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A natural fertilizer relies on plant, mineral and animal sources for its nutrients. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the natural fertilizer potential of Neem leaves aqueous extract for irrigation practices by analyzing some physicochemical parameters using standard methods. Data obtained shows that the pH level were, 8.4, 7.2, 7.1, and 7.3 respectively indicating a moderate alkalinity status suitable for irrigation. The electrical conductivity values were as 2.4, 2.2, and 1.8 mg/L for Neem aqueous extract while turbidity values were 334, 323, and 296 NTU respectively. These values are within the acceptable range according to FAO guidelines. SAR values were as 11.20, 10.04, and 10.81 and chloride levels were found to be; 22.1, 16.12, and 5.97 mg/L, posing no concerns for irrigation. Sodium levels were 35.7, 27.32 and 25.31 mg/L which also falls within the FAO guidelines and indicating moderate sodicity. Overall, the nutritional compositions of the Neem leaf extracts were within the FAO guideline limits for irrigation fluid, indicating their suitability for irrigation practices. This Neem leaf extract as an irrigation solution could provide a valuable insights for farmers and agricultural practitioners seeking to optimize crop productivity and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous extract of Senjed peel (AESP) as a natural antioxidant was added to cold-pressed sesame oil at different concentrations of 0 (T0), 100 (T100), 200 (T200), 500 (T500), and 750 (T750) mg/kg and compared with synthetic antioxidant tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) (200 mg/kg). Extraction yield, radical scavenging activity (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method), total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) of AESP was 9.55 ± 0.35% (g/100 g dried Senjed peel), 58.17 ± 2.33%, 573.31 ± 3.57 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g fresh weight (FW) (mg GAE/100 g FW), and 151.33 ± 2.67 mg catechin equivalents (CAE) per 100 g fresh weight (mg CAE/100 g W), respectively. The extract preserved 59.08% of antioxidant activity after heating at 185 ℃ for 80 min. The highest free fatty acid content (FFA%), peroxide value (PV), and para-Anisidine value (PA-V) belonged to oil samples containing 0 ppm of AESP and followed by 100, 200, 500, and 750 ppm, respectively. Oil samples containing TBHQ and 750 mg/kg of AESP showed the highest oxidative stability index (15.39 h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin considered a potent carcinogen for humans that contaminates a wide range of crops. Various strategies have been established to reduce or block the synthesis of AFB1 in food and feed. The use of aqueous extracts derived from plants with high antioxidant activity has been a subject of study in recent years due to their efficacy in inhibiting AFB1. In this study, we assessed the effect of Aloysia citrodora aqueous extract on Aspergillus flavus growth and on AFB1 production. A bio-guided fractionation followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Mass spectrometry analysis of the active fraction were applied to identify the candidate molecules responsible for the dose-effect inhibition of AFB1 synthesis. Our results revealed that polyphenols are the molecules implicated in AFB1 inhibition, achieving almost a total inhibition of the toxin production (99%). We identified luteolin-7-diglucuronide as one of the main constituents in A. citrodora extract, and demonstrated that it is able to inhibit, by itself, AFB1 production by 57%. This is the first study demonstrating the anti-Aflatoxin B1 effect of this molecule, while other polyphenols surely intervene in A. citrodora anti-AFB1 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apostichopus japonicus is preserved in dried form after processing and used as food and traditional medicine. During the sea cucumber drying process, the boiled liquid is discarded as waste. In this study, the freeze-dried powder obtained from the boiled aqueous extracts from sea cucumbers cultured in Japan and Taiwan (SCAE-Tw and SCAE-Jp) were used to observe the anti-melanogenesis effects of the extracts on B16F10 cells and zebrafish embryos. A foam test, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectra analysis revealed that SCAEs had amphiphilic features similar to saponin. According to the saponin standard, we calculated that SCAE-Tw and SCAE-Jp contained 3.45 and 6.48 mg, respectively, of the saponin component per 100 mg after the lyophilization treatment. The survival rate experiments indicated that the lethal concentration in B16F10 cells is 54 and 201 μg/mL, respectively. The anti-melanogenic activity of the SCAEs was confirmed by assessing the inhibition of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 cells and zebrafish embryos. qPCR analysis demonstrated that SCAEs suppressed the expression of Mitf, Tyr, and Trp-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. This research may provide new insights into the reuse of food processing wastewater and the development of novel anti-melanin treatments and applications in aquaculture, cosmetics, and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to develop and evaluate hydrogel containing silver nanoparticles with Withania coagulans aqueous extract. The silver nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles with Withania coagulans were prepared by a green synthesis approach using 0.1 mM silver nitrate solution and a 1 % aqueous extract of Withania coagulans. The silver nanoparticles were used for characterization purposes, whereas the silver nanoparticles with Withania coagulans were incorporated in the hydrogel formulation containing carbopol 971P NF of different concentrations, propylene glycol, triethanolamine and distilled water of appropriate amount. The silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their particle size (Zavg), polydispersity index, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The prepared hydrogels were assessed for physical appearance, pH, viscosity, syneresis, spreadability, occlusivity, and drug-excipient compatibility. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were stable and spherical in shape with an average particle size of 174.9±0.062 nm, indicating the particles were in the nano range and the polydispersity index value of 0.174±0.054 showed the homogeneity of particle size distribution. The scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy data reflected the spherical and smooth surface of silver nanoparticles. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis spectra of silver nanoparticles showed a strong spectral signal of silver. The crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed from the spot pattern obtained by selected area electron diffraction. The silver nanoparticles with Withania coagulans loaded hydrogel formulations (F1, F2 and F3) were found to be yellowish-brown in color, homogeneous in nature, with pH of 6.24±0.047-6.78±0.082 and percentage syneresis from 0.46±0.074 to 1.47±0.12. The spreadability data (4.83±0.08-6.4±0.124 cm) indicated the easily spreadable nature of hydrogel and the viscosities in the range of 41840±257.07-87538±389.87 cp were found to be suitable for topical application. The percntage occlusiveness of the prepared hydrogel was found to be 54.43±1.24 to 74.82±2.48. The drug excipient compatibility by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy revealed the compatibility of the extract with the hydrogel formulation components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Viscum album extracts are widely used for the treatment of various diseases in many countries. The effect of aqueous extract from different mistletoe host trees (Abies alba, Acer saccharinum, Malus domestica, Pinus sylvestris) on model objects (Allium cepa and Drosophila milanogaster), bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus), and fungi (Aspergillus niger, Heterobasidion annosum, Inonotus obliquus) was evaluated. The influence of mistletoe extracts on A. cepa, D. melanogaster and basidiomycetes species H. annosum and I. obliquus was demonstrated for the first time. The study findings revealed that the impact of mistletoe aqueous extract exhibits considerable variation, influenced by multiple factors. These factors include the specific tree from which mistletoe is obtained, the concentration used, and the organism targeted. Mistletoe extracts caused the appearance of cells with pathologies in the meristematic tissues of A. cepa at different stages of the plant cell cycle. A clear cytostatic effect on A. cepa and D. melanogaster was shown, with the highest effect of mistletoe extract obtained from A. saccharinum. The main action of the solution on cells is probably manifested in the inhibition of cell division according to the results of the cytotoxicity assessment of aqueous extracts of mistletoe. Antibacterial activity of concentated mistletoe extract obtained from A. saccharinum was found only against S. aureus with zone of growth inhibition 11.0 ± 0.1 mm. In the assay on agar plates the tested extracts stimulated the mycelial growth of A. niger 1.85 times higher compared to the control, but inhibited the growth of H. annosum, I. obliquus at 65.5% and 62.2%, respectively. However, the biomass production of H. annosum was strongly dependent on the host mistletoe tree of the aqueous extract, and both the inhibition of mycelial synthesis of the wood-destroying fungus and its stimulating effect on mycelial accumulation were found. Anegative effect (1.46 times decrease in biomass ) of H. annosum was found in the case of application of mistletoe extract obtained from A. saccharinum. The highest stimulation effect on fungus (1.53 times increase in biomass) was established by using mistletoe extract prepared from A. alba. In this study the main effects on living organisms used were indirectly caused by the host trees of mistletoe extracts. The overall negative impact was associated with the host tree Acer saccharinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review was aimed at investigating the potential of Lantana camara extract as an effective alternative for synthetic herbicides to control weeds and also establishing the effects of allelochemicals in the extract on the germination and growth of cultivated crops. The researchers assessed abstracts and articles published from 2011 to 2022. The review has established that although L. camara extract has allelopathic properties to suppress the germination and growth of weeds in the fields. However, the extract is not entirely selective for the plants it inhibits; as a result, it also suppresses the growth of cultivated crops. Therefore, the review recommends that the extract should only be used on crops whose germination and growth cannot be suppressed by it. There is a need to establish the proper timing of the application of the extract to avoid the suppression of germination and early seedling growth in cultivated crops. More studies have been done on the effects of extract on plants in the Poaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae families. Therefore, more research has to be done to evaluate the allelopathic effects of L. camara extract on agronomic crops under Onagraceae, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, and Amaranthaceae families.There is limited information on the effects of the L. camara extract on the yields of the crops; as such, this review recommends that further research be conducted to evaluate the effects of the allelochemicals of L. camara on the yields of the cultivated crops in the fields where the extract has been applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to study the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts obtained from different by-products. The effectiveness of these extracts was compared with that of rosemary extract. Total phenol carotenoid and vitamin C contents, as well as in vitro antioxidant activity, were assessed. Phenol content was positively correlated with in vitro antioxidant activity in extracts, while carotenoids showed a less clear relationship. Vitamin C was associated with antioxidant activity in lemon and pepper pomace extracts. Extracts from olive, grape, and lemon by-products displayed the highest antioxidant activity (radical scavenging activity), this being similar to the activity of rosemary extracts. Moreover, the phenolic profile of the extracts was analyzed, revealing diverse phenolic compounds. Rosemary extracts contained the highest variety and quantity of phenolic compounds, while olive pomace extracts were rich in hydroxytyrosol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Lemon and pepper extracts contained high amounts of tyrosol, and tomato extracts had abundant epicatechin. The PCA analysis distinguished extracts based on in vitro antioxidant activity, phenol, carotenoid, and vitamin C content, along with their phenolic compound profiles. This study emphasizes the capacity of aqueous extract by-products as valuable sources of antioxidants and highlights the importance of understanding their bioactive components.

