they adapt to remote work. It is divided into four parts, discussing theoretical dimensions, specific therapeutic approaches, couple and family therapy, and online therapy for special populations. The authors argue that meaningful therapeutic work is possible through the screen, but also acknowledge the limitations and changes that come with online therapy. The book serves as a handbook for understanding and applying different therapeutic approaches in the context of online therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Background and Objectives: Infertility is a difficult crisis in life, which is psychologically threatening and emotionally stressful, and couples' compatibility, intimacy, and sexual performance are exposed to damage. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of emotion-oriented therapy with reality therapy on increasing compatibility, marital intimacy, and sexual performance of infertile women. Materials and Methods: The present study was a qusai-experimental group-based study (two experimental groups and one percontrol group) in the form of a pretest-posttest design. A number of 45 infertile women in Isfahan Province in 2022 were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly placed in 15 groups of emotionally oriented therapy, reality therapy, and control. The experimental groups received emotional therapy in 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week and reality therapy in 8 sessions of 60 minutes once a week, respectively. The control group did not receive any intervention. In order to collect data, the questionnaires of the Spanier's Marital Compatibility, Rozenhan's Sexual Performance, and Walker's Intimacy were used. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The results showed that in comparison with the control group, each treatment method had a significant effect on compatibility, intimacy, and sexual performance of infertile women (p<0.001). Also, emotional therapy had a greater effect on the research variables than reality therapy (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that in addition to emotion-oriented therapy, reality therapy also had an effect on increasing the compatibility, intimacy, and sexual performance of infertile women. Therefore, health professionals can use the two mentioned methods along with other effective methods to improve health-related characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effects of a multicomponent exercise programme have an impact on the physical, cognitive, and psychological domains in elderly community‐dwellers. However, some individuals aged 65 years or more have not shown positive effects after the intervention as reported in similar research. The objective of this quasi‐experimental study was to clarify the effectiveness of a multicomponent programme based on reality orientation therapy (ROT) on the physical performance, cognitive ability, and psychological state in the elderly. Method: Participants were recruited from the general public in 20 areas of Akita Prefecture, Japan, and they took part in each exercise programme for 90 min a day, once every 2 weeks, for 3 months, according to the group classification using cluster randomization into 20 cohorts in Akita. Physical, cognitive, and geriatric depression assessments were performed at baseline and after the 3‐month intervention in both the ROT‐based intervention group and the control group. Result: The final samples for analysis consisted of 31 participants in the control group and 30 participants in the intervention group. The results of the statistical analysis comparing the two groups showed that the 5‐repetition sit‐to‐stand test was performed significantly faster (P < 0.05) and that the results of the word list memory (WM) test and the Symbol Digit Substitution Task also had significantly improved (P < 0.05) after the intervention in both groups. The WM score did not show an interactive effect between the group and time factors, but it had a significant main effect on time in both groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of our quasi‐experimental study indicated that the multicomponent programme based on the ROT would be as effective as the original multicomponent programme combined with aerobic exercise and cognitive tasks, as highlighted in the WM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This research was conducted to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and emotion-oriented therapy on the symptoms of love trauma in women with love failure. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental research using the pre-test-post-test plan with a follow-up test. The statistical population of the research was all the people who were referred to Aramandish and Chaman clinics in Tehran in 2022, 45 people were selected as a statistical sample based on purposeful sampling. Fifteen people were ingroup experiment 1 (Reality therapy Glaser, 1999), 15 people were in experiment 2 (Emotion-Focused Therapy based on Greenberg's theory, 2007) and 15 people were in the control group. The data collection tool was Love Trauma Inventory (LTI, Rosse, 1999). The data were analyzed by Split Plot ANOVA and One-way variance and The Repeated Measurements ANOVAusing SPSS software. Finding: The findings indicated that there was a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test, and follow-ups of the Love Trauma scores in the two groups of experiments 1, 2, and the control group. Likewise, there was a significant difference between the pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores in these groups (P<0.001). But there was no significant difference between the post-test and follow-up scores (P=.073). Results: The results also showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups of experiments 1 and 2 (reality therapy and emotion-oriented therapy). Therefore, it can be concluded that both reality therapy and emotion-oriented interventions can be used for emotional failure syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of a Professional School Counselor encompasses supporting students in a variety of areas, including post-secondary and career considerations. Reality Therapy/Choice Theory is an extremely helpful lens from which school counselors can help students in making career decisions. This article focuses on the intersection of how the ASCA National Model and Reality Therapy/Choice Theory can be applied in school settings. This is modeled by providing a role play demonstration and discussion explaining how a professional school counselor can assist a student through career options and choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explains how Choice Theory and the practice of Reality Therapy can be integrated into Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP), developed by Dinkmeyer, McKay, and Dinkmeyer in 1997. STEP is a parenting curriculum based on Adlerian Therapy (AT) and Individual Psychology principles which have much common ground with Reality Therapy and Choice Theory. STEP helps parents learn effective ways to build relationships without using external control methods such as punishing, criticizing, and rewarding to control. Like Choice Theory, STEP emphasizes the importance of relationships which are strengthened by encouragement and cooperation. The author outlines how Choice Theory and the practice of Reality Therapy can be integrated into STEP to create an effective model for doing in-home family therapy for children/youth who have been identified as "at risk" for out-of-home placements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What secrets do Choice Theory and Reality Therapy possess, and why do their processes work so well on so many people around the world today? This brief paper will seek to address these concerns that we all need to more fully understand IF we are to effectively teach the world Choice Theory and/or Reality Therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The term transsexualism or transsexualism became common from the gender change of an individual named George Jangensen to Christian Jangensen in 1952. Then the term transgender was replaced by gender identity disorder. People suffering from gender identity disorder are those who have a disorder in recognizing their gender identity. In their minds and psyches, they see themselves as the other sex and believe that they were wrongly born as a man or a woman because they are infatuated with their hidden identity. People suffering from sexual boredom imagine themselves with the soul and spirits of the opposite sex. They are not transgender in adulthood. Conversely, many people who become transgender adults did not experience gender non -conformity as children. Most adults with gender identity disorder state that they felt different from other children of the same sex as children, although many of these patients cannot find the origin of this difference in retrospect. Many of them say that they have widely identified with the opposite sex from the very early years of life, and this identification has become more obvious in adolescence and adulthood. The genetic causes of gender dissatisfaction are under study, but no possible genes have been identified in this field, and chromosomal changes are uncommon in the population of transgender people, case reports of identical twins have shown that in some twins there is synchronicity regarding gender issues, and in others, this Synchronization not seen. A variety of approaches are underway to understand gender dissatisfaction. These approaches include information from imaging studies that show changes in white matter pathways, cerebral blood flow, and cortical activation patterns in patients with gender dissatisfaction, but the results of these studies have not been replicated. In adults who receive a diagnosis of gender dissatisfaction, the rate of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal thoughts and behavior, self-harm behaviors, and drug abuse is higher. The rate of suicidal thoughts during the lifetime of transgender people is about 40%. The minority stress model predicts the increase of mental illness in groups that are stigmatized, discriminated against, and abused to a greater extent than others. DSM -5 reports suggest that individuals with late -onset gender dissatisfaction may have more distress and doubt