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Bioceramic particulates capable of filling bone defects have gained considerable interest over the last decade. Herein, dual-shell bioceramic microspheres (CaP@CaSi@CaP, CaSi@CaP@CaSi) with adjustable beta-tricalcium phosphate (CaP) and beta-calcium silicate (CaSi) distribution were fabricated using a co-concentric capillary system enabling bone repair via a tailorable biodegradation process. The in vitro results showed the optimal concentration (1/16 of 200 mg/ml) of extracts of dual-shell microspheres could promote bone marrow mesenchymal cell (BMSC) proliferation and enhance the level of ALP activity and Alizarin Red staining. The in vivo bone repair and microsphere biodegradation in calvarial bone defects were compared using micro-computed tomography and histological evaluations. The results indicated the pure CaP microspheres were minimally resorbed at 18 weeks post-operatively and new bone tissue was limited; however, the dual-shell microspheres were appreciably biodegraded with time in accordance with the priority from CaSi to CaP in specific layers. The CaSi@CaP@CaSi group showed a significantly higher ability to promote bone regeneration than the CaP@CaSi@CaP group. This study indicates that the biphasic microspheres with adjustable composition distribution are promising for tailoring material degradation and bone regeneration rate, and such versatile design strategy is thought to fabricate various advanced biomaterials with tailorable biological performances for bone reconstruction.

Network functions virtualization (NFV) increases network flexibility and scalability by virtualizing network functions running on the general servers and opens the network innovations by outsourcing VNF instances in 5G networks. However, it leads to the incompatibility issue among different VNF instances, which makes operators difficult to determine which VNF instances to select for Service Function Chains (SFCs). In this paper, we divide VNF instances with high compatibility into clusters used for combining VNF instances in 5G networks. Firstly, we define compatibility among different VNF instances. Secondly, aiming to maximize compatibility of each cluster, we propose a novel hypergraph clustering model that divides the VNF instances into multiple clusters. Then, the hypergraph clustering model is transformed to an evolutionary game. Thus, the cluster establishing is transformed to the game equilibrium searching. Furthermore, we propose a discrete time high order replicator dynamic algorithm to find the game equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed approach can improve the quality of SFCs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of S-(−)-pantoprazole (PPZ) sodium injections following single and multiple intravenous doses in healthy Chinese subjects. The dosage groups were set as followed: 20 mg of single and multiple intravenous administration of S-(−)-PPZ, 40 mg of single and multiple intravenous administration of S-(−)-PPZ or pantoprazole, and 80 mg of single dosage group of S-(−)-PPZ. Subjects were sampled for pharmacokinetic analysis and were monitored for 24-h intragastric pH prior to and 48-h intragastric pH after administration for the pharmacodynamic study. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters were compared between S-(−)-PPZ and PPZ. Safety was evaluated on the basis of adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and physical examination. All adverse events were mild and of limited duration. Maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-time curve for S-(−)-PPZ were dose proportional over the range of 20–80 mg following a single intravenous administration. Elimination rate constant and half-life observed statistical difference from a single dose to multiple doses in 40 mg of S-(−)-PPZ groups. After administration of a single dose, the mean 24-h intragastric pH value was observed higher in 80-mg group than in 40- and 20-mg groups. Slightly increase of intragastric pH was found after a single dose of 40 mg S-(−)-PPZ than 40 mg PPZ; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Twice daily of 40 mg S-(−)-PPZ sodium injections is effective in achieving satisfying acid inhibition. Compared with plasma R-(+)-PPZ levels, most subjects presented more potent and prolonged suppression of gastric acid of S-(−)-PPZ, while a few subjects showed faster metabolic rate of S-(−)-PPZ in vivo.

This study presents the preparation and the characterizations of six tri-metal centered metal-organic frameworks (tM-MOFs) as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) adsorbents. Possessing different proportions of Al, Ga and In atoms in their frameworks, the tM-MOF-based SPME coatings exhibited different extraction performance towards the organic pollutants. Extraction results showed that the M4 (Al 0.593 Ga 0.167 In 0.240 (O 2 C 2 H 4 )(h 2 fipbb)) coating exhibited the best enrichment ability among six tM-MOFs. In addition, it showed better extraction efficiency towards the analytes than three single-metal centered MOFs coatings and a commercial polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating. The adsorption process of the M4 coating was physical adsorption and it was mainly affected by the diffusion process of the compound from the sample to the material, which is the same with the adsorption processes of the single-metal centered MOFs coatings. Under optimal conditions (extraction time, 3 min; NaCl concentration, 25% (w/v); desorption temperature, 270 °C; extraction temperature, 30 °C), the M4 coating achieved low detection limits (0.13–0.88 ng L −1 ) and good linearity (5–2000 and 5–5000 ng L −1 ) for benzene series compounds. The repeatabilities (n = 5) for single fiber were between 4.3 and 8.1%, while the reproducibilities (n = 3) of fiber-to-fiber were in the range of 7.9–12.7%. Finally, a M4 coated SPME fiber was successfully applied to the analysis of environmental water samples with satisfactory recoveries (80.8%–119.5%).

