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The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Determination of energy requirements for growth depends on measuring the composition of BW gain. Previous studies have shown that the composition of gain can be altered in young dairy calves by the composition of the milk replacer diet. Here, our objective was to determine body composition and the composition of empty body gain in young calves fed increasing amounts of a milk replacer containing adequate CP. Male Holstein calves underwent an adjustment period of 14 d after birth in which they were fed whole-waste milk at 10% of BW. Calves were then stratified by BW and randomly assigned to either an initial slaughter group (n = 11) or to groups fed 1 of 3 milk replacer amounts and slaughtered after 35 d of growth. Calves in all treatments consumed the same milk replacer containing 24.8% CP (DM basis; from all milk proteins) and 18.9% fat, reconstituted to 12.5% solids. Treatments were milk replacer fed at 1.25% of BW (DM basis; n = 6), 1.75% of BW (n = 6), or 2.25% of BW (n = 8), adjusted weekly as calves grew. Calves fed at 1.25% or 1.75% of BW were fed twice daily and those fed 2.25% of BW were fed 3 times daily. No starter was offered. Postslaughter, the bodies of calves were separated into 4 fractions: carcass; total viscera minus digesta; head, hide, feet, and tail;, and blood. The sum of those 4 fractions was empty BW (EBW), which increased linearly as the amount of milk replacer increased. Final heart girth and body length, but not withers height, increased linearly as intake increased. Gain:feed increased linearly with increasing milk replacer. Feeding more milk replacer increased the amounts of lean tissue and fat in the body. The percentages of water and protein in the final body decreased linearly, whereas fat percentage and energy content increased linearly as intake increased. As gain increased, the percentage of protein in gain decreased and the percentage of fat increased, resulting in an increase of energy content of EBW gain. Efficiency of energy use (retained energy:gross energy intake) increased linearly but retained energy:ME available for growth was not different among treatments. Efficiency of protein use increased quadratically as feeding rate increased; there was no further increase at 2.25% of BW. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, insulin, and glucose increased linearly, whereas urea-N decreased linearly, as milk replacer intake increased. Our data document changes in body composition that affect estimates of retained energy in the bodies of calves slaughtered at a common age. These data are important for calculations of energy requirements for young calves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. Supplemental dietary rumen available fats show promise as enteric methane (eCH 4) mitigators for lactating dairy cows. However, concerns include variability in eCH 4 response and possible negative effects on dairy cow performance. Successful implementation of this mitigation option requires better prediction of responses specifically to rumen available fatty acids (FA) as well as understanding the modulating effects of other dietary and animal characteristics. Using meta-analytic and meta-regression techniques, 35 published studies with diet definition were used to assess changes in eCH 4 emissions and lactation performance associated with supplemental fat, specific supplemental rumen available FA types, and other dietary characteristics. Enteric CH 4 (g/d) was reduced by 3.77% per percentage unit of supplemental rumen available ether extract (EE). Supplemental rumen available PUFA (C18:2 and C18:3) and UFA (C18:1, C18:2, C18:3) mitigated eCH 4 (g/d) emissions in dairy cows by 6.88 and 4.65% per percentage unit increase, respectively. The anti-methanogenic effects of PUFA, MUFA and MCFA increased with correspondingly greater basal dietary levels of each FA type. Higher rumen-degradable starch (RDS; >18% DM) in the basal diet promoted greater reductions in eCH 4 yield (eCH 4 /DMI, g/kg) with supplemental rumen available PUFA and UFA. Both milk fat percentage and yield (kg/d) were reduced with rumen available fat supplementation with a reduction of 7.8% and 6.0%, respectively, relative to control diets. Our results highlight the importance of determining basal levels of the rumen available FA before providing supplemental rumen available FA as an option for enteric eCH 4 mitigation. Dairy nutritionists can use estimates generated from this analysis to predict changes in eCH 4 emissions and dairy cow performance associated with dietary supplementation of rumen available EE and specific rumen available FA types for the purpose of eCH 4 mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To synthesize the evidence on the effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in adolescents with overweight or obesity. Materials and Methods: For this systematic review and network meta‐analysis, we searched five databases and registries until 2 March 2024 for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The primary outcome was weight change. We did a pairwise meta‐analysis to compare GLP‐1RAs and placebo, followed by a drug‐wise network meta‐analysis (NMA) to compare GLP‐1RAs against each other. Results: We screened 770 records to include 12 RCTs with 883 participants. The evidence suggests that GLP‐1RAs reduced weight (mean difference −4.21 kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] −7.08 to −1.35) and body mass index (BMI; mean difference −2.11 kg/m2, 95% CI −3.60 to −0.62). The evidence on waist circumference, body fat percentage and adverse events (AEs) was very uncertain. The results remained consistent with subgroup analyses for coexisting type 2 diabetes. Longer therapy duration led to a greater reduction in weight and BMI. In the NMA, semaglutide led to the greatest weight reduction, followed by exenatide, liraglutide and lixisenatide. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that GLP‐1RAs reduce most weight‐related outcomes in adolescents, with semaglutide being the most efficacious. There is uncertain evidence on body fat and serious AEs, probably due to fewer studies and low incidence, respectively. Larger RCTs with head‐to‐head comparisons, pragmatic design, adiposity‐related outcomes, and economic evaluation can further guide the use and choice of GLP‐1RAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a pilot study that aimed to assess the use of a portable scanning device to measure body metrics in people with obesity. The study found that the device was capable of accurately identifying maximum body area and circumference, and these measurements strongly correlated with traditional metrics such as BMI and body fat. The participants reported high acceptance of the scanning procedure and found the visual output motivating. The authors suggest that optical scanning could have potential applications in clinical practice and other settings where body metrics are important. However, further research is needed to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of this approach. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: Social jetlag (SJL), the discrepancy between an individual's inherent circadian rhythm and external social schedule, is associated with obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether SJL also influences body weight and body fat loss during dieting. Methods: This was an observational study from 2015 to 2018 with participants who had joined an exercise and nutrition program at a private personal training gym. Data from 11,829 individuals provided by the gym along with their sleep logs were analyzed. Differences in change in body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (%body fat) were compared by the degree of SJL. Regression was conducted for the change in BMI and %body fat on SJL, adjusted for gender, age, engagement duration in the program, initial BMI, initial %body fat, chronotype, and dietary intakes. Results: The subjects comprised 3,696 men and 8,133 women with a mean age of 40.4 years. Greater SJL was associated with a lower efficacy of BMI and %body fat reduction. The change in BMI (+ 0.56 / hour: SJL) and %body fat (+ 1.40 / hour: SJL) was associated with SJL after adjusting for each variable including dietary intake. Conclusion: SJL was associated with the effect of exercise and nutrition instruction on BMI and body fat reduction, even after adjustment for covariates related to dietary intake. Maintaining consistent sleep–wake rhythms may be crucial for enhancing the efficacy of weight loss programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees, Apis mellifera , are important pollinators, and they face many natural and anthropogenic challenges that affect their