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In the process of studying the diversity of Xylariales in China, three species owning characteristics of Graphostromataceae were observed in China. Morphology of the described species with illustrations and their phylogeny based on regions of internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the second-largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II (RPB2), β-tubulin (TUB2) and α-actin (ACT) are provided. Two new species and one new record from China are identified. Morphologically, Biscogniauxia glaucae sp. nov. differs from B. atropunctata var. maritima, B. citriformis var. macrospora, B. fuscella and B. mediterranea by its stromata with raised margins, clear outlines, punctate ostioles openings and ascospores which are equilateral with broadly rounded ends, a straight spore-length germ slit on the more concave side, lacking appendages and sheathes. Graphostroma guizhouensis is identified as a new species based on the multi-gene phylogenetic tree. Camillea broomeana with scanning electron microscope description of ascospores is illustrated as a new record from China. Cryptostroma is proposed in Graphostromataceae based on molecular data. Vivantia is accepted in Graphostromataceae based on its morphological characteristics and Nodulisporiurn anamorphs which are similar to those of Biscogniauxia.

During a study on fungal endophyte diversity, Nigrospora lacticolonia Mei Wang & L. Cai was isolated from healthy leaves of Guarea macrophylla, a shade tree in the Cocoa agroecosystem (cabruca) in Brazil. We confirmed the identity of the specimens using morphological data and a phylogenetic reconstruction based on molecular markers (internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) sequences). The specimen presented black globose or slightly ellipsoidal conidia, and the conidiophores were reduced to conidiogenous cells. This is the first report of N. lacticolonia in the Neotropical Region.

During an investigation of Xylariaceae from 2019 to 2020, isolates representing eight Nemania (Xylariacese) species were collected from Yunnan, Guizhou and Hainan Provinces in China. Morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, based on combined ITS, α-actin, rpb2 and β-tubulin sequences, confirmed that six of them are new to science, viz. Nemania camelliae, N. changningensis, N. cyclobalanopsina, N. feicuiensis, N. lishuicola and N. rubi; one is a new record (N. caries) for China and one is a known species (N. diffusa). Morphological descriptions and illustrations of all species are detailed. In addition, the characteristics of Nemania are summarised and prevailing contradictions in generic concepts are discussed.

Endophytic fungi are extremely diverse in natural biomes, which display a unique plant-microbe association inside different living host tissues. Among the plants that shelter endophytes, the endophytic fungal assemblages of Cactaceae remain poorly understood. Our study characterized the taxonomy, diversity, and ecology of endophytic fungal assemblages living in different tissues of the cactus Melocactus ernestii present in the Brazilian Caatinga biome. A total of 222 endophytic fungi were obtained from roots, stems, and spines, which were identified in 99 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla. Most of the fungal taxa were recovered from root tissues, followed by stems and spines. The most abundant orders from Ascomycota were Xylariales, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. Basidiomycota is represented by Cantharellales, Agaricales, and Geastrales. Only Nigrospora sp. and Preussia sp. 1 were common among the three plant tissues, and 78.41% of the species were not shared among the populations and tissues. We detected similar richness patterns among the same tissue types using sample-based rarefaction and extrapolation curves. The multiple site dissimilarity across the plants and tissues showed greater disparities in species richness among M. ernestii fungal assemblages. These results highlight the compartmentalization of endophytic fungal species in the root tissue, and the endophytes sharing observed exclusively between spines and stems may reflect interactions of endophytic fungal assemblages with possible dependency on shared resources in cacti. Overall, our findings will an approach to understand changes in the diversity and the key roles of turnover of endophytic fungal assemblages in semi-arid environments.

The Iodosphaeriaceae is represented by the single genus, Iodosphaeria, which is composed of nine species with superficial, black, globose ascomata covered with long, flexuous, brown hairs projecting from the ascomata in a stellate fashion, unitunicate asci with an amyloid apical ring or ring lacking and ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal-fusiform or allantoid, hyaline, aseptate ascospores. Members of Iodosphaeria are infrequently found worldwide as saprobes on various hosts and a wide range of substrates. Only three species have been sequenced and included in phylogenetic analyses, but the type species, I. phyllophila, lacks sequence data. In order to stabilize the placement of the genus and family, an epitype for the type species was designated after obtaining ITS sequence data and conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Iodosphaeria foliicola occurring on overwintered Alnus sp. leaves is described as new. Five species in the genus form a well-supported monophyletic group, sister to the Pseudosporidesmiaceae in the Xylariales. Selenosporella-like and/or ceratosporium-like synasexual morphs were experimentally verified or found associated with ascomata of seven of the nine accepted species in the genus. Taxa included and excluded from Iodosphaeria are discussed.

Cladosporium bambusicola P. P. Costa, A.W.C. Rosado & O.L. Pereira sp. nov. (Figure 3) MycoBank: MB824725 Systematic position: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae Etymology:—Name refers to the host from which the species was isolated, bamboo. Colonies on PDA attaining 52 mm diam, dull green, greenish glaucous aerial mycelium, woolly, radially furrowed; sector formation, greenish glaucous, greenish-yellow at the margin, smoke grey aerial mycelium; reverse greenishgrey. Colonies on MEA attaining 50 mm diam, dark green to olivaceous grey, fluffy, woolly; reverse olivaceous black. Colonies on OA attaining 65 mm diam, smoke grey; pale olivaceous grey aerial mycelium, flat, wooly; reverse olivaceous grey. Colonies on SNA attaining 47 mm diam, flesh a rosy vinaceous, hazel, flat, sparse; reverse similar to surface. Mycelium scarce, 1.35–4.72µm wide, septate, sometimes very swollen and constricted at the septum, subhyaline to light brown, sometimes brown, irregularly rough-walled, stromatic hyphal aggregations, and numerous conidia. Conidiophores solitary, macronematous, 23.96–178.99 × 2.40–6.17 µm, arising terminal or laterally from hyphae, erect or flexuous, sometimes seceding at one of the lower septa, cylindrical attenuated towards the apex, sometimes filiform, non-nodulose, rarely geniculate towards the apex, pale brown to brown, sometimes becoming subhyaline towards the apex, 0–10 septate, more or less rough-walled, micronematous, lateral 5.56–21.08 × 2.01–2.78 µm, brown, narrowly cylindrical to filiform, 1–2 loci, 0–1 septum. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly terminal, cylindrical, cylindrical-filiform, sometimes geniculate with a small lateral shoulder at apex, 9.13–47.04 × 1.58–4.19µm, brown to pale brown, with 1–4 loci at apex, conidiogenous loci non-protuberant or only slightly so, thickened and darkened. Ramoconidia once or rarely formed, cylindrical-oblong attenuated to apex, 33.90–39.71 × 4.34–5.80µm aseptate, brown, truncate base, unthickened, refractive. Secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, filiform, oblong-ellipsoid, sometimes subglobose, 1–4 distal hila, slightly thickened, 6.28–26.25 × 2.06–5.51 µm, 0–3 septate, subhyaline, pale brown to sometimes brown. Conidia numerous, catenate, acrogenous, aseptate or once septate, subhyaline to dark brown, intercalary conidia fusiform, ellipsoid-ovoid to subglobose 4.16–10.79 × 2.66–5.27 µm, terminal conidia subglobose to globose, sometimes obovoid, aseptate, 3.29–7.26 × 3.31–5.73 µm. Occurrence of microcyclic conidiogenesis. Type:— Brazil. Minas Gerais: Araponga, at “ Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro ”, isolated from decayed leaf of Aulonemia amplissima (Poaceae), March 15, 2016, (holotype VIC 44237, ex-type culture COAD 2256). GenBank: MT373125 (ACT), MT680204 (TEF1-α), MZ318433 (rDNA-ITS) Additional specimen examined:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Araponga at “Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro”, isolated from decayed leaves of Aulonemia amplissima (Poaceae), 15 March 2016 (living culture COAD 2255). Notes: — Cladosporium bambusicola is a sister group of C. brigadeirensis, but the two species present morphological differences. Cladosporium bambusicola forms two types of intercalary conidia markedly different from each other. One smaller conidia type, fusiform, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-ovoid, ellipsoid-cylindrical, aseptate, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth. Another conidia type is predominantly larger, rarely catenate, subglobose, ellipsoid, limoniform, oblong, oblong-ellipsoid, brown to dark brown, wall rough, thickened. However, it is not possible to differentiate the conidiophore that originated these conidia as in Cladosporium herbaroides (C. herbarum species complex), which also have two morphological types of conidia. However, they are formed by two different conidiophores, macronematous and micronematous (Bensch et al. 2012). Cladosporium brigadeirensis does not have ramoconidia and its secondary ramoconidia is on average half the size of C. bambusicola. The conidial chains tend to be larger in the last species, while C. brigadeirensis form a cluster of conidia at the base of conidiogenous cells., Published as part of Costa, Pricila P., Rosado, André W. C. & Pereira, Olinto L., 2022, Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 1-29 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on pages 15-17, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031143, {"references":["Bensch, K., Braun, U., Groenewald, J. Z. & Crous, P. W. (2012) The genus Cladosporium. Studies in Mycology 72: 1 - 401. https: // doi. org / 10.3114 / sim 0003"]}