Fruquintinib (HMPL-013) is a novel, potent, and highly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (1, 2 and 3). This study was conducted to investigate the metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of HMPL-013 after a single oral dose to healthy Chinese men. Six subjects were administrated an oral suspension containing 5 mg of 14C-labeled HMPL-013 (100 μCi) in a fasted state. Blood and excreta samples were collected at the designated time points or intervals for pharmacokinetics and radiometric analyses. Safety assessments were conducted throughout the study. Over a 336-h post-dose collection period, mean recovery was 90.11% of the radiolabeled dose, with 60.31% in urine and 29.80% in feces. Mean C max, AUC0−∞, and T max for HMPL-013 in plasma were 113 ng/mL, 4797 h ng/mL, and 2 h, respectively. Radioactivity and HMPL-013 were cleared from circulation with terminal half-lives of 41.1 and 33.4 h. HMPL-013 was the predominant circulating radioactive component, representing 72.48% of the total radioactivity. M11 was the major circulating metabolite, accounting for 17.31% of the total radioactivity. An additional seven circulating metabolites were identified, each accounting for less than 5% of the total radioactivity. In urine, HMPL-013 accounted for only 0.50% of the administered dose. Three major metabolites M285, M381, and M409-4 were identified in urine accounting for 10.48, 21.16, and 8.92% of the dose, respectively. In feces, HMPL-013 accounted for 5.34% of the dose. M205, M365-2, and M380 were the major metabolites, accounting for 2.29, 3.30, and 2.59% of the dose, respectively. HMPL-013 was well tolerated and absorbed rapidly, with parent compound being the predominant circulating component. HMPL-013 was extensively metabolized prior to excretion, and urine was the major route of excretion.

This study describes the fabrication and biological evaluation of core-shell bilayered bioceramic microspheres with adjustable compositional distribution via a coaxial bilayer capillary system. Beyond the homogeneous hybrid composites, varying the diameter of capillary nozzles and the composition of the bioceramic slurries makes it easy to create bilayered β-tricalcium phosphate (CaP)/β-calcium silicate (CaSi) microspheres with controllable compositional distribution in the core or shell layer. Primary investigations in vitro revealed that biodegradation could be adjusted by compositional distribution or shell thickness and that poorly soluble CaP located on the shell layer of CaP or CaSi@CaP microspheres was particularly beneficial for mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and growth in the early stage, but the ion release from the CaP@CaSi exhibited a potent stimulating effect on alkaline phosphatase expression of the cells at longer times. When the bilayered microspheres (CaSi@CaP, CaP@CaSi) and the monolayered microspheres (CaP, CaSi) were implanted into the critical-sized femoral bone defect in rabbit models, significant differences in osteogenic capacity over time were measured at 6-18 weeks post implantation. The CaP microspheres showed the lowest biodegradation rate and slow new bone regeneration, whereas the CaSi@CaP showed a fast degradation of the CaSi core through the porous CaP shell so that a significant osteogenic response was observed at 12-18 weeks. The CaP@CaSi microspheres possessed excellent surface bioactivity and osteogenic activity, whereas the CaSi microspheres group exhibited a poor bone augmentation in the later stage due to extreme biodegradation. These findings demonstrated that the bioactive response in such core-shell-structured bioceramic systems could be adjusted by compositional distribution, and this strategy can be used to fabricate a variety of bioceramic microspheres with adjustable biodegradation rates and enhanced biological response for bone regeneration applications in medicine.

The fiber coating is the key part of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique, and it determines the sensitivity, selectivity, and repeatability of the analytical method. In this work, amine (NH2)-functionalized material of Institute Lavoisier (MIL)-53(Al) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized, characterized, and applied as the SPME fiber coating for efficient sample pretreatment owing to their unique structures and excellent adsorption properties. Under optimized conditions, the NH2-MIL-53(Al)-coated fiber showed good precision, low limits of detection (LODs) [0.025–0.83 ng L-1 for synthetic musks (SMs) and 0.051–0.97 ng L-1 for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)], and good linearity. Experimental results showed that the NH2-MIL-53(Al) SPME coating was solvent resistant and thermostable. In addition, the extraction efficiencies of the NH2-MIL-53(Al) coating for SMs and OCPs were higher than those of commercially available SPME fiber coatings such as polydimethylsiloxane, polydimethylsiloxane–divinylbenzene, and polyacrylate. The reasons may be that the analytes are adsorbed on NH2-MIL-53(Al) primarily through π–π interactions, electron donor–electron acceptor interactions, and hydrogen bonds between the analytes and organic linkers of the material. Direct immersion (DI) SPME–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods based on NH2-MIL-53(Al) were successfully applied for the analysis of tap and river water samples. The recoveries were 80.3–115% for SMs and 77.4–117% for OCPs. These results indicate that the NH2-MIL-53(Al) coating may be a promising alternative to SPME coatings for the enrichment of SMs and OCPs.

Secretion of granular glands from the skin of amphibians is a fascinating resource of active substances, particularly for cancer therapy in clinical practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A variety of anti-tumor peptides have been isolated from different toads and frogs; however, no anti-tumor peptides are reported in toad venom of Bufo gargarizans. Firstly, soluble fraction from fresh toad venom (FTV) was compared with that from dried toad venom (DTV), using HPLC analysis. It was revealed that FTV has a different HPLC chromatography compared with DTV. Soluble fraction of FTV is more toxic to SH-SY5Y cells than that of DTV, as evaluated by MTT assay. Secondly, it was identified that protein components from soluble fractions of FTV and DTV possess different patterns by SDS-PAGE analysis, and proteins from FTV are also more toxic than that from DTV. Thirdly, an immobilized basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) affinity column was used to isolate bFGF-binding components from soluble fraction of FTV, and it was identified that bFGF-binding components prohibited bFGF-dependent neurite growth of SH-SY5Y cells. Finally, it was identified that bFGF-binding components activated apoptosis via upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-8 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. These data suggest that FTV contains active components that interact with bFGF and activate apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells.

