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BACKGROUND A detailed understanding of the public’s knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 could inform governments’ public health actions in response to the pandemic. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among adults in China and its variation among provinces and by sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS Between May 8 and June 8, 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional online survey among adults in China who were registered with the private survey company KuRunData. We set a target sample size of 10,000 adults, aiming to sample 300-360 adults from each province in China. Participants were asked 25 questions that tested their knowledge about COVID-19, including measures to prevent infection, common symptoms, and recommended care-seeking behavior. We disaggregated responses by age; sex; education; province; household income; rural–urban residency; and whether or not a participant had a family member, friend, or acquaintance who they know to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2. All analyses used survey sampling weights. RESULTS There were 5079 men and 4921 women who completed the questionnaire and were included in the analysis. Out of 25 knowledge questions, participants answered a mean and median of 21.4 (95% CI 21.3-21.4) and 22 (IQR 20-23) questions correctly, respectively. A total of 83.4% (95% CI 82.7%-84.1%) of participants answered four-fifths or more of the questions correctly. For at least one of four ineffective prevention measures (using a hand dryer, regular nasal irrigation, gargling mouthwash, and taking antibiotics), 68.9% (95% CI 68.0%-69.8%) of participants answered that it was an effective method to prevent a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although knowledge overall was similar across provinces, the percent of participants who answered the question on recommended care-seeking behavior correctly varied from 47.0% (95% CI 41.4%-52.7%) in Tibet to 87.5% (95% CI 84.1%-91.0%) in Beijing. Within provinces, participants who were male, were middle-aged, were residing in urban areas, and had higher household income tended to answer a higher proportion of the knowledge questions correctly. CONCLUSIONS This online study of individuals across China suggests that the majority of the population has good knowledge of COVID-19. However, a substantial proportion still holds misconceptions or incorrect beliefs about prevention methods and recommended health care–seeking behaviors, especially in rural areas and some less wealthy provinces in Western China. This study can inform the development of tailored public health policies and promotion campaigns by identifying knowledge areas for which misconceptions are comparatively common and provinces that have relatively low knowledge.

Background: We aimed to determine the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among Chinese adults by province, and to determine key associated sociodemographic characteristics in order to inform future focused interventions on those most affected. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey by the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9). We calculated the prevalence of depression nationally, and used logistic regression models to examine how the prevalence of depression varied by adults’ sociodemographic characteristics. All analyses used survey sampling weights. Findings: The survey was initiated by 14,493 participants, with 10,000 completing all survey questions and included in the analysis. A higher risk of depression was associated with living in urban areas (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.23-2.12), working as a nurse (OR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.37-9.11), and having a family member (OR, 23.75; 95% CI, 1.86-303.51), neighbor (OR, 19.71; 95% CI, 1.54-252.22) with confirmed COVID-19. A lower risk of depression was associated with participants who had an accurate knowledge of COVID-19 transmission (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.45-0.94), and awareness of recommended healthcare-seeking behavior for suspected COVID-19 (OR, 0.74; 95%CI, 0.57-0.95). The prevalence of depression in China was found to be still high (42.8%) [41.8% - 43.7%]. Interpretations: Depression was more common among urban dwellers, nurses, and those with a family member or neighbor with COVID-19. Accurate knowledge of COVID-19 transmission and awareness of recommended healthcare-seeking behavior may reduce the risk of depression. Funding: This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Sino- German Center for Research Promotion. Declaration of Interest: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest. Ethical Approval: This research was approved by the institutional review board of Heidelberg University Hospital

Background China’s long-term care insurance (LTCI) policy has been minimally evaluated. This systematic review aimed to assess the impact of China’s LTCI pilot on beneficiaries and their caregivers. Methods This review is based on a search of peer-reviewed studies in English (Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science) and Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure [CNKI], VIP, Wanfang) databases from January 2016 through July 2020, with all studies published in English or Chinese included. We included quantitative analyses of beneficiary-level data that assessed the impact of LTCI on beneficiaries and their caregivers, with no restriction placed on the outcomes studied. Results Nine studies met our inclusion criteria. One study was a randomised trial and two used quasi-experimental approaches. Four studies examined LTCI’s effect on beneficiaries’ quality of life, physical pain, and health service utilisation; one study reported the effect on beneficiaries’ healthcare expenditures; and one study evaluated the impact on caregivers’ care tasks. These studies generally found LTCI to be associated with an improvement in patients’ quality of life (including decreased physical pain), a reduction in the number of outpatient visits and hospitalisations, decreased patient-level health expenditures (e.g. one study reported a reduction in the length of stay, inpatient expenditures, and health insurance expenditures in tertiary hospitals by 41.0%, 17.7%, and 11.4%, respectively), and reduced informal care tasks for caregivers. In addition, four out of four studies that evaluated this outcome found that beneficiaries’ overall satisfaction with LTCI was high. Conclusion The current evidence base for the effects of LTCI in China on beneficiaries and their caregivers is sparse. Nonetheless, the existing studies suggest that LTCI has positive effects on beneficiaries and their caregivers. Further rigorous research on the impacts of LTCI in China is needed to inform the future expansion of the program.

Background In many countries, patients with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are told to self-isolate at home, but imperfect compliance and shared living space with uninfected people limit the effectiveness of home-based isolation. We examine the impact of facility-based isolation compared to self-isolation at home on the continuing epidemic in the USA. Methods We developed a compartment model to simulate the dynamic transmission of COVID-19 and calibrated it to key epidemic measures in the USA from March to September 2020. We simulated facility-based isolation strategies with various capacities and starting times under different diagnosis rates. Our primary model outcomes are new infections and deaths over 2 months from October 2020 onwards. In addition to national-level estimations, we explored the effects of facility-based isolation under different epidemic burdens in major US Census Regions. We performed sensitivity analyses by varying key model assumptions and parameters. Results We find that facility-based isolation with moderate capacity of 5 beds per 10 000 total population could avert 4.17 (95% credible interval 1.65–7.11) million new infections and 16 000 (8000–23 000) deaths in 2 months compared with home-based isolation. These results are equivalent to relative reductions of 57% (44–61%) in new infections and 37% (27–40%) in deaths. Facility-based isolation with high capacity of 10 beds per 10 000 population could achieve reductions of 76% (62–84%) in new infections and 52% (37–64%) in deaths when supported by expanded testing with an additional 20% daily diagnosis rate. Delays in implementation would substantially reduce the impact of facility-based isolation. The effective capacity and the impact of facility-based isolation varied by epidemic stage across regions. Conclusion Timely facility-based isolation for mild COVID-19 cases could substantially reduce the number of new infections and effectively curb the continuing epidemic in the USA. Local epidemic burdens should determine the scale of facility-based isolation strategies.

