Search

Background: Social media platforms are digital platforms that can be accessed from any central unit, phone, or tablet connected to the internet. Users utilize these networks for virtual connection and increasingly for information gathering. In the medical field, documenting information obtained from online sources is essential. By verifying the sources of information, one can avoid forming preconceived ideas about a medical subject, in this case, vaccination. Objective: The main objective of this study is to verify whether the level of education, medical studies, time spent online, and the number of active accounts on the two presented social networks, Facebook and Instagram, can modify users' perception of the information read about the vaccination process and subsequently influence their vaccination decision. Material and methods: To verify these aspects, we conducted a crosssectional study using a questionnaire distributed online, targeting both individuals with medical studies and those without. The questionnaire consists of 30 questions, allowing for multiple responses, which aim to gather demographic data in the first part and assess the level of education. Subsequently, we examine the time spent online, reading information about vaccines, source verification, the psychological impact of this information, and the user's opinion on these matters. Results : The study involved a total of 258 participants, excluding individuals under the age of 18, of which 25.97% had medical studies, while 74.03% did not. Regarding educational level, 58.53% had higher education, demonstrating a statistically significant mild positive correlation between being a student and being informed from medical journals (r = 0.36, p< 0.001). About 54% of respondents had active accounts on both social media platforms, with over half stating that they had read information about vaccines. Among those with medical studies, the majority reported obtaining information from medical journals, specialized publications, or their family doctor. Conclusions: More than half of the participants in the study spend a significant amount of time online, both on Facebook and Instagram, with a significant percentage stating that they have read information about vaccines, thus being prone to misinformation if the source is not verified. The level of education, especially holding higher education or medical studies, is a factor that influences the source of information, perception, and the user's feelings regarding vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To assess the attitudes toward smoking in economically active men and women in Tyumen city within various education and family status.Material and methods. A single-point epidemiological study conducted, under the cardiological screening of open city population aged 25-64 y.o., males 850 (respond 85,0%), females 704 (respond 70,4%). The attitudes toward smoking were assessed by the coverage method of self-completion of the WHO questionnaire “Knowledge and attitude of the one’s health” with the pre-formulated points. Social status was assessed by educational level — elementary, general, graduate, and family status — with or none partner. Statistics was done with the software SPSS (11.5), Statistica 7.0 and Microsoft Excel. Values of p

The sector of the creative economy brings benefits to the economy, more exactly, through the cultural sector, due to the unlimited resources needed to develop – the human resources represented by their mind or talent. The industrial development and innovation lead towards many changes in the cultural industries mostly due to the digitization effect, an irreversible change in the creation of various cultural goods and services, resulting even new cultural domains and also new regulation in the cultural field. The goods and services produced by the new cultural sector “encompass artistic, aesthetic, symbolic and spiritual values (…) their system of valorisation, which includes a characteristic irreproducible, is linked to its appreciation or pleasure” makes them different from other goods and services as Throsby mentioned (UNESCO, 2009:22). This paper aims to show some positive impacts of the creative economy, highlighting social and economic aspects, such as cultural diversity, tolerance, freedom of expression of the cultural identity and by the other hand, new jobs for artists, earnings’ increases, creative clusters, cultural employment etc. We will also show more clearly the activities and the occupations which concern the cultural employment and figures regarding cultural employment in Europe.

Social exclusion concerns all social and economic groups; however, it concerns chiefly the residents of rural areasrather than the residents of towns. The aim of this paper is to present the problem of social exclusion in rural areas inthe European Union Countries. The authors in the study used the data available from Eurostat for EU Member States(NUTS-1). For the purpose of this research, a synthetic index was also prepared. The characteristics of social exclusionwere based on objective factors, such as the scale of poverty, the level of unemployment and education. Analysis showedthat the problem of social exclusion couldn’t be considered from the point of view of the countries of the “old” and the“new” Union. The analysis indicates that countries in Central and Eastern Europe, with a relatively well-educatedpopulation, are much more at risk of poverty than those living in Western Europe.

This study has as main purpose the underlining of the degree of educational specialization of the population depending on the professional economic activities that they develop, on the level of the Depression of Beius in 2011. From the interpretation and analysis of the data is found the presence of some higher values of the persons graduate of higher education in the third sector, followed by the secondary and afterwards by the primary. Also, the urban medium, compared to the rural one, disposes of the best representation of the graduates of higher education, post graduate schools and high schools in the employed population, no matter the economic sector to which we are referring.