A rational design of fully interconnected porous constructs of biomaterials with controlled pore-wall bioactivity and biodegradation is of importance in the advancement of bone regenerative medicine. We hypothesize that the layered structure of hybrid bioceramics produces time-dependent biological performances to tune osteogenic responses. We thereby developed core-shell-structured nonstoichiometric Ca silicate (nCSi) spheres and evaluated the effect of spatiotemporal distribution of bi-component nCSi on osteogenic capability. The alginate-based 4% Sr-, 6% Mg-, or 10% Mg-doped nCaSi (i.e. CSi-Sr4, CSi-Mg6, CSi-Mg10) slurries were extruded into a Ca2+-rich solution through the core or shell layer of a coaxial bilayer nozzle, and after drying and sintering treatments, the core-shell nCSi ceramic spheres were prepared. The improved sintering property and denser structure of CSi-Mg6 and CSi-Mg10 shells readily retarded bioactive ion release and biodegradation of CSi-Sr4@CSi-Mg6 and CSi-Sr4@CSi-Mg10 spheres compared with those of CSi-Sr4@CSi-Sr4. When the spheres were implanted into the femoral bone defect in rabbits, the differences in biodegradation and bone regeneration rate in relation to microsphere scaffolds were measured at 6-18 weeks post-implantation. CSi-Sr4@CSi-Mg10 showed slow biodegradation and new bone regeneration, whereas CaSi-Sr4@CSi-Sr4 showed a much faster degradation such that a low osteogenic capacity was observed with prolongation of time. However, CSi-Sr4@CSi-Mg6 spheres displayed expected biodegradation and osteogenic activity with time. These results confirmed the slight tailoring in both doping ions and that component distribution of nCSi is beneficial for adjusting osteogenesis of core-shell spheres. By rationally choosing foreign ion doping, this concept may represent a versatile strategy for the production of a variety of core-shell bioactive ceramics for bone regeneration and repair applications.

Objectives To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and to search for cut-offs in caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) patients for making quantitative diagnoses. Study Design: Thirty patients in the first trimester of pregnancy were enrolled in our study. They were suspected as being at risk of caesarean scar pregnancy by conventional ultrasound and insisted on abortions. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU) and CEUS were performed, and parameters were analysed on the time-intensity curve (TIC). Laparotomy, laparoscopy, hysteroscopy or curettage under the guidance of ultrasound were performed, and pathological finding of villi in the uterine scar is the gold standard for a diagnosis of CSP. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to estimate the probability of the correct prediction of CSP. Results: CSP was diagnosed in 27 patients: pathological diagnosis revealed villus tissue in the scar. The peak intensity ratios of caesarean scar to myometrium have the overall best diagnostic performances (AUC: 0.877, 95 % CI: 0.74–1.00). Using a cut-off value of 1.08 for the peak intensity ratio of caesarean scar to myometrium, the diagnosis sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for CSP were 77.8, 100, 100, and 81.8 %, respectively. Conclusions: CEUS offers good diagnostic performance, and the peak intensity ratio of caesarean scar to myometrium can be used as a quantitative index to diagnose CSP accurately.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are used widely for the treatment of acid-related disorders. Despite their excellent efficacy and tolerance, the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of PPIs are affected by each patient's CYP2C19 and gastric H+,K+-ATPase genotype. The aim of this review was to analyze the effect of genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of PPIs. The gastric acid-suppressive effect of PPIs is affected by both gastric H+,K+-ATPase and CYP2C19 polymorphisms, although gastric H+,K+-ATPase polymorphisms may have larger effects. Ilaprazole and rabeprazole show relatively small differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and clinical efficacy among the different CYP2C19 genotypes. Compared with oral administration, the intravenous infusion of PPIs is less affected by CYP2C19 polymorphism. At the same dose, each enantiomer has less variation among different CYP2C19 genotypes than a racemate mixture.

HF transformer isolated resonant converters are well-suited for high-power DC-DC systems. Investigation of three typical series and parallel resonant (SPR) topologies are presented. Expressions of each circuits are derived to exhibit their natural voltage and current characteristics based on the approximate analysis approach. Design criteria incorporated with the soft switching and gain requirements are developed for key parameters for each topology. Soft simulation results for three converters are presented in this paper. Simulation result shows that the CLLC-type leads to the highest efficiency for full-load range, but the LCL-type shows better economic performance. It's recommended that the LCL-type could be a good alternative for the CLLC-type in some special applications.

With the growth of wind energy penetration in electricity transmission grids, fault ride-through (FRT) ability is required in order to maintain the uninterrupted operation of wind farm in voltage disturbance scenarios. For widespread used doubly-fed induction generator FRT issues, an auxiliary hardware circuit is adopted in large-grid-voltage drop situations. Among all hardware protection devices, the rotor crowbar scheme can suppress rotor overcurrent immediately, while the stator series impedance scheme has the advantage of increasing voltage during voltage dips. A comprehensive FRT scheme based on series impedance and rotor crowbar is proposed. Also, the simulation results show that the proposed method can keep the continuous operation of wind farm during fault situation and recovery, also suppress the overcurrent during voltage recovery and improve the terminal voltage.

Series VSC-LCC hybrid rectifier (SVLHR) is a more promising scheme for long-distance transmission of largescale renewable power comparing with pure LCC and VSC rectifier schemes, due to its operational flexibility and economic efficiency. Meanwhile, SVLHR synthesizes both the supporting grid voltage ability of VSC rectifier and the DC fault blocking ability of LCC rectifier, which is meaningful for high renewable power penetration sending grid. In this paper, SVLHR connecting with weak grid scenario is studied, and the control strategy of SVLHR is also proposed. Further, SVLHR operational characteristics are analysed for determining the safe power output area. Simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC with detailed switching model verified the effectiveness of proposed control strategy.