Cladosporium chusqueae P. P. Costa, A.W.C. Rosado & O.L. Pereira sp. nov. (Figure 6) MycoBank: MB824724 Systematic position: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae Etymology:—Name refers to the genus Chusquea, from which the species was isolated. Colonies on PDA attaining 52 mm diam, smoke grey, furrowed, submerged mycelium at the margin, velvety, sparse woolly mycelium central; reverse greenish grey, dull green at the margin. Colonies on MEA attaining 49 mm diam, grey olivaceous, velvety, sparse feathery mycelium central; reverse dull green. Colonies on OA attaining 53 mm diam, greenish-grey to glaucous grey, greenish glaucous at the border, fluffy, woolly on center, sector formation grey olivaceous, velvety; reverse dull green, with a light citrine to pure yellow, diffusible pigment. Colonies on SNA attaining 34 mm diam, greenish glaucous to olivaceous buff, flat and scares; reverse similar to surface. Mycelium loosely branched, 2.06–4.10 µm wide, septate, subhyaline to light brown, sometimes slightly swollen and darker brown near the origin of conidiophores, irregularly rough-walled. Conidiophores macronematous, solitary, 22.98–140.70 × 2.58–4.39 µm, arising terminal and laterally from hyphae, erect, flexuous, or bent, once dichotomously branched immediately before a septum at 90° angle, frequently cylindrical oblong, sometimes cylindrical attenuated towards the apex, some loci formed on the lateral shoulder or slight geniculate, sometimes slightly head-like, unilaterally swollen at the apex, brown or pale brown, unbranched, 0–7 septate, conspicuous at the base clearing towards the apex, more or less rough-walled, sometimes micronematous, lateral, 7.61–19.46 × 2.40–2.83 µm pale brown to brown, rarely subhyaline, narrower, 1–3 loci, 0–2 septate. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mainly terminal, sometimes geniculate towards the apex, rarely with loci formed on the minute lateral shoulder, 8.61–21.92 × 2.39–4.01µm, pale brown to brown, with 1–5 loci at apex, rarely 8, non-protuberant or only slightly so, somewhat thickened and darkened. Ramoconidia absent. Secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 2–4 distal hila, 5.5–12.04 × 2.01–3.51 µm, aseptate, pale brown to brown, sometimes very similar to conidium, just a little bigger. Conidia numerous, catenate, acrogenous, fusiform, ellipsoid to narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, aseptate, subhyaline to pale brown, intercalary conidia 3.81–7.34 × 1.81–2.53 µm, 1–2 distal hila, terminal conidia oblong-ellipsoid, 2.84–5.53 × 1.80–2.45 µm. Microcyclic conidiogenesis occurs. Type:— Brazil. Minas Gerais: Araponga, at “ Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro ”, isolated from decayed leaf of Chusquea urelytra (Poaceae), March 15, 2016 (holotype VIC 44239, ex-type culture COAD 2258). GenBank: MT373122 (ACT), MT680201 (TEF1-α), MZ 318430 (rDNA-ITS) Additional specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais:Araponga, at “Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro”, isolated from decayed leaves of Chusquea urelytra (Poaceae), 15 March 2016, (living culture COAD 2261 and COAD 2262). Notes: — Cladosporium chusqueae is phylogenetically close to C. angulosum and C. xantochromaticum and has common features with both species. Similar to C. angulosum, C. chusqueae branches dichotomically near the base of the conidiophore, forming an angle of 90º. This branching occurs immediately before the septum, similar to the branches of the C. xantochromaticum. The unusual diffusible yellowish pigmentation in the culture medium was also observed in C. chusqueae as well as in C. xantochromaticum. However, this pigment was observed only in OA, whereas C. xantochromaticum was found only in the PDA medium. Unlike the two related species, ramoconidium was not observed for C. chusqueae., Published as part of Costa, Pricila P., Rosado, André W. C. & Pereira, Olinto L., 2022, Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 1-29 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031143

