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The injector housing has two functions, namely, positioning the injector and protecting it from coolant. The conventional manufacturing process of the injector housing by machining has some drawbacks such as considerable loss of material and environmental pollution caused by excessive use of cutting oil. In this paper, precision cold forging is proposed as a new manufacturing process in order to improve these issues. A numerical study was conducted to compute the metal flow, strain, load and other process variables using DEFORM-2D, a finite element analysis(FEA) code for metal forming. Two process methods were investigated and optimal conditions were computed with the FEA code. A prototype was manufactured from the optimal process method and the metal flow and hardness were obtained from the prototype.

A conceptual design for a new three-loop nuclear power reactor at 1700 MWe, P 3 -1700, is developed. P 3 stands for a new design philosophy, which requires protection, performance, and pro-activeness in the design. The design is developed from the proven technology of APR1400, while a significant improvement in the safety and performance is pursued by adopting a new fuel assembly design, a three-loop configuration, and a new safety injection configuration. Feasibility of the proposed design is investigated in terms of the sizing of the major components, a general arrangement, the core design, and a safety system configuration.

In the present investigation, the microstructure of nano tungsten carbide/cobalt (WC/Co) coating layers fabricated by detonation-gun spraying has been studied. Phase identification and three-dimensional distribution of constituent elements have been accomplished by using an ultra high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a three-dimensional atom probe tomography (3D-APT), respectively. The microstructures of WC/Co coating layer containing superfine carbides were observed in various forms, i.e., unmelted, partially melted and fully melted regions. TEM and APT results revealed that the WC phase has been decomposed into crystalline W 2 C, W and complex amorphous phases during high temperature detonation spraying and rapid quenching process.

This study investigated the effectiveness of a new method for measuring the actual focal spot position of a diagnostic x-ray tube using a high-precision antiscatter grid and a digital x-ray detector in which grid magnification, which is directly related to the focal spot position, was determined from the Fourier spectrum of the acquired x-ray grid's image. A systematic experiment was performed to demonstrate the viability of the proposed measurement method. The hardware system used in the experiment consisted of an x-ray tube run at 50 kVp and 1 mA, a flat-panel detector with a pixel size of 49.5 µm, and a high-precision carbon-interspaced grid with a strip density of 200 lines/inch. The results indicated that the focal spot of the x-ray tube (Jupiter 5000, Oxford Instruments) used in the experiment was located approximately 31.10 mm inside from the exit flange, well agreed with the nominal value of 31.05 mm, which demonstrates the viability of the proposed measurement method. Thus, the proposed method can be utilized for system's performance optimization in many x-ray imaging applications.

Desflurane at more than 1 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) has been shown to prolong the QT interval, but it is unclear whether this is the case at lower concentrations. The aim of this study was to determine whether desflurane concentrations of1 MAC affect tracheal intubation-induced prolongation of the QT interval.Forty-four subjects received either inspired desflurane at 1 MAC in oxygen 100% at a fresh gas flow rate of 6 litre min(-1) (desflurane group) or only oxygen 100% (control group) beginning at anaesthesia induction with propofol, before tracheal intubation. The QT intervals were corrected by Bazett's (QTcB) and Fridericia's (QTcF) formulae. The primary outcome was the QTcB immediately after tracheal intubation. Secondary outcomes were the interval from the peak to the end of the T wave (Tp-e), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and bispectral index (BIS) score.The QTc interval immediately after tracheal intubation did not differ between the control and the desflurane groups [QTcB, 451 (sd 23) vs 456 (27) ms, P=0.56; QTcF, 422 (24) vs 429 (22) ms, P=0.31, control vs desflurane group, respectively]. There was no difference in Tp-e or HR between the two groups in this study. However, MAP and the BIS score were significantly lower in the desflurane group until 1 min after tracheal intubation.The administration of desflurane at an inspiratory concentration of 1 MAC during manually controlled ventilation after anaesthesia induction with propofol did not affect tracheal intubation-induced QTc prolongation.