Background Almonertinib Mesilate Tablets (HS-10296, Hansoh Pharma, Shanghai, China) is a novel and selective third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). A phase I study of almonertinib in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) demonstrated a linear metabolic trend, a good tolerability/safety profile, and preliminary antitumor activity. However, the metabolism, excretion, and substance balance of almonertinib has not been clearly determined. Here, we investigated the pharmacokinetic characteristics and safety profile of almonertinib following a single oral dose (110 mg/50 µCi) in healthy Chinese male participants. Methods Total radioactivity (TRA) in whole blood, plasma, urine, and feces was measured by utilizing a liquid scintillation counter to obtain almonertinib substance balance data. The pharmacokinetic parameters of [14C]almonertinib and the parent drug almonertinib in whole blood and plasma were analyzed with noncompartmental analysis in the WinNonlin software (Pharsight Corp). The major metabolites in plasma, urine, and feces were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with an online or offline isotope detector. The safety of the drug was evaluated after administration. Results The safety and tolerability of a single oral dose of 110 mg/50 µCi [14C] almonertinib suspension were good in healthy Chinese male participants. There was no significant abnormality or special adverse reaction. TRA peaked quickly in plasma, with a Tmax of 4.0 h; however, TRA was cleared slowly in vivo, with a mean terminal elimination phase (half-life, T1/2) of up to 863 h. In addition to the parent drug, a total of 26 metabolites in blood, urine, and feces were analyzed. In plasma, parent drug was the major drug-related component, accounting for 69.97% of TRA, and M440 (almonertinib-M2 demethyl product) was the major metabolite, accounting for 5.08% of TRA; in urine, parent drug accounted for 0.48% of the dose administered and HAS-719 was the major metabolite, accounting for 1.20% of the administered dose; in feces, parent drug was about 8.61% of the dose administered and HAS-719 was the major metabolite, accounting for 12.33% of the administered dose, which was followed by M541a/M470a and M617/M575, accounting for 11.8% and 6.76% of the administered dose, respectively. Conclusions Almonertinib has a good safety profile, with parent drug as its main circulating component. almonertinib is extensively metabolized in vivo before excretion and is excreted as a parent drug and metabolites mainly via feces. Trial registration The trial registration number: CTR20192291.

Exploration of areas with thick low resistivity overburden is still a challenge for time domain transient electromagnetic method (TEM). We report modeling of a sandwich-layered earth by simulating the B field response with different conductive target layer thicknesses, thus obtaining a relationship between the resolution of the B field and the exploration depth. A low temperature Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) is an ideal sensor for measuring the secondary magnetic field B in TEM measurements, because its sensitivity of several fT/√Hz is independent of frequency. In our TEM experiments, we utilized two different coils as receivers, a simple SQUID system, and a large transmitter loop of 200 × 200 m2 to compare the detected decay curves. At some measurement points, a decay signal of more than 300 ms duration was obtained by using the SQUID. Apparent resistivity profiles of about 9 km length are presented.

A denoising method based on wavelet analysis is presented for the removal of noise (background noise and random spike) from time domain electromagnetic (TEM) data. This method includes two signal processing technologies: wavelet threshold method and stationary wavelet transform. First, wavelet threshold method is used for the removal of background noise from TEM data. Then, the data are divided into a series of details and approximations by using stationary wavelet transform. The random spike in details is identified by zero reference data and adaptive energy detector. Next, the corresponding details are processed to suppress the random spike. The denoised TEM data are reconstructed via inverse stationary wavelet transform using the processed details at each level and the approximations at the highest level. The proposed method has been verified using a synthetic TEM data, the signal-to-noise ratio of synthetic TEM data is increased from 10.97 dB to 24.37 dB at last. This method is also applied to the noise suppression of the field data which were collected at Hengsha island, China. The section image results shown that the noise is suppressed effectively and the resolution of the deep anomaly is obviously improved.

BACKGROUND: Our study aims to explore the effect of genetics on the pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of cinacalcet in healthy Chinese subjects; to investigate the effect of dietary factors on cinacalcet, and to evaluate the safety of cinacalcet under fasting and non-fasting conditions using a bioequivalence trial. METHODS: We investigated the relationship of cinacalcet PK with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, and of cinacalcet PD with SNPs of calcium-sensitive receptors (CASR) and vitamin D receptors (VDR) in 65 healthy Chinese subjects recruited to participate in this study. Our study was a phase I, open-label, randomized, two-period, two-sequence crossover, a single-center clinical study designed under both fasting and non-fasting conditions to investigate the effect of dietary factors on cinacalcet. Plasma cinacalcet concentrations were analyzed using a validated HPLC-MS/MS assay. Clinical laboratory tests evaluated safety. Thirteen SNPs of CASR, VDR, and CYP genes were selected for pharmacogenetic analysis. RESULTS: CYP3A4 rs4646437 was found to be associated with the PK of cinacalcet under fasting conditions (P

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) imaging agents are potent tools for early cancer diagnosis. Almost all of the COX2 imaging agents using celecoxib as backbone were chemically modified in the position of N-atom in the sulfonamide group. Herein, a novel COX-2 probe (CCY-5) with high targeting ability and a near-infrared wavelength (achieved by attaching a CY-5 dye on the pyrazole ring of celecoxib using a migration strategy) was evaluated for its ability to probe COX-2 in human cancer cells. CCY-5 is expected to have high binding affinity for COX-2 based on molecular docking and enzyme inhibition assay. Meanwhile, CCY-5 caused stronger fluorescence imaging of COX-2 overexpressing cancer cells (Hela and SCC-9 cells) than that of normal cell lines (RAW 264.7 cells). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated RAW264.7 cells revealed an enhanced fluorescence as LPS was known to induce COX-2 in these cells. In inhibitory studies, a markedly reduced fluorescence intensity was observed in cancer cells, when they were co-treated with a COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. Therefore, CCY-5 may be a selective bioimaging agent for cancer cells overexpressing COX-2 and could be useful as a good monitoring candidate for effective diagnosis and therapy in cancer treatment.

This paper investigated the characteristics of a novel type of hybrid high voltage direct current (HVdc) converter, which is composed by line commutated converter series with voltage source converter. The system and valve level control strategies are introduced, which can provide ac system voltage support. A novel filter design scheme composed by resonant filers for hybrid HVdc are also proposed, which can decrease the capacity of reactive power compensation equipment without deteriorate harmonic characteristics. The ac voltage of HVdc fluctuation level caused by transmitted power variation will be effectively reduced, with the coordination between filter design scheme and converter control. In addition, the influence of ac grid strength is also analyzed by equivalent source internal impedance represented by short circuit ratio (SCR). Finally, the +800 kV/1600 MW hybrid HVdc system connecting two ac grids under different SCR cases are studied, and the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results have validated the effectiveness for proposed strategy.