Hada, Z., Jenfaoui, H., Khammassi, M., Matmati, A., and Souissi, T. 2022. Allelopathic effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) crops on early growth of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-resistant Glebionis coronaria. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 17 (2): 55-66.

Annona muricata (a.k.a. Soursop or Graviola) is fruit plant native to warm and humid regions in Africa and Asia. A. muricata is rich of carbohydrates, vitamins, antioxidants, and important minerals such as ZX. This study aimed at evaluation of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the peels and pulp of A. muricata for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the standard well diffusion assay. The results of aqueous extract of the peels, revealed 16 mm inhibition zone for E. coli and S. aureus. The inhibition zone of aqueous extract of the core part was 18.2 mm for E. coli and 17 mm for S. aureus. The alcoholic extract of peels showed 16 mm of inhibition zone of S. aureus compared to 17 mm E. coli. Moreover, the alcoholic extract of the fruit pulp revealed 19.2 mm inhibition growth zone of E. coli and 17.5 mm against of S. aureus. In conclusion, the aqueous and alcoholic extract of peel and pulp contain inhibitory activity compounds against different clinical bacterial species and the inhibitory effect of the alcoholic extract was more evident than that of the aqueous extract due to the solubility of many active compounds in the alcohol.

Introduction: Anemia is a common health condition caused by a decrease in red blood cells. Some medicinal plants are used as a remedy to treat anemia. This study compares the anti-anemic properties of different doses of the aqueous extracts of Ficus capensis (AEFC) and its combination with the aqueous extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (AECA) in phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats. Methods: Anemia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg phenylhydrazine for five consecutive days. Graded doses of the extracts were given by oral gavage once a day continuously for 30 days. At the end of the treatment, blood was collected for hematological analysis. Results: The antianemic effects of AEFC and its combination with AECA were demonstrated by significant increases (P < 0.05) in the hemoglobin (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) count of the extract-treated groups compared to the anemic control group. There was a better increase in the HGB levels of a combination of 400 mg/kg AEFC + AECA (13.97 ± 2.53) compared to 400 mg/kg AEFC (12.06 ± 0.02). The PCV increased more in 400 mg/kg combination of AEFC + AECA (41.94 ± 0.37) compared to 400 mg/kg AEFC (36.31 ± 1.51). A significant (P < 0.05) increase was observed in the RBC count of a combination of 400 mg/kg AEFC + AECA (6.36±0.51) compared to 400 mg/kg AEFC (4.75 ± 0.46). Conclusion: Although AEFC improved the haematological parameters of the animals when administered alone, its combination with AECA yielded a far much better result by totally restoring the haematological parameters of the phenylhydrazine-induced anemic rats to normal.

Introduction: Maytenus macrocarpa (MM) "Chuchuhuasi" is a native plant from the Amazon region of South America, widely used in traditional medicine due its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-tumor properties. However, its effects on reproductive physiology and male fertility have not been elucidated. Methods: Preclinical experimental study of cases and controls. Male mice with eight weeks from birth were administered orally for 70 days (two spermatogenic cycles) an aqueous extract MM: GC (n = 8) 0 mg / kg body weight (bw) control group and treated group GT (n = 8) 1000 mg / kg bw. Later the animals were euthanized, the reproductive organs were weighted, also motility and sperm count were recorded. During the days 60 or 65 of treatment, males were mated and pregnant females were sacrificed in the fourth day of pregnancy for evaluating development, quality and degree of blastulation. Results: The weights of reproductive organs did not differ significantly between the two groups (p> 0.05). However, progressive motility (32.81 vs. 15.27 ± 4.17% ± 2.08%) and sperm count (7.75 ± 0.34 x 106 / ml vs. 2.56 ± 0.42 x 106 / ml) decreased significantly between GC and GT, respectively. 87.5% (7/8) of the pregnant mice produced 15 litters (GC) and only 50% (4/8) of the pregnant GT yields 4 litters. However, no significant differences were found in the percentage of blastocyst stage embryos, good quality embryos, or embryos with greater than 50% the size of the embryo between the two groups (p> 0.05) blastoceles. Conclusion: the aqueous extract of Maytenus macrocarpa (1000 mg/kl) could have possesses anti-reproductive action in male mice.