about gender reassignment surgery and less satisfaction after the procedure. Treatment for adults who identify as transgender can include psychotherapy to address gender issues, hormone therapy, and surgical treatment. Surgical and hormonal interventions may reduce depression and improve the quality of life for the treatment of these people. While patients suffering from sexual boredom are completely healthy physically, they face a lot of problems mentally. The definitive treatment for this disorder is sex reassignment surgery, which is a very expensive and difficult operation, and at the same time, since it is not possible to create internal sex organs and gonads, only the appearance of the genitals is changed. This article intends to take steps to improve the mental condition of these people by teaching psychological treatment approaches, for this purpose, it compares the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and group schema therapy on the interpersonal communication skills of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi -experimental design with a pre -test -post -test design and follow -up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020 -2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of reaching all of them in a targeted manner, there were 30 out of 195 people. People were selected by available sampling method and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was trained in reality therapy and schema therapy for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the communication skills questionnaire was administered after reality therapy and schema therapy training, and it was repeated in the 3 -month follow -up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component of the control group with the intervention group of reality therapy and schema therapy at a significance level of 0/01. Therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective . Conclusion: The results showed that reality therapy can help these people to pay attention to themselves as the origin of their actions and deeds, and by emphasizing the inner motivation and sense of responsibility to perform the behavior, they can increase the feeling of self-worth and reduce the feeling of loneliness. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho -social functioning of a person. Studies show that both those suffering from male -to - female sexual boredom and those suffering from female -to -male sexual boredom describe themselves as individuals who are isolated from society and their basic emotional needs are faced with problems. This situation may be caused by their self-restraint, which has been imposed on them for years due to social deprivation and not understanding their need to be accepted as a member of the other sex. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. They believe that they can choose behaviors that bring them closer to their desires and goals. The goal of reality therapy is to cultivate acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. The individual identifies the behavior that he is trying to correct, his whole being. He focuses on it and does not make excuses for rejecting his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make a person know the short -term and long -term goals of his life, define them clearly and evaluate the ways to reach his goals. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. Since transgender people are often on the margins of social activities, many of their abilities have room for growth. Efforts to empower them in social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their capacities. Themselves and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors, develop their social skills in front of people. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Considering the impact of this research on gender identity individuals, it can be applied to other statistical groups and societies. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non -randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one location, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to assess the impact of group reality therapy on the academic engagement and academic adjustment in elementary school students. This investigation followed a semi-experimental design with pretest and post -test assessments, including a control group. The study population encompassed all male sixth -grade students in Zone One of Zanjan (Iran) in 2022. Thirty students were chosen through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups, each consisting of 15 participants. Data collection involved the Academic Engagement Questionnaire (Fredricks et al., 2004) and the School Adjustment Scale (Sinha and Singh, 1993). Initially, both groups underwent pretests, after which the experimental group received group reality therapy sessions based on Glasser's (2001) model, spanning eight sessions of 90 minutes each. Conversely, no intervention was administered to the control group. Subsequently, post-tests were conducted for both groups. The hypotheses were analyzed using one -way and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the mean scores of academic engagement (F = 523.6, p < 0.001) and academic adjustment (F = 844.9, p < 0.001) within the experimental group compared to the control group, after controlling for pre -test scores. These findings furnish compelling evidence supporting the effectiveness of group reality therapy-based education in enhancing motivational aspects such as academic engagement and academic adjustment among elementary school students. As a result, it is advisable for school counselors to implement this intervention to promote motivational and emotional constructs in students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the turn of the 1990s, tax competition among national governments had emerged as a powerful lawmaking practice. The possibility of tax competition essentially depends on the design of transnational law, such as European law. This Article examines the change of economic, political, and legal ideas that have shaped responses by the European Communities and the European Union (EU) to income tax competition. It asserts that under the post-war settlement of embedded liberalism and moderate market integration, tax competition was not perceived as a fully developed phenomenon. Under increased cross-border economic mobility in the 1990s, tax competition became a critical concern but received a liberal and permissive reaction from the EU. In the 2010s, governing tax competition in the EU became a more vital topic. Still, in the contemporary EU, turning political ideas into legal rules capable of addressing tax competition remains hampered by the EU law requirement of unanimous decision-making. The European choice of whether and how to address tax competition involves profoundly contrasting ideas on the means by which to govern the socio-economic reality. The decision between spontaneous and regulated income tax integration is therefore a salient political question, but the unanimity rule undermines political contestation over tax competition and over the European model of fiscal federalism. The Article comes to a close by reflecting on whether the EU legal order offers means to overcome the deadlock of unanimity and whether it could accommodate a more properly political contestation over the Europeanisation of income taxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the interrelation between AI and language studies in the (digital) humanities in the context of knowledge exchange economies. We propose a three-dimensional semiotic model (pyramid) that includes AI as an active agent in meaning-creation into the sign system of communication and test its validity on autocompletion and predictive texting. We, therefore, analyzed 360 million tweets on COVID-19 over a period of 2 years and focused on the time-dependent shift of language use in the positive and negative extremes correlating to significant external events. The data suggest that digital language use has significantly changed over the course of the pandemic. Feedback loops are created between AI, utterance, and external reality that fossilize preconceived notions into textual isoglosses by suggesting and completing text entries. We thus argue that AI subtly changes the perception of reality by influencing the choice of wording. To mitigate the impact of AI in meaning-creation, we highlight the structural precautions undertaken by providers; we argue, however, that the (digital) humanities may re-emphasize their intrinsic value within the economy of knowledge exchange according to the subject-specific insights they may provide for language use and AI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to several treatment barriers, many individuals with panic disorder do not receive evidence-based treatment. One promising option to narrow this treatment gap is Internet-based psychotherapy, which has been shown particularly effective in guided formats. Still, there remains room for improvement to make these digital therapies more accessible, cost-efficient, and aligned with best practices for in-person interventions (e.g., exposure). The smartphone app "Invirto – Treatment for Anxiety" offers digitally guided, evidence-based treatment of panic disorders including virtual reality (VR) for exposure therapy. The aim present study is to investigate the efficacy, safety, and acceptance of Invirto in comparison to a care-as-usual (CAU) control group. Methods: We plan to conduct a randomized controlled trial with two conditions (intervention vs. CAU), three assessment times via online surveys (t0: baseline; t1: 3 months after baseline; t2: follow-up assessment 6 months after baseline), and a total of 128 participants with a clinical diagnosis of panic disorder (symptoms must be experienced ≥ 1 year). Recruitment will take place via email, phone, and the study website. The primary outcome will be the change in anxiety symptoms as measured by Beck's Anxiety Inventory from t0 to t1. Secondary outcomes will be the change in anxiety symptoms (measured by the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, PAS; Questionnaire on panic-related Anxieties, Cognitions and Avoidance, ACA), depressive symptoms (measured by the Beck-Depression-Inventory, BDI-II), treatment satisfaction (measured by the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, CSQ-8; Treatment Adherence Perception Questionnaire, TAPQ-adapt; Positive and Negative Effects of Psychotherapy Scale, PANEPS-I), psychological flexibility (measured by the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, AAQ-II), and dissociation during VR exposure (measured by an adapted version of the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, PDEQ-adapt). Participants in the intervention group will receive access to the intervention (Invirto) right after t0, while the CAU group will receive access to Invirto after t1. We expect a larger change in both the primary and secondary outcomes from t0 to t1 in the intervention group in comparison to the CAU group. Discussion: This study is one of the first to evaluate an Internet-based intervention for people with panic disorder that includes self-application of VR exposure therapy. The findings are expected to extend the body of knowledge about effective Internet-based treatment options for people with panic disorder. The empirical and clinical implications and the limitations of the study are discussed. Trial registration: DRKS00027585 (www.drks.de/drks%5fweb/), date of registration: 13 January 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Systematic review of research shows that infidelity and marital infidelity cause the most damage to the relationship between spouses and can even destroy the relationship. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and logo therapy on forgiveness and marital trust of women affected by marital infidelity seeking divorce. Method: The present research was a quasi-experimental method of pre-test and post-test with a control group. From the community of women affected by marital infidelity, divorce applicants referring to family counseling centers in Babol city using available sampling of 48 women (16 women in the reality therapy group, 16women in the logotherapy group and 16 women in the control group) were selected and were assigned randomly. All three groups completed the Pollard et al. (1998) Marital Forgiveness Questionnaire and the Rampel & Holmes (1986) Marital Trust Questionnaire in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. After collecting data, the data were analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance using SPSSV22 software. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in both variables of marital forgiveness and marital trust (F = 3.955 and P = 0.001). In other words, the results showed that both reality therapy and logotherapy interventions were effective in the research variables, but there was no significant difference between the two interventions of reality therapy and logotherapy in any of the variables (P <0.05). Conclusion: Finally, the results of this study showed that both reality therapy and logotherapy interventions are effective in promoting marital forgiveness and marital trust. Therefore, the awareness of couple therapists, counselors, psychologists and other specialists can help reduce marital infidelity and divorce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim. Our aim was to investigate whether immersive VR training has the potential to improve hand--eye coordination and reaction time in high school students. Methods. A total of 16 Romanian students, aged 17-19, were recruited from a high school in Cluj-Napoca. Subjects from the experimental group participated in the intervention program based on virtual reality, subjects from the control group did not participate in any specific training program. The intervention program had a duration of 12 weeks, biweekly, with 40 minutes each session. The subjects were tested before and after the application of the intervention program. Descriptive statistics and t-test were conducted for comparison of subject characteristics between both groups. Results. A paired samples t-test was performed to compare results in experimental group pre-test and post-test of Alternate-Hand Wall-Toss Test (AHWT) and Deary-Liewald Test. There was a significant difference (p <.05) in AHWT Test between pre-test (M = 24.75, SD = 3.012) and post-test (M = 28.13, SD = 2.696); t = -5.974, p = <.001. An independent sample t-test was performed to compare post-test results of AHWT Test and Deary-Liewald Test between experimental group and control group. There was a significant difference (p <.05) in post-test results of AHWT Test between experimental group (M = 28.13, SD = 2.696) and control group (M = 24.88, SD = 2.900); t= 2.322, p = .018. Conclusions. We can conclude that the virtual reality training can be very good for reducing choice reaction time and for improving hand-eye coordination in high school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considered as a major health concern worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer among women. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of gestalt group therapy and reality therapy on perceived self-efficacy in women with BC.Methods: This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest and posttest with a control group and follow-up period. The statistical population included all the women with BC visiting the subspecialty clinic of cancer in Yasuj, Iran, in 2021. We selected 60 patients via convenience sampling method. Afterwards, using a random number table, we placed them in two experimental groups and a control group (n=20 women in each group). The first experimental group received gestalt therapy (10 sessions of 60 minutes; once a week) while the second experimental group received reality therapy (based on choice theory) (10 sessions of 60 minutes; once a week). The control group was placed on the waiting list. We used the general self-efficacy scale for data collection. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 25.Results: Mean and standard deviation of the perceived self-efficacy for gestalt therapy, reality therapy, and control groups in the posttest were 52.06±8.83, 55.93±8.66, and 39.33±7.56, respectively. The results indicated that the gestalt group therapy and the reality therapy affected the perceived self-efficacy of women with BC (P

Autonomy and positive and negative affect are among the most significant factors affecting the quality of life and academic achievement of students. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the effectiveness of group reality therapy in the development of emotional autonomy and positive and negative affect in male students. This quasi-experimental study had a pretest-posttest control group design. The statistical population of the study included all male senior high school students in Isfahan (District 3) in 2018-19 school year. In order to select the sample, first 181 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. In the next stage, 30 students who had gained the lowest scores on the autonomy questionnaire were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The subjects completed Emotional Autonomy Scale (Steinberg & Silverberg, 1986) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson et al., 1988). The experimental group received training in group reality therapy in eight 90-minute sessions. The collected data were analyzed by ANCOVA. The results showed that training in group reality therapy had a significant effect on the development of emotional autonomy and positive and negative affect in students. The findings of the study have important implications for researchers as well as education and therapeutic centers.

Background: Studies suggest the positive effects of reality therapy on mood and emotional disorders. It teaches people to be aware of their basic needs and emphasizes coping with reality, responsibility, and evaluation of right and wrong behaviors. However, there is a research gap in the application of this approach to focusing and controlling their relationships and identifying and changing cognitive distortions and stress in the research community. Aims: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of reality therapy on differentiation and distress tolerance of mothers of intellectually disabled children. Methods: Based on a quasi-experimental design, pre-test and post-test with a control group, 30 persons of all mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (trainable) in exceptional primary schools in District 4 of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-20 were chosen as sample using a convenience non-random sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in reality therapy intervention sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data collection tools were Skorn and Smith questionnaires and Simmons and Gaher's (2005) distress tolerance scale. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in differentiation and distress tolerance (P

This article aims to analyze the film Things to Come, directed by Mia Hansen-Love, through the basic concepts of Reality Therapy. The behaviors of the main characters in the study were evaluated through the basic concepts of Reality Therapy and the scenes were analyzed in the context of Reality Therapy by sharing dialogues from the scenes thought to be related to these concepts. Descriptive analysis method and document analysis technique, one of the qualitative research methods, were used. Today, movies, proverbs, idioms and song lyrics can be used as a therapeutic instrument in the field of psychology. In this sense, it is aimed to present Reality Therapy from a different perspective by associating the movie as a therapeutic element with the basic concepts of Reality Therapy. Using movies in the field of psychology and analyzing them in the context of theories can provide great benefits to prospective psychologists and psychological counselors, especially during their undergraduate education. It may be useful to gain different perspectives, to make film analyses within the framework of different theories, to make use of movies that have a therapeutic effect related to the experiences of the counselees in the teaching of psychological counseling and personality theories courses at universities in addition to traditional methods, in order to better learn and internalize the theories. It can be concluded that the film supports the theoretical knowledge of Reality Therapy and is appropriate in terms of its emphasis on the basic concepts.