ability to collect the resources needed to maintain the colony. Foragers can make use of a remarkable repertoire of communication behaviours that help colonies to exploit their environment successfully. Food source availability is a key factor for colony success and, therefore, survival and reproduction. Few studies have investigated how food stores impact forager communication strategies and bee physiology. We experimentally manipulated honey stores and (1) quantified the production and following of waggle dances, (2) quantified the expression of immune-related genes using qPCR and (3) analysed fatty acids from bee abdomens using GC-MS 6 days after the experimental manipulation. We found that the number of waggle dances increased by about 60% when honey bees were starved of honey. The number of followers per dance, however, decreased, which may be due to a switch to proactive, solitary foraging or to the occurrence of more waggle dances. Waggle dance duration, the number of waggle phase followers that were followed and foraging distances were not affected by the treatments. Bees in starved colonies showed a higher expression of the gene defensin 1 , which is an important predictor of overwinter survival, but there was no treatment effect on fatty acid content. Our results show that the amount of honey stored in hives affects communication behaviours and the investment in immunocompetence of bees, possibly to counter the negative health effects of nutritional stress. However, fat content does not seem to be affected in the time span of the study. • The amount of honey stored in hives affected dance communication in honey bees. • Dance frequency increased and followers per dance decreased in honey-depleted hives. • Bees in honey-depleted hives expressed the immunity gene Defensin 1 more. • Six days of honey depletion did not affect body fat content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Our understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity remains at best incomplete despite a century of research. During this time, two alternative perspectives have helped shape thinking about the etiology of the disorder. The currently prevailing view holds that excessive fat accumulation results because energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, with excessive food consumption being the primary cause of the imbalance. The other perspective attributes the initiating cause of obesity to intrinsic metabolic defects that shift fuel partitioning from pathways for mobilization and oxidation to those for synthesis and storage. The resulting reduction in fuel oxidation and trapping of energy in adipose tissue drives a compensatory increase in energy intake and, under some conditions, a decrease in expenditure. This theory of obesity pathogenesis has historically garnered relatively less attention despite its pedigree. Here, we present an updated comprehensive formulation of the fuel partitioning theory, focused on evidence gathered over the last 80 years from major animal models of obesity showing a redirection of fuel fluxes from oxidation to storage and accumulation of excess body fat with energy intake equal to or even less than that of lean animals. The aim is to inform current discussions about the etiology of obesity and by so doing, help lay new foundations for the design of more efficacious approaches to obesity research, treatment and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, due to the high nutritional value of fish, consumers' interest in using ready-to-eat foods based on fish is increasing worldwide. However, due to the presence of high amounts of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids, aquatic products are highly sensitive to oxidation and the growth of microorganisms. The purpose of this research was to investigate the possibility of delaying oxidative and microbial spoilage and maintaining the quality and safety of rainbow salmon burgers during the storage period in the refrigerator using nano-encapsulated peppermint essential oil. Peppermint essential oil was nanoencapsulated by using a combination of gum arabic and soy protein isolate. Then it was added to the fish burger formulation at the levels of 0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15%. The values of pH, total volatile nitrogen bases (TVN), peroxide indices (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and total count of bacteria were tested during the 12-day storage period at 4°C. Particle size, PDI index, zeta potential and microencapsulation efficiency of peppermint essential oil nanocapsules were 297.4 nm, 0.328 nm, -32.17 mV and 87.24%, respectively. During the storage period, pH, TVB-N, PV and TBA values of burgers increased. Peppermint essential oil nanocapsules showed significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and reduced the rate of fat oxidation and bacterial growth in fish burgers. There was a positive correlation between the concentration of essential oil nanocapsules and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The greatest effect of inhibiting the growth of bacteria and reducing the rate of oxidation of fats was observed in the burger containing 0.15% nanocapsules. The results of this research suggest the use of peppermint essential oil nanocapsules at a concentration of 0.15% in order to maintain quality, reduce the rate of oxidation and microbial spoilage in fish burgers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buttermilk has many functional and nutritional impacts due to the presence of phospholipids and proteins in the membrane of fat cells. Based on this, the present study was designed to investigate the use of sweet buttermilk in free -fat strained yogurt (FFSY). For this purpose, ratios of 5, 10, and 15% (w/w) sweet buttermilk were used in the preparation of the yogurt base. This research was conducted in the form of a completely random design. On days 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20, the pH, dry matter (%), and protein (%) of the FFSY were evaluated. In addition, the viscosity (mPa.s) and the sensory analysis of the FFSY, including appearance, odor, taste & flavor, mouthfeel and, and general acceptance, were examined during the first and 20th days. The results showed that the pH of the samples containing buttermilk decreased more during shelf life (P > 0.05). Dry matter (%) decreased with increasing the buttermilk (%), although no significant change in dry matter was observed during the shelf life (P > 0.05). With increasing buttermilk (%), the protein (%) decreased and it did not change over the shelf life (P > 0.05). By reducing the buttermilk (%), the viscosity (mPa.s) also decreased (P > 0.05). The sensory evaluation test showed the FFSY containing 10% (w/w) buttermilk possessed the highest score for taste & flavor, mouthfeel, and general acceptance. Therefore, this treatment was selected as the best sample. In general, the present study showed that the use of buttermilk in the production of FFSY is functionally and practically useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adipose tissue can be a source of bovine mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). However, most studies do not incorporate post-mortem collection or in vitro differentiation of these cells from bovine fat and other sources into three mesodermal lineages. This study characterized and cryopreserved bovine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) collected post-mortem. Cells were isolated from cattle (Bos taurus) and cultured under standard conditions for ex vivo expansion and cryopreservation. Cell growth kinetics was determined by cell doubling time after consecutive cellular passages. Clonogenic capacity was determined using the colony-forming unit fibroblast (CFU-F) assay. The trilineage differentiation assay was performed to determine its in vitro multipotency. The in vitro proliferation and clonogenic capacity of bovine AD-MSCs was maintained across successive passages (P2--P6). Greater clonogenic capacity was found in fresh than post-cryopreservation cells. Cells showed multipotential capacity in adipose, cartilage and bone lineages. In conclusion, no changes were observed in the growth kinetics and colony-forming capacity of the successive passages evaluated. Clonogenic capacity was higher in fresh than post-cryopreserved cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endurance and flat race are entirely different efforts and thus require completely different organism adaptations to achieve the performance. This study aimed to examine the difference in basal lipid metabolism in Arabian horses undergoing different training regimens for endurance and race and possible gender differences. The study enrolled sixty male and female' Arabian horses; thirty were trained for race, and thirty were