This study examined the allelopathic effect of different concentration of aqueous extracts of Parkia biglobosa stem bark on the germination and growth of weed seeds species. Seeds of Eragorastis tenella, Eragorastis atrovirens, Pannicum pedicellata, Pennisetum sub albidum, Hypharrhenia rufa and Brcichiaria brizantha were tested for plumule germination and radicle growth with three different concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10% plant extract while ordinary water was used as control. Growth parameters including germinated weeds population were measured; the highest germinated weeds population was at the control (8.06±3.97) and the least was obtained from the 10% concentration with the mean of (4.42±2.59). Weeds population decreased as the concentration increased. The highest mean of weeds height was recorded from 1% concentration (11.46±7.08) which is statistically significant while the least mean was recorded from 10% concentration (7.69±6.70) statistically not significant. The family emergence by concentration indicated that, the experiment under control had (4 families) for 1% (2 families), 5% (2 families) and 10% (4 families) emerged. The germination, radicle and plumule length were inhibited when compare with control and the inhibition was statistically not significant at.

Abstract In the current study, a novel method was used to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by utilizing Quercus baloot aqueous extract as a reducing agent. The biosynthesized AgNPs were then subjected to various physicochemical characterizations to assess their effectiveness against microbial familiarity. The characterization techniques included ultraviolet‐visible spectro‐photometry (UV‐Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV‐Vis analysis revealed a distinctive spectral peak at 420 nm, indicating the presence of silver nanoparticles. SEM imaging displayed the nanoparticle size range of about 100 nm at a magnification of 30,000x, while TEM demonstrated that the nanoparticles had a spherical morphology with a size of approximately 100 nm. Moreover, the crystalline structure of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis, further validating their successful synthesis. Additionally, FTIR analysis provided evidence of the presence of phytochemicals involved in synthesizing the AgNPs. the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The AgNPs displayed substantial efficacy against common bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus (71%), Escherichia coli (59%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (64%). Furthermore, they demonstrated significant antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi, namely Aspergillus niger (65%), Aspergillus flavus (70%) and Fusarium oxysporum (61%).

A natural fertilizer relies on plant, mineral and animal sources for its nutrients. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the natural fertilizer potential of Neem leaves aqueous extract for irrigation practices by analyzing some physicochemical parameters using standard methods. Data obtained shows that the pH level were, 8.4, 7.2, 7.1, and 7.3 respectively indicating a moderate alkalinity status suitable for irrigation. The electrical conductivity values were as 2.4, 2.2, and 1.8 mg/L for Neem aqueous extract while turbidity values were 334, 323, and 296 NTU respectively .These values are within the acceptable range according to FAO guidelines. SAR values were as 11.20, 10.04, and 10.81 and chloride levels were found to be; 22.1, 16.12, and 5.97 mg/L, posing no concerns for irrigation. Sodium levels were 35.7, 27.32 and 25.31 mg/L which also falls within the FAO guidelines and indicating moderate sodicity. Overall, the nutritional compositions of the Neem leaf extracts were within the FAO guideline limits for irrigation fluid, indicating their suitability for irrigation practices. This Neem leaf extract as an irrigation solution could provide a valuable insights for farmers and agricultural practitioners seeking to optimize crop productivity and quality.

Ferula communis L. is thought to possess a wide range of therapeutic qualities. This plant's safety is critical regarding its potential uses as a medicine. Using the techniques outlined in the OECD recommendations, the present study aimed to assess the acute and subacute toxicity profiles of Ferula communis aqueous extract (FC-Ext) in mice. In the acute study, the FC-Ext was administered to adult male and female Swiss albino mice through oral and intraperitoneal routes at doses of 0–4 g/kg. The general behavioral effects, mortality rates, and latency of mortality were evaluated for a period of 14 days. For the sub-acute dose study, the FC-Ext was administered orally to adult mice at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg on a daily basis for 28 days. Body weight and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were measured, and histological examinations of the liver, kidney, and spleen were conducted to assess any signs of organ damage at the end of the treatment period. The results of the acute toxicity study demonstrated that the LD50 values for the oral and intraperitoneal administration of FC-Ext were 3.6 g/kg and 2.3 g/kg, respectively. In the subacute toxicity study of FC-Ext, no significant changes in body weight were observed. However, a substantial increase in the weights of the liver, kidney, and spleen was observed in male mice. The administration of FC-Ext to mice at doses higher than 250 mg/kg resulted in a decrease in white blood cells and platelets in both sexes and a reduction in red blood cells and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in males and hemoglobin in females. No changes in biochemical parameters were observed. Microscopic examination of vital organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen revealed no significant injuries. Based on the current results, the aqueous extract of Ferula communis has low toxicity. These findings provide important information about the toxicity profile of the traditional medicine plant Ferula communis.

Background: The prolonged situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2, not only imposes a financial burden on healthcare supports but also contributes to the issue of medication shortages, particularly in countries with limited access to medical resources or developing countries. To provide an alternative therapeutic approach during this crisis, there is an increasing research that has investigated the potential uses of Andrographis paniculata in supporting the application of herbal medicine for COVID-19.Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the safety profiles and clinical pharmacokinetics, specifically focusing on dose proportionality of the four major active diterpenoids of Andrographis paniculata aqueous extract following oral administration of two different high doses of andrographolide.Methods: The participants received the aqueous extract capsules equivalent to 60 or 120 mg of andrographolide; and as multiple doses administered three times daily, calculated as 180 or 360 mg/day of andrographolide. Safety evaluation was assessed following the oral administration of the multiple doses.Results: The results indicated a dose-dependent effect observed between the respective two doses. A twofold increase in the dose of the extract demonstrated twofold higher plasma concentrations of the four major parent compounds; 1) andrographolide, 2) 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide, 3) neoandrographolide, and 4) 14-deoxyandrographolide, as well as their conjugated metabolites. The observed diterpenoids are biotransformed partly through a phase II metabolic pathway of conjugation, thus reducing in the parent compounds in the plasma and existing the majority as conjugated metabolites. These metabolites are then excreted through the hepatobiliary system and urinary elimination. For the results of the safety evaluation, the occasional adverse events experienced by individuals were of mild intensity, infrequent in occurrence, and reversible to the normal baseline. Safety consideration should be given to the individual patient’s pertinent health conditions when using this extract in patients with hepatic or kidney dysfunction.Clinical Trial Registration:https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20210201005; Identifier: TCTR20210201005.

Background: Allelopathy is the process of a plant's chemical release into the environment having direct or indirect, beneficial or negative effects on another plant. In the present work, we investigated the allelopathic interaction of Acacia modesta in the different extracts to show significant effects regarding the growth and germination of test species. Objective: The main objective of this research is to study how the allelopathic activity of Acacia modesta affects the growth of three Brassica species in various extracts (Aqueous extracts, litter & mulching). Methodology: Fresh leaves of Acacia modesta were collected from the Botanical Garden, Islamia College Peshawar, dried in the shade, and ground, whereas the glass ware was rinsed and sterilized for at least 4 hours at 170°C. Seeds of the Brassica crop were used and checked for viability in H2O. The Petri dishes were incubated at 25°C for 72 hours, then the effects of various extracts were examined, and lastly, readings from the Petri dishes were obtained. Results: According to our findings, the leaf extracts of Acacia modesta had a substantial effect on the germination and growth of Brassica species. Brassica campestris (10g/48h dry & 5g/24h fresh), Brassica napus (10g/24h), and Brassica juncea (10g/48h dry & 5g/48h fresh) leaf extracts have a greater effect than the control. Conclusion: Our outcomes concluded that in comparison of the test species in all the experiments, Brassica campestris and Brassica juncea were highly affected by the allelopathy of A. modesta which necessitates further evaluation.