Rapid responses in the early stage of a new epidemic are crucial in outbreak control. Public holidays for outbreak control could provide a critical time window for a rapid rollout of social distancing and other control measures at a large population scale. The objective of our study was to explore the impact of the timing and duration of outbreak-control holidays on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spread during the early stage in China. We developed a compartment model to simulate the dynamic transmission of COVID-19 in China starting from January 2020. We projected and compared epidemic trajectories with and without an outbreak-control holiday that started during the Chinese Lunar New Year. We considered multiple scenarios of the outbreak-control holiday with different durations and starting times, and under different assumptions about viral transmission rates. We estimated the delays in days to reach certain thresholds of infections under different scenarios. Our results show that the outbreak-control holiday in China likely stalled the spread of COVID-19 for several days. The base case outbreak-control holiday (21 d for Hubei province and 10 days for all other provinces) delayed the time to reach 100 000 confirmed infections by 7.54 d. A longer outbreak-control holiday would have had stronger effects. A nationwide outbreak-control holiday of 21 d would have delayed the time to 100 000 confirmed infections by nearly 10 d. Furthermore, we find that outbreak-control holidays that start earlier in the course of a new epidemic are more effective in stalling epidemic spread than later holidays and that additional control measures during the holidays can boost the holiday effect. In conclusion, an outbreak-control holiday can likely effectively delay the transmission of epidemics that spread through social contacts. The temporary delay in the epidemic trajectory buys time, which scientists can use to discover transmission routes and identify effective public health interventions and which governments can use to build physical infrastructure, organize medical supplies, and deploy human resources for long-term epidemic mitigation and control efforts.

Importance Convalescent plasma is a potential therapeutic option for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but further data from randomized clinical trials are needed. Objective To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants Open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial performed in 7 medical centers in Wuhan, China, from February 14, 2020, to April 1, 2020, with final follow-up April 28, 2020. The trial included 103 participants with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 that was severe (respiratory distress and/or hypoxemia) or life-threatening (shock, organ failure, or requiring mechanical ventilation). The trial was terminated early after 103 of a planned 200 patients were enrolled. Intervention Convalescent plasma in addition to standard treatment (n = 52) vs standard treatment alone (control) (n = 51), stratified by disease severity. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome was time to clinical improvement within 28 days, defined as patient discharged alive or reduction of 2 points on a 6-point disease severity scale (ranging from 1 [discharge] to 6 [death]). Secondary outcomes included 28-day mortality, time to discharge, and the rate of viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results turned from positive at baseline to negative at up to 72 hours. Results Of 103 patients who were randomized (median age, 70 years; 60 [58.3%] male), 101 (98.1%) completed the trial. Clinical improvement occurred within 28 days in 51.9% (27/52) of the convalescent plasma group vs 43.1% (22/51) in the control group (difference, 8.8% [95% CI, −10.4% to 28.0%]; hazard ratio [HR], 1.40 [95% CI, 0.79-2.49];P = .26). Among those with severe disease, the primary outcome occurred in 91.3% (21/23) of the convalescent plasma group vs 68.2% (15/22) of the control group (HR, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.07-4.32];P = .03); among those with life-threatening disease the primary outcome occurred in 20.7% (6/29) of the convalescent plasma group vs 24.1% (7/29) of the control group (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.30-2.63];P = .83) (Pfor interaction = .17). There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality (15.7% vs 24.0%; OR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.22-1.59];P = .30) or time from randomization to discharge (51.0% vs 36.0% discharged by day 28; HR, 1.61 [95% CI, 0.88-2.95];P = .12). Convalescent plasma treatment was associated with a negative conversion rate of viral PCR at 72 hours in 87.2% of the convalescent plasma group vs 37.5% of the control group (OR, 11.39 [95% CI, 3.91-33.18];P Conclusion and Relevance Among patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19, convalescent plasma therapy added to standard treatment, compared with standard treatment alone, did not result in a statistically significant improvement in time to clinical improvement within 28 days. Interpretation is limited by early termination of the trial, which may have been underpowered to detect a clinically important difference. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry:ChiCTR2000029757

Indoor environment model reconstruction has emerged as a significant and challenging task in terms of the provision of a semantically rich and geometrically accurate indoor model. Recently, there has been an increasing amount of research related to indoor environment reconstruction. Therefore, this paper reviews the state-of-the-art techniques for the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of indoor environments. First, some of the available benchmark datasets for 3D reconstruction of indoor environments are described and discussed. Then, data collection of 3D indoor spaces is briefly summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the geometric, semantic, and topological reconstruction of the indoor environment is presented, where the existing methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages of these three reconstruction types are analyzed and summarized. Finally, future research directions, including technique challenges and trends, are discussed for the purpose of promoting future research interest. It can be concluded that most of the existing indoor environment reconstruction methods are based on the strong Manhattan assumption, which may not be true in a real indoor environment, hence limiting the effectiveness and robustness of existing indoor environment reconstruction methods. Moreover, based on the hierarchical pyramid structures and the learnable parameters of deep-learning architectures, multi-task collaborative schemes to share parameters and to jointly optimize each other using redundant and complementary information from different perspectives show their potential for the 3D reconstruction of indoor environments. Furthermore, indoor–outdoor space seamless integration to achieve a full representation of both interior and exterior buildings is also heavily in demand.

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with grain boundary defects are attractive to researchers in many fields, such as energy conversion and storage, sensing, catalysis and biological medicine. In this work, a nanostructure of 2D Fe-doped NiO nanosheets (NiFexO) with grain boundary defects was designed and applied in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. This nanomaterial was synthesized through a solvothermal strategy followed by a thermally driven conversion process. In general, NiFexO electrocatalysts were fabricated with gradual morphological variation depending on the atomic ratio of Ni : Fe. It is surprising that the Fe content determines the electrocatalytic performance and the overpotential of water oxidation exhibits an inverted volcanic pattern. As expected, the as-prepared 2D NiFe0.1O nanosheets with grain boundary defects exhibit enhanced OER activity (274 mV@10 mA cm−2) compared with the oxide electrocatalyst reported in 1.0 M KOH owing to the advantages of abundant active sites. This work will shed light on the design and fabrication of novel-structured nanocatalysts.

Background The lack of effective treatments against the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to the exploratory use of convalescent plasma for treating COVID-19. Case reports and case series have shown encouraging results. This study investigated SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and epidemiological characteristics in convalescent plasma donors, to identify criteria for donor selection. Methods Recovered COVID-19 patients, aged 18-55 years, who had experienced no symptoms for more than 2 weeks, were recruited. Donor characteristics such as disease presentations were collected and SARS-CoV-2 N-specific IgM, IgG, and S-RBD-specific IgG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Whereas levels of N-specific IgM antibody declined after recovery, S-RBD-specific and N-specific IgG antibodies increased after 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms, with no significant correlation to age, sex, or ABO blood type. Donors with the disease presentation of fever exceeding 38.5°C or lasting longer than 3 days exhibited higher levels of S-RBD-specific IgG antibodies at the time of donation. Of the 49 convalescent plasma donors, 90% had an S-RBD-specific IgG titer of ≥1:160 and 78% had a titer of ≥1:640 at the time of plasma donation. Of the 30 convalescent plasma donors, who had donated plasma later than 28 days after the onset of symptoms and had a disease presentation of fever lasting longer than 3 days or a body temperature exceeding 38.5°C, 100% had an S-RBD-specific IgG titer of ≥1:160 and 93% had a titer of ≥1:640. Conclusion This study indicates that the S-RBD-specific IgG antibody reaches higher levels after 4 weeks from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. We recommend the following selection criteria for optimal donation of COVID-19 convalescent plasma: 28 days after the onset of symptoms and with a disease presentation of fever lasting longer than 3 days or a body temperature exceeding 38.5°C. Selection based on these criteria can ensure a high likelihood of achieving sufficiently high S-RBD-specific IgG titers.