Korea-Japan Joint VLBI Correlator (KJJVC) is being developed by collaborating KASI (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Korea, and NAOJ(National Observatory of Japan), Japan. In early 2010, KJJVC will work in normal operation. In this study, we developed the software correlator which is based on VCS (VLBI Correlation Subsystem) hardware specification as the core component of KJJVC. The main specification of software correlator is 8 Gbps, 8192 output channels, and 262,144-points FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) function same as VCS. And the functional algorithm which is same as specification of VCS and arithmetic register are adopted in this software correlator. To verify the performance of developed software correlator, the correlation experiments were carried out using the spectral line and continuum sources which were observed by VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry), NAOJ. And the experimental results were compared to the output of Mitaka FX correlator by referring spectrum shape, phase rate, and fringe detection and so on. Through the experimental results, we confirmed that the correlation results of software correlator are the same as Mitaka FX correlator and verified the effectiveness of it. In future, we expect that the developed software correlator will be the possible software correlator of KVN (Korean VLBI Network) with KJJVC by introducing the correlation post-processing and modifying the user interface as like GUI (Graphic User Interface).

From 2% (w/w) whey powder in growth media, inhibitory peptides against angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) were studied with nine Lactobacillus species. Lb. brevis, Lb. helveticus and Lb. paracasei were proved to be the most effective strains in liberating ACE inhibitory peptides from whey protein. The inhibition rates of these peptides against ACE ranging from 93.3 to 100%. Several distinct peaks were eluted when the whey proteins were fractionated on a Delta Pak C18 column by reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Among ACE inhibitory activities of 14 peptides purified by dialysis and by fractionation using RP-HPLC, two peptide fractions (H5 and H7) of Lb. helveticus showing IC50 values of 5.3 and 7.8 were the most potent ACE inhibitors. All of these peptides including some other peptides (H1 and B1), having strong inhibitory activities against ACE were pentapeptides positioning with Ala at their N-terminal and these petapeptides had mostly hydrophobic (Pro, Val and Leu) or aromatic (Phe) amino acids at the C-terminal. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is a significant amount of research and interest in developing and charactering the peptides that inhibit angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity as these natural products may have a role in blood pressure control in man. This study revealed that the identification of peptides, mostly composed of pentapeptides following fermentation of whey protein in growth medium with different strains have the ACE inhibitory activities. These peptides may have antihypertensive effect as natural and safe nutraceutical/functional ingredients, though the exact potency of the pentapeptides isolated in this experiment has not been determined.

The AlGaN/GaN heterostructure HEMTs were epitaxially grown using MOCVD on semi-insulating SiC substrates. Standard III–V commercial production processing technology was used to fabricate the devices, which were then subjected to stress under accelerated DC life-tests with base-plate temperatures of 82, 112, and 142 C. Drain bias of 40 V and time-zero drain current of 250 mA/mm were applied. TEM samples were prepared via the lift-out technique using a focused ion beam (FIB). TEM analysis revealed that electrically degraded devices always contain a pit-like defect next to the drain in the top AlGaN layer. It has been found that the degree of the defect formation strongly correlates to drain current (IDmax) degradation.

The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical, rheological and sensory properties of regular process cheese (control) and cholesterol-reduced block-type process cheese. The cholesterol-reduced process cheese was made by accelerated ripened cholesterol-reduced Cheddar cheese and cholesterol-reduced butter treated by crosslinked -cyclodextrin (-CD). The composition of the block-type process cheese was similar to the control cheese. Approximately 91.0% of cholesterol removal was observed when treated by crosslinked -CD. The production of total free amino acids was significantly higher in cholesterol-reduced process cheese in all storage periods compared with those in the control. In sensory analysis, a significantly higher score of acidic, salty and bitterness. and lower score of elasticity were found. However, no difference was found in free fatty acids, rheological properties, and TBA test between the control and cholesterol-reduced process cheese. Therefore, the present study indicated that even though some of the significant difference was observed in sensory properties in the cholesterol-reduced block-type process cheese, most of chemical and rheological properties were comparable to the control process cheese.