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The development of anthelmintic resistance and the high cost of conventional anthelmintics have led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. In the current study, in vitro experiments were conducted to determine the possible anthelmintic effects of Balanites aegyptiaca stem bark aqueous extract on Strongyle larvae and the earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The in vitro studies revealed that the extract at graded concentrations of 300 mg/ml, 400 mg/ml, 500 mg/ml and 600 mg/ml exhibited larvicidal activity (p<0.05) against earthworms with 600 mg/ml having the highest activity causing paralysis and death. In a similar vein, a graded concentration response was observed against Strongyle larvae. The highest effective concentration on larvae was 250 mg/ml which had a larval mortality rate of 100% and a mortality index of one (1) comparable with that of albendazole. The IC50 and IC99 values for the time of paralysis were 442.7mg/ml and 767.80mg/ml respectively. The anthelmintic activity exhibited by the extract could be linked to the presence of phytochemicals present in the plant. These findings support the folkloric use of this plant in the control and management of gastrointestinal nematodes in humans and animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to identify the key factors that influence the total anthocyanin content of the aqueous extract of broken riceberry rice (BRR). The eight-run Plackett-Burman design was used to evaluate four factors (BRR particle size, BRR powder/water ratio, extraction temperature, and time). As revealed by the results, the BRR powder/water ratio, extraction temperature, and time had a significant influence on the total anthocyanin content. As a consequence, single-factor tests were conducted using a completely randomised design (CRD), considering BRR powder/water ratio (1:2.5, 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10 g/mL), extraction temperature (50, 55, 60, 65, and 70°C), and time (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 min). Based on the results, the criteria for yield optimisation were a BRR particle size of 60 mesh, BRR powder/water ratio of 1:5, extraction temperature of 60°C, and time of 70 min. With these parameters, the total anthocyanin concentration of the extract was 9.71 mg C3G/g dry material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thai traditional medicine is still widely used in taking care of health in daily life. A recipe from TTM composes of Clerodendrum paniculatum, Arcangelisia flava, Suregada multifloraa, Dendrophthoe pentandra, Tectona grandis, Derris scandens, and Salacia chinensis is recommended for use as diabetic treatment in the folk medicine of Thailand. The study determined the acute toxicity of aqueous extract from the recipe in male and female Wistar rats. The OECD 420 guidelines were followed in performing the acute toxicity investigation. The extracts were given orally to male and female Wistar rats once at doses. The body weights were measured in weeks 0, 1, and 2. At the end of the experiments, internal organ weights were recorded. The blood biochemistry, liver and kidney histology, and hematological parameters were investigated. The results showed that no doses of the recipe produced any signs or symptoms of toxicity during the first 24 hours and no rat died within 14 days. All of the treatments cause the rats to gain weight. Rats given the extracts orally showed no changes in hematological parameters. The blood biochemical values changes including Cr, AST, ALT, ALP, and TG levels were significantly altered in the treated groups (P< 0.05). These altered levels, however, were still within normal ranges. Additionally, liver and kidney tissues did not show any signs of inflammation. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the aqueous extract had no acute toxicity but slightly altered some liver and kidney functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are precursor cells of osteoblasts. Exploring its differentiation mechanism is of great significance for guiding the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Eucommia ulmoides Oliver can induce the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. However, it is unclear about the effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. METHODS: The aqueous extract from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver bark was used to treat human and mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The CCK-8 assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay were used to detect the proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The expression of proliferation and apoptosis related proteins and the expression of Nur77 and its downstream MDM2, p53 pathway related proteins and the ubiquitination of p53 protein were detected by western blot assay. After directed induction of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, the degree of differentiation was evaluated by detecting the expression of adipocytes and osteoblasts marker proteins using western blot assay. Nur77 small interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells treated with 10 mg/mL Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected. Finally, after knocking down Nur77, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with p53 inhibitor (Pifithrin-α), and the changes of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation were detected to clarify the mechanism. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promoted the proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (2) Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract upregulated Nur77 and MDM2 protein expression and promoted p53 ubiquitination. Knockdown of Nur77 inhibited MDM2 protein expression and p53 protein ubiquitination, promoted p53 protein expression, and further inhibited bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. (3) Pifithrin-α reversed the effects of Nur77 siRNA, promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation, and inhibited cell apoptosis and adipogenic differentiation. (4) It is concluded that the Eucommia ulmoides Oliver aqueous extract promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation via the Nur77/MDM2/p53 pathway, which provides a theoretical reference for the research of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver in bonerelated disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a plant highly valued for its functional aromatic compounds. To increase bioavailability of its phytochemicals, a novel approach to extraction using microwave heating and optimization was investigated. Fixed (microwave power and particle size) and variable (heating time and solvent volume) extraction criteria were applied to obtain aqueous extracts, followed by the optimization of the quality of extracts by subjecting the extracts to meat quality test using the central composite design. Thereafter, quality indices (pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance value, refrigeration loss, colour and cooking loss) of meat subjected to storage were determined and the outcomes were analysed using response surface methodology. A total of six optimised solutions were derived but the best extraction criteria (variable) were 87.28 min and 364.26 mL of heating time and solvent volume respectively with a desirability value of 0.624, while microwave power and particle size were kept constant. Afterwards, selected optimised extraction criteria was applied, and black pepper aqueous extract obtained was compositionally analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Remarkably, a total of 71 compounds were extracted, comprising element-based compounds such as silicon, nitrogen, sulphur and iodine. Two silicon and nitrogen-based compounds as well as one sulphur and nitrogen-sulphur based compound were obtained while seven iodine-based compounds were discovered alongside other functional compounds. This approach results in green and efficient extraction process with increased bioavailability of functional compounds. However, further modifications of extraction criteria can be applied to upscale the desirability level (score) for increased extraction efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea cucumber extracts and their bioactive compounds have the potential for stem cell proliferation induction and for their beneficial therapeutic properties. In this study, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (hUC-MSCs) were exposed to an aqueous extract of Holothuria parva body walls. Proliferative molecules were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in an aqueous extract of H. parva. The aqueous extract concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL and 10 and 20 ng/mL of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) as positive controls were treated on hUC-MSCs. MTT, cell count, viability, and cell cycle assays were performed. Using Western blot analysis, the effects of extracts of H. parva and EGF on cell proliferation markers were detected. Computational modeling was done to detect effective proliferative compounds in the aqueous extract of H. parva. A MTT assay showed that the 10, 20, and 40 µg/mL aqueous extract of H. parva had a proliferative effect on hUC-MSCs. The cell count, which was treated with a 20 µg/mL concentration, increased faster and higher than the control group (p < 0.05). This concentration of the extract did not have a significant effect on hUC-MSCs' viability. The cell cycle assay of hUC-MSCs showed that the percentage of cells in the G2 stage of the extract was biologically higher than the control group. Expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, HIF-1α, and TERT was increased compared with the control group. Moreover, expression of p21 and PCNA decreased after treating hUC-MSCs with the extract. However, CDC-2/cdk-1 and ERK1/2 had almost the same expression as the control group. The expression of CDK-4 and CDK-6 decreased after treatment. Between the detected compounds, 1-methyl-4-(1-methyl phenyl)-benzene showed better affinity to CDK-4 and p21 than tetradecanoic acid. The H. parva aqueous extract showed proliferative potential on hUC-MSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Streptococcus mutans is considered as a major microorganism causing tooth decay, affecting individuals globally. Different types of chewing sticks possess anti cariogenic properties, traditionally been consumed in maintaining dental hygiene. Usage of these sticks can be economical in developing and rural regions where dental caries is a major health concern. Objective: The current study aims to evaluate antibacterial action of different type of chewing sticks extract on Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Aqueous extracts of Azadiracta indica (Neem), Melia azedarach (Bakain), Mangifera indica (Mango), Salvadora persica (Peelu), Terminalia chebula (Harhar), Dalbeigia sissoo (Tali) and Juglans regia (Akhrot) plants which have justified folk use were prepared in Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Punjab University. Next, in vitro antimicrobial activity was studied by broth dilution method in Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Moreover, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) as well as the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were quantitatively evaluated on basis of turbidity index. Results: There is a significant effect of aqueous extracts of plants on the bacterial inhibition. MIC and MBC values were in the range of 6.125 to 100 mg/mL against S. mutans. The notable effect occurred with aqueous extracts of Azadiracta indica showing MIC and MBC values as 6.25mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Alternatively, Salvadora persica demonstrated 8.33mg/mL and 16.66 mg/mL values of these parameters Conclusions: Each plant studied exhibited moderate to high antibacterial activity against tested bacterial strain. However, Azadirachta indica and Salvadora persica aqueous extracts showed promising effect against Streptococcus mutans [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to evaluated the anti- cancerous, antiviral and antibacterial effects of Cymbopogon citratus aqueous leave extracts. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) staining assay has been applied to detect the cytotoxicity and the antiviral properties against measles virus (MV) using cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The antibacterial potency of the extract against Staphylococcus aureus (staph. aureus) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kleb. pneumoniae) was determined using disc diffusion method by means of agar overlay assay. The results showed that C. Citratus extract effectively destroyed Hela cell line after 72 h of exposure. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for the extract was found to be 500 µg mL-1 which exhibited the concentration of 600 µg mL-1 potent antivirus activity. The extract demonstrated antibacterial potency against Staph. aureus with mean inhibition zone 16.4 mm which was higher than that produced by Kleb. pneumoniae with mean inhibition zone of 10.7 mm. C. citratus was a favourable candidate as a natural herb to treat cervical cancers in vitro, restricted the MV replication and has potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and negative bacteria isolated from the respiratory tract.