Funder: Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003399, Funder: Dr. John T. MacDonald Foundation; FundRef: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010239, Tau hyper-phosphorylation and deposition into neurofibrillary tangles have been found in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Molecular chaperones are involved in regulating the pathological aggregation of phosphorylated Tau (pTau) and modulating disease progression. Here, we report that nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), a well-known NAD+ synthase, serves as a chaperone of pTau to prevent its amyloid aggregation in vitro as well as mitigate its pathology in a fly tauopathy model. By combining NMR spectroscopy, crystallography, single-molecule and computational approaches, we revealed that NMNAT adopts its enzymatic pocket to specifically bind the phosphorylated sites of pTau, which can be competitively disrupted by the enzymatic substrates of NMNAT. Moreover, we found that NMNAT serves as a co-chaperone of Hsp90 for the specific recognition of pTau over Tau. Our work uncovers a dedicated chaperone of pTau and suggests NMNAT as a key node between NAD+ metabolism and Tau homeostasis in aging and neurodegeneration.

Summary Fangcang shelter hospitals are a novel public health concept. They were implemented for the first time in China in February, 2020, to tackle the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The Fangcang shelter hospitals in China were large-scale, temporary hospitals, rapidly built by converting existing public venues, such as stadiums and exhibition centres, into health-care facilities. They served to isolate patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 from their families and communities, while providing medical care, disease monitoring, food, shelter, and social activities. We document the development of Fangcang shelter hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak in China and explain their three key characteristics (rapid construction, massive scale, and low cost) and five essential functions (isolation, triage, basic medical care, frequent monitoring and rapid referral, and essential living and social engagement). Fangcang shelter hospitals could be powerful components of national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as future epidemics and public health emergencies.

Neurological manifestations are frequently reported in the COVID-19 patients. Neuromechanism of SARS-CoV-2 remains to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism via our established non-human primate model of COVID-19. In rhesus monkey, SARS-CoV-2 invades the CNS primarily via the olfactory bulb. Thereafter, viruses rapidly spread to functional areas of the central nervous system such as hippocampus, thalamus and medulla oblongata. The infection of SARS-CoV-2 induces the inflammation possibly by targeting neurons, microglia and astrocytes in the CNS. Consistently, SARS-CoV-2 infects neuro-derived SK-N-SH, glial-derived U251 and brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion in the NHP model, which provides important insights into the CNS-related pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Funding Statement: This study was supported by the National Research and Development Project of 5 China (2020YFC0841100, 2020YFC0846400, 2020YFA0707600), CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2016-I2M-2-006, 2020-I2M-CoV19-012) and Major special Projects in Yunnan Province (Establishment of animal model of novel coronavirus infection and development of emergency vaccine). Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Ethics Approval Statement: All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (ethics number: DWSP202002001).

ObjectivesWe aimed to determine (1) the prevalence of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among Chinese adults and (2) how depression prevalence varied by province and sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingNational online survey in China.ParticipantsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey among adults registered with the survey company KuRunData from 8 May 2020 to 8 June 2020. We aimed to recruit 300–360 adults per province (n=14 493), with a similar distribution by sex and rural-urban residency as the general population within each of these provinces.Primary outcomeParticipants completed the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9). We calculated the prevalence of depression (defined as a PHQ-9 score ≥10) nationally and separately for each province.AnalysisCovariate-unadjusted and covariate-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine how the prevalence of depression varied by adults’ sociodemographic characteristics. All analyses used survey sampling weights.ResultsThe survey was initiated by 14 493 participants, with 10 000 completing all survey questions and included in the analysis. The prevalence of depression in the national sample was 6.3% (95% CI 5.7% to 6.8%). A higher odds of depression was associated with living in an urban area (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.18 to 1.90) and working as a nurse (OR 3.06; 95% CI 1.41 to 6.66). A lower odds of depression was associated with participants who had accurate knowledge of COVID-19 transmission prevention actions (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.98), the knowledge that saliva is a main transmission route (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.64 to 0.99) and awareness of COVID-19 symptoms (OR, 0.82; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.00).ConclusionAround one in 20 adults in our online survey sample had a PHQ-9 score suggestive of depression. Interventions and policies to prevent and treat depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in China may be particularly needed for nurses and those living in urban areas.

The velocity of an ice shelf is an important characteristic to understand its dynamics and interaction with the internal ice sheet. Therefore, we develop an improved multi-scale image matching method for producing a complete and accurate Amery ice shelf velocity field from Landsat 8 images. First, we investigate the relationship between the template size and the image entropy and propose an image entropy-based preliminary operation for distinguishing the high-contrast regions from the low-contrast regions prior to iteratively determining the optimum template size. Second, a Gaussian pyramid image-based hierarchical data structure is designed to support a coarse-to-fine image matching strategy.The image entropy-based matching method is applied on the top layer of the image pyramid to guarantee the matching results have optimal completeness and high accuracy. Finally, a postprocess procedure is performed to derive a complete and accurate Amery ice shelf velocity field. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve computational efficiency. Moreover, the proposed method provides more accurate and robust matching results than other existing methods, particularly over the low-contrast surfaces. Additionally, the derived velocity field also shows good consistency with the one acquired from MEaSUREs Annual Antarctic Ice Velocity Maps 2016–2017.

Chlorite is one of the most widely developed minerals in propylitic alteration around porphyry deposits and can be used to investigate element transport and enrichment processes during hydrothermal alteration . The Paleozoic Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit (metal reserve: 0.7 Mt Cu @ 0.67%), located in the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt , is one of the most economical and largest porphyry Cu deposits in NW China. The Tuwu porphyry Cu deposit comprises an early porphyry Cu mineralization (including potassic, propylitic and phyllic alteration stages) and later overprinting Cu mineralization periods with chlorite found in both. Chlorite from the propylitic zone at Tuwu is geochemically similar to propylitic chlorite in younger Cenozoic porphyry systems, but enriched in Mg and K and depleted in Fe and Al relative to the overprinting chlorite. Scandium , V, Ti and Ga are enriched, and Li, Sr, Mn and Zn are depleted in the Tuwu propylitic chlorite proximal to the orebody, consistent with Cenozoic deposits. Compared with metamorphic chlorite from Proterozoic metamorphic terranes in Australia, Tuwu propylitic chlorite has higher Mg and K, lower Fe, Al and As. Our results suggest propylitic alteration in the Tuwu district is probably the product of cooling of fluids derived from the magmatic-hydrothermal system, but not from peripheral waters, and trace element variations in chlorite are mainly controlled by temperature although other factors such as fault development could affect variation trends. The common elemental features of chlorite in both Paleozoic and Cenozoic porphyry Cu deposits indicate it could act as a potential tool for mineral exploration.

The digital mapping of road environment is an important task for road infrastructure inventory and urban planning. Automatic extraction and classification of pole-like objects can remarkably reduce mapping cost and enhance work efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes a voxel-based method that automatically extracts and classifies three-dimensional (3-D) pole-like objects by analyzing the spatial characteristics of objects. First, a voxel-based shape recognition is conducted to generate a set of pole-like object candidates. Second, according to their isolation and vertical continuity, the pole-like objects are detected and individualized using the proposed circular model with an adaptive radius and the vertical region growing algorithm. Finally, several semantic rules, consisting of shape features and spatial topological relationships, are derived for further classifying the extracted pole-like objects into four categories (i.e., lamp posts, utility poles, tree trunks, and others). The proposed method was evaluated using three datasets from mobile LiDAR point cloud data. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method efficiently extracted the pole-like objects from the three datasets, with extraction rates of 85.3%, 94.1%, and 92.3%. Moreover, the proposed method can achieve robust classification results, especially for classifying tree trunks.