In every large hospital, nurses must perform simple repetitive tasks such as measuring body temperature. Such tedious work reduces nurses` motivation to provide quality medical care, which is an important element of the medical services provided by a hospital. If a device were available to measure body temperature, nurses could focus on the more important aspects of providing quality medical care to the patients. However, body temperature is generally measured from the throat, anus, tympanum or armpit, where it is difficult to affix a patch type device. In addition, general body temperature measuring points shows moving artifact error; therefore, it is not good point to continually measure the temperature. In this paper, a patch type skin temperature measuring system was developed. To appropriately measure the skin temperature, a thermal transducer was implemented with a thin (0.5 mm) temperature sensor. The system is small and thin (), and weighs only 5 g including a battery, case and circuit; therefore, it is small and light enough to function as a patch type device. Moreover, the system worked for 5 days. To investigate differences between the experimental and conventional thermometer, simple clinical experiments were performed with 17 volunteers, and the result showed some correlation between the implemented system and conventional thermometer (Correlation coefficient

This study was conducted to identify the correlation of bacterial phytase (Transphos Ⓡ ) to the calcium level in feed. Of all 21-week-old 720 HyLine brown laying hens, 2 birds of similar weight were placed on each individual cage. The experiment was conducted by 3 × 2 × 3 factorial design with including 3 different levels of phytase (0, 300, and 1,000 DPU/kg), 2 different levels of calcium (3.5% and 4.0%), and 3 different levels of no NPP addition 0% (0.095 NPP), 0.5% (0.185% NPP), and 1.0% (0.275% NPP). The feeding trial maintained the ME level of 2,800 kcal/kg and 16% for crude protein. The diet was fed ad libitum and 17 hours of lighting was provided throughout the experimental period. Egg production seemed to increase, in the 300 DPU of bacterial phytase added group and the cracked egg tended to reduce in Transphos added group. The egg productivity between treatment groups did not show significant difference by dietary calcium level , whereas non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) was found to be low compared to NPP added groups (P

The impact of potential pathogenic foodborne Salmonella spp. in poultry production environments is of paramount importance, considering its implications for human health. Most of what is known about this organism under these environmental conditions is based on indirect evidence. The overall focus of this review is on the biology of potentially pathogenic foodborne Salmonella spp. in poultry environments. This is not just because of the implications regarding pathogenic Salmonella spp. for poultry production and food safety but because Salmonella spp. behavior may serve as a model for understanding general bacterial pathogen persistence in animal agricultural environments. This will help meet a long-term need to develop a comprehensive ecological picture of the contamination potential, growth, survival, and genetic stability of pathogens in poultry and other animal production environments. This will in turn lead to a better understanding of the environmental and health impacts of foodborne Salmonella spp....

In this study, we attempted to evaluate the relationship between air dilution sensory test and instrumental detection method for individual odorous compound. For the purpose of our comparative study, we conducted the analysis of malodor on total of 46 samples collected from both industrial and food waste sectors using the two independent approaches. The results of instrumental analyses were explained after modification to several parameters such as: the sum of odor concentration (SOC), sum of odor quotient (SOQ) and sum of odor intensity (SOI). When we compared dilution ratio values (DRV) of threshold limit (TL) with the modified instrumental data sets, pearson coefficient of SOC, SOQ, and SOI were 0.556 (p

The finite volume method for forging simulation is examined to reveal its possibility as well as its problem in this paper. For this study, the finite volume method based MSC/SuperForge and the finite element method based AFDEX are employed. The simulated results of the homogeneous compression obtained by the two softwares are compared to indicate the problems of the finite volume method while several application examples are given to show the possibility of the finite volume method fur simulation of complex hot forging processes. It is shown that the finite volume method can not predict the exact solution of the homogeneous compression especially in terms of forming load and deformed shape but that it is helpful to simulate very complex forging processes which can hardly be simulated by the conventional finite element method.

A survey to investigate the inhabitation of Callipogon relictus Semenov and evaluate the population of the species in the Gwangneung Forest was conducted during last seven years. During the study, a female was observed in the forest in 2006 which confirmed a possibility of the inhabitation with a small population. Fortunately, a ovipositing female was observed in the forest during this study period in 2006. The female laid more than 20 eggs singly in the crack of bark of the Carpinus laxiflora Blume. We collated the all available data for the species with the present study including the previous reports to provide the information far the conservation plan. It will be needed the long term monitoring and various efforts for the conservation of the species will be need hereafter.