trained for 80 km endurance races. The analyses included body condition score, body weight, body mass index, % body fat, and blood collected to determine triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density proteins, high-density proteins, and non-esterified fatty acids. Ultrasonography was used to measure the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer in the longissimus dorsi muscle, as well as the thickness of the rump fat and the cross-section of the gluteus medius muscle. This study showed that lipid profile is more influenced by type of exercise than by gender, being more efficient on endurance horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Full fat soybean is commonly used in the diet of ruminant nutrition to meet energy and protein requirements (Bailoni etal 2004). To eliminate the anti-nutritional substances and increasing bypass protein, soybean seeds are processed, and heat is the most common way used to processing soybeans. Heat processing was reduced the availability of fatty acids of rumen microorganisms and also due to reducing the ruminal biohydrogenation that caused the amount of useful fatty acids in the meat was increased (Faldet and Salter 1991). The main objectives of this research were the estimate the effect of dietary replacement of crud, extruded and rousted full-fat soybean with soybean meal on Blood metabolites, Carcass characteristic and Pattern of Carcass fatty acids in Afshari male lambs. Material and methods: Diets were randomly assigned to 7 groups of 6 lambs each in a completely randomized design. Animals received the diets, as a total mixed ration, twice daily (at 08:00 and 16:00 h) to ensure 10% orts and had free access to fresh water. Fifty-two male Afshari lambs with average BW of 30 ± 2 kg and 3-4 Mo of age were used for this study. Animals were housed in individual pens (1.8 by 1 m) and allowed an adaptation period of 14 d and a data collection period of 60 d. Experimental diets with equal ME and CP concentrations (NRC 2007) and a forage toconcentrate ratio of 30 to 70 were formulated: Treatment 1: contains 15 percent of soybean meal, treatment 2: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, Treatment 3: Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with crud full fat soybean, treatment 4: Replace of 7.5 percent of soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 5: Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with extruded full fat soybean, Treatment 6: Replace of 7.5 percent soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean, Treatment 7: Replace of 15 percent soybean meal with roasted full fat soybean. Blood samples were collected from all animals on d 20, 40 and 60 of the data collection period. Approximately 10 mL of blood was collected by evacuated heparinized tubes and centrifuged (3000 rpm for 15 min), and plasma was stored at -20°C until analysis. The concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea N, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT and CK were measured by a spectrophotometer. Muscle thickness, loin muscle area and back fat thickness, between 12th and 13th ribs were measured on d 20, 40 and 60 by ultrasound. At the end of the experiment, three animals per treatment were slaughtered according to Halal method. Hot-carcass weight and non-carcass components were weighed at slaughter day. After 24 h of cooling at 4◦C, cold carcass weight was determined and carcass components were weighed. About 50 g of the LD muscle between 12th to 13th ribs were taken for determination of fatty acid profiles. Results and discussion: The dietary substitution of soybean Meal with crud, extruded and roasted full-fat soybean had no effects on glucose, triglyceride, protein, albumin and globulin concentration but cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were effected by experimental diets (P <0.01). Feeding lambs on diets containing crud, extruded and roasted full-fat soybean instead of soybean Meal had no effects on Ultrasound measurements of back fat thickness, muscle thickness and loin muscle area. Carcass and non-carcass components were not affected by the dietary treatment. Dietary treatments were not effected on short chain and long chain fatty acids. The use of soybean meal significantly increased palmitic acid in comparison with the15% extruded and rousted full fat soybean (P<0.05). Stearic acid concentration was higher for lambs fed the 15% crude full fat soybean compared to the soybean meal (P<0.05). Replacing extruded and roasted full-fat soybean increased poly on saturated fatty acids (p<0.01) and conjugated linoleic acid (p<0.1). Conclusions: It is concluded that extruded and roasted full-fat soybean can be fed to fattening Afshari lambs as a total replacement (15 percent of diet DM) for soybean meal without negative effects on carcass components, improved blood parameters, reduced saturated fatty acids and increased conjugated linoleic acid, poly unsaturated fatty acids and useful fatty acids of meat in Afshari lambs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the morphologic sonographic appearances and frequency of the "halo sign" in the setting of fat necrosis on shear wave elastography (SWE). Methods: Patients with clinically suspected fat necrosis were prospectively scanned using SWE in addition to standard gray‐scale and Doppler images. Cases were qualitatively grouped into one of three sonographic appearances: focal hypoechoic lesion with increased internal tissue stiffness ("focal stiffness"), focal hypoechoic lesion with isoechoic or hyperechoic periphery demonstrating increased tissue stiffness relative to the central hypoechoic lesion ("halo stiffness"), heterogeneously echogenic lesion with diffusely increased stiffness ("heterogeneous stiffness"). Results: Exactly 19 patients met inclusion criteria (female n = 14; male n = 5). Shear wave velocities were recorded and retrospectively evaluated. The mean clinical follow‐up was 11.4 months (range 3.0–25.5). Lesions demonstrated higher average tissue stiffness than background tissue (overall mass shear wave velocity 3.26 m/s, background 1.42 m/s, P <.001; lesion Young's modulus 40.85 kPa vs background 7.22 kPa, P <.001). The halo sign was identified in 10/19 (55%) patients. Conclusion: The halo sign is a potentially useful sign in the setting of fat necrosis seen in the majority of clinically suspected cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop and validate a highly efficient motion compensated free‐breathing isotropic resolution 3D whole‐heart joint T1/T2 mapping sequence with anatomical water/fat imaging at 0.55 T. Methods: The proposed sequence takes advantage of shorter T1 at 0.55 T to acquire three interleaved water/fat volumes with inversion‐recovery preparation, no preparation, and T2 preparation, respectively. Image navigators were used to facilitate nonrigid motion‐compensated image reconstruction. T1 and T2 maps were jointly calculated by a dictionary matching method. Validations were performed with simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments on 10 healthy volunteers and 1 patient. The performance of the proposed sequence was compared with conventional 2D mapping sequences including modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery and T2‐prepared balanced steady‐SSFP sequence. Results: The proposed sequence has a good T1 and T2 encoding sensitivity in simulation, and excellent agreement with spin‐echo reference T1 and T2 values was observed in a standardized T1/T2 phantom (R2 = 0.99). In vivo experiments provided good‐quality co‐registered 3D whole‐heart T1 and T2 maps with 2‐mm isotropic resolution in a short scan time of about 7 min. For healthy volunteers, left‐ventricle T1 mean and SD measured by the proposed sequence were both comparable with those of modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (640 ± 35 vs. 630 ± 25 ms [p = 0.44] and 49.9 ± 9.3 vs. 54.4 ± 20.5 ms [p = 0.42]), whereas left‐ventricle T2 mean and SD measured by the proposed sequence were both slightly lower than those of T2‐prepared balanced SSFP (53.8 ± 5.5 vs. 58.6 ± 3.3 ms [p < 0.01] and 5.2 ± 0.9 vs. 6.1 ± 0.8 ms [p = 0.03]). Myocardial T1 and T2 in the patient measured by the proposed sequence were in good agreement with conventional 2D sequences and late gadolinium enhancement. Conclusion: The proposed sequence simultaneously acquires 3D whole‐heart T1 and T2 mapping with anatomical water/fat imaging at 0.55 T in a fast and efficient 7‐min scan. Further investigation in patients with cardiovascular disease is now warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We investigated the effects of a single and simultaneous intake of allitol and d-allulose on body fat accumulation and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and accurately assessed the contribution of