The Yandong porphyry copper deposit is located in the southern part of the Dananhu-Tousuquan Island Arc belt in Eastern Tianshan (Xinjiang, NW China). The Dananhu-Tousuquan belt contains a number of large and medium Cu deposits, among which the Yandong deposit (∼2.0 Mt Cu @ 0.67%) is the largest. The Yandong Cu deposit is hosted by plagiogranite porphyry and the Carboniferous Qi’eshan Group mafic to intermediate calc-alkaline volcanic and pyroclastic rocks. According to the crosscutting relationships and mineral assemblages, the alteration and mineralization processes at Yandong comprise three episodes: the porphyry mineralization episode (including potassic, propylitic, early phyllic and late phyllic stages), the overprinting mineralization episode (including main- and post-mineralization stages) and lastly supergene alteration episode. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in quartz from the potassic, early/late phyllic and post-mineralization stages, and anhydrite from the main-/post-mineralization stages include four types: 1) vapor-liquid two phases (W-type), 2) daughter mineral-bearing (S-type), 3) pure liquid (PW-type), and 4) pure vapor (PV-type). The potassic stage contains W-, S- and PV-type FIs, which yielded homogenization temperatures of 304–445 °C (mainly 340–400 °C) and salinities of 3.1–16.4 (mainly 4.0–10.0) wt% NaCl eqv. At the early phyllic stage, three types of FIs are identified, i.e., the W-, S-, and PV-type. The S-type and W-type FIs homogenized at 213–441 °C (mainly 280–300 °C) and 241–352 °C (mainly 300–320 °C), respectively, with corresponding salinities of 33.1–52.0 (mainly 34.0–40.0) wt% NaCl eqv. and 0.9–15.9 (mainly 0.9–4.0) wt% NaCl eqv., respectively. The late phyllic stage contains W-, S- and PW-type FIs, which homogenized at 146–248 °C (mainly 160–180 °C), with salinities ranging from 3.9 to 18.2 (mainly 4.0–8.0) wt% NaCl eqv. Mineralization depths calculated from FIs are: 0.8–1.2 km (Stage I), 0.6–1.8 km (Stage IIIA) and 0.4–0.7 km (Stage IIIB). Fluid boiling and mixing likely occurred during the porphyry mineralization period, leading to the precipitation of pyrite and chalcopyrite. During the overprinting mineralization, the W- and PV-type FIs occur in the main-mineralization anhydrite, with homogenization temperatures and salinities being 248–421 °C (mainly 300–340 °C) and 5.3–13.8 (mainly 8.0–10.0) wt% NaCl eqv., respectively. The post-mineralization quartz and anhydrite homogenized at 105–195 °C (mainly 120–140 °C), with salinities of 0.5–13.6 (mainly 8.0–10.0) wt% NaCl eqv. The ore-forming fluids may have predominantly been entrapped at 0.8–1.6 km (Stage IV) and 0.3–0.6 km (Stage V). The decreasing temperature may have led to the sulfides and sulfate precipitation and enrichment. Sericite 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of the altered plagiogranite porphyry yielded a plateau age of 332.8 ± 3.8 Ma, consistent with the age of the early ore-forming plagiogranite porphyry (339–332 Ma). Re–Os dating of molybdenite, coexisting with chalcopyrite-anhydrite-chlorite-calcite assemblage, yielded an age of 324.3 ± 2.7 Ma (weighted mean), consistent with the late quartz albite porphyry age (zircon U-Pb: 323.6 ± 2.5 Ma). Consequently, we propose that at least two mineralization episodes may have occurred at Yandong, with the second episode contributing to the majority of the Cu-Mo resources. Such overprinting mineralization style at Yandong may represent a good example of the Paleozoic Cu deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

The Yandong porphyry Cu deposit in the Eastern Tianshan terrane is the largest in Xinjiang, NW China (metal reserve: 2.3 Mt Cu @ 0.67%). Three periods and six alteration and mineralization stages were identified in this study, i.e., Porphyry period (including Stage I: propylitic alteration; II: quartz-magnetite alteration; III: phyllic alteration and early mineralization); overprinting period (including Stage IV: overprinting mineralization and Stage V: late vein) and supergene period (Stage VI: supergene mineralization). Stage IV was the main Cu mineralization stage at the Yandong Cu deposit, which is characterized by the mineral assemblage of chalcopyrite + chlorite + anhydrite + calcite. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) data indicate that Stage IV chlorite contains lower SiO2 and MgO, but higher FeO, Al2O3 and Fe/(Fe + Mg) than Stage I chlorite. LA-ICP-MS analyses indicate that Stage IV chlorite contains lower Cr, Ni, Co, B, Ca and Sr, but higher Sc, Ga, Sn, Ti, Zn and Mn than Stage I chlorite. Stage IV epidote contains lower B, Zr, Ba and Ti, but higher Sn, Y, Ga, Ag, U, Y, Cu and Sr than Stage I epidote. Concentrations of Ti, Zn, As, V, Sc and Cu are highest near the orebody for both Stage I and IV chlorite, and Au and Sn in Stage IV chlorite are highest near the orebody. Titanium content of Stage I epidote is highest near the orebody, but V, Sc and Zr are lowest there. Stage I chlorite at Yandong is geochemically similar to the giant Batu Hijau porphyry Cu-Au deposit (Indonesia), but Stage IV chlorite contains higher Fe, Al and As, lower Mg and Sn than the latter. Stage I epidote at Yandong is geochemically similar to the porphyry and skarn deposits in the central Baguio district (Philippines), but Stage IV epidote has higher Sn, Ga and U, but lower Zr, Ti and Ba than the latter. Ore deposit geology and alteration mineral chemistry indicate that the Yandong Cu deposit is an atypical porphyry deposit. The adakitic tonalite porphyry and quartz albite porphyry (granitic) may have formed the early and overprinting Cu mineralization, respectively. Chlorite Ti and V, and epidote Sb show similar spatial variation patterns in Cenozoic and Paleozoic porphyry deposits, which may be used for exploration targeting for ancient porphyry deposits, such as the Yandong Cu deposit.

The Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit is located in the western segment of the Aqishan-Yamansu metallogenic belt in Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang (China). Magnetite orebodies are mainly developed in the Upper Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary rocks and are mostly stratabound. Pyrite Re-Os dating has yielded an isochron age of 312 ± 24 Ma (MSWD = 1.5). Five hydrothermal and one supergene alteration/mineralization stages have been recognized from the spatial distribution of alteration zoning, mineral assemblages and textural relationships. The earliest alteration of albite (Ab84-98Or2-16) ± amphibole was related to the nearby albitization granite porphyry. Prograde alteration was developed on the footwall of the intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks, and formed a garnet (Ad60-95Gr5-40)-clinopyroxene (Hd0Di93Jo7 to Hd10Di83Jo7) assemblage. Alteration associated with magnetite can be further divided into three sub-stages, consisting of magnetite-amphibole ± titanite (stage III-A), magnetite-amphibole-epidote (stage III-B) and epidote-magnetite-quartz ± amphibole ± titanite ± pyrite (stage III-C) mineral assemblages. The secondary amphibole is dominantly actinolite. Pyrite, with minor chlorite-chalcopyrite veins, cut the magnetite ore, followed by later quartz/calcite/hematite veinlets. Based on fluid inclusions (FIs) and stable isotopes studies, the pre-ore stage (stage II) was formed at high temperature (>500 °C) and originated from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids ( δ 18 O H 2 O = +7.1‰, δ D H 2 O = −85‰). Two garnet samples have similar δ 18 O H 2 O values (+5.6‰ and +6.4‰) but considerably lower δ D H 2 O values (−134‰ and −139‰), indicating the overprinting by late meteoric water. Iron ore and hydrous minerals assemblages and the associated fluids had overprinted the early anhydrous minerals. Early magnetite mineralization stage (stage III-A) shows clear magmatic water input, as constrained from the δ 18 O H 2 O (+6.9‰ to +7.8‰) and δ D H 2 O (−85‰ to −72‰) values. Later magnetite stage was magmatic-hydrothermal fluid-dominated, but with mixing of heavy δ D H 2 O , as indicated by stable isotope compositions ( δ 18 O H 2 O = +6.1‰ to +7.8‰, δ D H 2 O = −47‰ to −32‰). Sulfur isotope values of the stage IV pyrite give a δ34S interval of +8.8‰ to +12.1‰, suggesting significant addition of external basin fluid/seawater or evaporite sulfur source to magmatic fluid. The low temperatures (83‒213 °C, average = 135 °C), generally medium-high but variable salinities (9.9‒27.2 wt.% NaCl equiv., average = 21.3 wt.%) and Ca-Mg-rich components of stage V fluids show clear features of involvement of basinal brines/seawater and minor meteoric water in the late hydrothermal stages. We infer that the temperature drop of the hydrothermal fluids may have been the main cause of massive magnetite precipitation at the Duotoushan deposit, whereas increasing pH values, decreasing temperature and fluid mixing maybe responsible for Cu precipitation. Ore deposit geology, mineral geochemistry and fluid evolution confirm that the Duotoushan Fe-Cu deposit is different from typical skarns and may represent a distinct group of Fe (-Cu) deposits formed during the Aqishan-Yamansu back (intra-) arc basin inversion, which show many similarities with the Central Andean IOCG deposits.

Mobile Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) point clouds have the characteristics of complex and incomplete scenes, uneven point density and noises, which raises great challenges for automatically interpreting 3D scene. Aiming at the problem of 3D point cloud classification, we propose a probabilistic graphical model for automatic classification of mobile LiDAR point clouds in this paper. First, the super-voxels are generated as primitives based on the similar geometric and radiometric properties. Second, we construct point-based multi-scale visual features that are used to describe the texture information at various scales. Third, the topic model is used to analyze the semantic correlations among points within super-voxels to establish the semantic representation, which is finally fed into the proposed probabilistic graphical model. The proposed model combines Bayesian network and Markov random fields to obtain locally continuous and globally optimal classification results. To evaluate the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed method, experiments were conducted using mobile LiDAR point clouds for three types of street scenes. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model is efficient and robust for extracting vehicles, buildings, street trees and pole-like objects, with overall accuracies of 98.17%, 97.41% and 96.81% respectively. Moreover, compared with other existing methods, our proposed model can provide higher classification correctness, specifically for small objects such as cars and pole-like objects.

The Heijianshan Fe–Cu (− Au) deposit is located in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt in Eastern Tianshan, NW China. As a typical Fe–Cu deposit in the region, Heijianshan is hosted in the Upper Carboniferous Matoutan Formation submarine volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks. Alteration styles, mineral assemblages and vein crosscutting relationships divide the hydrothermal alteration and mineralization processes into seven stages, namely the chromite (Stage I), epidote (Stage II), magnetite (Stage III), pyrite (Stage IV), Cu (–Au) (Stage V), late veins (Stage VI) and supergene (Stage VII) alteration/mineralization stages. Magnetite mineralization comprises the hematite (Stage III–A) and main magnetite (Stage III–B) mineralization sub-stages. The Heijianshan magnetite ores consist of massive (with mushketovite (MOM) or sulfides (MOS)), disseminated (DO) and magnetite clasts (with chromite (MWC) or without chromite (MNC)) ores. Magnetite in massive- and disseminated ores is featured by (1) depletion in Zr, Nb and Ta; (2) low Ti ( f O 2 increased, which may represent the major controls on the formation of the various magnetite ore types. Compositions of the ore fluids and host rocks, formation of coexisting minerals and other physicochemical parameters (such as T and f O 2 ) may have variably influenced the magnetite geochemistry in the different Heijianshan ore types, with fluid compositions probably playing the most important role. Discrimination diagrams, for instance, Cr vs. Co/Ni, Cr vs. Ti, V vs. Cr and Ni vs. Cr, may be useful for magnetite mineralization type differentiation in other submarine volcanic-hosted Fe/Fe–Cu deposits in the Aqishan–Yamansu belt. Geochemical discrimination diagrams, alteration and mineralization paragenesis indicate that the Heijianshan Fe–Cu (–Au) deposit is best classified as an IOCG-like deposit, which offers a new insight for classifying and characterizing ore genetic types for similar Fe and Fe–Cu deposits in Eastern Tianshan.

The Aqishan-Yamansu belt in the Eastern Tianshan (Xinjiang, NW China) is an important mineralization belt. The belt mainly comprises Carboniferous volcanic, volcaniclastic and clastic rocks, and hosts many intermediate–felsic intrusions and Fe (–Cu) deposits. The biotite diorite, felsic brecciated tuff, granodiorite and syenite from the western Aqishan-Yamansu belt are newly zircon U–Pb dated to be 316.7 ± 1.4 Ma, 315.6 ± 2.6 Ma, 305.8 ± 1.9 Ma and 252.5 ± 1.4 Ma, respectively. The mafic rocks (mafic brecciated tuff and diabase porphyry) are tholeiitic to calc-alkaline series, LILE-rich (e.g., Rb, Ba and Pb), HFSE-depleted (e.g., Nb and Ta), and have high Mg#(44–60), Nb/Ta (15.0–20.0), Ba/La (>30) and Ba/Nb (>57) values/ratios, and low Th/Yb ratios ( 2.10) and positive eNd(t) (>5.7), combined with variable Nb/Ta ratios (9.52–21.4), Y/Nb ratios (1.47–39.7) and Pb isotopes (206Pb/204Pb = 16.225–17.640, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.454–15.520, 208Pb/204Pb = 37.097–38.025) suggest that these rocks were magma mixing products between juvenile crustal-derived magmas and minor mantle-derived magmas. Combined published works with our new ages, geochemical and isotopic data, we propose that the Aqishan-Yamansu belt was an Early Carboniferous fore-arc basin during the southward subduction of the Kangguer oceanic slab beneath the Yili-Central Tianshan block. With the continuing southward subduction, the Aqishan-Yamansu fore-arc basin initiated to close, which generated the mafic and intensive intermediate–felsic magmatism associated with regional Fe (–Cu) mineralization.