The effects of Si addition on microstructure and magnetic properties of permalloy strips fabricated by the melt drag casting method were investigated. Permalloy strips with 200 mm width were successfully fabricated by melt drag casting followed by homogenizing, cold rolling and annealing. In order to understand the relationship between microstructure and magnetic properties, we measured permeability and analyzed microstructure as a function of Si content by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The effective permeability went through a maximum value in 2 at.% Si added permalloy strips and then decreased with increasing Si content. Increasing Si content enlarged grain size, which resulted in improvement of permeability. Permalloy strips with 5 at.% Si, however, showed drastically reduced permeability than that of 2 at.% Si added ones notwithstanding their coarse grain size and little oxide inclusion. The degradation of permeability in over-added Si above 2 at.% could be explained by formation of Ni 3 Fe ordered phase, which increase magneto-crystalline anisotropy.

Nano structured WC-Co coatings with carbide size of 100−200nm were fabricated by detonation gun spraying. The fabricated nano coatings showed improved hardness and wear resistance compared to micron WC-Co coatings. Considerable phase decomposition of WC to W2C and amorphous phase in nano coatings was detected, which is known to degrade wear resistance of coatings. In order to improve the wear resistance of the coatings by recovering of dissociated carbide phases, post heat treatment was conducted in Ar environment at temperature range of 400−900°C. Harness, fracture toughness and wear resistance of nano coatings were significantly improved by post heat treatment. The improved properties were elucidated and discussed in terms of microstructure and phase compositions.

The abilities of NKG2D ligands to specifically mark stressed or transformed cells and activate NK cells suggest the possibility that the expression levels of NKG2D ligands in cancers may be helpful to predict the efficacy of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, a multiplex RT-PCR was developed and used for rapid and simultaneous analysis of the expression level of NKG2D ligands in cancer cells and tissues. With total RNAs isolated from various cancer cell lines, the multiplex RT-PCR revealed various expression patterns of NKG2D ligands. With total tissue RNAs, the gastrointestinal tumors showed consistently increased NKG2D ligands, compared with adjacent normal tissues. However, NKG2D ligands were not always consistently increased in tumor tissues and expression patterns of NKG2D ligands were heterogeneous between patients, especially in breast and lung cancers. In addition, expression patterns of NKG2D ligands were very similar between various paired primary and their multidrug-resistant/metastatic cells, except MCF-7 sublines. These results demonstrated that the multiplex RT-PCR might be a useful diagnostics to detect the expression levels of NKG2D ligands in tissues as well as cells, and suggested that the gastrointestinal tumors might be good candidates for NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy, since it showed significantly higher levels of NKG2D ligands than adjacent normal tissues.

42Ni-Fe Invar alloy strips were fabricated using conventional ingot casting and melt drag casting followed by rolling. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and blanking deformability of the strips were evaluated. The properties were strongly depended on fabrication methods. Tensile strength and elongation of all strips were in the range of and 26-35%, respectively, which are enough values for the manufacture of the final products. In some of the strips, however, burrs occurred at deformed surface. The properties of strips were explained in terms of microstructure such as grain size and texture formation during rolling. Additionally, strips by melt drag casting method were compared to those by conventional ingot casting.

Measurement methods in order to measure the mechanical properties nondestructively have been studied. The mechanical properties of the structural and turbine rotor steels are related with their magnetic properties. If the magnetic properties of the cold rolled carbon steel sheet (CR) for a car are measured nondestructively, its mechanical properties are analogized by their magnetic properties. And then the mechanical properties are monitored on-line by measuring the magnetic properties. We prepared three CR materials, CBQ 3060, CBQ 3041, and CBQ 3036, were prepared in order to measure their mechanical and magnetic properties. The Vickers hardness,yield strength, and tensile strength were measured by ASTM E 8M, and the reversible magnetic permeability was measured by the surface type probe. The coercivity calculated by the peak interval of reversible magnetic permeability increased linearly with the increase of Vickers hardness, yield strength, and tensile strength. The amplitude of the peak interval of reversible magnetic permeability drastically decreased when the lift-off was increased.