Abstract. Background: Reality therapy’s WDEP helps people to become aware of their wants and to engage in directing, evaluating, and planning to recognize the challenges and find solutions to them. This study examined the effect of reality therapy intervention on marital intimacy needs and communication patterns in married men. Methods: We conducted this quasiexperimental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The participants were 30 men selected using simple random sampling who were placed into two intervention and control groups, each of 15 persons. The data were collected using the Communication Patterns Questionnaire (Christensen & Sullaway, 1984) and the Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (MINQ; Bagarozzi, 1997). We performed the reality therapy intervention for the members of the intervention groups in 8 sessions of 90 minutes. We then analyzed the collected data using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with SPSS software (version 26). Analysis: The implementation of the reality therapy intervention increased the couples’ scores of intimacy needs and all its subscales (p

Background: Research shows that mental disorders are highly prevalent in prisoners and psychological interventions can help them to improve their psychological health. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on changing automatic thinking and self-criticism to create a healthy personality. ACT therapy focuses on increasing psychological flexibility, which is the ability to attend to experiences in the present moment without judgment, and in reality therapy emphasizes people's responsibility. However, comparative research on these three treatments in prisoners has received less attention. Aims: The purpose of the research was to compare the efficacy of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment (ACT; Hayes, Strosahl, & Wilson, 1999), cognitive-behavioral therapy (Beck et al., 1979), and reality therapy (Glasser, 1965) on the symptoms of mental disorders in male prisoners of Isfahan Central Prison. Methods: The present research was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population included all male prisoners of Isfahan Central Prison, from among whom 120 were selected based on systematic random sampling and were placed in experimental and control groups (per group n=30). Before and after the treatment and also during the follow-up period, the subjects completed the checklist of symptoms of mental disorders (SCL-90) by Dragotis et al. (1999). Acceptance and commitment (Hayes, Strosahl & Wilson, 1999), cognitivebehavioral therapy (Beck et al., 1979), and reality therapy (Glasser, 1965) were conducted separately in 12 sessions and the control group was placed on the waiting list. In order to analyze the data, analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used. Results: The results of showed the effectiveness of all three treatment models in improving the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism (p<0.05). According to the results of the follow-up test, there was a significant difference in the research variables between the three treatment groups and CBT on the symptoms of mental disorders has been significantly more effective than reality therapy and ACT (p<0.05) Conclusion: The results of the research showed that acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitivebehavioral therapy and reality therapy improved the psychological health of male prisoners and CBT was superior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social competence is one of the predictors of academic, psychological and social success in adolescents. Previous studies have shown that reality therapy and rational emotional behavioral therapy are suitable methods for improving social adjustment, but so far the efficacy of these two therapeutic approaches on the social competence of adolescent girls has not been studied and compared. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the efficacy of education based on reality therapy and rational emotional behavioral therapy on the social competence of adolescent girls. Methods: The current research design was a pre-test, post-test semi-experimental with a control group and a 2-month follow-up. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the first year of high school in Bushehr schools in the academic year of 2016-2017. The statistical sample consisted of 60 teenage girls who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and randomly were replaced in three groups of 20 people (two experimental groups and one control group). In reality therapy from a combined protocol (Glasser,2010; Wubbolding,2011) and rational emotional behavioral therapy sessions from a combined training package (Ellis,2004; Dryden & Neenan, 2010; Neenan & Dryden, 2009) and to collect Information was also used from the social competence questionnaire (Smart & Sanson, 2003). Repeated measurement analysis of variance, Benferroni post hoc test and SPSS23 software were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that reality therapy training and REBT significantly increased social competence compared to the control group. Also, reality therapy training increased social competence more compared to rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained findings, it seems that reality therapy and REBT increase social competence in adolescent girls. Therefore, school counselors can use these therapeutic methods to improve the five components of social competence (courage, cooperation, empathy, responsibility and self-control). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorders have adverse effects on family life. Based on this, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy Based on Unconditional Positive SelfAcceptance on the Attitude towards Childbearing in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The present study was an experiment with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of the research was made up of all mothers of children with autism in Sari City in 2021-2022, from which a sample of 30 people was selected using the available sampling method and randomly divided into two groups (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people were placed in the control group. The people in the experimental group received reality therapy intervention based on unconditional positive acceptance for two months in 8 sessions of 60 minutes. The questionnaire used in this research included Soderberg et al.'s (2013) attitude scale towards fertility and childbearing. The results of the test showed that reality therapy based on unconditional positive selfacceptance has a significant effect on the attitude towards fertility and childbearing of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that reality therapy training based on unconditional positive self-acceptance, with the benefit of teaching appropriate methods for accepting reality and making moral and responsible choices, can be used as an efficient method to improve the attitude towards fertility and childbearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the ethnography conducted during a Master's research in the Graduate Program of the Center for Studies in Public Policy and Human Rights at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). In it, I examined the disciplinary techniques implemented in the Brazilian neodisciplinary prisons known as the Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted (APAC). This study was carried out based both on the characteristics of disciplinary practices and on the contradictions, contrasts, and tensions observed. From the framework of Discipline and Punish, by Foucault, I described the control of time and activities, control of space, as well as of normalizing sanctions, examination, and hierarchical gaze, which are carried out with significant involvement of APAC members. Subsequently, I addressed the disciplinary techniques, as identified by Chantraine, related to communicational order and the "bombom" system, highlighting the differences between the effects observed by the author in a Canadian prison and what we have observed in APAC. Finally, I analyzed the therapy of reality and discipline by affective means, which do not find a perfect match in the aforementioned frameworks, to explore the connection between APAC and the common system, as well as the ambivalent role played by the APAC inmate's family. I also delve into the contrast between the emotions that typically permeate the penal system and those that APAC intends to mobilize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Many patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not receive cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention (first line treatment for OCD), for example, due to patients' fear of the exposure and reservations of the therapists. Technology-supported exposure (e.g., exposure therapy with response prevention in mixed reality [MERP]) for patients with OCD may help to overcome this obstacle. Building upon findings of our pilot study objectives of this study are to evaluate the efficacy, expectations of treatment success, feasibility, and acceptance of MERP as well as to identify possible limitations. In total, 64 outpatients with contamination-related OCD will be recruited and randomized to one of two conditions: MERP (six sessions in six weeks) and self-guided exposure therapy (six exercises in six weeks). Participants will be assessed before (baseline), after the six-week intervention period (post), as well as three months after post assessment (follow-up) regarding symptomatology (Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale; Y-BOCS), their subjective evaluation of MERP (acceptance) and sense of presence. The planned study is the first to investigate MERP in patients with OCD. Trial registration: German Registry for Clinical Studies (DRKS00020969), 14.06.2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the destructive effects of MS, there are emotional and psychological problems. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of acceptance, commitment and reality therapy based on reducing anxiety sensitivity in women with MS in Urmia. The research design was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population of this study included women with MS referred to the MS Association of Urmia in 1398, from which a sample of 45 people were selected voluntarily and were divided into two experimental groups and a control group. For the first experimental group, the intervention based on acceptance and commitment was performed, and for the second experimental group, reality therapy was performed, while the control group did not receive any training. The research instruments included Reese and Peterson Anxiety Sensitivity Scale (1985). Both treatments showed an effect on reducing anxiety sensitivity in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and the most effective intervention acceptance and commitment (p

Introduction: The effects of some problems such as cancer in childhood and adolescence remain throughout the lives. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group play therapy based on the choice theory on executive functions in children and adolescents with cancer. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 30 cancer patients aged 9-18 years who admitted to Dr. Sheikh Hospital in Mashhad, Iran in 2020. They divided randomly into two experimental group (n= 15) and control group (n= 15). The experimental group received eight sixty-minute sessions of group play therapy based on choice theory, and the control group used the game room. Both groups fulfilled the Executive Functional Behavior Rating Questionnaire (BRIEF). The data were analyzed using ANOVA mix model using SPSS software version 24. Results: The findings showed that the intervention has significant effects on shift, emotion control, initiate (P= 0.001), and monitoring (P= 0.04) due to the interactive effect of time and grouping, which shows the effectiveness. Their Partial Eta Squared (ƞ) were 0.42, 0.46, 0.62 and 0.13, respectively, and the inhibition (P= 0.59), working memory (P= 0.59), plan (P= 0.59), and organize (P= 0.29) did not have significant change. Conclusion: According to the findings, group play therapy based on the choice theory can be used as an effective intervention to improve shift, emotional control, initiate and monitoring in children and adolescents with cancer.