Background. According to the meta-analysis of studies, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have worse memory performance, information processing speed, executive functions compared to patients without DM. The level of education, the age of the patient are also important factors in the development of dementia. But research was conducted on selected populations, and the impact of demographic and social factors was studied in a particular area. The purpose of our work was to study the influence of sex, age, education level on the state of cognitive function in patients with type 2 DM in the Ukrainian population. Materials and methods. Eighty one patients with type 2 DM were examined, including 43 women and 38 men. Evaluation of the cognitive impairment was carried out in the morning using the following methods: a “5 words” test, a mental status assessment scale, a battery of tests for frontal dysfunction, an assessment of a clock drawing test. Results. The average age of patients was 55.03 ± 0.37 years, the average level of HbA1c — 8.75 ± 0.16 %, the average duration of DM — 10.03 ± 1.03 years. There was no reliable difference between men and women in the performance of neuropsychological tests. Also, no differences were found between the groups by age and level of education and the state of cognitive function. But the negative effect of age on cognitive function was found according to the Mini-Mental State Examination. Conclusions. A negative relationship between age and the state of cognitive functions was found. It is necessary to carry out further studies on the effect of other socio-cultural factors on the state of cognitive function in patients with type 2 DM.

The aim of this research is to determine the most efficient methods and means of action for speed development under all manifestation forms at high school pupils and determination of their biometric level. The experiment took place at Technical College Samoil Isopescu from Suceava. Subjects are 52 pupils, divided in two IX classes, girls and boys, as it follows: class IX C (witness) formed by 12 girls and 11 boys, and class IX B (experimental) is formed by 12 girls and 17 boys. The experiment took place in school year 2015 - 2016, during two semesters, lessons were held outdoor, in schoolyard but also in the gym. The literature shows that running is a natural skill with great accessibility among pupils, regardless age and training level. Running is a natural movement, being the basis for all activities with dynamic content. Speed is a genetic motor ability being less perfectible, manifesting itself in various forms: reaction speed, speed of execution, recurrence speed, movement speed and speed in other arrangements of motor abilitys. In order to ensure the desired efficiency in physical education lessons at high school it is necessary that the means for development of motor abilitys to be performed in the first part of the lesson, immediately after pupils ‘body was well trained for effort. Knowing that athletic activity can be organized physical education class in various forms, we also considered useful to study which of these methods and means have greater efficiency in developing quality driving speed, according to the hypothesis.

The paper deals with the role of migration agencies and shipping companies in outflows originated in Italy until the First World War. While migration agencies – often criticized for giving misleading promise – provided the necessary support to people seeking better conditions abroad, shipping companies carried a multitude of emigrants to the other sides of Atlantic. The economic segment dealing with the improvement of the national ship-owning industry drew benefit from this activity, as ships were, albeit belatedly, refurbished. Shipping companies also received criticism for their tendency to join in trusts to raise the fare cost. The situation was remedied by the first organic law on emigration enacted in 1901, which replaced migration agencies with carried representatives and entrusted the Commissariat of Emigration the supervision of freights.

Estimating the risk of competing mortality is of importance in men with early prostate cancer to choose the most appropriate way of management and to avoid over- or under-treatment. In this study, we investigated the impact of the level of education in this context. The study sample consisted of 2630 patients with complete data on level of education (college, university degree, master craftsmen, comparable profession, or others), histopathological tumor stage (organ confined or extracapsular), lymph node status (negative or positive), and prostatectomy specimen Gleason score (

Background: A high prevalence of smoking and alcohol use has been reported in patients with tuberculosis (TB) by several researchers, even though these lifestyle habits have a negative impact on prognosis and treatment. Aim: To determine the smoking habits and alcohol use of patients with TB and TB/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, and how it is associated with gender, level of education and body mass index (BMI). Setting: The study was conducted at Standerton TB Specialised Hospital, Mpumalanga. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was applied. A structured interview was conducted by the researcher with each of the 100 hospitalised patients to obtain information about smoking habits, alcohol use and level of education. Weight and height were measured using standard techniques. Results: Almost six out of 10 participants (58%) indicated that they were former (44%) or current (14%) smokers. Nearly half (49%) reported that they used alcohol, with 25% drinking alcohol more than three times per week. Significantly more women than men were non-smokers (60.0% vs. 30.0%) and more men drank alcohol three times or more per week than women (36.7% vs. 7.5%). Participants who indicated that they were either former or current smokers had significantly lower levels of education than participants who were non-smokers (95% confidence interval [CI] [−26.7%; −2.6%] and [−39.9%; −1.0%] respectively). Conclusion: A high percentage of patients with TB and TB/HIV co-infection previously or currently smoked and used alcohol. Smoking and alcohol use are likely to have a negative impact on nutritional status and may further affect the prognosis of patients with TB.