Permalloy strips with 200 mm width were successfully fabricated by melt drag casting, and their microstructure and consequent magnetic properties were analyzed as a function of Si content. The effective permeability went through a maximum value for 2% Si-containing permalloy strips and then decreased with increasing Si content. Increasing Si content enlarged grain size, which improved permeability. However, addition of Si above 2% caused the formation of Ni3Fe ordered phase, which drastically reduced permeability in 5% Si-added permalloy strips.

Nanoparticles with multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized via an oxidative dispersion polymerization using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a polymeric stabilizer and HCl as a dopant. Prior to the synthesis, the MWNT was treated with strong acidic solutions via a reflux process to eliminate impurities including metallic catalysts. These MWNT/PANI nanoparticles were well dispersed in water because the hydrophilic PVA was stably adsorbed onto the nanopartcle surface. These MWNT/PANI nanoparticles were used as suspended particles for an electrorheological (ER) suspension, and the rheological properties for this ER fluid including yield stress and shear viscosity under several different applied electric field strengths were examined via a rotational rheometer equipped with a high DC voltage generator.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of freezing of soybeans on the coagulation of soymilk and quality of tofu. Soymilk, prepared from frozen soybeans, was found to coagulate faster in the presence of coagulant and produced a more uniform-structured gel than that from unfrozen soybeans. Tofu, prepared from frozen soybeans, showed a more orderly and denser network structure than that from unfrozen soybeans, thereby inducing an increase in some textural parameters such as hardness, springiness, gumminess and chewiness as well as syneresis. Freezing also brought about some changes in tofu quality: lower yield, lower fat and higher protein contents. Results of sensory evaluation showed that tofu from frozen soybeans had better sensory properties in terms of flavour and mouthfeel. From these results, it was concluded that freezing promoted the coagulation process of soymilk and changed the quality of tofu in a positive way.

Magnetic tunneling transistors (MTT) with double tunneling barriers are fabricated. The structure of the transistor is AFM/FM/I/FM/I/FM/AFM, and ferromagnetic layers serve as the emitter, base and collector. This double-barrier tunneling transistor (DBTT) has an advantage of controlling the potential between the base and collector, compared to the Schottky-barrier-based base and collector of MTT. We found that the collector current density of DBTT is at least 10 3 times larger than that of conventional MTT, since tunneling through AlO x barrier provides much larger current density than that through Schottky barrier.

Fabrication of two different types of functionally graded tungsten carbide cobalt (WC-Co) coatings has been tried by using detonation gun to enhance both the hardness in the surface region and the toughness of the coating. Five layers with a continuous compositional change of 75 to 92 wt.% of WC were sprayed to obtain ‘layer-structured gradient’ coatings. Each layer was controlled to have both minimum porosity and minimum phase decomposition of WC. New types of ‘continuously graded’ coatings were also fabricated to eliminate any obvious interfaces between layers by the ‘shot control method’ of detonation gun spraying. The wear resistance of these coatings was measured and compared to that of conventional WC-Co coatings by using dry sand abrasion tests under the condition of 20kg load and 200rpm rotating wheel. Present functionally graded coatings revealed more improved wear resistance than that of conventional coatings.

Effects of microstructural parameters on fatigue resistance (σFL) of the steel tire cords have been investigated experimentally from microscopic points of view. At first, microstructural parameters depending on carbon content have been identified by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fatigue resistance of the steel tire cords depending on carbon content has been measured by using the Hunter rotating beam tester under the bending stress of 900 to 1500 MPa. The fatigue resistance was improved with increasing the carbon content from 0.7, 0.8 to 0.9 wt. % C, due to variations of microstructural parameters, such as lamellar spacing (λp), cementite thickness (tc), and volume fraction (Vc) of cementite. As the carbon content increased, the lamellar spacing and the cementite thickness decreased, while the volume fraction of cementites increased. The effects of microstructure on fatigue resistance have been discussed in terms of the microstructural parameters mentioned above.

