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Background: Both salicylic acid (SA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) have proven efficacy with good safety profiles in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Objectives: This study compared the clinical efficacy and safety of 25% TCA and 30% SA peels in the treatment of mild and moderate acne vulgaris. Methods: Patients with mild or moderate acne vulgaris were randomized into 2 groups of 25 persons each, and treated with either the TCA peel or the SA peel at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. Evaluation of active acne was done by individual lesion counts (comedones, papules and pustules) and calculation of the Michaelsson acne score (MAS). Results: Both peels led to significant decrease in individual lesion counts and MAS compared to baseline values, without significant differences between the treatment groups. Thus, the peels had equivalent efficacy against acne vulgaris. The TCA peel was better in treating non-inflammatory lesions, while the SA peel was better for inflammatory lesions, but the differences were not significant. No serious adverse effects were recorded, but more patients in the TCA peel group experienced burning and stinging sensations. Conclusion: The efficacy of 25% TCA is comparable to that of 30% SA in mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris, but safety and tolerability were better with the SA peel than TCA peel.

The leaching kinetics of lead (Pb) from galena using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution will be explored in this study. The influence of temperature, stirring speed, concentrations of H2O2 and TCA as well as particle size, will be analyzed. The dissolution kinetics followed a shrinking core model, with the diffusion of some species as the rate-determining step. The value of activation energy obtained in this study was 39.89 kJ/mol, which meant that the leaching of Pb was controlled by a surface chemical reaction. The reaction order for H2O2 was 0.55 and the order of reaction for TCA was 0.44. Overall, the leaching of Pb from galena relied mainly on the concentrations of TCA and H2O2, temperature, particle size, and stirring speed. The combination of TCA and H2O2 leached substantial amounts of Pb from galena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A severe complication associated with diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). Most patients with DFU require amputation. Although treatment of non‐healing diabetic ulcers is challenging, the use of novel therapies can be effective. In this report, we present the case of a woman with type 2 diabetes with DFU‐related osteomyelitis, who was treated with a combination therapy of trichloroacetic acid, calcium alginate and foam dressings, human autologous fibroblast injection, and a fibroblast cell‐seeded collagen scaffold. The results showed the positive effects of combination therapy on DFU. In the initial treatment, the wound area was measured to be 14 × 7 cm2, with a depth of 4 cm. After 6 months, the wound was measured to be 1.5 cm2, showing a 90% reduction of the wound area. Overall, this combination therapy was highly effective in the treatment of DFU‐related osteomyelitis, and could markedly prevent amputation among DFU patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare efficacy of Derma Roller versus Trichloroacetic Acid (TCA) Chemical Reconstruction of Skin Scars (CROSS) technique for the treatment of acne scars. Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Maroof International Hospital Islamabad, from Mar to Sep 2020. Methodology: A total of 154 patients were sampled into two equal groups of 77 each, selected by non-probability consecutive sampling. Inclusion criteria was patients presenting with acne scars with duration >1 year, in the age range of 18-40 years, either gender and with acne scars on face only. The following patients were excluded from our study: patients with active acne or keloidal tendency, on oral retinoids and those having herpes labialis, group “A‟ patients were made to undergo four sessions of derma roller therapy at four weeks‟ interval each while group „B‟ had to undergo four sessions of Trichloroacetic Acid Chemical Reconstruction of Skin Scars technique at four weeks‟ interval each. Results: As per efficacy in both groups, 31 (40.25%) patients showed effective results in group A whereas in group B, 46 (59.74%) patients showed effective results, p-value 0.015. Conclusion: We therefore concluded that Trichloroacetic Acid Chemical Reconstruction of Skin Scars is comparatively better than Derma roller technique in the treatment of acne scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), the ubiquitous contaminants in drinking water, have been shown to impair renal function in experimental studies. However, epidemiological evidence is sparse. To investigate exposures to DBPs in associations with renal function among women. A total of 920 women from December 2018 to January 2020 were abstracted from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) Study, an ongoing cohort study in Wuhan, China. Urine samples were gathered at baseline recruitment and analyzed for dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures. Serum uric acid (UA), creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured as indicators of renal function. Multivariate linear regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were conducted to assess urinary DCAA and TCAA concentrations in associations with renal function indicators. Stratified analyses by age and body mass index (BMI) were also performed. We found null evidence of urinary TCAA in associations with renal function indicators. However, elevated urinary DCAA tertiles were related to decreased eGFR (β = −1.78%, 95% CI: 3.21%, −0.36%, comparing the upper vs. lower tertile; P for trend = 0.01). This inverse association still existed when urinary DCAA concentration was treated as a continuous variable, and the dose-response relationship was linear based on the RCS model (P for overall association = 0.002 and P for non-linear associations = 0.44). In the stratified analyses, we found an association of urinary DCAA concentration with decreased UA level among women <30 years but an association with increased UA level among women ≥30 years (P for interaction = 0.04). Urinary DCAA but not TCAA was associated with impaired renal function among women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. [Display omitted] • The associations between DBP exposures and renal function were firstly assessed. • Urinary TCAA was not associated with renal function indicators. • Urinary DCAA concentration was related to decreased eGFR level. • The association of urinary DCAA concentration with UA level was modified by age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of ear lobe extenders causes a circular defect whose closure becomes a challenge for the plastic surgeon. There are multiple techniques with mobilization of local flaps in an attempt to close and return to the natural shape of the lobe. We propose to present trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as an alternative for the correction of these lesions. Methods: A total of five patients with lesions by ear skin eyelets were selected, and 90% TCA was used to close the defects. Results: After applying the product, in the first days, there was a hyperemia around the area where the acid was applied. The frosting area was replaced by a crust, which loosened over the days, concomitantly reducing the diameter of the lesion with progressive closure of the defect. Conclusion: Although more studies are needed, the use of 90% TCA proved to be a simple and practical option for the closure of enlarged ear lobes.