This document is a summary of the September reviewers of the month for the journal BJU International. The first reviewer highlighted is Bernardino Miñana López, who is an expert in prostatic diseases and has made significant contributions to the field of urology in Spain. The second reviewer is Handoo Rhee, a urological and transplant surgeon who has conducted research in genito-urinary oncology. The third reviewer is Guru Sonpavde, the Director of Genitourinary Oncology and Phase I Research at the AdventHealth Cancer Institute, with a focus on bladder cancer. The final reviewer is Tze Min Wah, a consultant in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology with a sub-specialty interest in Interventional Oncology. Wah has made significant contributions to the field and has been appointed as the first Professor of Interventional Radiology at the University of Leeds. [Extracted from the article]

Rationale: Social factors are considered important for the initiation and maintenance of drug abuse. Virtual reality (VR) research on cue reactivity and exposure frequently incorporates social stimuli as part of complex drug-intake scenarios. Attempts are rarely made to dissect the impact of the different components and their interactive effects. The present study critically extends this line of research by investigating the modulatory effects of social context on the reactivity evoked by proximal smoking cues. Methods: Thirty-two smokers and 33 never-smokers were presented in VR with proximal cues and neutral stimuli, embedded in a social context or a neutral context. A virtual hand model was used to translate real hand movements into VR. Each trial started with the presentation of the different stimulus-context combinations. Discrete stimuli were presented on the table in front of the participants, and contextual stimuli were presented at the end of the table. Afterward, participants were instructed to grasp the target stimulus (a cigarette vs. a pencil) in front of them. After successful contact, the stimulus appeared in the virtual hand. Modulation of cue reactivity by social context was assessed by selfreport, physiological measures, and overt approach behavior. Results: The results revealed modulatory effects of social context on the responses to proximal smoking cues in smokers. In contrast to never-smokers, smoking cues evoked craving in smokers, which was attenuated in a social context. Furthermore, social context increased the latency to approach and contact the cigarette in the group of smokers but did not affect behavioral approach responses in never-smokers. Other data provided indications for interactive, but also main effects of cues and contexts. Interestingly, cueevoked craving was increased after contact with the virtual cigarette. Conclusion: The present study critically extends previous research by providing evidence for the modulation of cue reactivity by social context. The results are particularly important given the well-established role of drug-associated environmental contexts in the stimulus control of addictive behaviors. Our results emphasize the need to address social context effects on cue reactivity in basic research and treatment and further suggest that changes in the perceived availability of smoking might enhance or inhibit cue-evoked reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-suicidal self-injury was discussed as a way to gain attention and power over others, but Reality Therapy (especially using the WDEP technique) could certainly achieve the same ends without putting anyone's life at-risk. So-called Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI) is defined as intentional destruction of one's body tissue without suicidal intent, and for purposes that are not socially sanctioned. Behaviors like cutting arms and legs, burning, scratching, banging or hitting are very widespread among teenagers and adult populations. Self-mutilation of various body parts includes removal of ears, genitals, tongue, and teeth. We are not talking about socially-acceptable forms of inflicting pain like tattoos, piercings or ritual cuttings or burnings. Roughly 4% of the general population and 14% of college students have reported a history of deliberate self-harm. There is evidence that NSSI has become more prevalent in recent years. I have unique experiences spanning many years working as a psychotherapist, but also as an emergency medicine physician who has treated hundreds of these kinds of patients in acute-care facilities. William Glasser (1998) reportedly noted that every behavior, even pretty crazy ones, will likely have its own purpose. After all, every human being is believed to want to satisfy his/her own basic needs (Glasser, 1988). For the past 25 years, we have been fascinated by the word "Choice", and generally curse the word "Control." Have we forgotten that under control Glasser meant control of his own life and never control of other people. Surprisingly, NSSI behaviors, in many instances, actually allow people to take pretty effective short-term control of their lives. So why do people harm themselves? There are several reasons why many choose this kind of strange behavior and here are but a few of them. NSSI frequently functions to temporarily alleviate negative emotions, resulting in feelings of calm and relief. In addition, self-injury has been used as a coping strategy with short-term effectiveness in dealing with various internal problems and demands. For instance, slightly more than one-half of those surveyed reported that they self-injure as a form of self-directed anger or self-punishment. Finally, self-harm might convey to others your displeasure with their behaviors or provide a physical sign of emotional distress. In other words, self-injurious behavior certainly can readily communicate to others your failure to accept their actions as being a positive way to act toward others (Klonsky, 2014; Menninger, 1935; Misoch, 2012). There is also strong evidence that NSSI is a strong predictor of future suicidal attempts, even stronger than a history of past suicidal attempts. Some researchers say that the severity of injury seems to be determined by the severity of its psychopathology and even offer neurochemical explanations for it. But it certainly doesn't explain why people who choose NSSI behavior often have little or no history of mental illness. In my opinion, patients with so-called NSSI must be treated more seriously--and not less seriously--than people who have actually attempted to take their lives (Nagaraja, et al., 2008). Despite the high frequency of NSSI, most medical authorities fail to provide clear methods for the treatment of this form of psychopathology. B.J.Turner et al., (2014) have published a detailed review regarding the treatment of NSSI. Among the most commonly used methods were Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Emotional Regulation Group Therapy, Manual-assisted Cognitive Therapy, and Dynamic Deconstructive Psychotherapy. For instance, medical therapy targeting the serotonergic, dopaminergic and opioid systems also have demonstrated some benefits. DBT specialists think that Non-Suicidal-Self-Injury is often used by patients as a coping strategy, but despite some therapeutic effects, they came to the conclusion that change can't be specifically attributed to the "crisis coping skills" (Turner, et al., 2014) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript was designed to examine the ways by which we can foster better relationships with others. Creating and maintaining healthy relationships is important, yet challenging (www.churchescare.com). The significance of personal relationships will be reviewed and discussed using a choice theory/reality therapy framework. Choice theory teaches that total behavior is made up of four distinct components -- acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. This theoretical approach emphasizes thinking and acting. The primary emphasis is on what the client is doing and how the doing component influences the other components of total behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Adolescence is one of the most sensitive periods of a person's life, one of the most important tasks of psychologists and counselors is to pay attention to the problems and problems of teenagers. Part of teenagers' tensions and problems are caused by the transformation of normal growth; such as growth and hormonal change, and another part is caused by the changes that occur in connection with the change of role in the society, that if the teenager does not have the necessary skills to deal with individual and interpersonal issues, adverse consequences will occur. In fact, most teenagers are faced with low self-esteem and negative self-concept, confusion, increasing negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, and as a result, reducing adaptive and positive functions. One of the problems that teenagers face during their lifetime is the fear of negative evaluation. Some people make a negative and unique evaluation of the event, which causes a constant fear and dysfunction in them, which can be internal (like I am incapable) or external (like, no It is not a safe place. Such evaluations create powerful emotions such as anxiety, anger, regret or guilt and symptoms of arousal, and these symptoms motivate the person to control the symptoms by adopting some methods. In turn, it causes the intensification of malfunctions. One of the sources of severe and continuous fear of a person is the evaluations he makes of the event or its results, negative evaluation of the event including negative evaluation of the emotions that occurred during the event and inappropriate event and negative evaluation of the feeling. The actions and activities that occurred during the incident and the inappropriate event and the negative perception of the responses of others and the perception of sustainable change in life after the event. One of the sources of persistent and intense fear may be a type of cognitive processing style during the event, which is called psychological failure. In order to deal with the fear of negative evaluation, psychotherapists investigated and pursued different treatment methods. Among the psychotherapy methods, we can mention therapy based on acceptance and commitment, as well as reality therapy. Reality therapy is a type of therapy that can be used for all people who have problems. Not denying the reality, taking responsibility and, accordingly, planning to achieve the goals, is one of the most important human needs in the life process, which is given importance in this therapeutic approach. Reality therapy is based on the choice theory. Reality-therapy considers behavior to include four components of performance, thinking, feeling and physiology, which we have direct control over