The objective of these experiments was to determine whether alternative molting diets would minimize Salmonella enterica serovar Entertitidis (S. Enteritidis) colonization in molting hens. Hens were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of 12 hens either full-fed (nonmolt, NM), molted by feed withdrawal (molt, M), a low calcium (LC containing 800 mg calcium), or LC diet supplemented with 110 mg zinc/kg of diet (LC-ZN) in two trials. All hens were challenged orally with 10 5 SE on day 4 of experiment. Hen body weight loss was significantly (P < 0.05) increased and ovarian weight was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in hens fed the LC or LC-ZN diets compared to NM. Cecal lactic acid concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in hens fed alternative molting diets. Feed withdrawal molted hens exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) more S. Enteritidis positive and S. Enteritidis crop, cecal, and organ colonization than NM, LC and LC-ZN hens. Alternative molt diets retain sufficient fermentative activity to limit S. Enteritidis colonization and therefore may have potential to avoid the risk of increasing S. Enteritidis colonization associated with feed withdrawal.

The objective of this study was to examine the separate influence of acidic pH, reductants (cysteine and sulfide) and zinc compounds (Zn acetate and Zn sulfate) during anaerobic growth of a S. typhimurium poultry isolate in rich or minimal media. The anaerobic growth of a S. typhimurium poultry isolate in TSB medium was significantly inhibited by either acidic initial pH or higher concentrations of Zn acetate. S. typhimurium anaerobic growth in M9 minimal medium was significantly inhibited by either acidic pH or higher concentrations of Zn acetate or Zn sulfate. Most anaerobic growth rates of the S. typhimurium poultry isolate in acidic media and with higher concentrations of Zn acetate or Zn sulfate were less than 0.10 h-1. The overall anaerobic growth rates of S. typhimurium were inhibited more in the presence (0.089 h-1) of reductants than in the absence (0.102 h-1) of reductants in M9 medium. Results in this study suggest that either increasing Zn concentration or decreasing initial pH can reduce growth rate of foodborne Salmonella under anaerobic growth conditions.

SUMMARY In order to develop an effective bacterial aerosol sampling system for commercial poultry housing, total bacterial populations were monitored using different air-sampling systems in a poultry layer house. To find the optimum sampling time for the detection of airborne bacteria, an axial fan Puralator filter (a home air conditioning filter attached to a household box fan), a circulating fan filter (glass fiber filter attached to a circulating fan with an adjustable flow rate), and all-glass impinger samples were compared over 2 d. Accumulated samples were collected continuously over 36 h, and nonaccumulated samples were collected concurrently during 4 distinct periods within this 36-h collection period. The air-sampling results also were compared with conventional drag-swab samples from the same poultry house environment. Total bacterial colonyforming units recovered from impingers and circulating fan filters were typically less variable. The axial fan samples by comparison had higher variability. Overall aerosol bacterial counts were higher when collected by the impactors before adjusting for airflow rate. Higher yields of total bacterial colony-forming units were recovered from impingers after being recalculated for airflow rate. The further development of aerosol sampling systems may allow for continuous monitoring of microbial populations in a poultry layer house.

A rapid and efficient procedure is outlined for in vitro clonal propagation of an elite cultivar of jewel orchid (Anoectochilus formosanus). Multiple shoot proliferation was induced in shoot tip explants on Hyponex (H3) media supplemented with 1 mg dm−3 benzyladenine or 1 – 2 mg dm−3 thidiazuron (TDZ). Addition of activated charcoal (1 g dm−3) to the TDZ containing medium promoted multiple shoot formation (11.1 shoots per explant). However, the regenerated shoots had slow growth rate and failed to elongate. This problem was overcome by transferring the shoot clumps to a hormone free H3 medium supplemented with 2 % sucrose and 0.5 g dm−3 activated charcoal. Rooting was induced in 100 % of the regenerated shoots in the same media. The plantlets were acclimatized and established in greenhouse.

