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As one approach to examining the way ethical decisions are made, we asked experts (i.e., ethicists, regulatory officials, and experienced researchers) and novices (i.e., inexperienced graduate students) to review a set of scenarios that depict some important ethical tensions in research. The method employed was 'protocol analysis,' a talk-aloud technique pioneered by cognitive scientists for the analysis of expert performance. The participants were asked to verbalize their normally unexpressed thought processes as they responded to the scenarios, and to make recommendations for courses of action. We found that experts spent more time working through the decision-making process than novices and also raised substantially more concerns than novices. Differences also exist among the three groups of experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An approach to a model compound for polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols is developed using a ring-closing metathesis approach to give a substituted cyclooctene. This undergoes cyclization via an intramolecular acylation leading to a substituted bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one related to hyperforin, nemorosone, clusianone, garsubellin A and other members of the polyprenylated acylphloroglucinol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Miranda Rights of the U.S., which is an exception to public safety, and discusses the war on terror led by the U.S. President Barack Obama. It provides information on the U.S. Supreme Court decision in two cases Miranda v. Arizona and Dickerson v. United States. The Self-Incrimination Clause of the U.S. Fifth Amendment under Miranda rights grants criminal suspects the right to remain silent while interrogation which acts as a threat to public safety.

Abstract: Highly efficient, partly solution processed phosphorescent red, green and white organic light emitting diodes with small molecular weight host materials are prepared from commercially available starting compounds. Starting from an evaporated reference device, layers are stepwise replaced by solution processed layers. Replacing the evaporated hole transport layer by a solution processed polymer interlayer does not affect the performance and allows spincoating of the emissive layer after annealing of the polymer. Devices with, next to the spincoated hole injection and transport layer, a solution processed emission layer show similar characteristics and efficiencies as the reference device. Additionally, white light emitting devices are demonstrated in which the first emissive layer is solution processed, for which lifetimes in excess of 1000h are achieved. Thus, we show that, in order to reduce production costs, solution processing can be used as an alternative to – and in conjunction with – Thermal evaporation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. People with refractory epilepsy are overwhelmed by the uncertainty of their next seizures. Accurate prediction of future seizures could greatly improve the quality of life for these patients. New evidence suggests that seizure occurrences can have cyclical patterns for some patients. Even though these cyclicalities are not intuitive, they can be identified by machine learning (ML), to identify patients with predictable vs unpredictable seizure patterns. Approach. Self-reported seizure logs of 153 patients from the Human Epilepsy Project with more than three reported seizures (totaling 8337 seizures) were used to obtain inter-seizure interval time-series for training and evaluation of the forecasting models. Two classes of prediction methods were studied: (1) statistical approaches using Bayesian fusion of population-wise and individual-wise seizure patterns; and (2) ML-based algorithms including least squares, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, support vector machine (SVM) regression, and long short-term memory regression. Leave-one-person-out cross-validation was used for training and evaluation, by training on seizure diaries of all except one subject and testing on the left-out subject. Main results. The leading forecasting models were the SVM regression and a statistical model that combined the median of population-wise seizure time-intervals with a test subject's prior seizure intervals. SVM was able to forecast 50%, 70%, 81%, 84%, and 87% of seizures of unseen subjects within 0, 1, 2, 3 to 4 d of mean absolute forecasting error, respectively. The subject-wise performances show that patients with more frequent seizures were generally better predicted. Significance. ML models can leverage non-random patterns within self-reported seizure diaries to forecast future seizures. While diary-based seizure forecasting alone is only one of many aspects of clinical care of patients with epilepsy, studying the level of predictability across seizures and patients paves the path towards a better understanding of predictable vs unpredictable seizures on individualized and population-wise bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case management has become a popular method of service delivery in many human service fields, including mental health and alcohol and drug treatment. By focusing on the problems in living faced by clients, this style of helping has direct relevance for those who seek employee assistance services and those that sponsor them. Additionally, by embodying a generalist perspective, case managers are also adroit at assessing problems that emanate from organizational structure and culture. This paper explicates the philosophy of strengths-based case management services and offers practical examples of the case management process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the findings of a 1991 study of the Southwest Missouri State University on the social experience of Black college students at a predominantly White university. Effect of race on making friends; Participation in social groups and interest groups; Social segregation and group solidarity among Black students.