two components of performance and thinking and indirectly over feeling and physiology. This treatment method emphasizes facing reality, accepting responsibility, recognizing basic needs, making moral judgments about the rightness or wrongness of behavior, focusing on the here and now, internal control and, as a result, achieving identity. Considering that the researchers are of the opinion that for fertility and progress, the society should nurture people with high mental health and considering that so far there has been no research to investigate and compare the effectiveness of therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy on fear of evaluation. The negativity of the students has not been addressed, and considering the importance of treating the students' malfunctions, as well as with the aim of preventing damage and improving the level of mental health, the necessity of conducting this research is revealed. Therefore, the current research aims to answer this basic question: Is there a difference between the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation of female secondary school students? Methods: The research method was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The research community consisted of all female students of the second year of high school in Fasa city in the academic year of 2021-2022. From this, 45 people were selected among the eligible people and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). For the first group, an intervention based on acceptance and commitment was applied, and for the second group, reality therapy was applied, and the control group did not receive any type of therapy. Research data with the help of the short version of Lori's fear of negative evaluation scale (1983), collection; and it was analyzed using analysis of covariance and Tukey's follow-up test. Results: The findings of the covariance analysis showed that the therapy based on acceptance and commitment and reality therapy significantly improved the fear of negative evaluation in the post-test stages (p<0.01); However, no significant difference was observed in the post-test between the two experimental groups. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that these treatments play a significant role in improving students' fear of negative evaluation, therefore, by identifying and introducing students to treatment centers and receiving psychotherapy protocols. Their mental health can be improved. Also, in explaining the effect of reality therapy on the fear of negative evaluation by the evaluator, it can be said that people with high scores in fear of negative evaluation are easily disturbed by their emotions in stressful situations and have high levels of chronic anxiety in different periods of family life. And conversely, people with a low fear of negative evaluation, because they have a clear definition of themselves and their opinions, can choose their own direction in life and in extreme emotional situations that lead to involuntary behavior and decision making in many people. Fails don't lose control and make decisions based on reason and logic. For this reason, these people will be less in critical situations with appropriate decision-making, because they will solve problems at the right time and in a more appropriate way, and they will face fewer unsolved problems. Behaviors, qualitative world and lack of external control can help to increase management and reduce the fear of negative evaluation in relationships, especially academic relationships. As a result, it can be said that reality therapy based on the theory of choice helps to choose responsibility and self-control and freedom. It also teaches people that they have acquired a successful identity and can make better choices based on reason and logic and away from emotion in their decisions and without believing in controlling behavior. And felt by others, and in this case, they become more positive people, and with choices without mixing with others, they experience a quality life, more successful communication, and more compatibility, and have less fear of negative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Depression is a feeling of extreme sadness and grief that can range from mild frustration to a feeling of great despair (1). Depression affects the quality of married life of individuals and impairs their performance more than anxiety disorders and as much as the most common medical diseases (2). In this regard, the development of intimacy between spouses is the first step towards creating a desirable marriage (5); Therefore, establishing and maintaining intimate relationships in marriage is a skill and an art that, in addition to early mental health and healthy experiences, requires the acquisition of skills and the performance of special tasks (6). In this regard, research shows that the root of many marital problems is the lack of intimacy and communication problems between spouses (2). Dissatisfaction with intimacy may lead to increased conflicts, decreased marital satisfaction, and emotional and psychological problems (7); In today's society, couples have severe and pervasive problems to establish and maintain an intimate relationship, and often seek treatment to re-establish levels of trust and satisfaction in their relationship, especially issues related to emotional-communication ties with important people in life (9). People who have difficulty developing intimacy often seek counseling for their marital problem, while increasing and improving intimacy is often one of the goals of couple therapy (7). Therefore, various therapeutic interventions have been performed with people with low quality marital relationships, and it has been confirmed that one of the effective therapeutic interventions to improve the quality of marital relationships and promote marital intimacy is to enrich marital life training based on Glaser theory of reality therapy. Considering the above and the importance of married life on the one hand, the negative impact of depression on life on the other hand and considering the impact of reality therapy on married life, therefore, by reviewing research conducted at home and abroad, research on the impact of reality therapy on Intimacy and marital satisfaction have not been performed in depressed married women. On the other hand, policymakers, researchers and psychotherapists in our country have not paid much attention to preventive methods and these methods need more scientific study, so the present study is necessary. Methods: For the present quasi-experimental and applied research, which was conducted with the experimental and control group and the pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up research plan, 30 depressed women referred to two counseling and psychology centers in Mashhad in 1398 (94 people) were 30 people. They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: reality therapy and control. After completing the consent form, they completed the Walker and Thompson Marriage Intimacy Questionnaire (1983) and the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989). Then, the subjects of the experimental group underwent 8 sessions of 90 minutes under the reality therapy program of Duba et al. (2009). Immediately after the intervention and two months later, the questionnaires were completed again by the subjects Finally, descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Shapirovilk tests, analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc using SPSS software version 23 were used for statistical analysis of data. Results: The results showed that the mean marital intimacy of the experimental groups in the post-test stage increased compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital intimacy after the test and stability in the follow-up phase of married women. It was also found that the difference between the mean of marital intimacy between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. . Another finding showed that the average marital satisfaction of married women in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that group reality therapy intervention compared to the control group increased marital satisfaction after the test and stability in the follow-up phase in married women. The results of post hoc test showed that the mean of marital satisfaction between pre-test and post-test and follow-up stages was significant (P = 0.001) but the mean difference between post-test and follow-up was not significant, indicating that the results in follow-up stage did not return and the effect of intervention was stable. have been. Conclusion: The results showed that the mean of marital intimacy in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that training has been able to affect marital intimacy in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect has remained stable until two months after the end of training, according to the results of the Bephrone post hoc test. In the above explanation, it can be said that in reality therapy, it emphasizes on cultivating a sense of responsibility to satisfy the basic needs of oneself and one's spouse and liberation from external control; Therefore, people may not have paid enough attention to their own needs and the needs of the other party, because meeting each other's needs in the marital relationship is one of the important factors in improving marital intimacy; However, attending reality therapy training sessions has been able to draw their attention to these important issues and to consider them in practice (2). Therefore, teaching how to look at these needs and meet them has been able to help couples. (20). As a result of reality therapy training, awareness about the intensity of couples' needs and creating a sense of responsibility has increased, and as a result, satisfying their needs has been able to play an important role in creating and improving sincere relationships. Another finding showed that the mean of marital satisfaction in the experimental group increased in the post-test stage compared to the pre-test. It was also found that these trainings were able to affect marital satisfaction in the post-test and follow-up stages, and this effect remained stable until two months after the end of the training. In explaining the results in terms of the effect of reality therapy, it can be said that Glasser's emphasis on accepting responsibility for each person's behavior helps people to examine and examine their own behavior instead of addressing their spouse's behavior and putting him or her under a magnifying glass. Play their part in problems and reduce marital satisfaction And thus improve their relationships; Reality therapy counselors based on Glasser's concepts try to increase couples 'trust, intimacy and marital satisfaction in their clinical interventions by increasing responsibility in couples and teaching communication skills, and strengthen couples' sense of commitment; Another factor that Glasser considers effective in strengthening and stabilizing marital relations is the couple's attention to each other's wants and needs; They learn to satisfy their own and their spouse's needs through loving behaviors (22). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the field of neurorehabilitation, robot-assisted therapy (RAT) and virtual reality (VR) have so far shown promising evidence on multiple motor and functional outcomes. The related effectiveness on patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been investigated across neurological populations but still remains unclear. The present study aimed to systematically review the studies investigating the effects of RAT alone and with VR on HRQoL in patients with different neurological diseases. Methods: A systematic review of the studies evaluating the impact of RAT alone and combined with VR on HRQoL in patients affected by neurological diseases (i.e., stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's Disease) was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Embase, and PsychINFO (2000–2022) were performed. Risk of bias was evaluated through the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool. Descriptive data regarding the study design, participants, intervention, rehabilitation outcomes, robotic device typology, HRQoL measures, non-motor factors concurrently investigated, and main results were extracted and meta-synthetized. Results: The searches identified 3025 studies, of which 70 met the inclusion criteria. An overall heterogeneous configuration was found regarding the study design adopted, intervention procedures and technological devices implemented, rehabilitation outcomes (i.e., related to both upper and lower limb impairment), HRQoL measures administered, and main evidence. Most of the studies reported significant effects of both RAT and RAT plus VR on patients HRQoL, whether they adopted generic or disease-specific HRQoL measures. Significant post-intervention within-group changes were mainly found across neurological populations, while fewer studies reported significant between-group comparisons, and then, mostly in patients with stroke. Longitudinal investigations were also observed (up to 36 months), but significant longitudinal effects were exclusively found in patients with stroke or multiple sclerosis. Finally, concurrent evaluations on non-motor outcomes beside HRQoL included cognitive (i.e., memory, attention, executive functions) and psychological (i.e., mood, satisfaction with the treatment, device usability, fear of falling, motivation, self-efficacy, coping, and well-being) variables. Conclusions: Despite the heterogeneity observed among the studies included, promising evidence was found on the effectiveness of RAT and RAT plus VR on HRQoL. However, further targeted short- and long-term investigations, are strongly recommended for specific HRQoL subcomponents and neurological populations, through the adoption of defined intervention procedures and disease-specific assessment methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Consumer decision-making processes involve a complex interrelation between perception, emotion, and cognition. Despite a vast and diverse literature, little effort has been invested in investigating the neural mechanism behind such processes. Methods: In the present work, our interest was to investigate whether asymmetrical activation of the frontal lobe of the brain could help to characterize consumer's choices. To obtain stronger experimental control, we devised an experiment in a virtual reality retail store, while simultaneously recording participant brain responses using electroencephalogram (EEG). During the virtual store test, participants completed two tasks; first, to choose items from a predefined shopping list, a phase we termed as "planned purchase". Second, subjects were instructed that they could also choose products that were not on the list, which we labeled as "unplanned purchase." We assumed that the planned purchases were associated with a stronger cognitive engagement, and the second task was more reliant on immediate emotional responses. Results: By analyzing the EEG data based on frontal asymmetry measures, we find that frontal asymmetry in the gamma band reflected the distinction between planned and unplanned decisions, where unplanned purchases were accompanied by stronger asymmetry deflections (relative frontal left activity was higher). In addition, frontal asymmetry in the alpha, beta, and gamma ranges illustrate clear differences between choices and no-choices periods during the shopping tasks. Discussion: These results are discussed in light of the distinction between planned and unplanned purchase in consumer situations, how this is reflected in the relative cognitive and emotional brain responses, and more generally how this can influence research in the emerging area of virtual and augmented shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in using augmented reality (AR)-based training for rehabilitation programs, while it remains unclear whether physical exercises using AR can be more effective than conventional therapy for patients with total knee replacement (TKR). This study, therefore, aimed to compare the effects of AR-based training to conventional therapist-based training on the physical performance of early-stage rehabilitation in patients after a TKR. It was a double-blind randomized controlled trial with repeated measures (pre-surgery, post-surgery, and post-intervention). Twenty-four participants with TKR were allocated to either AR-based training or therapist-based training. Both groups received a training program for 30 min per session, three sessions per week, for four weeks. The outcome measures included the range of motion (ROM), muscle strength, balance, and perceived pain. The results showed significant improvements in all measured outcomes in both groups (p < 0.05). However, despite our hypothesis that ART would be more effective than the TKR, no significant differences in all the outcomes were found between the two groups. While there was some evidence showing that performing physical exercises using AR could improve physical performance in patients with TKR after surgery, a comparison with conventional therapy did not show superior effectiveness. However, AR could be used to provide real-time feedback and motivation appropriate for home-training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Sex, as the most fundamental element of identity, accompanies a person from the beginning to the end of life. During the socialization process, the members of the society internalize and internalize cognitive, emotional, and behavioral patterns related to their gender. They learn to behave in different social situations as expected from the members of a particular sexual group. Successfully going through this process leads to the formation of a sexual identity compatible with society. But sometimes there are disturbances in this way. In the sense that a person may have the characteristics of a certain gender from a biological point of view, but he does not consider himself to belong to that group spiritually and psychologically. Such a person feels and behaves like a member of the opposite sex. It is obvious that this dual situation causes mental disorders and weakens the individual's performance. This phenomenon is called Transsexuality. Reality therapy is one of the approaches that has provided coherent therapy with a holistic view. And its use is possible for all people who have problems. Not denying reality, taking responsibility, and accordingly planning to achieve goals, are one of the main human needs in the life process, which is given importance in this therapeutic approach. Humans can create a better situation for themselves by choosing more effective and suitable ways to achieve a fun, power, freedom, love, and belonging. Social isolation during some rapid and sudden changes is considered normal and is not interpreted as maladjustment, but when it chronically hinders success and progress in normal tasks and functions of life, it can It has very harmful emotional, social, and even physical consequences. Social isolation is a threat to the mental health and psycho-social functioning of a person. In view of the mentioned materials and considering the effect that social isolation has on the personality, and considering that there is little research in the field of human sexual behavior, as well as the lack of research on reality therapy training for patients with gender identity disorder, the research Presented with the aim of the effectiveness of reality therapy on social isolation of patients with a gender identity disorder. Methods: This study was conducted as a semi-experimental design with a pre-testpost-test and follow-up with a control group. The research population is all people with gender identity disorder who were referred to the Shiraz forensic center in 2020- 2021, whose disorder was diagnosed by a forensic doctor, and due to the impossibility of accessing all of them in a targeted manner, out of 195 A total of 30 people were selected by convenience sampling and were divided into two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. First, Russell et al.'s social isolation questionnaire (1980) was taken from both groups, then the experimental group was given reality therapy training for 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive training. Again, the social isolation questionnaire was administered after the reality therapy training and was repeated in the 3-month follow-up, and the data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Results: A significant difference was seen in the loneliness reduction component between the control group and the reality therapy intervention group at a significance level of 0.1, therefore, the reality therapy approach has been effective. Conclusion: Since transgender people are often on the sidelines of social activities, many of their capabilities have not been developed. Efforts to make them capable of social relations can be effective in this direction. At the same time, heterosexual people must develop their social skills with people by developing their capacities and by avoiding committing deviant behaviors. The application of reality therapy techniques could help them in this field. Reality therapy is based on the basic assumption that people are motivated to change when they are convinced that their current behavior will not get them what they want. The goal of reality therapy is to foster acceptance of responsibility in the individual and create a successful identity. A person identifies the behavior he is trying to