Feed deprivation is the most common method used to induce molting and stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles in laying hens for commercial egg production. Unfortunately, an increased risk of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) colonization may result from the use of this method. Methods to stimulate multiple egg-laying cycles without increasing the risk of SE are needed. In each of 3 experiments, hens over 50 wk of age were divided into groups of 12 and placed in individual laying cages. One week before dietary changes, hens were put on an 8L:16D photoperiod that continued for the 9-d experimental period. Hens in all treatments were challenged orally with 10(4) cfu of SE on the fourth day. Treatments were full fed hens (nonmolted, NM), nonfed hens (molted, M), a zinc acetate diet (ZAC), and a zinc propionate diet (ZPR). The zinc diets contained 10,000 mg of zinc per kilogram of diet. Body weight losses were significantly higher in the M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in the NM treatment. Crop lactic acid decreased more in M, ZPR, and ZAC treatments than in NM hens in trial 2. Crop pH was significantly (P0.05) lower in NM hens than in M, ZAC, and ZPR hens in trial 2. Although cecal individual or total volatile fatty acids (VFA), and lactic acid were not significantly (P0.05) different between NM hens and M, ZAC and ZPR hens in trial 1, lactic acid was significantly (P0.05) higher in NM hens than in M, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 2), and cecal total VFA were lower in M hens than in NM, ZAC and ZPR hens (trial 3). Colonization of SE in the crop and ceca was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2). Liver, spleen, or ovary invasion by SE was higher in the M and ZPR hens (trials 1 and 2) than in NM hens. At the zinc concentration used in these studies, the zinc dietary regimens may be effective for reducing the risk of SE during induced molt.

Induced molting through feed withdrawal can change the microenvironment of crop and ceca su-ciently to allow them to be the sites of Salmonella colonization in the chicken intestine. This study compares the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles of microbial crop and cecal communities among molted hens fed similar zinc acetate or zinc propionate amended molt diets to hens either undergoing feed withdrawal or hensfill fed and not molted. Dendrograms of DGGE amplicon patterns indicated over 85% similarity of cecal communities between zinc acetate fed hens and zinc propionate fed hens and over 60% similarity of crop communities between zinc acetate fed hens and zinc propionate fed hens. Rapid comparison of complex gastrointestinal microflora profiles in laying hens fed similar diets is possible using DGGE.

This study was conducted to determine the ability of an alternative salt form of 1% Zn, Zn propionate, to induce molt in 66-wk-old hens. The hens were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups of 27 or 28 birds each: a) molted conventionally by feed withdrawal, b) 1% Zn as Zn acetate, c) 1% Zn as Zn propionate, or d) nonmolted control for 9 d. Feed intake was (P0.05) depressed in Zn acetate and Zn propionate hens when compared with nonmolted control hens during the 9 d. Ovary weights of hens undergoing feed withdrawal, Zn acetate, or Zn propionate were not (P0.05) different from each other, but all were (P0.05) lighter than the ovary weights of nonmolted control hens. Zinc concentrations in the kidney and liver were (P0.05) increased in Zn acetate and Zn propionate molted hens when compared with nonmolted hens on the control diet or hens molted by feed withdrawal. Bone ash values were (P0.05) increased for Zn acetate and Zn propionate molted hens or nonmolted control hens as compared with molted hens on feed withdrawal. Over the entire 3-mo postmolt period, there were no significant differences in interior egg qualities, but egg weights from hens fed Zn propionate were (P0.05) heavier than those from hens on feed withdrawal. The data of the current study demonstrated that feeding a Zn propionate (1% zinc)-supplemented diet can induce molt.

A commercial-feed-grade form of zinc propionate was examined as a potential feed amendment at a concentration of 1% zinc to induce molt in 90-wk-old hens. Dietary treatments consisted, of 4 treatment groups of 28 birds each randomly assigned to either (1) molted conventionally by feed withdrawal, (2) 1% zinc as Zn acetate, (3) 1% zinc as Zn propionate, or (4) nonmolted control for 9 d. Ovary weights of hens fed Zn acetate or Zn propionate were not significantly different from each other, but hens fed Zn acetate or Zn propionate were significantly (p

Although there are several ways to load tumor antigens to DCs, in vitro preparation of tumor antigens and manipulation of DCs are usually required. Therefore, to develop a simple antitumor immunization method, we examined if direct injection of DCs into tumor apoptosed by ionizing IR could induce efficient antitumor immunity. Ionizing IR with 15 Gy induced apoptosis in tumor maximally after 6 hr. Injection of DCs i.t. into IR tumor induced strong cytotoxicity of splenocytes against tumor cells compared to i.t. injection of DCs or ionizing IR of tumor, both of which induced weak cytotoxicity. In an animal study, i.t. injection of DCs into IR tumor induced therapeutic antitumor immunity against a tumor established at a distant site. Moreover, when TNF-α or LPS was added as a danger/maturation signal to DC suspension before i.t. injection, antitumor immunity was significantly potentiated compared to a group treated with i.t. injection of DCs into IR tumor. Our results suggest that injection of DCs into tumor apoptosed by ionizing IR might be a simple and efficient method of immunization against tumor. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ju Hye Lee, MD, Dong Hyun Kim, MD, Yong Kan Ki, MD, Ji Ho Nam, MD, Jeong Heo, MD, Hyun Young Woo, MD, Dong Won Kim, MD, Won Taek Kim, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan; Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea Radiat Oncol J 2014;32(3):170-178 http://dx.doi.org/10.3857/roj.2014.32.3.170 pISSN 2234-1900 · eISSN 2234-3156 Original Article

