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Distant populations of animals may share their non-breeding grounds or migrate to distinct areas, and this may have important consequences for population differentiation and dynamics. Small burrow-nesting seabirds provide a suitable case study, as they are often restricted to safe breeding sites on islands, resulting in a patchy breeding distribution. For example, Thin-billed prions Pachyptila belcheri have two major breeding colonies more than 8,000 km apart, on the Falkland Islands in the south-western Atlantic and in the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Indian Ocean. We used geolocators and stable isotopes to compare at-sea movements and trophic levels of these two populations during their non-breeding season, and applied ecological niche models to compare environmental conditions in the habitat. Over three winters, birds breeding in the Atlantic showed a high consistency in their migration routes. Most individuals migrated more than 3000 km eastwards, while very few remained over the Patagonian Shelf. In contrast, all Indian Ocean birds migrated westwards, resulting in an overlapping nonbreeding area in the eastern Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Geolocators and isotopic signature of feathers indicated that prions from the Falklands moulted at slightly higher latitudes than those from Kerguelen Islands. All birds fed on low trophic level prey, most probably crustaceans. The phenology differed notably between the two populations. Falkland birds returned to the Patagonian Shelf after 2-3 months, while Kerguelen birds remained in the nonbreeding area for seven months, before returning to nesting grounds highly synchronously and at high speed. Habitat models identified sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration as important environmental parameters. In summary, we show that even though the two very distant populations migrate to roughly the same area to moult, they have distinct wintering strategies: They had significantly different realized niches and timing which may contribute to spatial niche partitioning.

Background During the non-breeding period, many birds migrate to milder areas, found closer to the equator than their breeding sites. Opposite movements are very rare. In the Southern Ocean, the abundance of 13C declines markedly with more southern latitude, providing a characteristic 13C isoscape. This can be used as a tracer for the movement of seabirds between breeding and inter-breeding areas, by comparing stable isotope ratios of feathers grown at different times of the year. Results We studied seasonal movements of Thin-billed prions (Aves, Procellariiformes), breeding at the Subantarctic Falkland/Malvinas Islands, compared with those of Wilson's storm-petrels breeding in the Antarctic South Shetland Islands. The two species showed opposite migratory movements. While Wilson's storm-petrels moved to warmer waters north of the Drake Passage in winter, Thin-billed prions showed a reversed movement towards more polar waters. Carbon stable isotope ratios in recent and historical feathers indicated that poleward winter movements of Thin-billed prions were less common historically (45% in 1913-1915), and have only recently become dominant (92% in 2003-2005), apparently in response to warming sea temperatures. Conclusions This study shows that pelagic seabirds can rapidly change migration strategies within populations, including migration towards more poleward waters in winter.

We present data on age composition and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) of albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters in southern Brazil for 301 birds of 14 species captured live at sea. The pelagic community of seabirds off Brazil comprises birds of different ages and breeding status according to species. Although juveniles of some species such as Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris and Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus predominated, all age classes (including breeding birds) were recorded for Atlantic Yellow-nosed T. chlororhynchos and Wandering Diomedea exulans albatrosses. For this heterogeneous community composed of individuals from different colonies, with adults and immature birds pooled, the SSD was more pronounced in bill measurements than in other traits (confirming previous studies) and more conspicuous in giant petrels and Diomedea albatrosses. Closely related species pairs of Thalassarche albatrosses and Procellaria petrels had differing levels of sexual dimorphism. All linear external traits measured within Thalassarche and Procellaria overlapped considerably and, despite being significantly different, were not adequate for species determination or sexing.

During 2004 a census of the Yellow-legged Gull (Larus michahellis atlantis) was conducted in the Azores to assess its present status in the archipelago. The census yielded an estimate of 4249 breeding pairs, an increase by almost 60% since the previous survey conducted in 1984. Gulls were detected on a total of 14 islets and/or sea stacks and are probably limiting the distribution of terns in the archipelago. Out of 37 gull breeding sites found during the 1984 and 2004 surveys, 24 were located within 1 km of tern colonies. All the gull colonies were coastal except Lagoa do Fogo on São Miguel Island. Pellet analysis indicated that gulls from all the colonies feed on refuse, but the percentage of pellets containing refuse on islands with small human populations was less than half than that of islands with more than 55000 inhabitants. Gulls have no direct competitors in the Azores and benefit from an increase in refuse production. The growing number and size of rubbish dumps over the last two decades has probably contributed to the large increase in the Azorean population.

Long-line by-catch of albatrosses and petrels may soon lead to species extinctions. Set-net bycatch has caused major reductions in certain seabird populations. Some fisheries may decrease numbers of seabirds by reducing abundance of prey-fish. Other fisheries may increase seabird numbers, by increasing prey-fish abundance through depletion of predatory fish stocks, or by provision of offal and discards. These latter impacts of fisheries on seabirds are often difficult to measure against a background of many and varied environmental and human influences. Depletion of stocks of small lipid-rich fish have reduced numbers of seabirds, in Peru, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea. However, reductions of predatory fish stocks in the North Sea have more than compensated for quantities of sandeels removed by the sandeel fishery. While piscivorous fish stocks remain low, sandeel fishery and seabirds appear to be able to coexist. However, if piscivorous fish stocks recover in the North Sea, reduced availability of sandeels to seabirds may affect certain species. Provision of discards and offal can stimulate large increases in scavenging seabird numbers. Desirable reductions in discard rates may have an unfortunate side-effect of forcing some scavenging seabirds to turn to killing smaller seabirds, with drastic consequences for community structure., Las capturas accidentales de los albatros y petreles en palangres pueden llevar pronto a algunas especies a la extinción. La captura en redes de trasmallo ha causado también grandes reducciones en ciertas poblaciones de aves marinas. Ciertas pesquerías pueden provocar la disminución en el número de aves marinas al reducir la abundancia de los peces presa. Otras pesquerías pueden hacer crecer el número de aves marinas, al incrementar la abundancia de los peces presa mediante la disminución de las efectivos de los peces depredadores, o mediante el suministro de despojos y descartes. Estos últimos impactos de las pesquerías en las aves marinas son con frecuencia difíciles de medir por el efecto de numerosas y variadas influencias ambientales y humanas. La disminución de efectivos de pescado azul de pequeño tamaño ha reducido el número de aves marinas en Perú, el Mar de Noruega y el Mar de Barents. Sin embargo, en el Mar del Norte, la reducción del lanzón (A. marinus) como consecuencia de su pesca específica se ha visto ampliamente compensada por una reducción en los efectivos de peces predadores. Mientras los efectivos de peces piscívoros se mantengan bajos, la pesca del lanzón y las aves marinas parecen ser capaces de coexistir. No obstante, si los efectivos de peces piscívoros se recuperan en el Mar del Norte, reduciendo la disponibilidad de lanzones para las aves marinas, esto afectaría a ciertas especies. El aprovisionamiento de descartes y despojos pudiera estimular grandes incrementos en aves marinas carroñeras. La deseable reducción en las tasas de descartes pudiera tener un desafortunado doble efecto de forzar a las aves marinas carroñeras a que vuelvan a matar aves marinas de pequeño tamaño, con consecuencias drásticas para la estructura de la comunidad.