Introduction In a series of day care office procedures, techniques like fat plug myringoplasty and Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cauterization are becoming increasingly popular for managing small central perforations now-a-days[Office1] . These are minor, cost effective procedures and have success rates that match success rates of conventional tympanoplasty[Office2] . The aim of this prospective randomized controlled trial, was to compare the effectiveness of fat plug myringoplasty and chemical cauterization in the management of small centrally located perforations of the pars tensa. Materials and Methods The study was carried out over a period of 2 years on 62 patients selected from ENT OPD in our tertiary health care setup of central India. All the selected patients were grouped into two using a random allocation software EPi Info7.1.1.14. Group A included those who underwent fat plug myringoplasty while group B were those who underwent TCA cauterization. Results At 6 months follow up there was closure of perforation in 29 out of 30(96.6%) patients of group A and 29 out of 32(91%) patients of group B. In both groups success was defined by closure of perforation. Comparison of results was done using Fisher Exact Test. The difference between the success rates of the two procedures was statistically insignificant with p value of 0.6624, indicating that both the office procedures are equally effective and can be used according to the needs of the patients. Conclusion These office procedures can revolutionize the protocol of tympanoplasty which has an obvious higher morbidity and more days of absenteeism as compared to these minor procedures.

Glycolic acid (GA), lactic acid (LA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels have been used in various combinations for treating melasma patients, but none of the studies have compared their therapeutic efficacy and improvement in quality of life (QOL) index with these three peeling agents in melasma. Our study aims to compare the clinical efficacy, safety, tolerability and improvement in QOL index between 30% GA, 92% LA, and 15% TCA peeling in epidermal melasma. Ninety patients were divided into three groups with 30 in each. First group was treated with 30% GA peel, second with 92% LA peel, and third with 15% TCA peel at every 2 weeks interval for 12 weeks. Melasma area severity index (MASI) and QOL index (Melasma quality of life and Health related quality of life index) were used for clinical evaluation. Patients were observed for side effects and tolerability. The mean MASI score after therapy was significantly lower in patients treated with GA and TCA peels as compared with the group receiving LA peel. However, there was no significant difference in the mean MASI scoring at 12 weeks between GA peel and TCA peel groups. The improvement in QOL index was higher among patients undergoing GA peel followed by TCA and LA peel. Adverse effects were noted mostly with TCA peels followed by GA and LA peel. Thus, GA and TCA peels were equally efficacious and more effective than LA peels. LA peel had minimum side effects and better tolerability than GA and TCA peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 became a pandemic, the number of cases has been continuously growing worldwide. Numerous recommendations and suggestions have been published to prevent the acquisition and spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2, especially to protect health workers and front‐line caregivers. SARS‐CoV‐2 is transmitted by aerosol, rendering air defense with suitable ventilation and adequate mask use pivotal. Recently, locally applied antiseptic, antiviral, or structure competitive receptor blockers were suggested to attack the virus at its main point of invasion, the nasal mucosa and nasopharynx. We discuss the most plausible and safe ideas to reduce viral load at the point of entry, and subsequently the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 to the lower respiratory tract, lungs, and other organs. In addition, we analyze the value and recommend clinical trials employing topical trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a substance well known from dermatologic and cosmetic procedures. It has been proven to successfully block the nasal entry for airborne allergens, preventing the development of allergic rhinitis and asthma, and to be curative for early stages of viral infections entering through the oral mucosa. For SARS‐CoV‐2, TCA in a single, short‐time application is expected to remodel the nasal and nasopharyngeal epithelia, eliminating both the receptors and cells responsible for viral entry and subsequent viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. Moreover, this may have therapeutic benefits for those recently infected by reducing local viral replication. Such procedures are cheap, safe, and can be conducted in almost every setting, especially in regions with inadequate financial and logistic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among alopecia areata (AA) treatments, contact irritants (anthralin) and topical immunotherapies (diphenylcyclopropenone) have been successfully used. Chemoexfoliation can potentially be utilized, acting as irritants and consecutively immunomodulators. Peels via therapeutic wounding provoke growth factors and cytokines that may induce hair regrowth. Aim: To evaluate and compare trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 35% and phenol 88% peels effectiveness and tolerability in patchy AA. Patients/Methods: This comparative, randomized, double‐blind study included 20 patients with multifocal patchy AA. In each patient, 2 patches were selected and randomized into group I (20 patches: TCA 35%) and group II (20 patches: phenol 88%). A session was performed every 3 weeks for 9 weeks. Response was assessed by two blinded observers as regards percentage of clinical improvement, severity of alopecia tool (SALT), and trichoscopic scaled scores for dystrophic and terminal hairs, respectively. Patients were scheduled for follow‐up visits over 6 months past treatment cessation. Results: A total of 19 patients completed the study and showed significant reduction in SALT score. TCA‐ and phenol‐treated patches demonstrated significant improvement in the percentage of clinical improvement, trichoscopic scale of dystrophic and terminal hairs. However, TCA was superior to phenol as it showed significant more reduction in trichoscopic score of dystrophic hairs and significant higher increase in terminal hairs. Phenol yielded significant higher discomfort than TCA. No relapse was detected. Conclusions: Trichloroacetic acid 35% and phenol 88% peels can be considered effective therapeutic modalities for patchy AA. TCA 35% represents a treatment of choice in terms of the efficacy and tolerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pyriform sinus fistula (PSF) causes a recurrent abscess in the neck. Endoscopic chemocauterization with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for PSF is a simple, reproducible, and reliable procedure for treating PSF; however, there is concern about complications caused by TCA overflowing into the larynx. To prevent these complications, we devised a highly effective chemocauterization using a distal hooded endoscope (HuDHE). Our aim is to determine the efficacy and safety of HuDHE in children with PSF., Methods: The main features of HuDHE are as follows (1) an endoscope with a translucent silicon hood at the tip was made; (2) TCA was endoscopically injected into the PSF; and (3) the color change of the mucosa into PSF was endoscopically evaluated. Data on children receiving HuDHE for PSF in the past seven years were collected from medical records., Results: Data were obtained for eight children receiving HuDHE. The success rate of treatment for PSF after the first TCA chemocauterization was 87.5% (7/8) and the cumulative success rate after the second treatment was 100% (8/8). None of the children had recurrent PSF or serious complications such as vocal cord paralysis after HuDHE., Conclusion: HuDHE appears to be a less invasive, safe, and effective treatment for PSF., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Katayama et al.)

Background: Melasma is a common pigmentary condition that affects the patients' quality of life and all the prescribed treatment options till now are not satisfactory, especially in dark-skinned patients., Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of systemic metformin (1,000 mg and 500 mg) combined with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peeling versus TCA alone in the treatment of melasma., Patients and Methods: The study included 60 melasma patients divided into 3 groups: Group A received systemic metformin (1000 mg/d), Group B received systemic metformin (500 mg/d) and Group C received placebo. The 3 treatment groups were treated by TCA 25% over the whole face bimonthly for a total of 6 sessions. Melasma area and severity index (MASI), and Melasma impact Quality of life Scale (MELASQOL) were used to assess the outcome., Results: There was a statistically significant decrease in the MASI, and the MELASQOL in the 3 studied groups after treatment with significantly better improvement in Group (A) than Group (C) ( p = .045)., Conclusion: Systemic metformin is a safe and promising therapeutic option for treating melasma., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, Inc. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The increasing demand for trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) in swimming pool disinfection highlights the need to evaluate its applicability in terms of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of DBP formation and control during TCCA disinfection, particularly concerning the effects of various management parameters. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by comprehensively investigating DBP formation during TCCA chlorination, with a particular focus on assessing the contribution and interaction of influencing factors using Box-Behnken Design and response surface methodology. Results indicated that the concentrations of trichloroacetaldehyde, chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and dichloroacetonitrile produced by TCCA disinfectant were 42.5%, 74.0%, 48.1%, 94.7% and 42.6% of those by the conventional sodium hypochlorite disinfectant, respectively. Temperature exhibited the most significant impact on chloroform formation (49%), while pH played a major role in trichloroacetaldehyde formation (44%). pH 2 emerged as the primary contributor to dichloroacetic acid (90%) and trichloroacetic acid (93%) formation. The optimum water quality conditions were determined based on the minimum total DBPs (pH = 7.32, Temperature = 23.7 °C, [Cl - ] = 437 