rare sugars to body fat in rats fed a high-fat diet that led to obesity. Thirty-two male 3-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, allitol, d-allulose, and allitol + d-allulose. The rats were fed experimental diets and water ad libitum for 11 weeks. High doses of allitol or d-allulose can induce diarrhea in rat; hence, each group of rats was acclimated to 1-5% allitol and d-allulose incrementally for the initial 20 days. After the feeding period, all rats were euthanized and collected tissues. Perirenal, mesenteric, and total intra-abdominal adipose tissue weights were significantly reduced by dietary dallulose, whereas dietary allitol tended to decrease these adipose tissue weights. Both allitol and d-allulose significantly decreased carcass and total body fat mass. We confirmed that both dietary allitol and d-allulose inhibited body fat accumulation; however, d-allulose did not inhibit hepatic lipogenesis and no synergy was observed between dietary allitol and d-allulose in terms of anti-obesity effects. Dietary allitol significantly increased cecal SCFA levels and these effects were more potent than those of dietary d-allulose. The antiobesity effect of allitol may be due to the action of SCFAs, especially butyric acid, produced by the gut microbiota. Many of the effects of allitol as an alternative sweetener remain unknown, and further research is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Including dietary fat can increase the energy density of diets fed to ruminants, reducing dry matter intake (DMI). Effects of different fat sources on nutrient digestion and fermentation can vary depending on dietary fat concentration and the forage-to-concentrate ratio (F:C). Therefore, this study's objective was to screen the effects of fat sources supplemented at different concentrations to high- and low-forage diets on in vitro digestibility and fermentation. Treatments included either low forage (LF; 35%) or high forage (HF; 70%) with two fat levels (6 or 9% DM) using six different fat sources, plus control. The control diet (CON) had a basal level of fat in the diet (3% fat; 0% fat inclusion), and fat sources were added to attain 6% or 9% dietary fat and consisted of the following: Coconut oil, CO; Poultry fat, PF; Palm oil, PO; Palm kernel oil, PKO; Soybean oil, SOY; and Ca Salts, MEG. In vitro Gas Production (GP) modules were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 × 7 factorial design and were incubated for four 24 h runs. The CO-fed module had the highest dry matter (DM) apparent digestibility (AD) (p < 0.01), followed by SOY and PF. The true DM digestibility (TDMD) and organic matter (OM) AD were the highest in CO (p < 0.01) than the other fat types. The AD for DM, OM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was higher in LF (p < 0.01). The 6% fat inclusion had a higher GP (109 vs. 103 mL ± 2.09; p < 0.03). Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was lower in different fat types than the CON and the acetate molar proportion (p > 0.01). The propionate was the lowest for the CON, which increased the acetate to propionate (A:P) ratio (p < 0.01). These results suggest that LF diets with high fat concentrations can be utilized, and different fat sources may improve DM and fiber digestibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between body composition and on-field, in-game physical performance in female collegiate soccer players. Body composition, including total mass, fat mass, and lean tissue mass for the lower extremities and total body, was measured in 10 starting players using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). On-field, in-game physical performance was tracked via a global positioning system (GPS) over 14 regular-season games, measuring total distance and distance covered in six speed zones. Players covered 4544.7 ± 495.2 m in the first half of the game and significantly less distance in the second half (3356.5 ± 1211.7 m, p = 0.004). A repeated measures ANOVA revealed decreased distances in jogging, low-, and moderate-intensity running during the second half compared to the first half of the game (p < 0.001). Lower total-body fat mass, total-body fat percentage, and lower-extremities fat mass were correlated with greater distances at moderate- and high-intensity running during the second half and entire game (r values from −0.644 to −0.745, p < 0.01 to 0.04). These findings suggest that body composition can influence the distance covered at moderate- and high-intensity running speed during competitive games. Training strategies aimed at reducing fat mass and incorporating high-intensity training may benefit female soccer players and enhance team success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to examine the rabbit consumption habits and opinions of people living in countries that regularly consume rabbit meat. Snowball sampling of data collection was used, a total of 1 860 error-free questionnaires were evaluated. Most of the completed questionnaires came from Hungary, Italy, Spain, China, Poland, France and Mexico. It is to note that 21.3% of respondents have not yet consumed rabbit meat: China (32.1%), Hungary (24.7%), Poland (22.4%), and France (4.8%). The main reasons for not consuming rabbit meat were emotional reasons (22.3%), it does not fit their dietary habits (15.7%). There are 28.7% of respondents who consume rabbit meat once or twice a year, 18.6% less often and 21.9% monthly. It was most often (weekly and monthly) consumed in Spain (25.3% and 36.8%), in Italy (15.3% and 36.2%), in France (1.6% and 38.7%, respectively). Men, aged 40 to 59, secondary school graduates, and those having a higher income eat rabbit meat more often than other groups. The highest scores (near to 4.5 on a 1-5 scale) were given for the health aspects of rabbit meat, such as high protein, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins, and low fat and cholesterol contents. In order to encourage the consumption of rabbit meat, different marketing campaigns should be carried out in each country, depending on the standard of living, production intensity (large-scale or small-scale) and place of purchase (supermarket or local market). It is paramount to make the younger generation aware of the excellent and health-protective properties of rabbit meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of fat within a lesion in the brain is not only easy to identify on both CT/MRI but also can help narrow the differential. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the spectrum of common and rare fat-containing lesions in the brain that are encountered in clinical practice. This paper intends to discuss 15 such lesions which are confirmed by MRI findings and histopathological correlation. We divided the spectrum of fat-containing lesions into lesions with adipose cells, lesions with cholesterol-rich content and tumours with lipomatous differentiation/transformation. Knowledge of these common and rare fat-containing lesions is essential for making the right diagnosis or narrowing the differential diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat protein and fat contents directly affect the flavor and yield of liquor. This study utilized hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology along with an integrated learning model to rapidly and non-destructively detect protein and fat contents in wheat. The hyperspectral data of the wheat grains was preprocessed using various methods. The competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) algorithm, the successive projections algorithm (SPA), and the combination of the two algorithms (CARS-SPA) were used to extract the characteristic wavelengths. Three support vector regression (SVR) models were created to forecast wheat protein and fat contents using full-band spectral data and characteristic wavelengths. These models are gray wolf optimized support vector regression (GWO-SVR), particle swarm optimized support vector regression (PSO-SVR), and support vector regression-based integrated learning (AdaBoost-SVR). Comparing the models showed that the AdaBoost-SVR model, utilizing the Eigen wavelengths extracted through the CARS-SPA and CARS algorithms, stood out as the most accurate in predicting wheat protein and fat contents, with Rp2 values of 0.9789 and 0.9651, respectively. The study findings indicate that combining HSI with AdaBoost-SVR integrated learning modeling enables rapid, non-destructive determination of wheat protein and fat contents with greater accuracy than using a single machine learning (ML) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Obesity is associated with increased morbidity in patients with advanced liver disease, but it is particularly challenging for these patients to preserve skeletal muscle mass during weight loss and accelerating sarcopenia is a concern. Alternate‐day modified fasting (ADMF) may be particularly effective for weight loss in patients with concomitant cirrhosis and obesity due to preservation of fat‐free mass (FFM). Methods: A weight loss program featuring either ADMF or a continuous low‐calorie diet (LCD) was evaluated in a 24‐week randomized clinical trial in 20 adult patients with Child‐Pugh Class A cirrhosis and obesity. Participants were randomized to either ADMF (n = 11) or LCD (n = 9). Both groups received a remotely delivered exercise program. Body composition, sarcopenia measures, and functional outcomes were assessed pre‐post. Results: Thirteen participants completed the intervention (Age = 57 ± 10; BMI = 37.