Large grid interconnection is an important form of Energy Internet. Ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) plays an increasingly important role in the interconnection of large power grids, which helps to optimize the allocation of resources in a wide area. UHVDC hierarchical connection mode, in which the UHVDC inverter station connects to different voltage level AC system, provides an effective means to evacuate the high-capacity power of UHVDC access to the load center. DC terminal location selection is a multi-objective decision problem. Considering the characteristics and influence of UHVDC hierarchical connection to power grid, the comprehensive evaluation indexes are established in this paper, on the basis of which DC terminal location selection strategy by the use of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. Finally, an actual project of UHVDC hierarchical connection to system is taken for an example and four different UHVDC hierarchical connection schemes are discussed in this paper. The result shows that effective decision support for UHVDC hierarchical terminal location planning can be provided with the proposed method.

Lymph node metastasis is the primary site of metastasis for patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC). Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) has been implicated in the control of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in various malignant tumors. However, the function of circulating VEGF-C is unclear and it is often difficult to evaluate lymph node metastasis and provide a prognosis for GBC. In the present study, ELISA was used to measure the preoperative serum VEGF-C (sVEGF-C) levels of 51 patients with GBC, 15 patients with chronic cholecystitis and 10 healthy volunteers. The results revealed a significantly increased sVEGF-C level in patients with GBC compared with the healthy donors, however no statistically significant difference was identified between patients with GBC and chronic cholecystitis. sVEGF-C levels were associated with lymph node metastasis in GBC and presented a positive correlation with VEGF-C expression and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in patients with GBC. The mean survival time with high sVEGF-C was significantly reduced compared with low sVEGF-C. A similar result was also observed for VEGF-C expression and LVD. In summary, sVEGF-C levels may predict lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of patients with GBC.

Large-scale offshore wind farms integrating into onshore AC systems through the multi-terminal DC (MTDC) system would cause the overall inertia of AC system being substantially reduced, i.e. the AC system frequency is more susceptible to changes in load. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a frequency support method by regulating DC voltage in MTDC system so as to offset the load imbalance, and larger frequency events caused by larger load imbalances between multi-terminal systems can be solved by using wind turbine inertia response in conjunction. Finally, with simulation models of MTDC system with AC interconnected AC systems on MATLAB/Simulink platform, the correctness and applicability of the frequency support method are verified by simulation.

Bioactive stimulation and spatiotemporal evolution of porous scaffolds with time are crucial for bone regeneration rate in bone repair process. Granule-type bioceramic scaffolds have attracted significant interest in biomedical applications in recent years. However, the major limitation of such porous architecture is that the low initial porosity is disadvantageous for enhancing new bone tissue ingrowth. Here we reported that the yolk-shell-structured biphasic bioceramic granules with adjustable shell microstructures were favorable for controllable ion release in vitro, superior to the granules with the conventional homogenous hybrid structures. Also, we illustrated a significant difference in biodegradation of the granules in vivo, and especially the porous-shell granules exhibited appreciable new bone tissue ingrowth with time. The underlying fundamental mechanisms governing the new bone tissue ingrowth behavior of the yolk-shell granule scaffolds were elucidated based on microCT analyses and histological observation. It was underscored that during biodegradation in vivo, the highly bioactive ions in yolk layer were continuously released due to the porous structures of the sparingly dissolvable shell layer, thereby resulting in hollow shell and rapid new bone tissue ingrowth. Hence, these results demonstrate that the slight tailoring in microstructure and component distribution of biphasic composites is beneficial for adjusting the bone regeneration, and may help us to precisely control bone repair efficiency for a variety of clinical conditions.

The aim of this analysis was to explore the influence of CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tylerdipine in healthy Chinese subjects.A total of 64 and 63 healthy Chinese subjects were included and identified as the genotypes of CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3, respectively. Plasma samples were collected for up to 120 h post-dose to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile following single oral dose of the drug (5, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg). Plasma levels were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental method. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC0–24 h) were all corrected by the dose given.In the wild-type group, the mean dose-corrected AUC0–24 h was 1.35-fold larger than in CYP3A4*1G carriers (p = .018). Among the three CYP3A5 genotypes, there showed significantly difference (p = .008) in the t1/2, but no significant difference was observed for the AUC0–24 h and Cmax. In subjects with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype, the mean t1/2 was 1.35-fold higher than in CYP3A5*1/*1 group (p = .007). And the t1/2 in CYP3A5*3 carriers also was 1.32-fold higher than in the wild-type group (p = .004).CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms may influence tylerdipine pharmacokinetic in healthy Chinese subjects. The aim of this analysis was to explore the influence of CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of tylerdipine in healthy Chinese subjects. A total of 64 and 63 healthy Chinese subjects were included and identified as the genotypes of CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3, respectively. Plasma samples were collected for up to 120 h post-dose to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile following single oral dose of the drug (5, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg). Plasma levels were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using non-compartmental method. The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC0–24 h) were all corrected by the dose given. In the wild-type group, the mean dose-corrected AUC0–24 h was 1.35-fold larger than in CYP3A4*1G carriers (p = .018). Among the three CYP3A5 genotypes, there showed significantly difference (p = .008) in the t1/2, but no significant difference was observed for the AUC0–24 h and Cmax. In subjects with the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype, the mean t1/2 was 1.35-fold higher than in CYP3A5*1/*1 group (p = .007). And the t1/2 in CYP3A5*3 carriers also was 1.32-fold higher than in the wild-type group (p = .004). CYP3A4*1G and CYP3A5*3 polymorphisms may influence tylerdipine pharmacokinetic in healthy Chinese subjects.