Background: Primary nonadherence to prescribed medications occurs when patients do not fill or dispense prescriptions written by healthcare providers. Although it has become an important public health issue in recent years, little is known about its frequency, causes, and consequences. Moreover, the pattern of risk factors shows remarkable variability across countries according to the published results. Our study aimed to assess primary nonadherence to medications prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) and its associated factors among adults in Hungary for the period of 2012–2015.Methods: Data on all general medical practices (GMPs) of the country were obtained from the National Health Insurance Fund and the Central Statistical Office. The ratio of the number of dispensed medications to the number of prescriptions written by a GP for adults was used to determine the medication adherence, which was aggregated for GMPs. The effect of GMP characteristics (list size, GP vacancy, patients’ education provided by a GMP, settlement type [urban or rural], and geographical location [by county] of the center) on adherence, standardized for patients’ age, sex, and eligibility for an exemption certificate, were investigated through generalized linear regression modeling.Results: A total of 281,315,386 prescriptions were dispensed out of 438,614,000 written by a GP. Overall, 64.1% of prescriptions were filled. According to the generalized linear regression coefficients, there was a negative association between standardized adherence and urban settlement type (b = -0.099, 95%CI = -0.103 to -0.094), higher level of education (b = -0.440, 95%CI = -0.468 to -0.413), and vacancy of the general practices (b = -0.193, 95%CI = -0.204 to -0.182). The larger GMP size proved to be a risk factor, and there was a significant geographical inequality for counties as well.Conclusions: More than one-third of the written prescriptions of GPs for adults in Hungary were not dispensed. This high level of nonadherence had great variability across GMPs, and can be explained by structural characteristics of GMPs, the socioeconomic status of patients provided, and the quality of cooperation between patients and GPs. Moreover, our findings suggest that the use of the dispensed-to-prescribed medication ratio in routine monitoring of primary health care could effectively support the necessary interventions.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors affecting female workers as housewives in Palembang. The independent variables in this research are the level of education, work hours, marriage status, work experience, financial dependency and age. This research was conducted in Palembang, South Sumatra Province. This research used primary data with samples of 97 respondents. The method used in this analysis was the Ordinary Least Squared (OLS) by using E-views 9.0. The result showed that the level of education and work hours had significant and positive effect on the income of female workers from poor households. For the age variable had significant and negative effect on the income of female workers from poor households. Meanwhile, the marriage status variables had no difference income between married and single female workers. For work experience had no significant and negative effect on the income of female workers from poor households, and for financial dependency had positive effect but no significant on the income of female workers from the poor households in Palembang.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis on diversity of the education attainment of women and men in the European Union countries. By implementing such a purpose, it is possible to present not only heterogeneity in education on the basis of gender but also disproportions between individual EU countries. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article raises three important research problems: education, gender equality and diversification within the European Union countries. The analysis covers 28 EU countries and a period of 10 years: 2007 - 2016. The research method used in the paper is the analysis and criticism of the literature and taxonomic analysis using a set of diagnostic variables describing selected aspects of education. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the problem of education with particular emphasis on gender gap according to international literature on the subject. The second part contains description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the comparative study in the field of education of woman and man in the European Union members. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research results are consistent with previous studies indicating that the level of education of women is higher than that of men. The level of diversity of education of women and men in individual EU countries is moderate. Among the most educated economies, the Scandinavian countries should be indicated. On the other side are the countries of southern Europe. The most numerous group of countries are countries with a moderately high and medium-high level of education. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: This type of research can have significant useful value for shaping the education policy of women and men and other development policies. Considering the importance of education of women and men, there are definitely more possibilities of confronting the results of research with various areas of the economy. The lack of this is definitely disadvantage of the elaboration. On the other hand, this is a significant impulse and recommendation for continuing and deepening research in this area.