Cladosporium pseudotenuissimum P. P. Costa, A.W.C. Rosado & O.L. Pereira sp. nov. (Figure 7) MycoBank: MB840952 Systematic position: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae Etymology:—Name refers to phylogenetic proximity to C. tenuissimum. Colonies on PDA attaining 71 mm diam, dull green, flat, woolly; smoke grey aerial mycelium; reverse olivaceous grey to dull green. Colonies on MEA attaining 62 mm diam, grey olivaceous to smoke grey, fluffy, woolly; reverse dull green to iron grey. Colonies on OA attaining 34 mm diam, grey olivaceous to olivaceous, greenish glaucous at the border, velvet, streaked with grooves, sector formation dull green, reverse grey olivaceous. Colonies on SNA attaining 39 mm diam, isabelline to buff, very scarce, sector formation; reverse similar to surface. Mycelium diffuse, branched, 1.88–5.56 μm wide, septate, slightly swollen, pale brown to brown, sometimes irregularly rough-walled to verrucose, with some bubble-like swelling. Conidiophores numerous, solitary, macronematous, 43.38–299.42 × 2.77–4.60 μm, arising mainly laterally and rarely terminally from hyphae, erect or flexuous, cylindrical, cylindrical oblong, sometimes cylindrical attenuated towards the apex, or almost filiform, sometimes head-like swollen or occasionally with peg-like prolongations, some slightly geniculate with loci formed on the lateral shoulder, brown to dark brown, rarely dichotomically branched, 0–7 septate, septa darker and thicker toward the base, micronematous laterally, 20.7–24.7 × 4.04–5.06 μm, pale brown, cylindrical or cylindrical attenuated to apex, 1 apical locus, aseptate, reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly terminal, cylindrical or cylindrical attenuated to apex, sometimes terminal head-like swollen, 15.25–51.03 × 2.77–4.01 μm, rarely geniculate towards the apex with a single locus on the small lateral shoulder, brown to dark brown, sometimes pale brown, commonly 1–4 loci, rarely more at the apex, conidiogenous loci non-protuberant or only slightly so, sometimes lightly thickened and darkened. Ramoconidia occasionally formed, oblong-ellipsoid, cylindrical, 33.31–53.21 × 4.54–5.09 μm, aseptate, truncate base, brown to dark brown. Secondary ramoconidia ellipsoid, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes ovoid, 1–4 distal hila, 7.05–20.27 × 2.77–5.86 μm, 0–1 septate, pale brown to brown, darkened, slightly protuberant. Conidia numerous, sometimes catenate, acrogenous, fusiform, ellipsoid, ellipsoid-ovoid, ellipsoid-cylindrical, subglobose, limoniform, oblong, oblong-ellipsoid, aseptate, occasionally 1-septate, subhyaline, pale brown to dark brown, 4.27–6.95 × 2.24– 3.74 μm, terminal conidia ovoid to subglobose 3.09–4.90 × 1.96–3.59 μm. Microcyclic conidiogenesis occurs. Type:— Brazil. Minas Gerais: Araponga, at “ Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro ”, isolated from decayed leaf of Chusquea urelytra (Poaceae), March 15, 2016 (holotype VIC 44422, ex-type culture COAD 2266). GenBank: MT373132 (ACT), MT680211 (TEF1-α), MZ318439 (rDNA-ITS) Additional specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais:Araponga, at “Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro”, isolated from decayed leaves of Chusquea urelytra (Poaceae), 15 March 2016, (living culture COAD 2264, COAD 2267 and COAD 2268), and isolated from decayed leaves of Chusquea anelytroides (Poaceae), 15 March 2016 (living culture COAD 2259). Notes:— Cladosporium pseudotenuissimum is phylogenetically close but distinct from C. tenuissimum. Moreover, some conspicuous morphological features distinguish the two species. Cladosporium tenuissimum have conidiophores solitary or in groups of 2–3, often are subnodulose or nodulose with apical and sometimes a few additional swellings on a lower level and have intercalary conidiogenous cells. While in C. pseudotenuissimum was only found solitary conidiophores, with swelling and conidiogenous cells restricted to the apex.Also, C. pseudotenuissimum has secondary ramoconidia, and its conidia are shorter (4.27–6.95 μm) than those described for C. tenuissimum [4–12(17)] μm. Cladosporium pseudotenuissimum also has bubble-like swelling on hyphae, which has not been described in any other species of Cladosporium until the moment., Published as part of Costa, Pricila P., Rosado, André W. C. & Pereira, Olinto L., 2022, Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 1-29 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031143

Cladosporium aulonemiae P.P. Costa, A.W.C. Rosado & O.L. Pereira sp. nov. (Figure 2) MycoBank: MB824721 Systematic position: Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Cladosporiales, Cladosporiaceae Etymology:—Name refers to the genus Aulonemia, from which the species was isolated. Colonies on PDA attaining 47 mm diam, dull green to dark herbage green, grey olivaceous to citrine scarce aerial mycelium, velvety, furrowed; reverse olivaceous grey. On MEA attaining 40 mm diam, grey olivaceous, greenish glaucous, pale olivaceous grey woolly central mycelium; velvety, slightly radially furrowed; reverse olivaceous grey. On OA attaining 45 mm diam, grey olivaceous, dull green at the margin; reverse greenish-grey, velvety, flat. On SNA attaining 19 mm diam, greenish glaucous to grey olivaceous, flat, and sparse; reverse similar to surface. Mycelium sparsely formed, 2.38–4.55 µm wide, septate, sometimes slightly swollen and constricted at the septum, medium to dark brown, irregularly rough-walled, sometimes walls thickened, usually covered by polysaccharide-like material, and formation of stromatic hyphal aggregations. Conidiophores macronematous, solitary, 37.14–228.51 × 2.31–4.53 µm, arising terminal and laterally from hyphae, erect or somewhat flexuous, sometimes bent, cylindrical, sometimes narrowed, several times distinctly geniculate-sinuous towards the apex due to accentuated zig-zag-like sympodial proliferation, loci then localized on small lateral shoulders, up to 37 µm long, frequently dichotomously branched towards the apex, occasionally with prolongations at the apex, brown at the base and becoming paler towards the apex, septum conspicuous, sometimes refractive,1–5 septate, walls irregularly rough-walled, thickened at the base, sometimes micronematous, lateral, 15.67–32.28 × 2.78–3.75 µm, short to medium scars 1–2 rarely 5, brown, loci somewhat protuberant, cylindrical, cylindrical attenuated. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and intercalary, cylindrical, cylindrical-oblong, sometimes geniculate-sinuous, proliferation sympodial, 14.32–47.88 × 2.29–4.13 µm, conidiogenous loci at the apex (1–4) or in lateral shoulders (3–13), loci somewhat thickened and darkened. Ramoconidia rarely present, cylindrical, 19.08–27.7 × 3.08–3.51µm, 0–2 septa, pale brown, large base, somewhat thickened. Secondary ramoconidia oblong, oblong-ellipsoid, 2–5 distal hila, narrowed base, 8.26–17.98 × 2.53–4.23 µm, 0–1 septate, pale brown. Conidia numerous, catenate, acrogenous, branching in all directions, subglobose, ellipsoid, aseptate, rarely once septate, medium to dark brown, 4.59–7.9 × 2.77–4.96 µm, small terminal conidia, obovoid to globose, 3.63–5.59 × 2.90–4.06 µm, hila somewhat protuberant. Microcyclic conidiogenesis occurs. Type:— Brazil. Minas Gerais: Araponga, at “ Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro ”, isolated from decayed leaf of Aulonemia amplissima (Poaceae), March 15, 2016 (holotype VIC 44413, ex-type culture COAD 2269). GenBank: MT373119 (ACT), MT680198 (TEF1-α), MZ318427 (rDNA-ITS) Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Araponga, at “Parque Estadual Serra do Brigadeiro”, isolated from decayed leaves of Aulonemia amplissima (Poaceae), 15 March 2016 (living culture COAD 2270 and COAD 2271). Notes:— Cladosporium aulonemiae is phylogenetically close but distinct from C. rugulovarians. Although morphologically different, they have in common the presence of long conidiophores dichotomously branched towards the apex. Both belong to the C. cladosporioides species complex and form a basal sister clade in this complex. Perhaps this is the reason why C. aulonemiae possesses some features differentiated from their group and similar to species of C. herbarum species complex. Loci formation in close succession on small to large lateral shoulders results in a marked zig-zag-like growth. Similar conidiogenous cells are reported in C. arthropodii and C. sinuosum, belonging to the C. herbarum species complex. However, both species produce solitary and ornate conidia, characteristic of the C. herbarum species complex. In the sympodial loci of C. aulonemiae, besides the solitary and slightly rough conidia, short conidia chains or new conidiogenous cells with equal sympodial proliferation are also formed. Another unusual feature is the polysaccharide-like material produced in C. antarcticum and C. variabile (both belonging to the C. herbarum species complex). The material appears to adhere to the hypha in these species, enveloping these structures. However, in C. aulonemiae, it has more loosely adhered. It appears as a brownish smudge around the fungal structures and is also dispersed in the medium where the lamina was mounted., Published as part of Costa, Pricila P., Rosado, André W. C. & Pereira, Olinto L., 2022, Six new species of Cladosporium associated with decayed leaves of native bamboo (Bambusoideae) in a fragment of Brazilian Atlantic Forest, pp. 1-29 in Phytotaxa 560 (1) on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7031143