mg/L). Chlorine dosage and contact time exhibited greater influence than precursor concentration on chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, trichloroacetaldehyde, trichloroacetic acid, and total DBPs. Although the interaction between water quality parameters was weak, the interaction between disinfection operating parameters demonstrated substantial effects on DBP formation (8.56-19.06%). Furthermore, the DBP predictive models during TCCA disinfection were provided for the first time, which provides valuable insights for DBP control and early warning programs., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) occurs following cutaneous injury and is common following resolution of acne especially in patients with skin of color. The objective of this study was to further validate a trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-induced PIH model and compare it to acne-induced PIH using topical bakuchiol, a botanical extract that has been shown to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiacne properties. A prospective, non-randomized clinical trial was conducted on subjects with skin phototypes IV–VI with a history of acne-induced PIH. Subjects applied bakuchiol or vehicle cream twice daily to 2 acne-induced and 2 TCA-induced PIH lesions for 28 days with a third lesion serving as a control in each group. Degree of improvement was defined as the change in the Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) score over 28 days of treatment. Twenty subjects (6 males, 14 females) completed the study. For TCA-induced PIH sites, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) degree of improvement with bakuchiol treatment (− 0.50 ± 0.18) compared to vehicle (0.05 ± 0.15) and control (− 0.06 ± 0.17). For acne-induced PIH, there was a greater degree of improvement for bakuchiol (− 1.06 ± 0.23) when compared to vehicle (− 0.56 ± 0.16) and control (− 0.69 ± 0.18); however, statistical significance was not reached (p > 0.05). TCA-induced PIH sites were uniform in size and pigment intensity thereby allowing better comparison among sites. This emphasizes the relevance of using this model for PIH which may help reduce the barriers in clinical trials and help improve access to treatments for patients who suffer from PIH. The results suggest that topical bakuchiol may decrease the severity of PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcapsules with TFA or TCA healing agents with an outer poly(melamine-urea-formaldehyde) (PMUF) were successfully synthesized for the first time, according to a review of published literature. The average sizes of the microcapsules obtained were measured to be 1.7 and 2 µm for TFA/PMUF and TCA/PMUF, respectively. Both microcapsules were separately added to an epoxy-based coating formulation. To examine the self-healing properties, scanning electron microscopy images were examined at the moment that damage occurred and seven days later. A self-healing experiment showed that the more reactive PMUF/TFA microcapsules were more efficient than the PMUF/TCA microcapsules in repairing scratch damage in the coatings. graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: There are certain common as well as atypical characteristics in the root canal anatomy of each tooth. Simultaneous understanding of both can be the key to successful endodontics. Various methods have been used till date for visualisation of root canal morphology with variable success rates like magnification, radiography, CBCT, digital imaging and clearing. Clearing technique provides a three-dimensional view of the root canal anatomy from outsidewhile maintaining the original form and relationship of canals as minimal instrumentation is required in the procedure. It is a simple and inexpensive technique which involves decalcification of tooth structure, dehydration in alcohol and clearing by immersing in clearing agents. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two decalcifying agents (nitric acid and trichloroacetic acid) and two clearing agents (methyl salicylate and eugenol) in the preparation of transparent tooth model for viewing the root canal system. Materials and Methods: The in-vitro research study from August 2, 2019 to August 27, 2019 included 40 freshly extracted teeth (18 maxillary and 22 mandibular) which were randomly divided in two groups (n=20); group A (decalcification done in 5% nitric acid) and group B (decalcification done in 10% trichloroacetic acid). Then, the teeth were dehydrated in isopropyl alcohol. Each group was subdivided in two subgroups depending on the clearing agent used (methyl salicylate or eugenol). Afterwards they were graded for transparency and haziness criteria, and data analysis was done using chi-square test, value of significance at p

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign tumor of the skin. They can occur anywhere, except the palms and soles. SKs commonly present as multiple, pigmented papules which is classically described as verrucous stuck-on papules or plaques. A case with multiple nodular appearance is a rare case and to our knowledge has never been reported. Here we report a rare case of multiple SKs on the scalp. On clinical evaluation, multiple, erythematous hyperkeratotic nodules were present. Dermoscopic and histopathological examination supported SKs. The patient was successfully treated with topical application of 80% TCA solution.