• A green synthetic pathway for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds in catalytic amount of Pd(OAc) 2 in aqueous extract of custard apple peels. • The reaction is performed without using any conventional inorganic or organic base. • Environmental benign condition. • An abundant agro-waste is used as alternative base in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. • Chemical investigation of custard apple peels shown the presence K, Mg, Ca, Na, Si metal. Synthesis, molecular, spectroscopic properties, and electronic structure calculations of biphenyls derivatives have been achieved using a highly efficient catalytic amount of Pd(OAc) 2 in aqueous extract of custard apple peels (CAP)-ash (AECAP) a green, highly cost-effective, operationally convenient and environmentally benign media at ambient temperature. The analytical reports showed the presence of metal oxides which are probably extracted in water produces corresponding hydroxides, which provide alkaline media in water which shows dual performance (solvent and base) for said cross-coupling transformation. The catalytic system is generated in situ based on aqueous extract and Pd(OAc) 2 which requires no external base and ligand. Moreover, the study also offers insights into the frontier molecular orbitals (FMO), electronegativity, chemical potential, global electrophilicity index, ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical hardness, and softness properties of the synthesized biphenyl derivatives for understanding their stability, active sites, and biological activity using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6–311G(d,p) level/basis. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present investigation was to obtain 12 aqueous extracts and 1 oil from Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. atlantica specimens. The samples differed for processed plant organs (i.e., roots, buds, and fruits), gender and geographical station of the collected trees. Total phenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins were determined, revealing that bud extracts exhibited the highest phenolic content (386.785 ± 16.227 mg GAE/g DM), followed by fruit and root preparations. Similar results were detected for flavonoids and tannins, whose quantitation ranged from 0.014 ± 0.005 to 74.780 ± 9.724 mg CE/g DM and from 0.037 ± 0.003 to 14.793 ± 0.821 mg CE/g DM, respectively. The biochemical profile of the extracts was further characterized by HPLC-DAD, in terms of specific phenolics. This analysis identified gallic acid as a typical metabolite for ripe fruit, while hydroxytyrosol for female roots and male buds. In parallel, P. atlantica fruit oil was profiled by GC-MS analysis, which detected 37 lipophilic components, including palmitic acid (the major component, ~55%), anacardol, tetradecanol, arachidic acid, squalene, and some terpenes. The samples revealed interesting antioxidant activity, with EC50 values ranging from 0.073 ± 0.001 to 193.594 ± 28.942 mg/mL and from 0.029 ± 0.001 to 103.086 ± 20.540 mg/mL, in that order, for DPPH and reducing power assays. Concerning the total antioxidant capacity, the results ranged from 0.053 ± 0.008 to 51.648 ± 1.659 mg AAE/g DM. Finally, the antimicrobial potential of the plant extracts was estimated against 7 bacterial species and 2 fungal strains, known to be human pathogens, demonstrating a good antibiotic effect for the bud extracts. All these findings strongly suggest that P. atlantica would represent a natural reservoir for novel additives to be used in therapeutic, food, and cosmetic products.

Objective Some plants have antiseptic properties with no harm to humans or animals. In this study, we aim to assess the effects of Ailanthus altissima and Salvia nemorosa extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris in vitro. Methods Ailanthus altissima leaves and flowered branch of Salvia nemorosa were collected and dried in shade and powdered. Their aqueous, hydroalcoholic and methanolic extracts were prepared separately from the plants by Maceration method at four concentrations of 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/mL which were used in Mueller-Hinton Agar culture medium by the well diffusion method. Saponin was extracted was using 20% ethanol. The statistical results were analyzed in GraphPad Prism v.7 software. Results The aqueous extract of Salvia nemorosa was more effective on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (mean non-growth halo diameter = 26±1 mm). The diameter of the non-growth halo with Ailanthus altissima methanolic extract was 17.5±0.5 mm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 16.5±0.5 mm in Staphylococcus aureus, and the effect was significant (P

Boswellia serrata has been traditionally used for the treatment of several inflammatory diseases, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics has recently increased the use of bioproducts. The present study aimed to assess the antibacterial effect and phagocytic ability of the aqueous extract of the Boswellia serrata in bacteria isolated in nosocomial infections. Boswellia carterii plant was collected and prepared from the aqueous extract in different concentrations. A total of 125 samples were collected from various clinical sources, including urine, sputum, wounds, otitis, and blood, from patients of both genders in different age groups. The results demonstrated that out of the 59 infected samples, urine samples had the highest infection (68%), followed by wounds, sputum, and otitis reported as (60%), (44%), and (40%), respectively. On the other hand, blood samples had the lowest percentage of infection (28%). Microscopic diagnostic results, biochemical tests, API Staph System, API 20E System, and Vitek 2 Compact pointed out that the highest infection rates were related to Staphylococcus aureus (32.20%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.33%), and Escherichia coli (22.03%), while the lowest infection rate was detected in Klebsiella pneumonia (20.33%). The results indicated that aqueous extract of Boswellia carterii had an antibacterial activity for all bacterial isolates, 25 mg/ml of extract gave an inhibition zone of 10.8 mm,10.4 mm, 7mm, and 10mm for S. aureus, E. coli, P aeruginosa, and K. pneumonia, respectively, while 200 mg/ml of extract gave 24 mm, 22 mm, 18.4 mm, and 20 mm, respectively. The results pointed to a significant increase in the phagocytosis rate, with the phagocytosis of blood samples treated with Boswellia carterii extract (79.7%), as compared to control samples (57.75%). As evidenced by the results of this study, the aqueous extract of the Boswellia carterii plant showed antibacterial effects and a positive impact on the phagocytic ratio; nonetheless, it is recommended that further studies be conducted to characterize the compounds of this herb.