New carboxamides, (±)-vochysiamide C (

Three Rosellinia species were collected from southern China. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, two are introduced as new species while the other is reported as a new record. Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov. and R. verticillata sp. nov. belong to the R. emergens group. Rosellinia qiongensis differs from its similar species by its dimension of ascospores and three short germ slits on ascospores. Rosellinia verticillata differs from species in this group by its ascospores with whole spore length germ silt and surrounded by a thin slimy sheath. All taxa are made available to illustrations and descriptions.

Rosellinia lamprostoma Syd. & P. Syd., Philipp. J. Sci., C, Bot. 8(4): 273 (1913) (Fig. 2) MycoBank No: MB 159461 Saprobic on dead twig of unidentified plant. Sexual morph Subiculum felted, reddish brown, restricted to rim around stromata, evanescent. Stromata 750–1100 µm high × 700–960 µm diam. (av. = 943 × 808 µm, n = 20), superficial, conical, pear shaped, scattered to gregarious, solitary, conical, dark brown to black, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, finely to coarsely papillate. Ectostroma 100–120 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma disappearing at maturity. Perithecia nearly semiglobose, not collapsed. Asci 246–270 × 16–22 µm (av. = 258.9 × 19.5 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a J+ apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, urn-shaped, 14–18.5 µm high, 5.5–8 µm wide. Ascospores 39–54 × 9–11 µm (av. = 46 × 10 µm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate, fusiform, rounded ends, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with a germ slit running the entire length of the spores, slightly constricted at the middle part, lacking slimy sheathes or appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 1 month. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards the edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse side white at the margin, flesh to pale brown at centre. No pigmentation was produced on the PDA medium. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead bamboo, Taiwan province, China, Luzon, Philippine Island. Material examined: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Wuzhishan, Emerald Park (18°47′11.85″N, 109°31′0.13″E), altitude: 360 m, dead branch of unidentified plant, 15 November 2020, S.H. Long, FCGY14 (GMB0086, KUN-HKAS 122643, living culture GMBC0086) (New geographical record). Addition sequences: — LSU: OM 001209 Notes: —In our phylogenetic analyses (Figure 1), new collection (GMB 0086) accommodated with R. lamprostoma (YMJ 89112602) and R. mearnsii (MFLU 16-1382). However, GMB 0086 morphologically resembles R. lamprostoma. A morphological comparison of the new collection with these two new species is provided in Table 2. Stromata are conical, pear-shaped in GMB 0086 and R. lamprostoma, which is different from globose stromata in R. mearnsii. And the stromata size of GMB 0086 is close to R. lamprostoma but larger than R. mearnsii. The size of the ascospores is closer to R. lamprostoma but wider than R. mearnsii (Petrini 2013, Tibpromma et al. 2017). Moreover, GMB 0086 have the spore-lenght germ slits which are similar to R. lamprostoma (Petrini 2013). Therefore, we identify GMB 0086 as R. lamprostoma. Rosellinia lamprostoma has been reported in Philippine Islands, and Taiwan (Ju et al. 2007, Petrini 2013). This is the first report of R. lamprostoma in Chinese mainland., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on page 293, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp.","Tibpromma, S., Hyde, K. D., Jeewon, R., Maharachchikumbura, S. S. N., Liu, J. K., Bhat, J. D., Jones, E. B. G., McKenzie, E. H. C., Camporesi, E., Bulgakov, T. S., Doilom, M., Andre Luiz Cabral Monteiro de Azevedo Santiago, Das, K., Manimohan, P., Gibertoni, T. B., Lim, Y. W., Ekanayaka, A. H., Thongbai, B., Lee, H. B., Yang, J. B., Kirk, P. M., Sysouphanthong, P., Singh, S. K., Boonmee, S., Dong, W., Raj, K. N. A., Latha, K. P. L., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Konta, S., Jayasiri, S. C., Norphanphoun, C., Tennakoon, D. S., Li, J., Dayarathne, M. C., Perera, R. H., Xiao, Y. P., Wanasinghe, D. N., Senanayake, I. C., Goonasekara, I. D., de Silva, N. I., Mapook, A., Jayawardena, R. S., Dissanayake, A. J., Manawasinghe, I. S., Thilini Chethana, K. W., Luo, Z. L., Hapuarachchi, K. K., Baghela, A., Soares, A. M., Vizzini, A., Meiras-Ottoni, Armin Mesic, A., Dutta, A. K., Richter, C., Lin, C. G., Chakrabarty, D., Daranagama, D. A., Lima, D. X., Chakraborty, D., Ercole, E., Wu, F., Simonini, G., Vasquez, G., da Silva, G. A., Ariyawansa, H. A., Lee, H., Kusan, I., Song, J., Sun, J. Karmakar, J., Hu, K., Semwal, K. C., Thambugala, K. M., Voigt, K., Acharya, K., Rajeshkumar, K. C., Ryvarden, L., Jadan, M., Hosen, M. I., Miksik, M., Samarakoon, M. C., Wijayawardene, N. N., Kim, N. K., Matocec, N., Singh, P. N., Tian, Q., Bhatt, R. P., de Oliveira, R. J. V., Tulloss, R. E., Aamir, S., Kaewchai, S., Marathe, S. D., Khan, S., Hongsanan, S., Adhikari, S., Mehmood, T., Bandyopadhyay, T. K., Svetasheva, T. Y., Antonin, V., Li, W. J., Wang, Y., Indoliya, Y., Tkalcec, Z., Elgorban, A. M., Bahkali, A. H., Tang, A. M. C., Su, H. Y., Zhang, H., Promputtha, I., Luangsa-ard, J., Xu, J., Yan, J., Kang, J. C., Stadler, M., Mortimer, P. E., Chomnunti, P., Zhao, Q., Phillips, A. J. L., Nontachaiyapoom, S., Wen, T. C. & Karunarathna, S. C. (2017) Fungal diversity notes 491 - 602: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Diversity 83: 1 - 261. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13225 - 017 - 0378 - 0","Ju, Y. M., Hsieh, H. M., Ho, M. C., Szu, D. H. & Fang, M. J. (2007) Theissenia rogersii sp. nov. and phylogenetic position of Theissenia. Mycologia 99: 612 e 621. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 15572536.2007.11832555"]}