Introduction In a series of day care office procedures, techniques like fat plug myringoplasty and Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cauterization are becoming increasingly popular for managing small central perforations now-a-days[Office1] . These are minor, cost effective procedures and have success rates that match success rates of conventional tympanoplasty[Office2] . The aim of this prospective randomized controlled trial, was to compare the effectiveness of fat plug myringoplasty and chemical cauterization in the management of small centrally located perforations of the pars tensa. Materials and Methods The study was carried out over a period of 2 years on 62 patients selected from ENT OPD in our tertiary health care setup of central India. All the selected patients were grouped into two using a random allocation software EPi Info7.1.1.14. Group A included those who underwent fat plug myringoplasty while group B were those who underwent TCA cauterization. Results At 6 months follow up there was closure of perforation in 29 out of 30(96.6%) patients of group A and 29 out of 32(91%) patients of group B. In both groups success was defined by closure of perforation. Comparison of results was done using Fisher Exact Test. The difference between the success rates of the two procedures was statistically insignificant with p value of 0.6624, indicating that both the office procedures are equally effective and can be used according to the needs of the patients. Conclusion These office procedures can revolutionize the protocol of tympanoplasty which has an obvious higher morbidity and more days of absenteeism as compared to these minor procedures.

Abstract is missing (Short communication)

Introduction: The Study Aimed To Compare The Results of Cryosurgery With Trichloroacetic Acid Chemical (TCA) Cautery For The Treatment of Hypertrophied Nasal Turbinates. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study of 70 patients with nasal obstruction due to hypertrophied nasal turbinates who were randomly divided in 2 groups of 35 each. In group 1, patients underwent inferior nasal turbinate reduction by cryosurgery and in group 2 patients with cautery by 50% TCA. The patients were evaluated using SNOT-20 score pre and postoperatively on 6th month. Results: Significant improvement in symptoms was seen in 28 patients (80%) in group 1 and in 10 patients (28.57%) in group 2..Improvement in average SNOT Score after cauterization of hypertrophied nasal turbinates by cryosurgery was from 55(severe) to 16(mild) and by TCA was from 54(severe) to 32(mod) in 6 months and this was statistically significant (P<0.001). Complications like bleeding, scarring, infection and adhesion formation were more with TCA than that of cryosurgery group and among these complications scarring was statistically significant (P =0.003). Conclusion: The use of cryosurgical treatment for hypertrophied nasal turbinates is a safe, curative method as compared to that of TCA cautery which is less curative and with more complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients with acne scarring often have several types of acne scars, and combination therapies have demonstrated superior success to single treatment modalities. Chemical reconstruction of skin scars (CROSS) has gained popularity as the treatment for ice‐pick scars and fractionated laser therapy for rolling and boxcar scars. However, no study has looked at combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser for the treatment of atrophic acne scars. Aims: We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser for atrophic acne scars. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients treated with CROSS followed by fractionated nonablative laser treatment in the same visit for acne scars from 2016 to 2020. Treatment efficacy, defined as the percentage improvement in the appearance of acne scars, was assessed using a 5‐point scale: score 0 (worsening or 0% improvement), 1 (1% ‐ 25%), 2 (26% ‐ 50%), 3 (51%‐75%), and 4 (76%‐100%). Results: Twenty‐five patients (14 females and 11 males, Fitzpatrick Skin Type II –V) were enrolled. The average improvement score was 2.07 after 3 sessions and 2.78 after 5 sessions. All subjects reported satisfaction, while 24% were very satisfied. There were no permanent adverse effects, and only one patient developed a temporary hypertrophic scar. Conclusion: We concluded that combination therapy with CROSS and fractionated nonablative laser in the same visit is an effective and safe treatment option for atrophic acne scars in patients with various skin types, including skin of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Here, we verified that the actin cytoskeletal gene expression of human gingival fibroblasts was altered by the administration of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) using the nano-controlled releasing system. Materials and methods: The control and experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: the group with the TCA-only nano-controlled releasing system (EXP1), the group with the TCA- and EGF nano-controlled releasing system (EXP2), and the control group (CON) with 48-h incubation. Expression of 26 genes involved in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton were analyzed by real-time PCR followed by the determination of correlations and influential factors using the Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Results: Among 23 genes upregulated in EXP1 and EXP2, expression of 14 genes were significantly increased in EXP2 compared to EXP1. On the other hand, LPAR1 was downregulated only in EXP1, GNA13 was upregulated only in EXP2, and F2R was downregulated only in EXP2. Three Rac1-related genes and CDC42 were identified as the influential factors of the actin gene upregulation. Conclusion: The actin cytoskeleton genes in human gingival fibroblast were upregulated by the administration of TCA and EGF using HGC-based nano-controlled releasing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seborrheic keratoses (SKs) are benign tumor of the skin. They can occur anywhere, except the palms and soles. SKs commonly present as multiple, pigmented papules which is classically described as verrucous stuck-on papules or plaques. A case with multiple nodular appearance is a rare case and to our knowledge has never been reported. Here we report a rare case of multiple SKs on the scalp. On clinical evaluation, multiple, erythematous hyperkeratotic nodules were present. Dermoscopic and histopathological examination supported SKs. The patient was successfully treated with topical application of 80% TCA solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Halogenated compounds are an important class of environmental pollutants that are widely used in industrial chemicals such as solvents, herbicides, and pesticides. Many studies have been carried out to explore the biodegradation of these chemicals. Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is one of the main halogenated compounds that are carcinogenic to humans and animals. The bacterium was isolated from the northern coastline of Johor Strait. In this study, the ability of strain MH2 to biodegrade TCA was evaluated by a growth experiment and dehalogenase enzyme assay. The growth profile of the isolated strain was examined. The doubling time for L. boronitolerans MH2 was found to be 32 h. The release of chloride ion in the degradation process was measured at 0.33 × 10−3 ± 0.03 mol∙L−1 after 96 h when the growth curve had reached its maximum within the late bacterial exponential phase. The results showed that the strain had a promising ability to degrade TCA by producing dehalogenase enzyme when cell-free extracts were prepared from growth on TCA as the sole carbon source with enzyme-specific activity, 1.1 ± 0.05 µmolCl−min−1∙mg−1 protein. Furthermore, the morphological, and biochemical aspects of the isolated bacterium were studied to identify and characterize the strain. The morphological observation of the isolated bacterium was seen to be a rod-shaped, Gram-positive, motile, heterotrophic, and spore-forming bacterium. The amplification of the 16S rRNA and gene analysis results indicated that the isolated bacterium had 98% similarity to Lysinibacillus boronitolerans. The morphological and biochemical tests supported the 16S rRNA gene amplification. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of this genus of bacteria to degrade this type of halogenated compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an endemic disease of Iran and despite self‐healing nature of this disease and many suggested treatments, scar is usually inevitable results of the affection with this cutaneous infection. CO2 laser in CL has a specific thermolysis effect on infected tissues and application of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 50% solution for treatment of leishmaniasis scars showed promising results. Aim: To evaluate CO2 laser plus TCA 50% versus CO2 laser alone for treatment of CL. Patients/Methods: In the current report, we present 6 cases of noduloulcerative CL that were treated successfully by the combination of the continuous wave CO2 laser plus topical application of TCA 50%. Results: Five patients improved after 3 weeks of starting treatment, and 1 patient needed to repeat treatment. The scars were flat and good. Conclusions: The CO2 laser plus topical TCA 50% may be more effective in treatment of the cutaneous leishmaniasis and results in shorter healing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Therapies for postacne scarring act through modulation of elastin and collagen, and collagen III might therefore represent a biomarker of treatment effectiveness. Patients and methods: Patients (n = 70) with postacne scars and individuals without scars (n = 56) were included in this case‐control study. Patients were treated with Dermaroller microneedling, trichloroacetic acid chemical reconstruction, punch excision, or scar subcision. Scar severity was graded immediately before and after treatment with a photographic quartile scale and the ECCA scale. Serum levels of collagen III were measured in control individuals and in patients, before treatment, 1 month after the first treatment session, and 4 months after the final session. Results: Circulating levels of collagen III were significantly higher in patients with postacne scarring (24.1 ± 12.5) before treatment than in control individuals (2.6 ± 0.8). Circulating levels of collagen in patients were significantly lower 4 months posttreatment (14.3 ± 8.1) than at baseline. The mean percentage change in serum collagen III was positively correlated with both the mean percentage improvement by photographic evaluation (r =.530, P <.000) and the mean percentage change in the ECCA scale (r =.632, P <.000). Conclusion: Circulating collagen III is a biomarker for improvement of postacne scarring following different therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peeling may be effective in solar lentigines, but with concerns regarding potential tumorigenesis. Cryopeeling would be better with improving the whole sun‐damaged skin. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of cryopeeling and TCA 35% peeling for treatment of solar lentigines and assess their influence on the number of epidermal Langerhans cells (LC). Twenty‐five patients were treated with TCA 35% and cryopeeling on the right and left hands, respectively. Two sessions were done 3 weeks apart. Evaluations were scheduled at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Skin biopsies, taken before and after treatment, were evaluated histologically and immunohistochemically for the number of CD1a + epidermal LCs. Lentigines decreased after cryopeeling from the first session (p <.001), but after the second session with TCA peeling (p =.004). Cryopeeling produced significant lightening, compared with TCA (p =.015). Blistering, hyper/hypopigmentation were reported with cryopeeling, whereas only hyperpigmentation was noted after TCA peeling. The LCs remained at about the pretreatment number after cryopeeling (p =.058), though they decreased after TCA (p =.002). Cryopeeling provided faster and superior improvement of lentigines compared with TCA peeling. Furthermore, TCA seems to suppress LCs raising the concern for carcinogenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of intra-lesional injection of Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 10% in patients with conjunctival inclusion cysts. Methods: This prospective case series study included all patients with conjunctival inclusion cyst who were referred to our referral center from August 2016 to August 2018. All patients received TCA 10% injection into the conjunctival cyst, and outcomes of the intervention were evaluated at least 6 months later. Results: Ten patients with mean age of 24 ± 17.6 (range 6-65) years including three children received TCA 10% injection into the conjunctival cyst. We included 6 anophthalmic and 4 ophthalmic cases. All patients were treated successfully and no recurrence of the lesion was observed in any case. Mean follow up duration was 18.1 ± 8.3 (range 6-28) months. Conclusion: Intra-lesional injection of TCA 10% is a safe, simple, and effective treatment in patients with conjunctival inclusion cysts including ophthalmic cases and anophthalmic cases, both in adults and in children. This concentration may avoid ocular surface complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To study the outcome of microneedling combined with 35% focal trichloroacetic acid peeling in post acne atrophic scars. Methods This study was conducted in department of dermatology, unit 1, Jinnah hospital, Lahore. A total of 90 patients with Goodman Baron grade 2, 3 & 4 post acne atrophic scars were included in the study. All patients were treated with microneedling alternating with trichloroacetic acid focal peel via CROSS technique at 2 weekly intervals. Results Combination therapy with microneedling followed by trichloroacetic acid peeling resulted in improvement of 1 grade in 93.3% patients with grade 3 and 4 post acne atrophic scars regardless of the age, gender, duration and type of scar and the baseline grade of scarring. There was statistically no significant difference in the frequencies of improvement across various subgroups of patients based on patient's age (p-value=0.731), gender (p-value=0.461), duration of disease (pvalue= 0.777), type of scar (p-value=0.899) and baseline Goodman and Baron Grade (pvalue= 0.821). Conclusion Combination therapy of microneedling followed by trichloroacetic acid peeling resulted in improvement of 1 grade in 93.3% patients with grade 3 and 4 post acne atrophic scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE) and its two major metabolites trichloroethanol (TCE-OH) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cause formic aciduria in male F344 rats. Prior treatment of male F344 rats with 1-aminobenzotriazole a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, followed by TCE (16mk/kg, po), completely prevented formic aciduria, but had no effect on formic acid excretion produced by TCA (8 or 16 mg/kg, po), suggesting TCA may be the proximate metabolite producing this response. Dow and Green reported an increase in the concentration of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the plasma of rats treated with TCE-OH, suggesting a block in the cycling of 5-MTHF to tetrahydrofolate (THF). This pathway is under the control of the vitamin B12-dependent methionine salvage pathway. We therefore treated rats with three daily doses of methylcobalamin (CH3Cbl) or hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl), a cofactor for methionine synthase, or L-methionine, followed by TCE (16 mg/kg) to determine if they could alleviate the formic aciduria. These pretreatments only partially reduced the excretion of formic acid in the urine. Although prior treatment with S-adenosyl-L-methionine had no effect on formic acid excretion. Consistent with these findings, the activity of methionine synthase in the liver of TCE-treated rats was not inhibited. Transcriptomic analysis of the liver-identified nine differential expressed genes, of note, was downregulation of Lmbrd1 involved in the conversion of vitamin B12 into CH3Cbl, a cofactor for methionine synthase. Our findings indicate that the formic aciduria produced by TCE-OH and TCA may be the result of a block in the recycling of 5-MTHF to THF, the effect on the methionine salvage pathway being a secondary response following acute exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Photoaging (extrinsic aging) is caused by environmental exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Superficial and medium‐depth chemical peels with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) are performed to reduce wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, dryness, and erythema caused by photoaging process. Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of 15% TCA peel against the combined 70% glycolic acid and 35% TCA for the treatment of photodamaged facial skin. Patients/Methods: Forty female patients with types II and III of Glogau photoaging scale were divided into two groups of twenty subjects (GA/TCA and 35% TCA). The GA/TCA group was treated with combination peeling of 70% GA and 15% TCA, whereas the 35% TCA group was treated with monopeeling of 35% trichloroacetic acid. Each patient was submitted to five sessions of these peels, with an interval of 14 days between each session. The following skin aging parameters were examined before treatments, before each session, and 3 months after the last application: hydration, elasticity, melanin index, and erythema index (MPA‐5; Courage‐Khazaka, Germany); and depth and volume of wrinkles (PRIMOS; GFMesstechnik GmbH, Germany). Results: Both peel methods achieved significant improvement in all skin parameters: elasticity, hydration, melanin index, and erythema index. Significant differences between the GA/TCA and 35% TCA groups were found only for hydration and melanin index. GA/TCA was characterized by significantly higher values of the hydration parameter and lower values of melanin index compared with 35% TCA. Combination peel GA/TCA did not cause dryness, edema, or intensive lysis of the epidermis, and the frequency of peel‐induced erythema did not increase with the addition of glycolic acid, but with higher concentration of the TCA solution. However, subject‐perceived improvements of the 35% TCA peel did not differ significantly from subject‐perceived improvements of combination peel treatment. Adverse events requiring intervention or discontinuing treatment were not observed in either group. Conclusion: The addition of glycolic acid before 15% TCA chemical peel application significantly enhanced TCA‐induced improvement in photoaging parameters (increase in skin elasticity and hydration; reduction in melanin index and erythema index), and subject‐perceived improvements. However, 35% TCA peel is more effective in reducing wrinkles, despite a lower tolerability. Both medium‐depth chemical peels including 15% TCA in combination with 70% GA and 35% TCA alone proved to be useful for the removal of epidermal or superficial lesions and to improve the texture of photodamaged facial skin (grade II‐III Glogau photoaged skin). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kinetics of the reaction of F‐atoms with trichloroacetic acid was studied at 293 K using a low‐pressure flow reactor. Reactant concentrations were monitored by mass spectrometry combined with molecular beam sampling. The reaction rate constant obtained was k = (4.3 ± 0.8) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. This is an average value determined by the relative method employing four reference reactions of F‐atoms: with 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, ethanol, cyclohexane, and 2‐fluoroethanol, for which rate constant ratios k/kref = 7.4 ± 1.2, 0.24 ± 0.02, 0.28 ± 0.02, and 0.34 ± 0.04, respectively, were obtained. The resultant rate constant is compared with the rate constants for the related fluoro‐substituted acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome C is a biochemical drug widely used in clinical treatment. To improve the quality of cytochrome C, we studied the factors influencing the quality of cytochrome C in the preparation process. The purity of cytochrome C prepared by different processes was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and the 2. 5x104 protein in SDS-PAGE was analyzed and identified by LC-MS/MS. The results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis show that the sample of cytochrome C prepared by traditional process using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitator contained not only 1. 22 x 104 cytochrome C, but also a protein molecule of about 2. 5 x 104. Cytochrome C samples prepared by the new process without trichloroacetic acid precipitator only had 1.22 x 104 cytochrome C, but no 2. 5 x 104 protein was found. The LC-MS/MS analysis and identification result of the 2. 5 x 104 protein in the SDS-PAGE map show that the coverage between this protein and cytochrome C (susscrofa) was 76%. Combining with its molecular weight, it can be proved that this protein is cytochrome C dimer. TCA precipitator during the preparation of cytochrome C easily leads to the formation of cytochrome C dimer. Therefore, TCA is one of the key factors affecting the quality of cytochrome C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicological studies have demonstrated that disinfection byproducts (DBPs), particularly haloacetic acids, cause testicular toxicity. However, evidence from human studies is sparse and inconclusive. This study included 1230 reproductive-aged men from the Tongji Reproductive and Environmental (TREE) cohort to investigate the associations between repeated measures of DBP exposures and semen parameters. Urinary dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as biomarkers of DBP exposures and semen parameters in up to three samples from each man were assessed. The linear mixed effect models were applied to explore the associations between urinary biomarkers of DBP exposures and semen parameters. We found inverse associations of urinary DCAA with sperm count, progressive motility, and total motility (e.g., −14.86%; 95% CI: −19.33%, −10.15% in sperm total motility for the highest vs. lowest quartiles; all P for trends < 0.05). Moreover, urinary TCAA modeled as a continuous variable was negatively associated with sperm progressive motility and total motility, while the inverse associations across increasing urinary TCAA quartiles were seen among leaner men (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Exposure to DBPs reflected by urinary DCAA and TCAA was inversely associated with sperm motility and such effects were more evident among leaner men. [Display omitted] • Up to three urine and semen samples from each man were collected. • Urinary DCAA and TCAA were measured as biomarkers of DBP exposures. • Urinary DCAA was related to reduced sperm count and motility. • Urinary TCAA was related to reduced sperm motility. • The effects of urinary HAAs on sperm motility were stronger among leaner men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]