Copyright of Economic Annals-XXI / Ekonomìčnij Časopis-XXI is the property of Institute of Society Transformation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Primary nonadherence to prescribed medications occurs when patients do not fill or dispense prescriptions written by healthcare providers. Although it has become an important public health issue in recent years, little is known about its frequency, causes, and consequences. Moreover, the pattern of risk factors shows remarkable variability across countries according to the published results. Our study aimed to assess primary nonadherence to medications prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) and its associated factors among adults in Hungary for the period of 2012–2015. Methods: Data on all general medical practices (GMPs) of the country were obtained from the National Health Insurance Fund and the Central Statistical Office. The ratio of the number of dispensed medications to the number of prescriptions written by a GP for adults was used to determine the medication adherence, which was aggregated for GMPs. The effect of GMP characteristics (list size, GP vacancy, patients' education provided by a GMP, settlement type [urban or rural], and geographical location [by county] of the center) on adherence, standardized for patients' age, sex, and eligibility for an exemption certificate, were investigated through generalized linear regression modeling. Results: A total of 281,315,386 prescriptions were dispensed out of 438,614,000 written by a GP. Overall, 64.1% of prescriptions were filled. According to the generalized linear regression coefficients, there was a negative association between standardized adherence and urban settlement type (b = -0.099, 95%CI = -0.103 to -0.094), higher level of education (b = -0.440, 95%CI = -0.468 to -0.413), and vacancy of the general practices (b = -0.193, 95%CI = -0.204 to -0.182). The larger GMP size proved to be a risk factor, and there was a significant geographical inequality for counties as well. Conclusions: More than one-third of the written prescriptions of GPs for adults in Hungary were not dispensed. This high level of nonadherence had great variability across GMPs, and can be explained by structural characteristics of GMPs, the socioeconomic status of patients provided, and the quality of cooperation between patients and GPs. Moreover, our findings suggest that the use of the dispensed-to-prescribed medication ratio in routine monitoring of primary health care could effectively support the necessary interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and severity of fatigue in adolescents and young adults with acquired brain injury (ABI) compared with healthy controls (HCs) and to examine associations between fatigue and gender, age and level of education. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 15-30 year old patients with ABI and a convenience sample of 15-30 year old HCs. All participants completed the 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20). Pathological fatigue was defined as "General Fatigue" ≥12. Adjusted mean differences between groups were calculated using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The adjusted prevalence proportion ratio (PPRadj) of pathological fatigue was calculated using Poisson regression. Results: The patients (n = 334) had higher scores than the HCs (n = 168) on all MFI-20 subscales with adjusted mean differences ranging from 1.7 to 4.7 and a higher prevalence of pathological fatigue (73% versus 29%), PPRadj 2.7 (95% confidence interval 2.1-3.5). Female patients experienced more fatigue than males on the "General Fatigue" and "Reduced Activity" subscales, while no gender differences were found in the HC group. Patients and HCs with elementary education had elevated scores on the "Reduced Activity" and "Mental Fatigue" subscales. Age was not associated with any of the subscale scores. Conclusion: Young patients with ABI had markedly higher prevalence and severity of fatigue than HCs. Age (15-30 years) was not associated with fatigue. No clear patterns of associations were evident with gender and level of education. Abbreviations: ABI: acquired brain injury; CI: confidence interval; GF: general fatigue; GOSE: Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended; HC: healthy control; MANCOVA: multivariate analysis of covariance; MF: mental fatigue; MFI-20: Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20; PF: physical fatigue; RA: reduced activity; RM: reduced motivation; TBI: traumatic brain injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking dietary supplements without medical indications becomes frequent among children. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dietary supplementation among children attending first grade of primary school (7.6 ± 0.6 years old) along with the impact of health status and socioeconomic factors. The study included a representative group of children from the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. Data were obtained using a questionnaire completed by parents (n = 2 371), obtaining 2 258 complete surveys from 42 primary schools. Supplementation was observed among 32.4 % of children (n = 732; 365 boys, 367 girls), regardless of age and gender. Statistical analysis was made using Chi-square test with Yates correction and odds ratios were calculated. Prevailed the use of complex products, as 45.5 % took multivitamin/mineral supplements and 28.2 % polyunsaturated fatty acids. The odds ratio (OR) of giving supplements to children was significantly higher (OR = 1.72) among children with a chronic disease. It was significantly lower among parents with a low level of education (OR = 0.47 for mother and OR = 0.52 for father). Taking dietary supplements was found common among primary school children. The reasons for administering dietary supplements were mainly the child's state of health and the level of parents' education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomske Ideje i Praksa is the property of Centar za Izdavacku Delatnost Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Beogradu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general objective of this article was to analyze the aspects related to work safety in construction, considering the level of schooling of workers. From a qualitative approach these case study, in a construction company