Rosellinia verticillata S.H. Long & Q.R. Li sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank No: MB 842287 Holotype: — CHINA, Guizhou Province, Tongren, Fanjingshan Nature Reserve (27°53′44.77″N, 108°43′52.69″E), elev. 989 m, dead branch of Litsea verticillata Hance, 14 October 2020, S. H. Long and Lili Liu FJS19 (GMB0084, holotype, ex-type GMBC0084; KUN-HKAS 122639, isotype). Saprobic on dead twig of L. verticillata. Sexual morph Subiculum felted, brown, restricted to rim around stromata, evanescent. Stromata 630–735 µm high × 525–700 µm diam. (av. = 679 × 628 µm, n = 20), superficial, scattered to gregarious, solitary, globose, with a conical pointed top, dark, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, papillate. Ectostroma 80–100 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma disappearing at maturity. Perithecia filling entirely the stroma cavity or partly collapsed. Asci 173. 5–241.5 × 18.5–39 µm (av. = 212.5 × 30 µm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a long J+, barrel-shaped apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, 11.5–15.5 µm high, 7–8 µm wide. Ascospores 42–62 × 6.5–12 µm (av. = 55 × 9.3 µm, n = 30), overlapping uniseriate or biseriate, fusiform, ends rounded, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with a germ slit running the entire length of the spores, entirely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath visible in water and in black ink, lacking appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse side white at margin, flesh to pale brown at centre. No pigmentation was produced on PDA medium. No conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead wood, Guizhou Province, China. Etymology: —Refers to its host species, L. verticillata Other material examined: — CHINA, Guizhou Province, Ya Mu Gou Scenic Area (27°54′42.83″N, 108°42′9.08″E), altitude: 1058 m, dead branch of unidentified plant, 15 October 2020, S. H. Long, FJS45 (GMB0085, KUN-HKAS 122641, living culture GMBC0085). Additional sequences: —GMB0084 (LSU: OM001207) GMB0085 (LSU: OM001208). Note: —In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), R. verticillata clustered together with R. tetrastigmae Q.R. Li & J.C. Kang. However, the ascospores of R. verticillata are smaller than those of R. tetrastigmae (42.0–62.0 × 6.7–12.0 µm vs. 72.5–111.5 × 12.5–19.5 µm), and Rosellinia verticillata (GMB0082) ascospores are completely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath, but the R. tetrastigmae only has the slime at the ends (Xie et al. 2019). Moreover, stromata of R. verticillata are larger than those of R. tetrastigmae (630–735 µm high × 525–700 µm diam. vs. 300–500 mm high × 400–600 mm diam.). And R. verticillata belongs to R. emergens group (Petrini 2013) but it is different from the species which have whole spore length germ silt in this group for R. verticillata ascospores are completely surrounded by a thin slimy sheath., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on pages 295-297, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Xie, X., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Long, Q., Shen, X., Boonmee, S., Kang, J. C. & Li, Q. R. (2019) Contributions to species of Xylariales in china - 2. Rosellinia pervariabilis and R. tetrastigmae spp. nov. and a new record of R. caudata. Mycotaxon 134: 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 134.183","Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp."]}

Rosellinia qiongensis S.H. Long & Q.R. Li sp. nov. (Fig. 3) MycoBank No: MB 842285 Holotype: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County (19°7′8.60″N, 109°7′8.60″E), elev. 177 m, on dead branch of bamboo, 13 November 2020, S.H. Long and Lili Liu QZ 100-1 (GMB0082, holotype; ex-type GMBC0082); ibid (KUN-HKAS 122640, isotype). Saprobic on a dead branch of bamboo. Sexual morph Subiculum felted cream-colored to light brown, restricted to rim around stromata, persistent. Stromata 560–725 µm high × 525–635 µm diam. (av. = 639 × 582 µm, n = 20), superficial, scattered to gregarious, solitary, globose, with a conical pointed top, dark brown to black, shiny, carbonaceous. Ostioles black, finely to coarsely papillate. Ectostroma 60–80 µm thick, black, carbonaceous. Entostroma black, confined to base. Perithecia not collapsed in the stroma cavity. Asci 108.5–141.5 × 11–24 µm (av. = 126 × 15.5 µm, n = 30) 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with a long barrel-shaped, apically flattened, basally attenuated or not, J + apical apparatus in Melzer’s reagent, 6.0–6.8 µm high, 6.6–9.9 µm wide. Ascospores 24.5–31 × 5–8 µm (av. = 27.2 × 6.4 µm, n = 30), biseriate, fusiform, ends rounded, hyaline when immature, slight brown to brown at maturity, straight to curved, with three, 3–9 µm, straight germ slits, without slimy sheathes or appendages. Asexual morph Undetermined. Culture characteristics: —Ascospores germinated on PDA within 24 hours. Colonies on PDA were white when young, became pale brown, dense, but thinning towards the edge, medium dense, white from above, reverse sides were white at the margin, flesh to pale brown at centre, no pigmentation were produced on PDA medium, no conidia were observed on PDA or OA media. Habitat/Distribution: —Known to inhabit dead wood, Hainan Province, China. Etymology: —Refers to Qiong, the abbreviation of Hainan province, where the type specimen was collected. Other material examined: — CHINA, Hainan Province, Qiongzhong County (19°7′8.10″N, 109°52′21.36″E), altitude: 177 m, dead branch of bamboo, 13 November 2020, S.H. Long, QZ180 (GMB0083, paratype, ex-paratype GMBC0083). Additional sequences: —GMB0082 (LSU: OM001205); GMB0083 (LSU: OM001206). Notes: —Our new strains of Rosellinia qiongensis accommodate as the sister clade to R. pervariabilis Q.R. Li & J.C. Kang in the phylogenetic tree with high statistical supports (100/0.99) (Fig. 1). Their ascospores are similar in shape and both are light brown in color, but R. qiongensis had three germ slits on ascospores while R. pervariabilis are lacking them. Moreover, the size of ascospores of R. qiongensis is larger than that of R. pervariabilis (24.5–31× 5–8 µm vs. 19.5–24.5 × 4–5 µm) (Xie et al. 2019). Rosellinia qiongensis belongs to Rosellinia emergens group and it is also reminiscent of R. dolichospora Syd. & P. Syd. and R. patilii L.E. Petrini, which has fusiform, brown ascospores with three short germ slits (Petrini 2013). However, R. qiongensis differs from R. dolichospora and R. patilii by its smaller ascospores (24.5–31 × 5–8 µm in R. qiongensis, 29–33 × 6.3– 7.7 µm in R. dolichospora, and 38.6–45.4 × 7.2– 9.8 µm in R. patilii) (Petrini 2013)., Published as part of Long, Sihan, Pi, Yinhui, Wu, Youpeng, Liu, Lili, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qingde, Lin, Yan, Kang, Yingqian, Kang, Jichuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qirui, 2022, Rosellinia qiongensis sp. nov., R. verticillata sp. nov. and a new record of R. lamprostoma from China, pp. 287-300 in Phytotaxa 552 (5) on pages 293-295, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.552.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6796573, {"references":["Xie, X., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Long, Q., Shen, X., Boonmee, S., Kang, J. C. & Li, Q. R. (2019) Contributions to species of Xylariales in china - 2. Rosellinia pervariabilis and R. tetrastigmae spp. nov. and a new record of R. caudata. Mycotaxon 134: 183 - 196. https: // doi. org / 10.5248 / 134.183","Petrini, L. E. (2013) Rosellinia: a world monograph. Bibliotheca Mycologica, J. Cramer: Stuttgart, 410 pp."]}