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2). The median body weight lost in ADMF was 13.7 ± 4.8 kg (13.9% of initial body weight), while LCD lost 9.9 ± 6.9 kg (10.7% of initial body weight). Total body fat percentage decreased in both groups (ADMF: −4.1 ± 4.0%; LCD = −2.8 ± 1.4%). Fat‐free mass accounted for 34 ± 20% of total weight loss in ADMF and 38 ± 10% in LCD. Functional measures, such as timed chair stands, improved in both groups. Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of the ADMF and LCD interventions to produce significant weight loss while improving body composition in patients with cirrhosis and obesity. Further research is needed to validate these findings in larger cohorts and to assess changes in muscle quality and visceral fat. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05367596. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, one in three adults worldwide may be obese or overweight. Obesity is characterized by an excess of energy‐storing white fat. An ingenious and sought‐after strategy against obesity is to activate energy‐consuming beige fat, which is converted from white fat or brown fat. However, existing tools for assessing brown or beige fat activation in vivo have certain limitations, such as being cumbersome and expensive. Optical imaging is a relatively straightforward and economical imaging technique that utilizes light to peer into the structural–functional information of living organisms at multiple scales. Despite the availability of various optical imaging modalities for detecting brown or beige fat, there is a dearth of literature summarizing relevant studies. Accordingly, this review focuses on these optical modalities and elaborates on their imaging principles, characteristics, and recent research advances in the detection of brown or beige fat. Their imaging targets, advantages, and disadvantages are further concluded. As a methodological reference, this review can guide the selection of optimal optical modalities to noninvasively profile brown or beige fat activation from a specific biological perspective, maximizing the potential of optical imaging in anti‐obesity assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study on dairy cows maintained in various dairy farms in and around Shivamogga on different feeding pattern was taken up to determine risk indicators associated with Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The presence of SARA in dairy cows was identified by measuring pH of rumen liquor falling within a range of 5.2 to 5.9. The prevalence was found to be 19.61 per cent. Risk indicators identified are laminitis, lowered milk fat and fat to protein ratio, loose faecal consistency and coarse faecal structure and rumen fluid parameters such as type of protozoa, proportion of live to dead and iodophilic activity. Univariate analysis of laminitis was found to be significantly influencing risk indicator of SARA (p=0.020). Analysis of milk fat percentage revealed its significant association with the SARA (p=0.002). Analysis of milk fat: protein ratio in SARA positive cattle indicated that the ratio is significant indicator of SARA (p=0.004). Fecal structure and fecal consistency of cows found was to be a significant indicator of SARA (p=0.000). The proportion of cows with a greater number of small sized protozoa showed a positive significant indicator of SARA (p=0.035). Protozoa grouped as live (not having dead protozoa), few dead and more dead under microscopic examination for finding the proportion of these groups of protozoa among SARA positive cows which revealed a significant indicator (p=0.013). The iodophilic activity of protozoa was found to be a significant indicator of SARA (p=0.027). Iodophilic activity of SARA affected cattle in the present study was found to be nil to moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Induction of browning in white adipose tissue (WAT) increases energy expenditure and may be an attractive target for the treatment of obesity. Since activation of Fas (CD95) induces pathways known to blunt expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), we hypothesized that Fas expression in adipocytes inhibits WAT browning and thus contributes to the development of obesity. Methods: Adipocyte‐specific Fas knockout (FasΔadipo) and control littermate (FasF/F) mice were fed a regular chow diet or a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks. Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry, and browning was determined in subcutaneous WAT. In vitro, UCP1 was analyzed in subcutaneous murine adipocytes treated with or without Fas ligand. Moreover, FAS expression in WAT was correlated to UCP1 and percentage of body fat in human individuals. Results: HFD‐fed FasΔadipo mice displayed reduced body weight gain and blunted adiposity compared to control littermates. Concomitantly, whole‐body energy expenditure and WAT browning were elevated. In cultured adipocytes, Fas ligand treatment blunted isoproterenol‐induced UCP1 protein levels. In support of these findings in rodents, FAS expression in WAT correlated negatively with UCP1 but positively with adiposity in human individuals. Conclusions: Fas activation in adipocytes contributes to HFD‐associated adiposity in rodents and may be a therapeutic target to reduce obesity and associated diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat known to improve production and body health in animals and human as well. The current on-farm trial was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids inclusion in the diets on milk production and fatty acid profiles and insulin growth factors-1 values in lactating dairy cattle. Three hundred Holstein lactating cows in a commercial farm were assorted to a control group fed basal control diet and two treated groups fed diets containing extruded flaxseed (7.0%) and salmate (25 g/head/day). The basal control, extruded flaxseed and salmate diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. The diets were given to each group from three weeks pre-parturition to week 23 of lactation. Feed intake, milk production and composition and fatty acid profiles were recorded during the study. Fat and energy corrected milk were calculated. Feed intake did not differ among groups. Flaxseed significantly (P<0.05) increased milk yield, fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk if compared to other groups. Milk fat (%) decreased significantly (P0.05), while saturated short-chain (C12:C15) and long-chain (C17:C20) fatty acids were higher (P0.05) in Salmate and extruded flaxseed groups. Moreover, the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 was the lowest in flaxseed group (3.76) compared to control (8.06) and salmate (8.31) groups. In conclusion, flaxseed diet improved (P < 0.05) milk production efficiency (kg milk/kg feed) and fatty acid profile compared to salmate and control diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Atherosclerosis, driven by dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress, is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study evaluates the effects of vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise (VIBBE) on atherosclerosis biomarkers—including paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE) activities—and lipid profiles in male bodybuilders who do not use anabolic-androgenic steroids. Comparisons were made with individuals engaged in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE), as well as overweight/obese sedentary (OOS) and normal-weight sedentary (NWS) individuals. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 122 healthy male participants aged 18–45 years, divided into four groups: VIBBE (n = 31), OOS (n = 30), MIAE (n = 32), and NWS (n = 29). Anthropometric assessments were performed, and fasting blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses, including lipid profiles and PON1 and ARE activities. Statistical analyses compared the groups and evaluated correlations between adiposity measures and atherosclerosis biomarkers. Results: The VIBBE group exhibited significantly lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and logarithm of the TG to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio [log(TG/HDL-C)] compared to the OOS group (p < 0.05 for all), indicating improved lipid profiles. However, these improvements were not significant when compared to the NWS group (p > 0.05), suggesting that VIBBE may not provide additional lipid profile benefits beyond those associated with normal weight status. PON1 and ARE activities were significantly lower in the VIBBE group compared to the MIAE group (p < 0.05 for both), suggesting that VIBBE may not effectively enhance antioxidant defences. Correlation analyses revealed significant inverse relationships between PON1 and ARE activities and adiposity measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass index (FMI), and obesity degree (OD) (p < 0.05 for all). Positive correlations were observed between oxLDL and log(TG/HDL-C) and adiposity measures (p < 0.05 for all). Conclusions: Vigorous-intensity bodybuilding exercise improves certain lipid parameters compared to sedentary obese individuals but does not significantly enhance antioxidant enzyme activities or further improve lipid profiles beyond those observed in normal-weight sedentary men. Conversely, moderate-intensity aerobic exercise significantly enhances PON1 and ARE activities and improves lipid profiles, offering superior cardiovascular benefits. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating moderate-intensity aerobic exercise into physical activity guidelines to optimize cardiovascular health by balancing improvements in lipid metabolism with enhanced antioxidant defences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Ectopic fat depots are related to the deregulation of energy homeostasis, leading to diseases related to obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Despite significant changes in body composition over women's lifespans, little is known about the role of breast adipose tissue (BrAT) and its possible utilization as an ectopic fat depot in women of different menopausal statuses. Objective We aimed to assess the relationship between BrAT and metabolic glycemic and lipid profiles and body composition parameters in adult women. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled adult women undergoing routine mammograms and performed history and physical examination, body composition assessment, semi-automated assessment of breast adiposity (BA) from mammograms, and fasting blood collection for biochemical analysis. Correlations and multivariate regression analysis were used to examine associations of BA with metabolic and body composition parameters. Results Of the 101 participants included in the final analysis, 76.2% were in menopause, and 23.8% were in premenopause. The BA was positively related with fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat when adjusted for age among women in postmenopause. Also, the BA was an independent predictor of hyperglycemia and MetS. These associations were not present among women in premenopause. Conclusion The BA was related to different adverse body composition and metabolic factors in women in postmenopause. The results suggest that there might be a relevant BrAT endocrine role during menopause, with mechanisms yet to be clarified, thus opening up research perspectives on the subject and potential clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Menopause is associated with changes in musculoskeletal, body composition, and metabolic parameters that may be amplified in premenopausal women receiving estradiol suppression for breast cancer. Denosumab offsets deleterious skeletal effects of estradiol suppression and has been reported to have effects on body composition and metabolic parameters in preclinical and observational studies, but evidence from double-blind randomized controlled trials is limited. Objective To assess the effect of denosumab on body composition and metabolic parameters. Methods In a prespecified secondary analysis of a 12-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 68 premenopausal women with breast cancer initiating ovarian function suppression and aromatase inhibition were randomized to denosumab 60-mg or placebo administered at baseline and 6 months. Outcome measures were total and regional fat and lean mass (DXA), body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, and lipid profile. Using a mixed model, between-group mean adjusted differences over time are reported. Results Over 12 months, relative to placebo, android and gynoid fat mass decreased in the denosumab group (−266 g [95% CI −453 to −79], P =.02, and −452 g [−783 to −122], P =.03, respectively). Total fat mass and waist circumference were lower in the denosumab group but not significantly (−1792 g [−3346 to −240], P =.08 and (− 3.77 cm [−6.76 to −0.79], P =.06, respectively). No significant treatment effects were detected in lean mass, BMI, hip circumference, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, or lipid profile. Conclusion In premenopausal women receiving estradiol suppression, denosumab decreases some measures of fat mass with no detectable effects on other measures of body composition or metabolic parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 576 rabbits were housed in 18 open-top elevated pens (32 rabbits per pen) during the fattening period (54–71 d of age) and fed a standard diet or a diet enriched in purified wood lignocellulose and fat formulated to guarantee rabbit optimal digestive health and convenient feed conversion ratio. The impacts on gut microbiota (both hard faeces and caecal content) and caecal fermentation, diet digestibility and rabbit performance were examined. The microbial diversity and the bacterial community structure of hard faeces barely differed from that of caecal content (p > .05). No differences in alpha and beta diversity of microbiota were detected between rabbits fed the different diets. Twelve genera, mostly belonging to the family of Lachnospiraceae, increased (p

Reducing ice cream fat content without losing its quality characteristics is a nutritional requirement of many consumers and it is a challenge for the ice cream industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate low-fat hard ice cream formulations using modified cassava starch as a fat substitute. It was used in a proportion of 10% and hydrocolloids such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum, and xanthan gum were used as stabilizers. Mixture viscosity, drip-through time, melting percentage, total solids, titratable acidity, pH, and hardness were determined. The best formulations were the treatments with a mixture of 67% CMC, 33% guar gum, and 100% xanthan gum; they had a viscosity above 5000 cP, melting percentage lower than 7%, and overrun higher than 93%. In addition, a sensory acceptance evaluation was performed on the two best treatments and compared to a low-fat ice cream using a commercial stabilizer and an ice cream with a 7% fat ratio. The sensory results showed that the samples did not present significant differences, which is important because the best formulations can compete with the commercial stabilizers currently used for this type of ice cream.

Abstract Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) has gained considerable momentum due to its non-volatility and energy efficiency. Material and device scientists have been proposing novel material stacks that can mimic the “ideal memristor” which can deliver performance, energy efficiency, reliability and accuracy. However, designing RRAM-based systems is challenging. Engineering a new material stack, designing a device, and experimenting takes significant time for material and device researchers. Furthermore, the acceptability of the device is ultimately decided at the system level. We see a gap here where there is a need for facilitating material and device researchers with a “push button” modeling framework that allows to evaluate the efficacy of the device at system level during early device design stages. Speed, accuracy, and adaptability are the fundamental requirements of this modelling framework. In this paper, we propose a digital twin (DT)-like modeling framework that automatically creates RRAM device models from device measurement data. Furthermore, the model incorporates the peripheral circuit to ensure accurate energy and performance evaluations. We demonstrate the DT generation and DT usage for multiple RRAM technologies and applications and illustrate the achieved performance of our GPU implementation. We conclude with the application of our modeling approach to measurement data from two distinct fabricated devices, validating its effectiveness in a neural network processing an Electrocardiogram (ECG) dataset and incorporating Fault Aware Training (FAT).