This chapter introduces a novel swarm-intelligence-based algorithm named the comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO) to identify parameters of structural systems, which is formulated as a high-dimensional multi-modal numerical optimization problem. With the new strategy in this variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO), historical best information for all other particles is used to update a particle's velocity. This means that the particles have more exemplars to learn from and a larger potential space to fly, avoiding premature convergence. Simulation results for identifying the parameters of a five degree-of-freedom (DOF) structural system under conditions including limited output data, noise polluted signals, and no prior knowledge of mass, damping, or stiffness are presented to demonstrate improved estimation of these parameters by CLPSO when compared with those obtained from PSO. In addition, the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method are experimentally examined by a 12-story shear building shaking table model.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of removing iodized salt on children's goiter prevalence in high iodine area (HIA). A total of 452 and 459 children aged 8-10 years old were selected by simple random sampling method before and after removing iodized salt from their diet in three towns with median water iodine content of 150-300 µg/l in Hengshui city of Hebei province of China. Their goiter status was judged using the thyroid volume (Tvol) reference for body surface area recommended by the WHO. After removing iodized salt, children's overall median urinary iodine content (MUIC) decreased from 518 (IQR 347,735) µg/l to 416 µg/l (IQR 274,609). Children's MUIC across sex and age group decreased significantly. The overall goiter prevalence in the three towns significantly decreased from 32.96 % (149/452) to 6.54 % (30/459) (P < 0.001). The goiter prevalence in 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old children decreased, respectively, from 38.04 % (35/92), 30.57 % (59/193), and 32.93 % (55/167) to 6.10 % (10/164), 6.75 % (11/163), and 6.82 % (9/132). The goiter prevalence in boys and girls decreased from 34.01 % (83/244) and 31.73 % (66/208) to 6.19 % (14/225) and 6.87 % (16/234), respectively. The decreases in children's goiter prevalence across gender and age groups were all statistically significant. The present study revealed that children's goiter prevalence decreased significantly after removing iodized salt from their diet for about one and half years in the HIA in Hebei province.

Mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized with the hydrothermal method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Then a superior solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was fabricated by sequentially coating the stainless steel fiber with silicone sealant film and mesoporous TiO2 powder. The developed fiber possessed a homogeneous surface and a long life-span up to 100 times at direct immersing (DI) extraction mode. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiencies of the self-made 17 μm TiO2 fiber for six organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were higher than those of the two commercial fibers (65 μm PDMS/DVB and 85 μm PA fibers) which were much thicker than the former. As for analytical performance, low detection limits (0.08-0.60 ng L(-1)) and wide linearity (5-5000 ng L(-1)) were achieved under the optimal conditions. The repeatabilities (n=5) for single fiber were between 2.8 and 12.3%, while the reproducibilities (n=3) of fiber-to-fiber were in the range of 3.7-15.7%. The proposed fiber was successfully applied to the sensitive analysis of OCPs in real water samples and four of the six analytes were detected from the rainwater and the lake water samples.

A new colorimetric and on–off fluorescence sensor based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) was synthesized for detection of fluoride anion. The sensor displayed a rapid responsivity and high selectivity and sensitivity toward F− over other anions, with a significant 267 nm bathochromic shift of the absorption maximum, and the new peak was located in the near-infrared region. Meanwhile, it could be easily observed that the sensor for F− ion changed from red to dark green by the naked eye, and from fluorescence red to non-fluorescence dark under UV lamp immediately after the F− ion was added. The experimental results revealed that the formation of anionic species from deprotonation of the hydrazone N–H moiety by fluoride ion was responsible for the spectral changes. Density function theory calculations were conducted to rationalize the optical response of the sensor. To the best of our knowledge, it was the first sensor for fluoride ever reported with a 267 nm red shift response, which could give a colorimetric and on–off fluorescence response instantly.

This paper introduces a novel swarm intelligence based algorithm named comprehensive learning particle swarm optimization (CLPSO) to identify parameters of structural systems, which could be formulated as a multi-modal numerical optimization problem with high dimension. With the new strategy in this variant of particle swarm optimization (PSO), historical best information for all other particles is used to update a particle's velocity. This means that the particles have more exemplars to learn from, as well as have a larger potential space to fly, avoiding premature convergence. Simulation results for identifying the parameters of a five degree-of-freedom (DOF) structural system under conditions including limited output data, noise polluted signals, and no prior knowledge of mass, damping, or stiffness are presented to demonstrate improved estimation of these parameters by the CLPSO when compared with those obtained from standard PSO. In addition, the efficiency and applicability of the proposed method are experimentally examined by a twelve-story shear building shaking table model.

Four colorimetric and On–Off fluorescence sensors based on diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) were synthesized for detection of fluoride anion. The anion binding studies indicated that sensors 1 – 4 showed remarkable selectivity and specificity toward F − ion over other anions. When binding with F − , the sensors of thiourea derivatives 1 and 2 showed a bathochromic shift of 78 nm in UV–vis spectra, and the urea derivatives 3 and 4 showed a bathochromic shift of 118 nm. Addition of F − ion to sensors 1 – 4 resulted in obvious quenching of fluorescence. The experimental results revealed that the formation of anionic species from the deprotonation of thiourea or urea moiety by the fluoride ion was responsible for the spectral changes. Calculations of the transition energies also verified such process. The spectral responses of sensors could be switched back and forth alternatively by adding F − and HSO 4 − anions into the DMSO solution, which indicated that sensors 1 – 4 were stable and could be used in reversible manner.

A new probe was synthesized by incorporating an α,β -unsaturated ketone to a diketopyrrolopyrrole fluorophore. The probe had exhibited a selective and sensitive response to the sulfite against other thirteen anions and biothiols (Cys, Hcy and GSH), through the nucleophilic addition of sulfite to the alkene of probe with the detection limit of 0.1 μM in HEPES (10 mM, pH 7.4) THF/H 2 O (1:1, v/v). Meanwhile, it could be easily observed that the probe for sulfite changed from pink to colorless by the naked eye, and from pink to blue under UV lamp after the sulfite was added for 20 min. The NMR and Mass spectral analysis demonstrated the expected addition of sulfite to the C C bonds.