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of both aqueous extract of Nigella sativa and its oil in treating the hypothyroid induced by methimazole in female of white mice in order to determine which one of them is more effective in treating of hypothyroidism, aiming to use it as a natural treatment instead of the chemical treatments which have dangerous side effects. Materials and Methods: The study included 40 female white mice dived into 4 groups 10 mice each one. Group 1 (control): orally administered and treated with distilled water. Group 2 (HYP): orally treated with methimazole at a dose 0.05-mg/kg/ body weight/day for 3 weeks. Group 3 (NSE): the hypothyroidism was induced as in group 2, then treated orally with aqueous Nigella sativa extract at a dose of 400mg/kg/body weight/ day for 4 weeks. Group 4 (NSO): the hypothyroidism was induced as group 2, then treated orally with Nigella sativa oil at a dose of 1 ml/kg/body weight/ day for 4 weeks. Results: This study showed that both NSE and NSO caused a significant decreasing p<0.05 of TSH level and a significant increase of FT3 level. Also, NSO caused increasing of FT4 level, while the increase of FT4 was unsignificant under NSE treatment. Conclusions: The efficacy of NSO is higher than the NSE in treating hypothyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study investigates the hepatoprotective, nephroprotective and hematopoietic and antioxidant effects of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract (DO.AQ) in rabbits intoxicated with paracetamol. Different experimental groups were formed, i.e., group N, group T, group ELD, group EMD, group EHD and group SM. The groups with leaves aqueous extract of Dianthus orientalis of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, i.e., group EMD and group EHD, showed remedial effects; however, a high dose extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine transaminase ALT, aspartate transaminase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP and renal related indices such as serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, and serum electrolytes such as Ca, Mg, P, Na and K, as well as the total count of RBC, WBC, platelets and hemoglobin Hb concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin MCH concentration and hematocrit HCT values. Additionally, the extract showed positive effects on the lipid profile, i.e., decreasing levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL and increasing levels of HDL. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS, glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity were also evaluated in liver and kidney homogenates. Paracetamol fed animals had high levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and low levels of glutathione GSH and radical scavenging activity (RSA). Extract ingestion caused a significant increase in glutathione and radical scavenging activity RSA levels, while reducing the (TBARS) levels, showing that the extracts have antioxidant potentials. The antioxidant capacity of the Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract at various dosages demonstrated an increased inhibition of DPPH, i.e., 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylehydrazyle free radical. The histological study of the liver and kidney supports the protective activity of Dianthus orientalis leaves aqueous extract against paracetamol intoxication with optimistic effects regarding oxidative stress condition and serum electrolytes balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal hypomotility cause health risks and economic losses and is considered as an important digestive disorder that efforts to find prokinetic drugs can solve this major problem. This study investigated the effects of Zingiber officinale aqueous extract (ZOAE) on caecal smooth muscle contractions in healthy cows. To perform in vitro tests, cecum strips connected to the organ bath. Ginger aqueous extract caused concentration-dependent contraction in caecal smooth muscle with an effective threshold concentration of 6.00 mg L-1. The strongest contraction was caused at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 with an average contraction of 141%. To evaluate the possible mechanisms underlying the contractile effect on cecum strips, atropine, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP) and verapamil completely inhibited aqueous extract induced smooth muscle contractions, while addition of hexamethonium had no effect on the contraction process. The lack of reduction of contractions caused by the extract in the presence of hexamethonium indicates that presence of acetylcholine-like constituents independent of nicotinic receptors. The inhibitory properties of atropine and 4-DAMP indicate that at least part of the prokinetic effect of the extract is due to stimulating the muscarinic receptors, especially M3 receptors. Also, verapamil inhibitory function proves that the extract acting by L-type calcium channels. The results suggest that the ZOAE has a potential prokinetic effect which may provide a pharmacological base to its medicinal or prophylactic use in caecal motility disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hops contain a wide variety of polyphenolic compounds with diverse antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of temperature on the bioactive components of samples of aqueous extracts of hops with different characteristics. A central compound rotating design model was used in order to obtain optimal conditions of temperature and extract concentration to inhibit Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria solani. At intermediate temperatures according to the design of experiments, significant effects on antifungal activity were observed. The optimal conditions with antifungal activity were at a concentration of 160 mg/mL and a temperature of 65 °C to obtain mycelial diameters ≤ 25 mm. The bioactive compounds were shown in the FT-IR spectrum after each heat treatment of both samples; significant changes were observed in the bands between 2786 to 3600 cm−1 and 1022 to 1729 cm−1. The content of total phenols and flavonoids showed a concentration increase of 4.54 to 6.24 mg GAE/g and 6.21 to 8.12 mg QE/g from an initial evaluation temperature of 25 °C to 57.5 °C, respectively, benefited by the heating temperature, enhancing antifungal activity. However, when increasing the temperature ≥90 °C, a tendency to decrease the concentration of bioactive compounds was observed, probably due to their denaturation due to the effect of temperature and exposure time, being non-thermolabile compounds at high temperatures. These aqueous extracts are an alternative to effective natural antifungals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Heteroptera species are a growing problem in the cultivation of horticultural crops, and intensive chemical control of these pests is not sustainable. Therefore, natural products are used in sustainable pest management. We investigated the potential of aqueous coffee and caffeine extracts in the control of three heteropteran species Nezara viridula (L.), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), and Corythucha ciliata (Say). The Soxhlet extraction method was used to prepare the aqueous coffee extracts. Contact efficacy was evaluated by spraying the pests with the aqueous extract of coffee and the aqueous solution of pure caffeine. Significant efficacy of coffee and caffeine standard was found for control of adult H. halys (97% coffee; 83% caffeine) and adult C. ciliata (47% coffee; 70% caffeine). Low efficacy was observed for control of N. viridula nymphs (33% coffee; 28% caffeine), while no insecticidal efficacy was observed for adult N. viridula. There was no statistically significant difference in efficacy between coffee extract and caffeine standard, suggesting that these caffeine levels are sufficient for pest control, while the influence of other various compounds in coffee extract (e.g., polyphenols) could not be detected. This study opens a perspective for the production of natural plant extracts using only water as the extraction medium for pest control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A microneedle patch loaded with Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma water extract was prepared for the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia. To explore the relationship between Mammary gland hyperplasia and intestinal flora. Materials and methods: Preparation of the microneedle patch by micromolding method, the prescription of the microneedle was optimized by the Box-Behnken Design response surface test, and the micro-morphology, penetration, toughness, and brittleness were investigated. In vitro release of drug-loaded microneedles was measured by diffusion cell method. The rat model of mammary gland hyperplasia was prepared by the combination of estradiol benzoate-progesterone, and the microneedle patch of Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract was used for intervention treatment. The change of levels in E2, P, and PRL in rat serum was determined. The intestinal contents of rats were collected and the changes in intestinal flora in MGH rats were analyzed by 16s rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Results: The optimized microneedle formula is a PVA concentration of 6.0%, HA concentration of 15.5%, and PVPK30 concentration of 16.0%. The prepared microneedle