Purpose: To develop a Dixon‐based B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ self‐navigation approach to estimate and correct temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations in radial stack‐of‐stars gradient echo imaging for quantitative body MRI. Methods: The proposed method estimates temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations using a B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ self‐navigator estimated by a graph‐cut‐based water‐fat separation algorithm on the oversampled k‐space center. The B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ self‐navigator was employed to correct for phase differences between radial spokes (one‐dimensional [1D] correction) and to perform a motion‐resolved reconstruction to correct spatiotemporal pseudo‐periodic B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations (three‐dimensional [3D] correction). Numerical simulations, phantom experiments and in vivo neck scans were performed to evaluate the effects of temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations on the field‐map, proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and T2∗$$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ map, and to validate the proposed method. Results: Temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations were found to cause signal loss and phase shifts on the multi‐echo images that lead to an underestimation of T2∗$$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$, while PDFF mapping was less affected. The B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ self‐navigator captured slowly varying temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ drifts and temporal variations caused by respiratory motion. While the 1D correction effectively corrected B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ drifts in phantom studies, it was insufficient in vivo due to 3D spatially varying temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations with amplitudes of up to 25 Hz at 3 T near the lungs. The proposed 3D correction locally improved the correction of field‐map and T2∗$$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ and reduced image artifacts. Conclusion: Temporal B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations particularly affect T2∗$$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ mapping in radial stack‐of‐stars imaging. The self‐navigation approach can be applied without modifying the MR acquisition to correct for B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ drift and physiological motion‐induced B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$ variations, especially in the presence of fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examined metabolic flexibility with respect to fat metabolism during exercise in children who are lean (n=11; 10.9[0.9] y) and overweight/obese (OW/OB; n=9; 10.3[1.2] y). Method: Participants were grouped based on body mass index percentiles for age and sex. Groups were mixed in age and sex. Participants completed two 20-minute exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer, separated by a 10-minute rest. Bout 1 consisted of 10 minutes at 50% VO2peak and 10 minutes at 75% VO2peak. Bout 2 was 20 minutes at 50% VO2peak. Absolute fat oxidation rate (FOR), FOR relative to body mass, FOR relative to fat-free mass, and proportional fat use were measured at 10 minutes of bout 1 and 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes of bout 2. Results: Absolute FOR was higher in the OW/OB group (range: 117.8 [55.1]–206.2 [48.3] mg·min−1) than in the lean group (81.1 [32.2]–152.2 [38.2] mg·min−1); however, there were no significant main effects for group or significant interactions for proportional fat use, FOR relative to body mass, or FOR relative to fat-free mass. Conclusion: Children in this age range who are overweight/obese do not display impaired metabolic flexibility with respect to fat metabolism during exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of supplementing broiler diets with andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the fat, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in broiler meat. The experiment utilized 200 day-old chicks (DOC) of the CP 707 strain, which were fed experimental diets starting at 15 days of age. The average initial body weight was 465±1.50 g per bird, and the birds were reared until 35 days of age. The research design followed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five dietary treatments and four replications per treatment, each containing 10 broilers. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (R1= 0% andaliman) and diets supplemented with 0.25% (R2), 0.5% (R3), 0.75% (R4), and 1% (R5) andaliman. The variables measured were meat fat content, cholesterol content, and MDA levels. The results indicated that andaliman supplementation had no significant effect (P0.05) on the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content of broiler meat. The observed ranges were 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for fat content, 140.61–161.61 mg/100 g for cholesterol content, and 8.11–8.56 µg/g for MDA levels. In conclusion, the addition of andaliman to broiler diets did not significantly influence the fat, cholesterol, or MDA content in the meat.

Yea-Jin Lee,1,2 Namgue Hong,2 Eun Seo Choi,3 Sun-Hyang Choi,2 Eun Young Kim,2 Hyeong Ju Park,4 Jin-Chul Ahn1,2 1Department of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, 31116, Republic of Korea; 2Medical Laser Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, 31116, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Physics, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea; 4Bio&Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Hyeong Ju Park; Jin-Chul Ahn, Email phj020603@kopti.re.kr; jcahn@dankook.ac.krPurpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of abdominal fat reduction in mini-pigs, utilizing at 1060 nm diode laser with a wavelength of 1060 nm.Patients and Methods: The laser system non-invasively disrupts adipose tissue; its effectiveness and safety were evaluated by ultrasound imaging and histological analysis. Laser irradiation was performed with various powers, and the cooling function was activated to prevent skin surface damage.Results: The dermal tissue temperature increased to at least 43°C during laser exposure, leading to a decrease in abdominal fat thickness after 30 days. Blood tests revealed no significant changes in kidney and liver function but showed increased blood levels of nonessential free acids (NEFAs), likely due to the release of fatty tissue-derived free fatty acids. Histological evaluation demonstrated rapid transformation of adipose tissue into collagen, muscle fibers, and intracellular fibrous tissue.Conclusion: The 1060 nm laser showed promise as a non-invasive and safe tool for reducing abdominal fat.Keywords: diode laser, fat, abdominal, non-invasive, preclinical

The growing popularity of cosmetic procedures such as liposuction and fat grafting has been accompanied by a rise in associated side effects. Among these, fat embolism syndrome stands out as a potential complication that sometimes has critical consequences. It is important to recognize that fat embolism affects organs through distinct mechanisms from those involved with other types of embolisms. Early diagnosis is crucial. Unfortunately, no effective treatments have been established for this condition. Therefore, starting with a more detailed categorization of diagnoses, developing new treatment methods for each subtype is essential.

Fat authentication is strongly required for the reason of religious food ethics, human health, and preferences. This research reported two simple techniques approach for recognizing fat based on the character of microscopic and physicochemical properties of fat extractedusing different polarity solvents. The formation of microcrystals as well as fatty acid composition were investigated by involving variables of four different types of animal fat and three different solvents. Theisolate fats were directly crystallized under incubation at room temperature and observedusing an optical microscope while fatty acid composition was determined by hydrolyzing and trans-esterifying fat samples before analysis using GC-MS. The microscopic structures of the obtained crystals areneedle-basedwitharadial orientation in spherulitic pattern which characteristic to each type of fat. The lard fat crystal was authentically distinguished from its shape of a partially radial fan, whilst the shape of fat crystals from beef, goat, and lamb are needle-shaped with a full radialorientation. Fatty acids obtained from all types of fats and types of solvents show similar types but different abundances, the main saturated fatty acids are palmitate, stearate myristic and the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic, palmitoleic, and linoleic. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that lard composed higher ΣUSFA compared to ΣSFA but other fats (tallow, goat, and lamb) showed converse behavior.