The effects of different organic acid compounds on the survival of a dry inoculum of Salmonella typhimurium marker strain added to poultry feed were determined. Organic acids were added as 1% Zn or Na salts (w/w) to poultry feeds and stored at room temperature for 9 days. Reduction of S. typhimurium populations from 0 to day 9 was not substantially different between poultry layer ration nonamended feed (96.76%) and Zn acetate (99.72%) or Zn propionate (99.60%) amended feed. However, over 90% reduction of S. typhimurium populations occurred in Zn acetate and Zn propionate amended feed by day 3 while poultry layer ration populations reached 90% reduction by day 5. S. typhimurium populations after 9 days were nearly 40% more reduced in Na propionate amended feed than Na acetate amended feed. The results of this study indicated 1% Zn compounds may have potential to reduce survival of S. typhimurium in a poultry diet during the early stages of storage.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of refrigeration and frozen storage on tibia breaking strength (kg/g) and tibia ash (%) in bones obtained from hens of different ages. A total of 75 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were divided into three equal groups according to age (72, 80, and 92 wk of age). Both tibias of each hen were harvested and immediately defleshed. The tibias from each hen were randomly assigned to either 1 d of refrigeration or 7 d of frozen storage. Tibia breaking strengths were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine with 50-kg-load cell at 50-kg-load range with a crosshead speed of 50 mm/min. Tibia ash weights were determined by ashing for 24 h at 615 degrees C. Bone breaking strength in 72 wk of age hens was significantly (P0.05) higher in refrigerated tibias (2.48 kg/g) than those in frozen storage (1.75 kg/g). However, there was no difference (P0.05) for bone ash (percentage of tibia ash) in all three groups between refrigerated storage (72 wk: 38.840%, 80 wk: 46.40%, 92 wk: 46.99%) and frozen storage (72 wk: 39.12%, 80 wk: 44.88%, 92 wk: 45.35%). This study indicated that frozen storage only influenced assessment of bone strength in 72-wk-old laying hens but could be used for sample storage of bones from older hens.

The effect of cytokinins thidiazuron (TDZ), benzyladenine or zeatin on protocorm-like body (PLB) induction from root tips of Doritaenopsis grown in vitro was studied. Among the cytokinins tested, TDZ was found to be more effective cytokinin in the induction of PLBs than benzyladenine (BA) or zeatin. On modified Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 2.3 μM TDZ the highest percentage of PLB formation (47.2%) occurred and each explant produced two to six PLBs. Histological observations indicated the existence of two kinds of pathways during PLB formation: direct PLB induction from the root meristem and callus-mediated PLB induction from cortical cells. During callus-mediated PLB regeneration, the initial cell divisions occurred in the cortex region of root apices followed by accumulation of callus like masses in the cortex region. These cell masses developed globular structures that developed into PLBs after 5 weeks of culture. Upon subculturing to a modified Hyponex medium, PLBs developed into plantlets that were successfully acclimatized in green house conditions.

We propose the syntheses of photopolymer with pendant cinnamic ester and cyclic carbonate groups by the addition reaction of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-styrene) with CO2 and then with cinnamoyl chloride. Quaternary ammonium salts showed good catalytic activity for this synthesis. Photochemical reaction experiments revealed that terpolymer having cinnamate and cyclic carbonate groups has good photosensitivity, even in the absence of sensitizer. In order to expand the application of the obtained terpolymer, polymer blends with poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared. Differential scanning calorimetry and optical clarity tests showed that the blends were miscible over the whole composition ranges.