in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, had to identify the levels of schooling, the qualification of workers in the labor market, and Identify the company's perceptions about construction workers. The main results obtained through the content analysis technique showed that although the low level of education in this sector is a complication, the company seeks to train and qualify these professionals, making them able to work in the various stages of a work, aiming to mitigate Accidents and gaining productivity gains. In this sense, the difficulties of assimilation due to the low level of schooling are compensated by empirical techniques that facilitate understanding. It was also understood that, due to the low level of schooling still present in the environment of construction workers, it is urgent to continuously develop these individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementing family system nursing in clinical settings is on the rise. However, little is known about the impact of graduate school education as well as continuing education in family systems nursing (FSN) on nurses' perceptions of their family nursing practice. Aims: To evaluate the level of nursing education, having taken a continuing hospital educational course in family system nursing (FN‐ETI programme), and the impact of job characteristics on nurses' perceptions of their family nursing practice skills. Design and Methods: Participants were 436 nurses with either a BSc degree or graduate degree in nursing. The Job Demand, Control and Support model guided the study (R. Karasek and T. Theorell, 1992, Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and the Reconstruction of Working Life, Basic Books, New York, NY). Scores for the characteristics of job demands and job control were created to categorise participants into four job types: high strain (high demand, low control), passive (low demand, low control), low strain (low demand, high control) and active (high demand, high control). Results: Nurses with a graduate education who had taken the FN‐ETI programme scored significantly higher on the Family Nursing Practice Scale than nurses with an undergraduate education. Nurses who were characterised as low strain or active scored significantly higher on the Family Nursing Practice Scale than the nurses who were characterised as high strain. Further, the interaction of education by job type was significant regarding family nursing practice skills. Hierarchical regression revealed 25% of the variance in family nursing practice skills was explained by job control, family policy on the unit, graduate education and employment on the following divisions: Maternal‐Child, Emergency, Mental Health or Internal Medicine. Conclusion: Graduate education plus continuing education in FSN can offer nurses increased job opportunities more control over one's work as well as increased skills working with families in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stunting is a major public health problem in most developing countries and part of the risk factors toward the high incidence of diseases both directly and indirectly. In Indonesia, stunting is a national problem with the percentage of incidence above the tolerance limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO) which is = 20% (WHO, 2010). The results of Basic Health Research (2013) stated that stunting in children under five in Indonesia in 2010 amounted to 41.6% increased to 47.9% in 2013 and for Mamuju Regency in West Sulawesi the percentage of stunting was 47.26%. There are several factors that influence the incidence of stunting, including maternal education and parental income. The level of maternal education and low parental income will result in family limitations in providing nutritional needs both in quality and quantity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of maternal education and parental income with the incidence of stunting. This study was a cross sectional study conducted at SDN Salulayang Mamuju District with a sample of all 90 students. Variables were measuring through direct interviews and questionnaires methods. The results showed that the variables of maternal education levels were significantly associated with the incidence of stunting (p = 0.005), as well as parental income significantly associated with the incidence of stunting (p = 0.006). It is necessary to increase knowledge about nutrition, especially about stunting with the aim of prevention and the need for economic improvement through community empowerment so that there is no stunting problem caused by poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Completeness of vital registration remains very low in sub-Saharan Africa, especially in rural areas. Objectives: To investigate trends and factors in completeness of birth and death registration in Agincourt, a rural area of South Africa covering a population of about 110,000 persons, under demographic surveillance since 1992. The population belongs to the Shangaan ethnic group and hosts a sizeable community of Mozambican refugees. Design: Statistical analysis of birth and death registration over time in a 22-year perspective (1992–2014). Over this period, major efforts were made by the government of South Africa to improve vital registration. Factors associated with completeness of registration were investigated using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Birth registration was very incomplete at onset (7.8% in 1992) and reached high values at end point (90.5% in 2014). Likewise, death registration was low at onset (51.4% in 1992), also reaching high values at end point (97.1% in 2014). For births, the main factors were mother's age (much lower completeness among births to adolescent mothers), refugee status, and household wealth. For deaths, the major factors were age at death (lower completeness among under-five children), refugee status, and household wealth. Completeness increased for all demographic and socioeconomic categories studied and is likely to approach 100% in the future if trends continue at this speed. Conclusion: Reaching high values in the completeness of birth and death registration was achieved by excellent organization of the civil registration and vital statistics, a variety of financial incentives, strong involvement of health personnel, and wide-scale information and advocacy campaigns by the South African government.