The Heijianshan Fe–Cu (–Au) deposit, located in the Aqishan-Yamansu belt of the Eastern Tianshan (NW China), is hosted in the mafic–intermediate volcanic and mafic–felsic volcaniclastic rocks of the Upper Carboniferous Matoutan Formation. Based on the pervasive alteration, mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships of veins, six magmatic–hydrothermal stages have been established, including epidote alteration (Stage I), magnetite mineralization (Stage II), pyrite alteration (Stage III), Cu (–Au) mineralization (Stage IV), late veins (Stage V) and supergene alteration (Stage VI). The Stage I epidote–calcite–tourmaline–sericite alteration assemblage indicates a pre-mineralization Ca–Mg alteration event. Stage II Fe and Stage IV Cu (–Au) mineralization stages at Heijianshan can be clearly distinguished from alteration, mineral assemblages, and nature and sources of ore-forming fluids. Homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite from Stage I (189–370 °C), II (301–536 °C), III (119–262 °C) and V (46–198 °C) suggest that fluid incursion and mixing probably occurred during Stage I to II and Stage V, respectively. The Stage II magmatic–hydrothermal-derived Fe mineralization fluids were characterized by high temperature (>300 °C), medium–high salinity (21.2–56.0 wt% NaCl equiv.) and being Na–Ca–Mg–Fe-dominated. These fluids were overprinted by the external low temperature ( in-situ sulfur isotopes also indicate that the sulfur sources vary in different stages, viz. , Stage II (magmatic–hydrothermal), III (basinal brine-related) and IV (magmatic–hydrothermal). Stage II disseminated pyrite has δ 34 S fluid values of 1.7–4.3‰, comparable with sulfur from magmatic reservoirs. δ 34 S fluid values (24.3–29.3‰) of Stage III Type A pyrite (coexists with hematite) probably indicate external basinal brine involvement, consistent with the analytical results of fluid inclusions. With the basinal brines further interacting with volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks of the Carboniferous Matoutan Formation, Stage III Type B pyrite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite assemblage (with low δ 34 S fluid values of 4.6–10.0‰) may have formed at low f O 2 and temperature (119–262 °C). The continuous basinal brine–volcanic/volcaniclastic rock interactions during the basin inversion (∼325–300 Ma) may have leached sulfur and copper from the rocks, yielding magmatic-like δ 34 S fluid values (1.5–4.1‰). Such fluids may have altered pyrite and precipitated chalcopyrite with minor Au in Stage IV. Eventually, the Stage V low temperature (∼160 °C) and low salinity meteoric water may have percolated into the ore-forming fluid system and formed late-hydrothermal veins. The similar alteration and mineralization paragenetic sequences, ore-forming fluid sources and evolution, and tectonic settings of the Heijianshan deposit to the Mesozoic Central Andean IOCG deposits indicate that the former is probably the first identified Paleozoic IOCG-like deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt.

Background Cerebral edema, erupting simultaneously with severe ischemic stroke, might lead to increased intracranial pressure, cerebral herniation, and ultimately death. Studies conducted previously by our team have demonstrated the fact that bloodletting puncture at hand twelve Jing-well points (HTWP) could alleviate cerebral edema, which mainly results from the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB). The study, therefore, was first designed to demonstrate whether BBB-protection serves an important role in the edema-relief effect of HTWP bloodletting, based on which to research the molecular mechanism underlying. Methods The rats were made into model suffering from permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) and then bloodletting puncture were treated at HTWP once a day. Wet and dry weight method was adopted to evaluate the degree of brain edema, evans blue extravasation and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the integrity of the BBB, and RT-qPCR was carried out to analyze the expression level of occludin, claudin-5, ICAM-1, and VEGF. Results Results revealed that bloodletting puncture treatment could reduce water content of brain and the permeability of BBB caused by ischemic stroke. In bloodletting puncture group, ameliorated tight junctions could be observed under electron microscopy. It was demonstrated in further study that, in bloodletting group, compared with pMCAO one, the expression levels of occludin and claudin-5 were up-regulated, while ICAM-1 and VEGF were down-regulated. Conclusions In conclusion, bloodletting puncture at HTWP might play a significant role in protecting the tight junctions of BBB, thus alleviating cerebral edema induced by ischemic stroke. Therefore, the therapy of bloodletting puncture at HTWP may be a promising strategy for acute ischemic stroke in the future.

Point cloud classification is of great importance to applications of airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) data. In recent years, airborne LiDAR has been integrated with various other sensors, e.g., optical imaging sensors, and thus, the fusion of multiple data types for scene classification has become a hot topic. Therefore, this paper proposes a Bayesian network (BN) model that is suitable for airborne point cloud classification fusing multiple data types. Based on an analysis of the characteristics of LiDAR point clouds and aerial images, we first extract the geometric features from the point clouds and the spectral features from the optical images. The optimal BN structure is then trained using an improved mutual-information-based K2 algorithm to obtain the optimal BN classifier for point cloud classification. Experiments demonstrate that the BN classifier can effectively distinguish four types of basic ground objects, including ground, vegetation, trees, and buildings, with a high accuracy of over 90%. Moreover, compared with other classifiers, the proposed BN classifier can achieve the highest overall accuracies, and in particular, the classifier demonstrates its advantage in the classification of ground and low vegetation points.

The Tuwu–Yandong porphyry Cu belt is located in the Eastern Tianshan mountains in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Petrochemical and geochronological data for intrusive and volcanic rocks from the Tuwu and Yandong deposits are combined with previous studies to provide constraints on their petrogenesis and tectonic affinity. New LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb ages of 348.3 ± 6.0 Ma, 339.3 ± 2.2 Ma, 323.6 ± 2.5 Ma and 324.1 ± 2.3 Ma have been attained from intrusive units associated with the deposits, including diorite, plagiogranite porphyry, quartz albite porphyry and quartz porphyry, respectively. The basalt and andesite, which host part of the Cu mineralization, are tholeiitic with high Al 2 O 3 , Cr, Ni and low TiO 2 contents, enriched LREEs and negative HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, Ti) anomalies consistent with arc magmas. Diorites are characterized by low SiO 2 content but high MgO, Cr and Ni contents, similar to those of high-Mg andesites. The parental magma of the basalt, andesite and diorite is interpreted to have been derived from partial melting of mantle-wedge peridotite that was previously metasomatized by slab melts. The ore-bearing plagiogranite porphyry is characterized by high Na 2 O, Sr, Cr and Ni contents, low Y and Yb contents, low Na 2 O/K 2 O ratios and high Sr/Y ratios and high Mg#, suggesting an adakitic affinity. The high e Nd (t) (5.02–9.16), low I Sr (0.703219–0.704281) and high e Hf (t) (8.55–12.99) of the plagiogranite porphyry suggest they were derived by a partial melting of the subducted oceanic crust followed by adakitic melt-mantle peridotite interaction. The quartz albite porphyry and quartz porphyry are characterized by similar Sr–Nd–Hf isotope but lower Mg# and whole-rock (La/Yb) N ratios to the plagiogranite porphyry, suggesting they were derived from juvenile lower crust, and negative Eu anomalies suggest fractionation of plagioclase. We propose that a flat subduction that started ca. 340 Ma and resulted in formation of the adakitic plagiogranite porphyry after a period of “steady” subduction, and experienced slab rollback at around 323 Ma.