In this paper, for the first time in Russia we report on four new occurrences of the rare xylarialean ascomycete Chlorostroma vestlandicumrevealed in the course of mycological surveys of the Northwestern European Russia. Description and colour illustrations of the material studied are provided. Dutch Elm Disease as the major possible threat for the species is discussed. The species is recommended for inclusion in the next editions of the regional Red Data Books of Leningrad, Novgorod, and Pskov Regions., Приводятся сведения о четырех находках нового для территории России редкого аскомицета Chlorostroma vestlandicum, выявленных в ходе микологических обследований Северо-Запада Европейской России. Вид впервые обнаружен за пределами ранее известной области обитания в западной Норвегии. Дается подробное описание и цветные иллюстрации изученного материала. C. vestlandicum находится под угрозой сокращения численности из-за голландской болезни вяза и рекомендован нами для внесения в следующие редакции региональных Красных книг Ленинградской, Новгородской и Псковской областей.

Amphibambusa hongheensis sp. nov. was collected from dead bamboo culms in Honghe County of Yunnan Province, China. The novel species is introduced based on the morpho-molecular approach. Morphologically, A. hongheensis fits well with Amphibambusa and is characterized by immersed, globose to subglobose ascomata, with protruding carbonaceous papilla, unitunicate, cylindrical to elongate fusiform, subsessile to short pedicellate asci with a J+, subapical ring, and fusiform, hyaline to pale brown, 1-septate ascospores, longitudinally striated, and surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath. Phylogenetic analyses of a concatenated ITS-LSU sequence dataset based on maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference criteria revealed the phylogenetic affinity of A. hongheensis within Cainiaceae (Xylariales, Sordariomycetes). Amphibambusa hongheensis formed an independent subclade sister to A. bambusicola with moderate support (81% ML, 0.96 PP) and clustered with the genus Arecophila in Cainiaceae. Amphibambusa hongheensis is the second species accommodated in Amphibambusa and is reported from Yunnan, China, for the first time. Detailed description, illustration and updated phylogeny are provided.

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the organic extracts of the endophyte Daldinia eschscholtzii strain GsE13 led to the isolation of several phytotoxic compounds, including two chromenone and two chromanone derivatives: 5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 1; 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-chromen-4-one, 2; 5-methoxy-2-methyl-chroman-4-one, 3; and 5-methoxy-2-methyl-chroman-4-ol, 4; as well as other aromatic compounds: 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone, 5; 1,8-dimethoxynaphthalene, 6; and 4,9-dihydroxy-1,2,11,12-tetrahydroperyl-ene-3,10-quinone, 7. Compounds 1, 4, and 7 were isolated for the first time from D. eschscholtzii. The phytotoxicity of all the compounds was determined on germination, root growth, and oxygen uptake in seedlings of a monocotyledonous (Panicum miliaceum) and three dicotyledonous plants (Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, and Amaranthus hypochondriacus). In general, root growth was the most affected process in all four weeds, and chromenones 1 and 2 were the most phytotoxic compounds. Phytotoxins 1-4 inhibited basal oxygen consumption rate in isolated mitochondria from M. sativa seedlings and also caused serious damage to their membrane potential (ΔΨm) in percentages greater than 50% at concentrations lower than 2 mM. Based on these results, compounds 1-4 of endophytic origin could be promising for the development of new herbicides potentially useful in agriculture or for the synthesis of promising new molecules. KEY POINTS: • Endophytic fungus Daldinia eschscholtzii produces phytotoxic compounds. • Phytotoxins inhibit basal oxygen consumption rate in isolated M. sativa mitochondria. • Phytotoxins altered the mitochondrial membrane potential.

Acrocordiella yunnanensis sp. nov. is introduced here from dead twigs of an unidentified dicotyledonous host from Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Phylogenetic analyses based on LSU and ITS sequence data revealed that this new species with a distinct sexual morph belongs to Requienellaceae (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota). Acrocordiella yunnanensis is closely related to Acrocordiella omanensis in Requienellaceae. This novel taxon is illustrated, described, and a morphology-based key is provided to facilitate the identification of species in Acrocordiella.

Arthrinium is a widely distributed genus occurring on various hosts and substrates. Members of Arthrinium were distinguished based on the phylogeny of combined internal transcribed spacers (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (tef1), and beta-tubulin gene (tub2). In the present study, a specimen of obvious stromata on Setaria viridis was collected in Beijing Forestry University. Identification based on characters of sexual morph on Setaria viridis culms, asexual morph from manual media, and phylogeny indicated that it is different from any known species. Hence, we proposed a new species for this taxon named Arthrinium setariae. Arthrinium setariae has much larger conidia than its phylogenetically close species, A. jiangxiense, and represented the first record of Arthrinium inhabiting the host genus, Setaria.

Four species of Xylaria were collected from Guizhou and Hainan provinces in China. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses (based on β-tubulin, rpb2 and α-actin genes) revealed two new species (X. sylvatica sp. nov. and X. wuzhishanensis sp. nov.) and two known species (X. atrosphaerica and X. cubensis). Xylaria sylvatica is distinguished from X. spinulosa by lacking long thorns on the stromatal surface, and larger ascospores (23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm vs. 19–23 × 6.5–8.5 μm) with a sigmoid germ slit. Xylaria wuzhishanensis differs from X. schweinitzii by its semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata, from X. atrosphaerica by its larger ascospores (23–30.5 × 7–9 μm vs. 17–25 × 6–10 μm). Their descriptions and illustrations are provided.

Xylaria wuzhishanensis Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 5) MycoBank number: MB 842170 Type:— CHINA, Hainan Province, Wuzhishan City, Wuzhishan Nature Reserve (18.541805°N, 109.412245°E), elev. 892 m, on dead wood of a plant roots (Oleaceae sp.), November 2020, Youpeng Wu and Lili Liu, 2020WZS35 (GMB0074, holotype; KUN-HKAS 12634, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0074). Etymology: Referring to its collection location, Wuzhishan Mountain from where the species was first isolated (China). Saprobic on dead wood roots, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.3–0.8 cm long × 0.6–1.2 cm broad (x = 0.6 × 0.8 cm, n = 10), semiglobular or irregularly globose, whole stromata up to with flattened or slightly convex top. Surface of stromata black, with raised blackish dots. Perithecia 300–600 μm high × 200–400 μm diam. (x = 400 × 300 μm, n = 10), oval to spherical, embedded, closely arranged, interior white. Ostioles papillate, surrounded with white tissue. Asci 235–366 × 11–20 μm (x = 293 × 14.2 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J+, rectangular or urn-shaped, apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 6.7–10.5 μm (x = 8.7 μm, n = 30) high, 4.2–6.5 μm (x = 5.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 23–30.5 × 7–9 μm (x = 26.5 × 8 μm, n=30), brown to black, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a conspicuous slanted germ slit nearly one-third spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 3–4 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C. White at first, white at first, upright, velvety with irregular outgrowths or furrows, with a peripheral fan-shaped extension spreading toward the edge; reverse light grey in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white greyish, velvety or inflorescence, appressed with entire margins; reverse black, with brownish ring. No conidia were observed. Notes: Based on the multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1), X. wuzhishanensis is most closely related to X. schweinitzii. Morphologically, X. wuzhishanensis differs from X. schweinitzii by its semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata. Xylaria wuzhishanensis shows similar traits of X. atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) Callan & J.D. Rogers, X. globosa (Spreng. ex Fr.: Fr.) Mont., and X. lepidota Y.M. Ju et al. with semiglobular or irregularly globose stromata. But, X. wuzhishanensis can distinguish from X. atrosphaerica by its larger ascospores (23–30.5 × 7–9 μm vs. 17–25 × 6–10 μm) with a shorter germ slit (Callan et al. 1990). The surface of stroma lacks crackle of X. wuzhishanensis, which can make a distinction between X. globosa and X. lepidota (Ju et al. 2009, Fournier et al. 2018)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Callan, B. E. & Rogers, J. D. (1990) Teleomorph-anamorph connections and correlations in some Xylaria species. Mycotaxon 36: 343 - 369.","Ju, Y. M., Hsieh, H. M., Vasilyeva, L. & Akulov, A. (2009) Three new Xylaria species from Russian Far East. Mycologia 101: 548 - 553. http: // doi. org / 10.3852 / 08 - 188","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2018) The genus Xylaria sensu lato (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) I. Taxa with penzigioid stromata. Ascomycete. org 10 (4): 131 - 176. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0239"]}

Xylaria sylvatica Y.P. Wu & Q.R. Li, sp. nov. (Fig. 4) MycoBank number: MB 842171 Type:— CHINA. Guizhou Province: Guiyang City, Guiyang Forest Park (26.2329°N, 106.451958°E), elev. 1142 m, on dead wood of unidentified plant, June 2021, Youpeng Wu, 2021GYSLGY6 (GMB0076, holotype; KUN-HKAS 122632, isotype; ex-type living culture, GMBC0076). Etymology: Refers to a forest habitat for specimen collection. Saprobic on dead wood, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata 0.6–1.7 cm long × 0.2–0.5 cm broad (x = 1.2 × 0.4 cm, n = 10), upright, usually solitary, unbranched, cylindrical or clavate, fertile inflated at apex, texture soft, internally white. Surface of stromata gray to black, conspicuous cracked. Stalk well defined and easy to distinguish. Perithecia 500–700 μm high × 300–700 μm broad (x = 600 × 400 μm, n = 10), oval, sphaerical to subsphaerical, embedded, closely arranged, tissue between the perithecia is white. Ostioles inconspicuous. Asci 224–313 × 10.5–20.5 μm (x = 260 × 15 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J+, wedge-shaped apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 9–15 μm (x = 12.2 μm, n = 30) high, 4–7 μm (mean = 5.3 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm (x = 25 × 8 μm, n = 30), green grey, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a sigmoid germ slit nearly half spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 3–4 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 °C. White at first, with regular margins, upright, velvety, with irregular outgrowths or furrows, with a peripheral fan-shaped extension spreading toward the edge; reverse blackish-brown in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, Colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white greyish, velvety or inflorescence, appressed with entire margins; reverse black, with brownish ring. No conidia were observed. Notes: Phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) indicated that X. sylvatica was closely related to X. spinulosa and X. haemorrhoidalis but formed a distinct lineage. However, X. sylvatica is distinguish from X. spinulosa by its lacking long thorns on the stromatal surface, and larger ascospores (23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm vs. 19–23 × 6.5–8.5 μm) with a sigmoid germ slit. Xylaria sylvatica differs from X. haemorrhoidalis by its upright, solitary, unbranched, cylindrical or clavate stromata (Li et al. 2017). Morphologically, Xylaria sylvatica shows similar traits of X. martinicensis J. Fourn. & Lechat., and X. squamulosa F. San Martín & J.D. Rogers., with upright, long stipitate, cylindrical or clavate stromata with fertile inflated at apex, conspicuous cracked or wrinkled on the surface of stromata. But, X. martinicensis have smaller ascospores (13–16.5 × 6–7.5 μm vs. 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm), with a narrow but conspicuous, straight, longitudinally oriented germ slit, which can make a distinction for X. sylvatica (Fournier et al. 2020). Xylaria squamulosa differs from X. sylvatica by larger ascospores (29–40 × 11–14 μm vs. 23–28.5 × 7–9.5 μm) with a straight germ slit nearly spore-length (San Martín et al. 1989)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on pages 137-141, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Li, Q. R., Liu, L. L., Zhang, X., Shen, X. C. & Kang, J. C. (2017) Xylaria spinulosa sp. nov. and X. atrosphaerica from southern China. Mycosphere 8 (8): 1070 - 1079. http: // doi. org / 10.5943 / mycosphere / 8 / 8 / 8","Fournier, J., Lechat, C. & Courtecuisse, R. (2020) The genus Xylaria sensu lato (Xylariaceae) in Guadeloupe and Martinique (French West Indies) III. Taxa with slender upright stromata. Ascomycete. org 12 (3): 81 - 164. http: // doi. org / 10.25664 / ART- 0302","San Martin, G. F. & Rogers, J. D. (1989) A preliminary account of Xylaria of Mexico. Mycotaxon 34 (2): 368."]}

Xylaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) Callan & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon 36 (2): 349 (1990) (Fig. 2) Synonymy: Hypoxylon atrosphaericum Cooke & Massee, Grevillea 22(no. 103): 68 (1894) Penzigia atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) J.N. Mill., Monograph Univ. Puerto Rico, Series B 2: 212 (1934) Kretzschmaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) P.M.D. Martin, Jl S. Afr. Bot. 36(2): 79 (1970) Kretzschmaria atrosphaerica (Cooke & Massee) P.M.D. Martin, Jl S. Afr. Bot. 42(1): 74 (1976) MycoBank number: MB 127393 Saprobic on dead wood, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata semiglobular or irregularly globose, pulvinate, 0.4‒1.8 mm high × 1.4‒3.2 mm broad (x = 1.4 × 2.3 mm, n = 10), with flattened or slightly convex top. Exterior grey dark to black, roughened by fine cracks and ostioles; interior whithish to light grey. Perithecia 0.3‒0.8 mm diam., completely immersed, sphaerical. Ostioles inconspicuous. Asci 182‒288 × 12.3‒20 μm (x = 237 × 16.1 μm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J +, wedge-shaped apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 7–12 μm (x = 10 μm, n = 30) high, 3.5–7 μm (x = 5.4 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 20.5–25.5 × 6.5–10 μm (x = 22.7 × 7.8 μm, n = 30), brownish-black, unicellular, ellipsoid to inequilateral, with broadly rounded ends, smooth, with a sigmoid germ slit nearly half spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Specimens examined: CHINA, Guizhou Province, Duyun City, Doupengshan Nature Reserve (26.223062°N, 107.22846°E), elev. 1086 m, on dead wood of unidentified plant, June 2021, Youpeng Wu, 2021DPS13 (GMB0077, KUN-HKAS 122633; living culture, GMBC 0077). Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 4–5 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 ° C. White at first, with regular margins, becoming moderately radiating furrows spreading toward the edge, medium becoming black from central; reverse greyish black ring in the center, white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm diam., white, velvety, appressed with entire margins; reverse dark black. No conidia were observed. Notes: Hypoxylon atrosphaericum Cooke & Massee collected from Queensland was described originally by Cooke (1894). Rogers et al. (1987) described the asexual morph of Penzigia atrosphaerica collected from Indonesia. However, based primarily on the nature of cultures, Callan & Rogers (1990) placed them in the genus Xylaria. Morphologically, our new collection (GMB0077) is congruent with X. atrosphaerica having semi-globular or irregularly globose stromata, grey dark to black, internally white; surface roughened by fine cracks and ostioles and perithecial mounds inconspicuous, brownish-black, ellipsoid-inequilateral, smooth ascospores (17–25 × 6–10 μm), with oblique to spiral germ slit, nearly 1/2 spore-length, lacking sheaths and appendages. Phylogenetic analyses showed that GMB0077 resembles with X. atrosphaerica (HAST 91111214) with high statistical support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1)., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 134, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Rogers, J. D., Callan, B. E. & Samuels, G. J. (1987) The Xylariaceae of the rain forests of north Sulawesi (Indonesia). Mycotaxon 29: 113 - 172. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00436682","Callan, B. E. & Rogers, J. D. (1990) Teleomorph-anamorph connections and correlations in some Xylaria species. Mycotaxon 36: 343 - 369."]}

Xylaria cubensis (Mont.) Fr., Nova Acta Regia Soc. Sci. Upsal. (Ser. 3) 1: 126. 1851; sensu Rogers (1984) (Fig. 3) Synonymy: Hypoxylon cubense Mont., Annls Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2 13: 345 (1840) MycoBank number: MB 179243 Saprobic on dead tree trunk, forming on the host surface. Sexual morph: Stromata solitary, cylindric-clavate, usually unbranched, 2.2–5.8 cm long × 0.6–1.2. cm broad (x = 3.6 × 0.8 cm, n = 10), with short or long stipe from a pannose base, externally copper brown to brownish-black, internally white. Surface smooth to slightly rough with fine cracks. Perithecia ovoid, 0.4–0.8 mm diam., ostioles inconspicuous to conspicuous, prominent. Ostioles papillae. Asci 107– 162 × 5.3‒8.2 μm (x = 124 × 6.8 μm, n = 30), unitunicate, 8-spored, cylindrical, long-stipitate, apically rounded, with a J +, rectangular, apical ring, blue staining in Melzer’s reagent, 1.5–2.5 μm (x = 2.2 μm, n = 30) high, 1.5–2 μm (x = 1.8 μm, n = 30) wide. Ascospores 8–9.5 × 4–5 μm (x = 8.5 × 4.5 μm, n = 30), brown to dark brown, unicellular, ellipsoid-inequilateral, with widely rounded ends, smooth, with a straight central germ slit along much less than sporelength, lacking appendages and sheaths. Asexual morph: Undetermined. Specimens examined: CHINA, Hainan Province, Haikou City, Huoshankou Geological Park (19.554365°N, 110.13203°E), elev. 152 m, on dead wood of unknown plant roots, November 2020, Youpeng Wu and Lili Liu, 2020HSK4 (GMB0075, KUN-HKAS 122631; living culture GMBC 0075). Culture characteristics: Colonies on OA reaching 4–5 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25 ° C. White at first, with regular margins, then with a peripheral ring-shaped extension spreading toward the edge of the Petri dish; reverse milky white in the center, light white marginal area. After 4 weeks, colonies on OA reaching 9 cm, stromata arising from concentric zones, cylindrical, tapering upwards, flexuous, unbranched; reverse light grey, emerge black dots. No conidia were observed. Notes: Xylaria cubensis is a common species and was reported from Africa, North and South America, Asia, Oceania and China (Ma et al. 2012). Xylaria cubensis is mainly characterized by its smooth surface with papillate ostioles, copper-colored, brown or brownish-black clavate stromata with rounded fertile apices and small ascospores mostly with unclear germ slit (Rogers 1984), which has been reported from Taiwan (Ju et al. 1999) and Guizhou, Jilin, Yunnan provinces in China (Ma et al. 2012). Our specimens examined in this study display the same characters of X. cubensis described by Rogers (1984) and Ma et al. (2012), such as long stipe from a pannose base, with papillate ostioles of stromata surface, externally copper brown to brownish-black, internally white; ascospores with unclear germ slit less than spore-length, lacking appendages and sheaths. Phylogenetic analyses of a combined alignment of β-tubulin, rpb 2 and α-actin genes showed that the strain GMB0075 grouped with X. cubensis (HAST 515) with high statistical support (100% ML, 1.00 BYPP; Fig. 1). This is the first record of X. cubensis from Hainan province, China., Published as part of Wu, You-Peng, Pi, Yin-Hui, Long, Si-Han, Liu, Li-Li, Zhang, Xu, Long, Qing-De, Lin, Yan, Kang, Ying-Qian, Kang, Ji-Chuan, Wijayawardene, Nalin N. & Li, Qi-Rui, 2022, Morphology and phylogeny reveal two novel Xylaria (Xylariaceae) species from China, pp. 130-146 in Phytotaxa 550 (2) on page 137, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6641065, {"references":["Rogers, J. D. (1984) Xylaria cubensis and its anamorph Xylocoremium flabelliforme, Xylaria allantoidea, and Xylaria poitei in continental United States. Mycologia 76: 912 - 923. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00275514.1984.12023929","Ju, Y. M. & Rogers, J. D. (1999) The Xylariaceae of Taiwan (excluding Anthostomella). Mycotaxon 73: 343 - 440."]}

MS/MS-based molecular networking strain prioritization led to the discovery of a group of cyclic depsipeptides from an endolichenic