correct, devotes his whole being to it, and does not make excuses to deny his responsibility. In this approach, an effort was made to make the person know the short-term and long-term goals of his life. Define them clearly. Evaluate the ways to achieve the goal. Choose the methods that will lead to more favorable results and experience a more positive feeling towards yourself. It should be noted that this research has limitations that reduce its generalizability. Among these cases, we can mention the small size of the sample, the non-randomness of the sampling, and the fact that the samples are limited to one place, which is due to financial, human, time, etc. limitations, and shows the need for further extensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Virtual reality (VR) therapy may be an effective tool in treating urges and cravings in substance use disorder (SUD). Given the high co‐occurrence of difficulties with mood, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation with SUD, this review sought to examine the extant literature on the efficacy of VR for SUD in improving these secondary treatment outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines in PubMed, PsychInfo, and Embase. Studies were included if they utilized immersive VR, were conducted with individuals with substance use disorder/dependence/misuse, and included measures of mood, anxiety, depression, emotional dysregulation, or retention in treatment. Results: Seven articles met our inclusion criteria. Five studies were conducted on patients using nicotine and utilized a cue‐exposure intervention. VR was effective at reducing substance use and cravings in the majority of studies. Results on the efficacy of VR for improving mood, anxiety, and emotional regulation were mixed. Work examining retention in treatment was limited. Discussion and Conclusions: VR for SUD has the potential to improve mood and anxiety symptoms as well as retention in treatment for patients with SUD, particularly if the therapy targets these psychological symptoms. Future studies examining components of VR for SUD in individuals with drug use disorders, as well as examinations of targeted interventions for associated mood, emotional dysregulation, and retention in treatment, are necessary. Scientific Significance: This is the first systematic review of the impact of VR on mood, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation for individuals with substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of reality therapy based on choice theory and mutual relationship analysis on the mental and social well-being of couples with marital conflicts. Material and Method This research was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pretest-post-test design with a control group and more than one experimental group. For this purpose, 60 people (30 couples) were included in the study from all volunteer couples with marital conflicts referring to counseling centers in district three of Tehran with at least one year of cohabitation experience using the available method, and then they were randomly assigned into three groups (reality therapy, correlation analysis, and evidence) were included. To collect data in the pre-test and post-test, Molvi mental well-being test (1389) and Keys' social welfare questionnaire (1998) were used. In experiment group one (reality therapy) and experiment group two (relationship analysis) each group received 8 sessions of training, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Results The findings revealed that reality therapy based on choice theory and mutual relationship analysis was effective in the mental and social well-being of couples with marital conflicts. Conclusion The findings of this research showed that reality therapy based on choice theory and mutual behavior analysis had a significant effect on the mental and social well-being of couples with marital conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on parent-child conflicts with father-son and happiness in male adolescents in Ilam province. Materials and Methods: This applied research was conducted by experimental method (pre and post-test control group and random assignment). The statistical population of the study consisted of all the first high school teenagers of Shahriari high school in Ilam in the 2021-2022 academic year, of which 30 individuals who were in the moderate to poor range in this questionnaire and randomly were assigned into intervention and control groups. To measure the dependent variable -the parent-child conflict- Murray Strauss scale and for the happiness variable Snider scale were used. Results: The results of this research, which was conducted with multivariate covariance analysis, showed a decrease in the posttest scores of the experimental group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the results of covariance analysis showed that after the test, happiness scores in the experimental group decreased significantly compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be said that the reality therapy program reduces parent-child conflicts and increases happiness in teenagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is the most important marker for monitoring long-term blood Glucose level control in diabetes. Currently, psychological approaches along with medical science play a significant role in the symptoms of diabetes. The present study compared the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Reality Therapy (RT) on HbA1c level in Type 2 Diabetic (T2D) patients. Method: This semi-experimental study was conducted on 100 patients referred to diabetes clinics in Torbat Heydarieh, 2020. For this purpose, 60 patients were selected using the available method and were randomly allocated into two experimental groups and one control group (equally 20 people in each group). Data collection tools included the blood glycosylated hemoglobin test and demographic information. Data analysis was done using SPSS and covariance analysis. Results: Findings revealed that there is a significant difference between the HbA1c scores of ACT, RT with control groups in T2D patients. The mean of HbA1c after the intervention in the ACT group significantly decreased compared to the RT group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that ACT is more effective in T2D patients than RT. Therefore, this technique can be used in order to improve the control indicators of T2D patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the functioning of literature (and, more broadly, cultural texts) in popular circulation and the transformation of their role in the 20th century. The starting point for the analysis is the link between commercialisation (as an immanent feature of the ‘lowbrow’ circulation) and the artistic quality of the output that is part of it. The examples of the phenomena under discussion come from different linguistic milieux. This highlights the transnational nature of popular works, which feature invariant solutions to plots. In these two contradictory yet simultaneous tendencies can be observed: schematisation and de-schematisation, which renews conventionalised solutions. The author also emphasises the role of English-language works in the creation of figures of the collective imagination. Their presence in the minds of readers and the transformations they undergo with the development of industrial society and urbanisation processes can be traced from the late 19th century to the 1990s. That is why the 20th century — a period of intense expansion of popular culture — is a cohesive cultural entity with distinguishable individual periods. They are usually associated with socio-political crises, with stories becoming a cultural response to them and, at the same time, their artistic reception in the imaginarium communis. In addition, this is a time of technological progress, significantly affecting the distribution and media-based mediation of cultural texts in popular circulation. Literature has ceased to be a ‘separate phenomenon’ in it, hence the need to look at it as a part of a larger whole, with which it enters into various relationships. The domination of English-language output during the analysed period is associated with the global hegemony of the Anglo-American entertainment model. At the same time — in the works available to Polish-speaking readers — its ‘over-presence’ stems from the appearance after 1989 of a large number of translations, which have significantly influenced domestic pop-culture; moreover, their popularity in the reality of the free market economy has been determined by the readers themselves with their purchasing choices. It is hard to speak in this situation of the existence of national models of popular culture, although undeniably there are authors who dominate the local publishing markets. And yet they, too, exist in the context of the global pop culture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper considers the problem of testing whether there exists a non‐negative solution to a possibly under‐determined system of linear equations with known coefficients. This hypothesis testing problem arises naturally in a number of settings, including random coefficient, treatment effect, and discrete choice models, as well as a class of linear programming problems. As a first contribution, we obtain a novel geometric characterization of the null hypothesis in terms of identified parameters satisfying an infinite set of inequality restrictions. Using this characterization, we devise a test that requires solving only linear programs for its implementation, and thus remains computationally feasible in the high‐dimensional applications that motivate our analysis. The asymptotic size of the proposed test is shown to equal at most the nominal level uniformly over a large class of distributions that permits the number of linear equations to grow with the sample size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of choice theory and reality therapy training on reducing aggression and negative emotions in female adolescents. According to this study, a semi-experimental method with a pre-test-post-test was conducted with a control group. 28 female students of 10th and 11th grade from two schools in Amol in 2016-2017 school year were selected by available sampling method and non-randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were collected using the Novaco Aggression Questionnaire (AGQ), a short form of the Depression and Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in a two-stage pretest and posttest. The experimental group received eight sessions of reality therapy, while the control group did not. The collected data were analyzed using MANCOVA. The results showed that reality therapy reduced aggression components, but not depression, anxiety, and stress (p