Presents outcomes pertaining to the Kalamazoo Probation Enhancement Program (KPEP), a residential probation facility l ocated in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Survey of the literature; Program overview; Method; Additional measures; Results; Discussion and conclusion; More.

Analyzes predictors of successful discharge and recidivism over a seven-year period following the discharge of subjects from the Kalamazoo Probation Enhancement Program (KPEP). Description of KPEP; Employment of a phase or level system of programming by halfway houses.

The simultaneous increase in application of the tabula rasa paradigm and in arguing of theory within rounds has produced undesirable consequences for academic debate. When judges become dependent upon debater-supplied, emergent criteria for evaluation, they become impotent as critics. An alternative model for critics is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of mirror state counterplans in academic debate in the U.S. It explores the unjustifiable use of mirror state counterplans which includes inconsistency with normal state behavior, topicality and illegitimate advantages. The need of simultaneous, immediate and uniform action by all 50 states for adoption of mirror counterplans on the federal level is mentioned.

The article focuses on the theory and patterns of neighborhood succession in urban sociology. Succession, as a neighborhood phenomenon, was consistent with a heuristic and with the general pattern the maps of social and economic characteristics were showing. Whether in zones or sectors and from a single center or multiple nuclei the macro patterns of land use were consistent with an implicit model of competitive sorting of groups for valued locations. The micro level succession model was underdeveloped, however. Another focus of the article, residential succession, depended on pressure from the center and on the desire of successful residents to move outward to more desirable locations. Studies of racial succession in the late 1950s and 1960s retained the terminology of a natural process from earlier work and added the empirical prediction of inevitability. After a certain degree of assimilation, usually measured in economic characteristics and by generation, White ethnic groups were thought to provide relatively little impetus to neighborhood succession.

A variety of assessment tools have been proposed to evaluate the sociology curriculum. This article analyses the validity of assessment tools and their impact on the quality of assessment. An alternative to formal tests is the use of a bachelor's paper as the assessment tool. Here the author proposes that such a paper is an appropriate means of assessment for the individual sociology student and for the program as a whole. The bachelor's paper is simply the student's attempt to use the theoretical and methodological tools of his or her discipline to address a substantively important topic. This can help in realizing the areas of the curriculum that need reforms. The bachelor's paper has several advantages as an assessment tool. First, if critical thinking and the ability to conduct and combine library and empirical research are goals of the program, a cumulative research experience is sensible. The second advantage of the bachelor's paper as assessment is that greater depth of theoretical knowledge can be encouraged in a paper than in most test formats.

This paper argues for an intensive use of microcomputers across an applied research curriculum. This use is justified and guided by five objectives that should be central to such curricula. It is suggested that the necessary resources are within reach of many departments. Finally, the paper reviews several problems and rewards that may result from the implementation of such a program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prison overcrowding has fostered an interest in providing substance abuse treatment to inmates. Outcome evaluations to determine program effectiveness are viewed as essential. This paper argues that in order for a prison based substance abuse treatment outcome evaluation to achieve reliability and validity, a process evaluation is central. As part of the process evaluation, five groups within the correctional setting need to be considered: inmates, treatment staff, prison staff, prison administration, and the parole board. These five groups are discussed relative to three stages of development of substance abuse treatment in prison: program policy making, evolution, and viability. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The authors comment on the paper by Miriam W. Boeri on iterative triangulation. They note that based on their own paper, Boeri does take up their argument in terms of measurement and addresses their central point that explicit attention to synthesis of multiple measures is required. Moreover, they emphasize that commensurability is a fairly strong version of what Boeri did and most applicable to the bias reduction objective of triangulation. They could not agree more with the importance of an iterative attention.