Four new 2-benzoxazolinone-type alkaloids (acanthosides A-D) along with three known ones were isolated from the roots of Acanthus ilicifolius. Their structures were established by detailed interpretation of one dimensional (1D)- and two dimensional (2D)-NMR as well as high-resolution electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS data. The antiproliferative activities of these compounds were evaluated in vitro against three cultured cancer cell lines. The new compounds exhibited different levels of cytotoxicity against the HepG2, HeLa, and A-549 cancer cell lines with IC50 range 7.8-26.6 µM. In comparison with known compounds, the new isolates displayed better cytotoxic activities, which was attributable to the presence of substituted benzoyl moiety in their structures.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have received great attention as novel sorbents due to their fascinating structures and intriguing potential applications in various fields. In this work, a MIL-101(Cr)-coated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was fabricated by a simple direct coating method and applied to the determination of volatile compounds (BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene and o-xylene) and semi-volatile compounds (PAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) from water samples. The extraction and desorption conditions of headspace SPME (HS-SPME) were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the established methods exhibited excellent extraction performance. Good precision (7.7%) and low detection limits (0.32-1.7 ng L(-1) and 0.12-2.1 ng L(-1) for BTEX and PAHs, respectively) were achieved. In addition, the MIL-101(Cr)-coated fiber possessed good thermal stability, and the fiber can be reused over 150 times. The fiber was successfully applied to the analysis of BTEX and PAHs in river water by coupling with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analytes at low concentrations (1.7 and 10 ng L(-1)) were detected, and the recoveries obtained with the spiked river water samples were in the range of 80.0-113% and 84.8-106% for BTEX and PAHs, respectively, which demonstrated the applicability of the self-made fiber.

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) have superior advantages in sample pretreatment because of their high selectivity for target analytes and the fast and easy isolation from samples. To meet the demand of both good magnetic property and good extraction performance, MMIPs with various structures, from traditional core-shell structures to novel composite structures with a larger specific surface area and more accessible binding sites, are fabricated by different preparation technologies. Moreover, as the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) layers determine the affinity, selectivity, and saturated adsorption amount of MMIPs, the development and innovation of the MIP layer are attracting attention and are reviewed here. Many studies that used MMIPs as sorbents in dispersive solid-phase extraction of complex samples, including environmental, food, and biofluid samples, are summarized. Graphical abstract The application of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in the sample preparation procedure improves the analytical performances for complex samples. MITs molecular imprinting technologies.

Tylerdipine hydrochloride is a novel L-type and T-type dual calcium channel antagonist that has the potential effects of expanding blood vessels and lowering blood pressure. It is expected to reduce the side effect of ankle edema observed with other drugs in the same class. A randomized, open-label, crossover phase 1 study was performed to evaluate the effect of food on the bioavailability of tylerdipine. Fourteen healthy male volunteers were enrolled. The administration of tylerdipine after a high-fat meal increased the bioavailability of tylerdipine. In the fed state there was a 130% increase in the mean total systemic exposure (AUCinf ) and a 73% increase in the mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax ) compared with that in the fasting state. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of Cmax and AUCinf were 2.54 (1.94, 3.33) and 1.75 (1.50, 2.04) for tylerdipine. The exposures of the 2 main metabolites M2 and M4 were increased by approximately 10% after a high-fat meal. The median time to peak plasma concentration of tylerdipine showed no difference between fasting and fed states.

Two substructure approaches combined with different statistical techniques are presented in the paper to reduce the challenges in the health monitoring system, such as the computation complexity, the number of unknown parameters and the number of sensors. In the approaches, a complete structure is divided into smaller substructures which are modelled as a series of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems by manipulating the equations of motion of the substructures. Newmark’s method is utilized to construct the discrete systems only containing accelerations from the continuous systems. The structural parameters are then separately identified in each system using statistical techniques. A new substructure approach incorporated with the constrained least square algorithm is proposed by the authors. This new approach along with the previous substructure approach based on the ARMAX models are both evaluated and compared in two laboratory experiments including system identification of a three-story structure and damage detection of a two-story structure. All the possible ways to segment the shear structure into substructures are also investigated in the study, where the substructures with lower model errors are selected. The proposed substructure approaches are able to estimate structural parameters every two seconds, and the structural performance is evaluated through the rates of changes of structural parameters. A real-time structural health monitoring (SHM) system can be realized based on the proposed substructure approaches with processing several accelerations each time.

Fruquintinib (HMPL-013) is a novel, potent, and highly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (1, 2 and 3). This study was conducted to investigate the metabolism, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of HMPL-013 after a single oral dose to healthy Chinese men.Six subjects were administrated an oral suspension containing 5 mg ofOver a 336-h post-dose collection period, mean recovery was 90.11% of the radiolabeled dose, with 60.31% in urine and 29.80% in feces. Mean CHMPL-013 was well tolerated and absorbed rapidly, with parent compound being the predominant circulating component. HMPL-013 was extensively metabolized prior to excretion, and urine was the major route of excretion.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are negative regulators of gene expression and subsequent protein production. This method of action translates into regulatory control over cellular processes, including development, signaling, metabolism, and apoptosis. A broad range of miRNA are shown to have abnormal expressions in thyroid cancers which could explain the pathology of tumor oncogenesis and disease progression. A review is conducted of the current research on miRNA dysregulation in thyroid cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Dysregulated miRNA and their associated regulatory pathways are identified and their oncogenic and pathological significance are discussed.

Pantoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, is clinically used for the treatment of peptic diseases. An enantioselective LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of pantoprazole enantiomers in human plasma. Pantoprazole enantiomers and the internal standard were extracted from plasma using acetonitrile. Chiral separation was carried on a Chiralpak IE column using the mobile phase consisted of 10 mm ammonium acetate solution containing 0.1% acetic acid-acetonitrile (28 : 72, v/v). MS analysis was performed on an API 4000 mass spectrometer. Multiple reactions monitoring transitions of m/z 384.1→200.1 and 390.1→206.0 were used to quantify pantoprazole enantiomers and internal standard, respectively. For each enantiomer, no apparent matrix effect was found, the calibration curve was linear over 5.00-10,000 ng/mL, the intra- and inter-day precisions were below 10.0%, and the accuracy was within the range of -5.6% to 0.6%. This method was applied to the stereoselective pharmacokinetic studies in human after intravenous administration of S-(-)-pantoprazole sodium injections. No chiral inversion was observed during sample storage, preparation procedure and analysis. While R-(+)-pantoprazole was detected in human plasma with a slightly high concentration, which implied that S-(-)-pantoprazole may convert to R-(+)-pantoprazole in some subjects.

MicroRNA (miRNA) are negative regulators of gene expression and subsequent protein production. This method of action translates into regulatory control over cellular processes, including development, signaling, metabolism, and apoptosis. A broad range of miRNA are shown to have abnormal expressions in thyroid cancers which could explain the pathology of tumor oncogenesis and disease progression. A review is conducted of the current research on miRNA dysregulation in thyroid cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Dysregulated miRNA and their associated regulatory pathways are identified and their oncogenic and pathological significance are discussed.

To revisit cataloged space targets, a space-based optical detection system normally observes space targets continuously in a target tracking mode. In the time series of images produced by continuous observation, there are not only the target but also complicated background clutter (a mass of stars) and noises. The existing method only can detect the target with an signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than 6 from these images. This paper presents a detection method for the target with an SNR less than 6. The proposed method consists of an SNR enhancement algorithm and an adaptive background and noise suppression algorithm. Simulation and analytical results show the proposed method detects the target submerged in noise and background clutter when SNR is equal to 3 and the detection probability and the false alarm probability both reach very high performance. This proposed method can help solve the problem of revisiting some weak cataloged space targets.

Four organic photosensitizers incorporating a carbazole or 3,6-diiodocarbazole unit as the electron donor, a benzene/thiophene or oligothiophene moiety as the conjugated spacer, and 2-cyanoacrylic acid as the electron acceptor have been synthesized. The photovoltaic performance data are quite sensitive to the structural modification of sensitizer. The introduction of the benzene/thiophene linker benefits from lower tendency to aggregate, but disfavors the electron transport between donor and acceptor. The addition of a thiophene unit in the bridge efficiently red-shifts the absorption response, however, organic dyes have some π–π aggregation. Incorporation of 3,6-diiodocarbazole as a dendritic donor unit not only enhances the molar extinction coefficients of the absorption but also suppresses the charge recombination with electrolyte.

Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles have attracted much attention in sample preparation because of their excellent performance compared with traditional sample-preparation sorbents. In this review, we describe the application of magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with silica, octadecylsilane, carbon-based material, surfactants, and polymers as adsorbents for separation and preconcentration of analytes from a variety of matrices. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) techniques, mainly reported in the last five years, are presented and discussed.

Scrub typhus is one of the most common infectious diseases of rural south and southeastern Asia and the western Pacific. It emerged in Shandong Province in northern China from autumn to winter of 1986. Since then, the “autumn–winter type scrub typhus” has been found in many areas of northern China. However, the principle genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi still remain unknown. This study was undertaken to identify the genotypes of O. tsutsugamushi obtained from scrub typhus patients, chigger mites and rodents from the focal point of the problem in Shandong Province. Forty-four isolates from patients, rodents, and chiggers, 47 blood clots from patients during the acute phase, 10 eschars from patients during the convalescence phase and 16 pools of larval chiggers were tested for the scrub typhus antigen 56-kD protein (Sta56) gene by nested PCR methodology and additional sequence analysis including DNA sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Based on nested PCR, ninety-five initial PCR-positive samples produced amplicons using Kawasaki strain-specific primers, while the other two (the FXS4 and LHGM2 strains) produced amplicons using Karp strain-specific primers. The partial Sta56 gene sequence analysis indicated that the sequence homologies of 3 selected isolates (the B16, FXS2, and XDM2 strains) and 7 eschars out of the 95 samples, which were nested PCR-positive using Kawasaki strain-specific primers, were 94–98 % to that of Kawasaki strain. The sequence homology of the FXS4 and LHGM2 strains to that of the Karp strain was respectively 83 and 96 %. These findings implied that the key genotypes of O. tsutsugamushi in patients, rodents, and chiggers in Shandong Province were identical and similar to Kawasaki strains.

The acoustic signal radiated from armored vehicles is a nonlinear process. The nonlinear noise inside has great effects on the characteristics of the signal. In order to extract the features of the acoustic signals, the noise inside needs to be reduced or eliminated. We used the Local Projective Algorithm (LPA) which is based on nonlinear theory to reduce the noise contained in the acoustic signals. The relationship of neighborhood radius of LPA and noise level was analyzed, and the neighborhood radius was estimated by noise level, which is about 5 times of the value of the noise level. The simulation of Lorenz system proved LPA to be effective in noise reduction of chaotic systems. Then we applied LPA into noise reduction of acoustic signals radiated from 2 kinds of armored vehicles. The results show that the noise from the acoustic signals were reduced effectively.

Augmented Reality (AR) has been demonstrated to be an efficient way to overcome the negative effect of time delays in teleoperation, because AR can superimpose the virtual simulation results on real working conditions in real-time. This paper proposes a general framework of Augmented Reality Aided Teleoperation Guidance (ARATG), which can support not only 3D predictive information but also operation guidance. Our general framework employs three individual but cooperative modules called tracking, image acquisition and interaction. Tracking module estimates the pose of virtual objects. Image acquisition module decides the type and content of virtual objects. And interaction module manages the multiform interactive information. A prototype system is implemented based on this ARATG framework, the experimental results show that our framework is both powerful and easy-to-use.