tip loaded with Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract has complete, sharp, and no bubbles and the needle rate of the microneedle array is in the range of 95%~100%. The bending rate of the microneedle is about 12.7%, and it has good flexibility, and the microneedle can puncture 4 layers of ParafilmⓇ membrane smoothly, and the puncture rate is more than 96%. The in vitro release of the microneedle was characterized by rapid release. The results of animal experiments showed that Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract microneedle patch could significantly reduce the E2 level, significantly reduce the PRL level, and significantly increase the P level. At the same time, it can regulate the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora in MGH rats, improve the intestinal flora disorder caused by mammary gland hyperplasia, and balance the community structure. Conclusion: The prepared microneedle containing Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma aqueous extract has good toughness and brittle strength, can penetrate the skin and enter the dermis, and effectively deliver drugs to play a role in the treatment of mammary gland hyperplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Previous studies have shown that Rheum ribes (R. ribes) could be effective in controlling the blood glucose levels. This study was conducted to determine the effects of R. ribes supplementation on glycemic indices and apolipoproteins in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: In the present randomized double-blind controlled trial, 60 type 2 diabetic patients aged 30–60 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 20–30 kg/m2 and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 6–8% were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 450 mg of aqueous R. ribes extract (AG), 450 mg of ethanolic R. ribes extract (EG), or placebo (PG) three times daily for 6 weeks. At the baseline and at the end of the study, blood glucose levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the homeostatic model assessment of β-cell dysfunction (HOMA-B), as well as apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) were measured. Results: There was a significant decrease in the serum levels of insulin in AG and EG groups (P = 0.003 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-IR (P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively), HOMA-B (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively), ApoB (P = 0.006 and P = 0.03, respectively), ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.016 and P = 0.04, respectively). However, a significant increase in ApoA1 (P = 0.08 and P = 0.05, respectively) with no significant changes in blood glucose, at the end of study compared to beginning values, were observed. None of the variables showed a significant change in PG. At the end of the study; while there were significant differences in insulin (P = 0.04), HOMA-IR (P = 0.03), HOMA-B (P = 0.01), ApoB (P = 0.02), and ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (P = 0.03) among the groups but ApoA1 had no significant change. Conclusion: Consumption of R. ribes intake could have beneficial effects on insulin resistance and apolipoproteins in type 2 diabetic patients. (Registered at en.irct.ir, identification number: IRCT201410142709N31). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperlipidemia is one of the major risk factors contributing to the severity of cardiovascular disease. Treatment of hyperlipidemia involves diet control and the use of lipid-lowering drugs. However, some patients cannot tolerate the side effects of these drugs, so modern medicine is turning to traditional medicine in search of new therapeutic agents. The objective of this study is the determination of the effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Thymus vulgaris L. administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight on the lipid profile — total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very lowdensity lipoproteins (VLDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) — of mice on a high cholesterol diet. Determination of lipid parameters after 30 days of treatment showed a significant decrease in the level of TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL with a non-significant increase in HDL level. These results demonstrated that Thymus vulgaris extracts have hypolipidic activity and could be used for the prevention of disorders associated with hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous seaweed extracts are a biological product which have beneficial effects on plant growth as well as improving their resistance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of three seaweeds Fucus spiralis, Cystoseira ericoides (Phaeophyceae) and Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyceae) harvested from Atlantic coast of Rabat region in Morocco, on lead (Pb) tolerance and accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Aqueous extracts were obtained by the combination of 2 extraction processes, ultrasonication and heating. The brown seaweeds F. spiralis and C. ericoides extracts had good antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. The growth and physiological parameters were compared between Solanum lycopersicum seedlings grown in hydroponic conditions at 0 and 100 μmol Pb with or without 4% seaweed extract. The F. spiralis and C. ericoides extracts significantly increased the aboveground parts and roots biomass compared to control plants treated with Pb alone. In Pb stress conditions, these seaweed extracts enhanced the plant's tolerance with a reduction of anthocyanin and proline content. F. spiralis extract treatment led to a significant Pb accumulation in aboveground parts of the plant. The effect of U. lactuca extract on tomato plants biomass, anthocyanin and proline was not significant. The study demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of F. spiralis and C. ericoides improved the plant response to heavy metals stress, highlighting the potential use of these seaweeds in phytoremediation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex madiensis Oliv. is a plant widely used in traditional medicine by healers in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The uses of this plant are already known and published but no toxicological investigations have been carried out on this plant to determine its safety. This study, conducted in April 2019, aimed to determine the toxicity profile of the aqueous extract of Vitex madiensis by determining its acute and sub-acute toxicities after oral administration in a male guinea pig model. For the acute toxicity, in adult guinea pigs, single oral administration of the aqueous extract of Vitex madiensis (1; 2; and 3 g/kg body weight) was administered, and general poisoning behaviors such as alopecia, abdominal bloating, weight loss, asthenia, convulsion, etc. was constantly monitored for 14 days. The oral lethal dose 50 was determined with the mortality rate by the Dragstedt and Lang method. In sub-acute toxicity, a daily single oral dose of Vitex madiensis aqueous extract 0.1 g/kg (human dose used in traditional medicine) and 1 g/kg (about the LD 50) was used for 28 days. The LD 50 calculated was 1.4 g/kg with change in mobility behavior, weight loss, alopecia, asthenia, convulsion, and bloating of the abdomen. After 28 days of observation, the aqueous extract of Vitex madiensis induced significant changes in body weights. However, hematological, and biochemical parameters showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, and creatinine levels suggesting disturbances of haemopoiesis, liver, and kidney functions. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that the aqueous leaf extract of Vitex madiensis has a moderated toxicity for single oral administration and could be dangerous for daily use of doses higher than those used in traditional medicine (0.1 g/kg). This would justify the nontoxic use of this plant under the traditional condition utilizations. [Display omitted] • Many changes in behavior signs of intoxication with high doses of V. madiensis. • Acute and subacute toxicity of the aqueous extract of this plant on Cavia porcellus L. is currently known. • Vitex madiensis is moderately toxic orally at a single dose. • This plant is dangerous in repeated doses in 28 days. • Hematological and biochemical parameters showed a significant decrease in transaminase enzymes. • First toxicity assessment of V. madiensis on Cavia porcellus L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are a rich source of phytochemical compounds with antioxidant activity. Several studies have revealed that the consumption of plant polyphenols reduces the risk of diseases. Purple corn (Zea mays L. variety KND) and butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea; CT) were selected to be investigated as alternative natural polyphenol sources to increase the value of these plants. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of KND cob, silk, husk and CT extracts alone and in combination were investigated in this study. The results revealed that purple corn cob (C) extract had the highest tryptophan, melatonin, total anthocyanin (TAC) and delphinidin content, while the purple corn silk (S) extract showed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activities. Serotonin was found only in purple corn husk (H) extract and C extract. High contents of tryptophan and sinapic acid were found in CT extract. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that strong antioxidant activities were strongly correlated with protocatechuic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid contents, moderate antioxidant activities were strongly correlated with melatonin, and low antioxidant activities were strongly correlated with sinapic acid content. Therefore, the purple corn variety KND waste cobs, silk and husks are a potentially rich source of health-promoting phytochemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, field crops with allelopathic activity have gained overwhelming importance in overcoming the adverse effects of chemical herbicides on the environment and the increasing weed resistance to herbicides. Among the many cover crops studied for their allelopathic activity, wheat has exhibited strong allelopathic activity against a wide range of weed species, as reported in the previous literature. Several previous studies have focused on identifying wheat allelochemicals responsible for the weed suppression effect. The current review represents details about the most critical and influential chemical groups, including benzoxazinoids and phenolic compounds. In addition, several methods have been reported to exploit wheat's ability to combat weeds, including growing wheat in a crop rotation, applying wheat residues as soil mulch, or exposing weeds to wheat aqueous extract. A general background is also provided about allelopathy and allelochemicals; their concept, importance, chemical groups, mode of action and environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable tissue engineering scaffolds with tunable degradation, high biocompatibility, adequate mechanical strength and intrinsic biomineralization potential instigating biomimetic interactions with osteogenic cells have been well-received for effective bone-defect repair. This study demonstrates the early biomimetic as well as biomineralization of aqueous stem extract (WE) of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) integrated natural scaffold composed of chitosan and collagen (CC) with a tunable degradation profile. Results demonstrate that the scaffold (CC-WE) synergistically contributes to its biomineralization, water absorption capacity and tunable degradation. The microporous CC-WE with an average pore size of 43.13 ± 13.59 µm attained complete swelling within 1h and maintained equilibrium swelling for 10 days and subsequently underwent controlled degradation (42.3% by day 60) under physiological pH and ambient temperature. Early biomimetic mineralization has been observed by SEM analysis after immersing CC-WE in simulated body fluid under biomimetic conditions for 7 days. In complementary, early biomineralization has been confirmed by Alizarin Red S (ARS) and von Kossa (VK) staining upon interaction with Human Osteosarcoma (HOS) cells for 7 days, viewed as respective coloured adduct formation. The findings, therefore, suggest innate biomineralization proficiency of CC-WE scaffold under a beneficial biological microenvironment to aid faster bone defect healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Scabiosa genus of the family Caprifoliaceae comprises around 100 species distributed mainly in the Mediterranean. Studies on Scabiosa species, incentivized by their wide use in folk medicine, highlighted their interesting phytochemical contents and biological activities. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and phenolics contents of the aqueous extracts obtained from the different parts of Scabiosa maritima at four stages of development. Extraction was conducted by maceration, infusion, and decoction methods. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTC), flavonols content, ferric reducing power (RP), total antioxidant activity (TAC), and ABTS and DPPH scavenging activity were evaluated. Pigments (β-carotene, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b , leukopene) contents of the different plant parts were also investigated as well as the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from leaves collected during April (pre-flowering stage) and inflorescence collecting during May (flowering stage). Mixed effect models were fitted to the different datasets, to elucidate the effect of the different intervening factors (organs, sampling date, and extraction method). The studied parameters have shown an organ-dependent variation, with leaves exhibiting in general the highest values. The analysis of random effect plots revealed an opposite behavior of leaves vs. stem and roots across time. Pigments, phenolics contents, and antioxidant activities were the highest in leaves during March, while they attained their peak during either April or June for stem and roots. The extraction method did not drastically affect the variation pattern of different variables across plant parts and sampling date, however, a significant effect on deviation magnitude was recorded. Infusion extraction generally assures the best recovery of phenolics from the different plant parts. Leaves and inflorescence essential oils exhibited a distinct chemical composition with only hexahydrofarnesyl acetone as the common compound. Leaves essential oil composition was dominated by apocarotenoid derivatives while pyridine derivatives were the group of the major compounds identified in inflorescence essential oil. Inflorescence essential oil was also characterized by a considerable amount of mescalin (5.66%). Repeated measure correlation (rmcorr) and multivariate analysis (MFA) highlighted respectively a moderate to strong correlation between extracts' antioxidant activities and phenolics contents and confirm the opposite time evolution pattern displayed by roots and leaves regarding the different analyzed variables. The extreme position on the second axes of the factorial map, occupied by stems collected during June and roots collected during May highlighted the distinctively high antioxidant activities of their decoctions. [Display omitted] • Phenolics contents and antioxidant activity recorded in the different aqueous extracts were shown to be organ dependent, with a significant effect of plant growing stage. • Extraction process (maceration, infusion, decoction) have shown a significant impact on phenolics contents and antioxidant capacity deviation magnitudes rather than their profiles across plant parts and sampling date. • Leaves extracts have shown an opposite deviation pattern over time to those of stem and roots with regard of the different variables. • Scabiosa.maritima essential oils chemical compositions were investigated for the first time. • Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone was the only common compounds to leaves and inflorescence essential oils. • A considerable amount of mescaline was recorded in Scabiosa.maritima inflorescence essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six samples of bio-capped copper oxide nanoparticles were made from two bio-waste extracts: Punica granatum L. peels and Psidium guajava Linn. leaves. Extraction methods included soaking in water or hydroethanol and boiling in water. The samples were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. Results showed organic residue capping on CuO nanoparticles varied based on the extract and capping medium used. The thermal stability of all CuO samples was observed to be high, as recorded from TGA patterns and confirmed by EDX analysis, which showed a high content of copper ranging from 10.1 to 36.1%. TEM analysis revealed an average particle size of less than 20 nm for all six samples, suggesting a similarity in size. The soaking technique produced the most stable bio-capped CuO nanoparticles with a high negative zeta potential value. According to the study, the CuO samples synthesized from aqueous extracts obtained through soaking showed the highest antibacterial activity. This could be attributed to the high oxygen ratio, which was confirmed via EDX analysis. The bio-capped CuO was effective against multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria MRSA, and C. albicans. A mechanism was proposed to explain how the capping media affected the antimicrobial activity of the bio-capped CuO nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detarium microcarpum, is a species confined to drier regions of west and central Africa used to treat various diseases including cancer. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites (alkaloids) The aim of this work is to study the effect of total aqueous extracts and alkaloid fractions from D. microcarpum leaves, bark and roots on Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. 'Bright Yellow 2' (BY-2) tobacco cell line GFP-TuA3 expressing a N-terminal fusion of GFP. The plant was harvested in two different regions of Mali with a contrasting climate. The effects of the extracts on the microtubules was followed by spinning disc confocal microscopy. We showed that the anti-microtubular effect of the extracts is dose-dependent, depends of the sampling site and the part of the plant used. Total alkaloids extracted of D. microcarpum bark have more effect on microtubules than leaf and root. The bioactivity-guided fractionation should be used to screen out the biologically active compounds of the total alkaloid extracts of the bark of D. microcarpum., (© 2024. The Author(s).)