Fat is one of the most important nutritional components in foods. It not only endows foods with unique flavor and taste and provides the energy needed by the human body, but also has a significant impact on the structure and overall quality of foods. However, excessive intake of fat is not conducive to human health. Therefore, it is hoped that the use of fat mimics to replace fat in food will reduce the harm of excessive intake of fat to the human body while maintaining the original flavor of foods as much as possible. This article reviews the classification of fat replacers and fat mimics and recent research on the role and application of fat mimics in foods, outlines the basis for the classification of fat replacers into fat substitutes and fat mimics, with emphasis on the mechanisms of action, advantages, limitations, roles and applications of single and mixed fat mimics. It also proposes future strategies for the research and development of fat mimics in order to provide a direction for the development of healthy and safe fat mimics.

Background. Spring oats play an essential role in the search for a comprehensive solution of urgent problems associated with the development of a solid fodder resource base that could meet the need of animal husbandry for high-quality feeds. Adequate animal feeding is possible when high-quality fodders are available and the rations are well balanced in basic nutrients. Materials and methods. Field studies were conducted in Tyumen Province on the experimental field of the Research Institute of Agriculture for the Northern Trans-Ural Region in 2016–2023. The tested materials included spring oat cultivars and breeding lines, with cv. ʻTalismanʼ serving as the reference. Productivity was assessed according to the harvested dry matter, crude and digestible protein, crude and digestible fat, crude and digestible fiber, and crude and digestible nitrogen-free extracts (NFE). To do this, the yield of green biomass in the phase of milky ripeness was taken into account, and the contents of dry matter and nutrients in it were measured. Results. Promising breeding lines were evaluated for their fodder productivity (green biomass yield and the collected dry matter, protein, fat, fiber, and NFE). Digestible energy value of the tested oats was calculated in feed units (FU) and in joules of metabolizable energy (ME) and gross energy (GE). Energy digestibility (ED) and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) andmetabolizable energy (ME) were measured. Conclusion. Cvs. ʻTobolyakʼ, ʻRaduzhnyʼ and ʻSiriusʼ were the best in fodder productivity. Cvs. ʻMegionʼ, ʻOtradaʼ, ʻFomaʼ, ʻTobolyakʼ, and line TM 07-95-16 were identified for the highest digestible energy value. They provided 0.85–0.86 FU per 1 kg of dry matter and formed 835.5–842.5 kJ of ME and 1708.1–1734.6 kJ of GE per 100 kg of dry matter. Their ED was 63.5–65.8 %, with 1092.87–1141.36 kJ/kg of DE and 896.15–935.91 kJ/kg of ME.

The objective was to explore if the regression of phenotypic performance for six milk production traits on the respective estimate of genetic merit for that trait differed by herd milking frequency; variance components for each trait in the two milking frequency environments were also estimated as well as the genetic correlation between the same trait in both environments. The data used included 12,581 lactations from 5,456 cows in 32 spring-calving once-a-day (OAD) milking herds. Each OAD herd was matched with three contemporary twice-a-day (TAD)-milking herds; 35,823 lactations from 15,188 cows in 96 TAD herds were used. Mean yield was 20% (fat yield) to 31% (milk yield) lower in OAD herds. Milk protein concentration was 11% higher in OAD herds, while milk fat concentration was 16% higher in OAD herds. The mean back-transformed somatic cell score (SCS) was 100,390 cells/mL in OAD herds and 72,493 cells/mL in TAD herds. The association between each milk production trait and its respective estimate of genetic merit differed by herd milking frequency; the estimated regression coefficients were larger in TAD for just milk yield and SCS. The genetic correlation between the same trait in OAD versus TAD was all ≥0.73 with the exception of SCS (genetic correlation of 0.48) which suggests some re-ranking of sires between environments. In conclusion, differences in the scale of the genetic variance were evident for both milking frequencies and possible re-ranking was evident for SCS.

Abstract The school age period is characterized by significant physical and intellectual growth, necessitating the monitoring of macronutrient intake and its impact on weight and height. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the quality and quantity of protein and fat consumption with anthropometric indices in primary school girls in Kerman. This cross-sectional analysis was conducted on primary school girls aged 6–12 (n 330) from ten schools in Kerman, Iran. A validated and reliable dish-based 185-item food frequency questionnaire was used. We calculated the amount of proteins and fats as the percentage of daily calories and grams per day. Plant-based and animal-based proteins were used to assess the protein quality. To assess the fat quality, we considered trans fatty acids (TFA), cholesterol, vegetable oils, solid vegetable oils, animal oils, omega-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 PUFA, and (PUFAs + Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs))/Saturated fatty acids (SFAs), PUFAs/SFA, and (MUFA + PUFA)/(SFA + TFA). There was a significant positive association between height-for-age z-score (HAZ) and plant protein (p

Summary Obesity, which is characterized by excessive body fat, increases the risk of chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Sarcopenia, a decline in muscle mass, is also associated with many chronic disorders and is therefore a major concern in aging populations. Body composition analysis is important in the evaluation of obesity and sarcopenia because it provides information about the distribution of body fat and muscle mass. It is also useful for monitoring nutritional status, disease severity, and the effectiveness of interventions, such as exercise, diet, and drugs, and thus helps assess overall health and longevity. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry are commonly used for this purpose. However, they have limitations, such as high cost, long measurement time, and radiation exposure. Instead, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which was introduced several decades ago and has undergone significant technological advancements, can be used. It is easily accessible, affordable, and importantly, poses no radiation risk, making it suitable for use in hospitals, fitness centers, and even at home. Herein, we review the recent technological developments and clinical applications of BIA to provide an updated understanding of BIA technology and its strengths and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no consensus regarding age-related facial anatomical changes. In this study, aging-related changes in soft and hard cheek tissues were quantitatively analyzed using computed tomography. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 90 Asian females who underwent facial computed tomography. Three-dimensional model of soft tissue in apple zone was reconstructed, and age-related changes in fat volume and pyriform aperture area were quantified using Mimics software. Results: The apple zone is an aesthetic unit of the infraorbital cheek, with soft tissue located between the lateral wall of the pyriform aperture and the zygomatic major muscle. The superficial fat volume significantly decreased with age (P < 0.05). In contrast, a significant decrease in total fat volume was only observed between the young and old groups (P < 0.05). In linear regression modeling, age was a significant predictor of pyriform aperture area (R2 = 0.194, P < 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that superficial fat atrophy and bone remodeling in the cheek with age, and both of which combine to contribute to an aging facial appearance. Level of Evidence IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]