In this work, a dynamic self-optimizing material consisting of nickel-sulfide nanosheets anchored onto Ni foam (DSO-Ni

Based on density functional theory (DFT), we performed first-principles studies on the electronic structure, magnetic state and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal phosphorous trichalcogenides MnPX

Protein modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) regulates numerous biological functions. The UFM1 system, a novel UBL conjugation system, is implicated in mouse development and hematopoiesis. However, its broad biological functions and working mechanisms remain largely elusive. CDK5RAP3, a possible ufmylation substrate, is essential for epiboly and gastrulation in zebrafish. Herein, we report a critical role of CDK5RAP3 in liver development and hepatic functions. Cdk5rap3 knockout mice displayed prenatal lethality with severe liver hypoplasia, as characterized by delayed proliferation and compromised differentiation. Hepatocyte-specific Cdk5rap3 knockout mice suffered post-weaning lethality, due to serious hypoglycemia and impaired lipid metabolism. Depletion of CDK5RAP3 triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and activated unfolded protein responses in hepatocytes. We detected the in vivo interaction of CDK5RAP3 with UFL1, the defined E3 ligase in ufmylation. Notably, loss of CDK5RAP3 altered the ufmylation profile in liver cells, suggesting that CDK5RAP3 serves as a novel substrate adaptor for this UBL modification. Collectively, our study identifies CDK5RAP3 as an important regulator of ufmylation and suggests the involvement of ufmylation in mammalian development.

China’s science and technology support system has played a significant role in fighting public health emergencies. In this study, we summarize the construction status of China’s science and technology support system for emergencies from the aspects of (1) layout of scientific research bases and platforms, (2) application of big data technology, (3) science and technology investment in public health, and (4) transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Subsequently, we analyze the challenges for the construction of the support system in China in comparison with developed countries that are advanced regarding medical science and technology. To solve the problems of weak foundation of basic medical research and lack of key core technologies, we suggest to strengthen the synergy of universities, medical institutions, and science and technology enterprises. This will improve China’s basic medical research ability and promote the research and development of original pharmaceutical products and diagnostic reagents. In view of the lack of bases and platform facilities in China, we suggest to strengthen the construction of national biological resource sample centers and build self-supported data and information sharing platforms. As for insufficient investment in public health and an imperfect personnel system, we suggest to enhance the leading role of the National Academy of Medical Sciences, increase the input of public health, and improve the personnel evaluation, reserve, and training mechanisms.

The late Paleozoic Bailingshan intrusions and volcanic rocks are located in the Aqishan–Yamansu arc belt in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan and are associated with an important group of iron skarn deposits. The exposed intrusive rocks are mainly granodiorite, monzonitic granite, and granite. Zircon U–Pb dating of the Tugutublak Formation tuffaceous dacitic lava yields an age of 324 Ma, whereas dates of the Bailingshan granodiorite, monzonitic granite, and granite yields ages of 317 Ma, 313 Ma, and 307 Ma, respectively. The results indicate that the Bailingshan granitoids were emplaced soon after the eruption of the Tugutublak dacite. All these rocks studied show calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous affinities, with A/CNK values ranging 0.83–1.10. They are enriched in Rb, K, and Pb, depleted in Nb, Ta, Ti, and P, and contain low Sr/Y (4.16–23.7) and Sr (109.0–347.0 ppm) values, displaying typical arc geochemical affinities. The tuffaceous dacitic lava has low Nb/Ta (10.3–14.1) values, a wide range of Mg# (6–64), positive zircon eHf(t) (3.2–7.5) values, and elevated whole-rock eNd(t) (2.03–4.41), but low ISr values (0.70427–0.70530), indicating that the source magma may have been derived from the juvenile lower crust with minor mantle input. The Bailingshan I-type intrusions also exhibit a mixed source signal, as constrained by Nb/Ta ratios, Mg#, and isotopes characteristics. Because the granodiorite, monzonitic granite, and granite intrusions have higher zircon eHf(t) (3.3–7.5, 11.8–13.5, and 10.2–14.4, respectively) and eNd(t) (3.90, 5.78, and 5.94, respectively) values than those of the tuffaceous dacitic lava, it is suggested that mantle-derived materials may have played a more prominent role with their petrogenetic evolution. Integrating our new geological, age, geochemical and isotopic data we propose that the Aqishan–Yamansu iron skarn belt may have formed in a back-arc position or within an intra-arc basin generated by the southward subduction of the Kanggur oceanic plate beneath the Yili–Central Tianshan block during the late Paleozoic, with felsic-intermediate magmatism occurring during the basin inversion.

Summary Background and objective The short form augmenter of liver regeneration (sfALR) is a novel human hepatotrophic growth factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of sfALR in NAFLD. Methods The free fatty acids (FFA) induced lipid accumulation in mouse liver parenchymal cells was examined by Oil Red O staining and triglyceride level determination. The cell cycle was determined by flow cytometry and the proliferation was assessed by CCK8. The expression levels of gfer, miR-122, srebp-1c, fas, dgat2, acc1 and Lrp1B were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, the MAPK pathway was detected by western blot. Results The results showed that sfALR could alleviate the lipid accumulation in mice both in vivo and in vitro. sfALR relieved the proliferation inhibition and G2 arrest of mouse liver parenchymal cells induced by FFAs. Free fatty acids affected gfer expression in a time-and dose-dependent way. And sfALR suppressed JNK activation, increased miR-122 level and reduced fatty acid synthesis-related gene expression. Conclusion These findings suggested that sfALR could alleviate the severity of fatty liver in mice.

Considering the practical use of electrochemical water splitting, it is important to construct a highly efficient and stable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyst over a wide pH range. Herein, we develop an efficient strategy to enhance the electrochemical activity of few-layer MoS2 and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) anchored on multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNTs). The as-prepared Pt-MoS2/MWCNTs provides an excellent HER electrocatalytic activity with low overpotentials at −10 mA cm−2 over a wide pH range, namely, 20 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4, 92 mV in 1.0 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS), and 75 mV in 1.0 M KOH, respectively. In addition, Pt-MoS2/MWCNTs deliver the highest mass activity at the overpotential of 0.05 V, which is 8.1, 2.3, and 26.5 times higher than that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C in acidic, neutral and alkaline media, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the co-existence of MoS2 and Pt NPs facilitated the water dissociation reaction and hydrogen generation, thereby enhancing the activity of HER. This work provides a potential strategy to construct high-performance electrocatalysts for HER over the entire pH range.

To detect the expression of human transforming growth factor βAd-hTGF-βGreen fluorescence was observed after 12 hours of transfection in groups A and B. TGF-βAd-hTGF-β检测腺病毒介导人TGF-β以DMEM培养基稀释重组腺病毒载体Ad-hTGF-βA、B组腘绳肌腱经转染后均可见绿色荧光表达；ELISA法检测示，A组腘绳肌腱中TGF-β在腺病毒载体介导下，hTGF-β

The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission was initiated in 2009 with the goal of acquiring global soil moisture data over land using multi-angular L-band radiometric measurements. Specifically, surface soil moisture was estimated using the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) radiative transfer model. This study evaluated the applicability of this model to the Heihe River Basin in Northern China for specific underlying surfaces by simulating brightness temperature (BT) with the L-MEB model. To analyze the influence of a ground sampling strategy on the simulations, two resampling methods based on ground observations were compared. In the first method, the simulated BT of each point observation was initially acquired. The simulations were then resampled at a 1 km resolution. The other method was based on gridded data with a resolution of 1 km averaged from point observations, such as soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil texture. The simulated BTs at a 1 km resolution were then obtained using the L-MEB model. Because of the large variability in soil moisture, the resampling method based on gridded data was used in the simulation. The simulated BTs based on the calibrated parameters were validated using airborne L-band data from the Polarimetric L-band Multibeam Radiometer (PLMR) acquired during the HiWATER project. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the simulated results and the PLMR data were 6 to 7 K for V-polarization and 3 to 5 K for H-polarization at different angles. These results demonstrate that the model effectively represents agricultural land surfaces, and this study will serve as a reference for applying the L-MEB model in arid regions and for selecting a ground sampling strategy.