In order to identify the problematic items in learning English and finding the suitable ways of improving the pedagogical methods and textbooks, the analysis of the errors in the English writing of the high school Persian students according to their age and gender is important. So, the aim of this research was to analyze the errors in the English writing of girls and boys who were learning English in first and third grade of high school. Keshawarz (1994) is the theoretical framework of this research to categorize the errors. In this research, the written errors in the English writing of about 200 girls and boys studying in high schools are analyzed and it tries to answer these questions: 1) what kinds of spelling errors do Persian EFL students have in the writing of English texts and what are their frequency of occurrence? 2) What kinds of differences are there in the English writing of the students according to their age and gender? 3) What are the sources of these errors? There were 739 errors. In this research it has been concluded that the frequencies of spelling errors in the writing of boys are more than the respective girls. Each category of spelling errors consists of several sub-categories. In addition, in this research the sources of the errors have been identified, i.e., the most important sources of errors were Intra-language sources, interferences, communication strategies and the strategies of the foreign languages learning.

Objective: The variation in hip fracture risk between countries is greater than 10-fold. The present study aimed at identifying risk factors that resulted in the first occurrence of hip fracture in Taiwanese postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A case–control study with a patient group of 50 postmenopausal women, who were admitted to Keelung Chang Gung Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan due to the first incident of accidental hip fracture, was used to examine potential risk factors, including bone mass. Fifty women without hip fracture, selected from those undergoing general health evaluation at the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic at Keelung Chang Gung Hospital, were used as the control group and were matched to the case patients according to age. Evaluation consisted of a questionnaire, interview to document risk factors, physical examination (to record body height and body weight), and examination [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and spine]. Results: The average age of participants of both groups was 79.6 years. Lower level of education, younger age at menopause, increased body height, weight-bearing exercise less than three times per week, and lower BMD were associated with first-incident hip fracture. Total hip BMD was a stronger predictor than the BMD of different sites. Participants in the control group had a significantly higher prevalence of chronic diseases and a history of cataracts or glaucoma compared with those in the patient group. Conclusion: While total hip BMD is the strongest predictor of hip fracture, increasing awareness of osteoporosis prevention by educating people about good lifestyle habits and how to maintain BMD is prioritized for preventing the first-incident hip fracture in Taiwanese women.

Children in early childhood acquire habits regarding oral health which in later life are very difficult to change. These habits children learn from their parents or guardian, usually a mother. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the level of education and habits regarding oral health habits of mothers in the oral health of children and their level of oral hygiene. The study included a total of 146 pairs of children (aged 5 years) and their mothers. All respondents were from the territory of Kosovska Mitrovica. The education level of mothers and their habits related to oral health, as well as the habits of children related to oral health were determined using a questionnaire. Oral hygiene in children is determined by clinical examination using a plaque index after Silness-LOE. From the total number of mothers 52.7% had secondary education, and 47.3% had university graduates. Test results showed that the level of education of mothers had a crucial importance to the quality of oral hygiene in children. From the total number of surveyed children, 53.4% of children had a PI ≤1, and 46.6% of children PI ˃1. The results indicate that children of mothers who brush their teeth two or three times a day also brush their teeth twice or more a day (62%), as well as visits to the dentist mothers in the past 12 months has an impact on more regular visits of children at the dentist. Mother's assistance during teeth washing is very important by the data that 69% of children who brush their teeth with mother's assistance has a plaque index ≤1. Toothpaste with fluoride is used by 76% of children. Although children of mothers who have better habits related to oral health also have better habits and better oral hygiene, the situation is far from ideal, attention should be directed towards educating parents, and thereby indirectly the children.