Where water shortage is concerned, air-cooled chillers are typically installed to provide cooling energy in commercial buildings with significant electricity consumption. This study investigates performance data and technical specifications on a wide range of air-cooled chiller products. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the chillers at full load operation ranges from 2.4 to 3.7, with 2.9, 3.1 and 3.3 in the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles, respectively. A survey on national standards and guidelines for the energy performance of air-cooled chillers shows that the minimum required COPs lie between 2.4-3.1 at full load operation. This suggests that over 50% of the existing products can meet the requirement and more stringent control should be in place to boost the use of high efficiency chillers. Control algorithms should be further exploited to judge if the chillers operate with desirable performance under part load conditions. Advanced controls are seldom applied to optimize their performanc...

Four satellite-based snow products are evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau for the 2007–2010 snow seasons. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra and Aqua snow cover daily L3 Global 500-m grid products (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) daily Northern Hemisphere snow cover product and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System Daily Snow Water Equivalent were validated against Thematic Mapper (TM) snow cover maps of Landsat-5 and meteorological station snow depth observations. The overall accuracy of MOD10A1, MYD10A1 and IMS is higher than 91% against stations observations and than 79% against Landsat TM images. In general, the daily MODIS snow cover products show better performance than the multisensor IMS product. However, the IMS snow cover product is suitable for larger scale (~4km) analysis and applications, with the advantage over MODIS to allow for mitigation for cloud cover. The accuracy of the three products decreases with decreasing snow depth. Overestimation errors are most common over forested regions; the IMS and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System Snow Water Equivalent products also show poorer performance that the MODIS products over grassland. By identifying weaknesses in the satellite products, this study provides a focus for the improvement of snow products over the Tibetan plateau. The quantitative evaluation of the products proposed here can also be used to assess their relative weight in data assimilation, against other data sources, such as modelling and in situ measurement networks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Before the natural gas pipeline was put into operation, nitrogen is usually used to replace the air in the natural gas pipeline. In order to prevent air and natural gas from forming explosive mixtures, it is necessary to study the mixing law in the displacement process. In this article, based on computational fluid dynamics basic theory and turbulence model theory, the mathematical model and boundary conditions of nitrogen replacement were determined. The nitrogen replacement process was simulated by Fluent software. The following conclusions are drawn from the analysis: (1) when the flow is laminar, the mixing length is longer than that of the turbulent state, so try to keep the gas in the turbulent state; (2) with an increase in the flow velocity, pipeline diameter, and pipeline length, mixing length increases; (3) with an increase in the back pressure, gas mixing length increases gradually, so try to avoid the presence of back pressure venting; (4) with an increase in the temperature, the mixing length increases gradually; (5) the formula for calculating the mixing length obtained by fitting is L m / D = ( 1 . 95 ~ 2 . 55 ) v 0 . 39 ( L / D ) 0 . 53 .

Snow cover plays an important role in hydrological processes and global climate change research. Geostationary satellites with high temporal resolution provide multiple observations in one day, which highlights their potential for monitoring real-time snow-cover information. In this paper, data from the Chinese meteorological satellites Fengyun-2D (FY-2D), Fengyun-2E (FY-2E) and Fengyun-3B (FY-3B) was used for snow-cover mapping over China. A new method of detecting snow-cover information is proposed, that combines the Visible and Infrared Spin Scan-Radiometer (VISSR) on board the geostationary satellites FY-2D and FY-2E and the Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI) on board the polar orbiting satellite FY-3B. The snow cover estimated from Fengyun satellites was compared by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow-cover products (MOD10A1 and MYD10A1), and Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) snow-cover products. The Fengyun satellite snow-cover images and IMS snow-cover products were validated with meteorological station observations for the 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 winter seasons. The influence of elevation and land-cover types on the accuracy of snow retrievals was also analyzed. The results showed that the combined use of FY-2D and FY-2E VISSR data reduced cloud obscuration by 30.47% compared to the MODIS products. The validation demonstrated that the accuracy of the final multi-sensor snow-cover images was 91.28%, which is similar to that for IMS snow-cover products. This work indicates that combined data from geostationary satellites and passive microwave remote sensing monitored snow cover over China to a high level of accuracy.

The primary objective of this work is to develop an operational snow depth retrieval algorithm for the FengYun3B Microwave Radiation Imager (FY3B-MWRI) in China. Based on 7-year (2002–2009) observations of brightness temperature by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) and snow depth from Chinese meteorological stations, we develop a semi-empirical snow depth retrieval algorithm. When its land cover fraction is larger than 85%, we regard a pixel as pure at the satellite passive microwave remote-sensing scale. A 1-km resolution land use/land cover (LULC) map from the Data Center for Resources and Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is used to determine fractions of four main land cover types (grass, farmland, bare soil, and forest). Land cover sensitivity snow depth retrieval algorithms are initially developed using AMSR-E brightness temperature data. Each grid-cell snow depth was estimated as the sum of snow depths from each land cover algorithm weighted by percentages of land cover types within each grid cell. Through evaluation of this algorithm using station measurements from 2006, the root mean square error (RMSE) of snow depth retrieval is about 5.6 cm. In forest regions, snow depth is underestimated relative to ground observation, because stem volume and canopy closure are ignored in current algorithms. In addition, comparison between snow cover derived from AMSR-E and FY3B-MWRI with Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products (MYD10C1) in January 2010 showed that algorithm accuracy in snow cover monitoring can reach 84%. Finally, we compared snow water equivalence (SWE) derived using FY3B-MWRI with AMSR-E SWE products in the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that AMSR-E overestimated SWE in China, which agrees with other validations.

In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) Ni-based bimetallic sulfides have been widely studied for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, traditional 2D nanomaterials are easily re-stacked into dense structures or films when manufactured into practical electrodes. Herein, we report an efficient approach to construct amorphous holey NiMS nanosheets (M = Co, Fe, Mn) to overcome this difficulty. Taking amorphous holey NiCoS nanosheets (denoted as holey NiCoS-NS) as a model material, we illustrate the feasibility of this method to control the hole size and pore density in the nanosheets by altering the time of sulfidation process. Benefiting from porous 2D architecture, S-doped species, synergistic effects of Ni and Co, as well as amorphous nature, the holey NiCoS-NS exhibit a low overpotential of 280 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 and excellent stability in 1.0 M KOH. By the X-ray photoelectron spectrum (XPS) analysis, this enhanced performance is ascribe to the in-situ generated Ni/Co oxy(hydroxide) active phase during oxygen evolution reaction. Besides, when further employed as a two-electrode electrolyzer assembly, the holey NiCoS-NS exhibits a low potential of 1.58 V at 20 mA cm−2, serving as one of the best water-splitting electrocatalysts to date. This work not only provides a feasible strategy to develop efficient and durable OER catalysts but also represents a general strategy for the structure-performance relationship of 2D transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts.