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Chrysin is a bioactive flavonoid found in pollens, passion flowers, honey, royal jelly, and propolis, which is commonly used as an ingredient in natural food supplements and is primarily responsible for their pharmacological properties. A transparent chrysin-loaded microemulsion (CS-ME) prepared through a ternary phase diagram was evaluated for use as an antihyperalgesic formulation. It was formulated with 40% Labrasol® (surfactant), 5% isopropyl myristate (oil phase) and 55% water (aqueous phase) and classified as an oil-in-water (O/W) microsized system (74.4 ± 15.8 nm). Its negative Zeta potential (−16.1 ± 1.9 mV) was confirmed by polarized light microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro studies in Franz-type static diffusion cells showed that chrysin release from CS-ME followed zero-order kinetics. Oral administration of CS-ME in mice resulted in a statistically significantly reduction (p < 0.05) in carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia compared to the control group. Treatment with CS-ME also showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly decreasing the TNF-α level (p < 0.01) and increasing that of IL-10 (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. These results suggest that the proposed microsystem is a promising vector for the release of chrysin, being able to improve its capacity to modulate inflammatory and nociceptive responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enriching the assortment of flowering plants in Romania by introducing exotic species in the context of contemporary climate changes is of real interest. Passiflora quadrangularis is a climbing plant cultivated for its fruits, nutraceutical properties, secondary metabolite content and ornamental value. This research was developed in order to validate the influence of foliar fertilizers on morpho-biometric traits. A bifactorial experiment was performed using the method of randomized blocks with three replicates. In this regard, the organic biostimulator Cropmax and the mineral fertilizer Nutricomplex 20-20-20 + M.E. were tested. Fertilization was carried out periodically during the vegetation period, in three doses: 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%. Determinations were made regarding the main morpho-biometric traits, the results being statistically interpreted. All treatments recorded higher values than the control variant (untreated), and the Cropmax biostimulator has a significantly positive effect on plants development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxonomic study of a plant is an important aspect of plant research, as it allows the most complete view of the natural habitat of any plant species. The main purpose of the present work is to provide a detail investigation of the Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa Deg. carried out from the month of April, 2020, growing in the area of Nakachari, Jorhat District, Assam, India. A complete workout on the different parts of the plant belongs to the family Passifloraceae is done to understand the significance of these features in systematic. Paper also reflects the various phytochemical constituents present in the Passiflora fruit also commonly known as Passion fruit which is utilized in pharmacology and by other ways in different ethnic groups of North Eastern India as a vital source of medicinal treatment. The findings clearly express that Passiflora species exhibits all advanced morphological characteristics of present day Angiospermae land plants and also reported that tendrils perform the role of physical support. Towards the end the study it is also concludes with the beneficial outputs of Passiflora edulis from the agronomical point of view that can be easily achievable if the input through cultivation would be uniform as well as dynamic. Based on the various literature surveys, it was found that such detail taxonomic works on the species were not studied and recorded from the study area earlier. Such comprehensive work on Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa provides an empirical basis for the identification of the species.

Production of passion fruit (Passiflora sp.) via cuttings is a way to eliminate genetic variation in the crop and also results in a faster establishment time. This could aid producers in increasing production efficiency while maintaining genetic lines. The objective of this research was to evaluate ease of rooting and determine the optimal auxin source for seven species of passion fruit. Semihardwood two-node cuttings were taken from the middle of the parent vine, and auxin treatments were applied to the basal end of the cutting. The cuttings were then stuck to a depth of 1 inch on 20 Aug. 2019. Treatments included three auxin sources and seven passion fruit species. Treatments were set up as a randomized complete block design blocking on species, with 10 single-plant replications per treatment. Data were collected 30 d after sticking cuttings and included percent rooted, total root number, average root length (of the three longest roots, measured in centimeters), root quality (0–5 scale, with 0 = dead and 5 = healthy, vigorous root system), root dry weight (measured in grams), and percent callus. Results showed that passion fruit cuttings receiving a hormone treatment had significantly positive effects on rooting responses, such as increased number, length, quality, and dry weight of roots. Blue passionflower (P. caerulea) was the only species in which hormone treatment did not increase rooting compared with the control. The use of hormone to aid in cutting propagation of passion fruit is recommended, depending on the species being propagated.

El maracuyá es la principal especie del género Passiflora. Sus principales productores son Brasil, Ecuador, Colombia y Perú con, aproximadamente, 805.000 t/año. En Colombia, se cultivaron 8.164 ha en 2019, con una producción de 137.622 t y un rendimiento promedio de 16.86 t/ha; no obstante, este agroecosistema es afectado por Ceroplastes cirripediformis, que causa daños severos y pérdidas económicas sustanciales. Para conocer su potencial de daño e importancia, se investigó los diferentes grados de infestación y la distribución espacial de C. cirripediformis en el agroecosistema maracuyá. Para esto, se estableció una escala de daño y se elaboró una grilla espacial sobre el cultivo, seleccionando 36 puntos, en los cuales, se realizaron muestreos mensuales, durante seis meses. En cada punto, se evaluó el grado de severidad de la escama y las variables meteorológicas. Con esta información, se estimaron los índices de dispersión, varianza/media, índice de Morisita y exp. K de la binomial negativa. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de correlación (r de Pearson), entre los factores abióticos y los índices evaluados. Los resultados indican que los grados de severidad de C. cirripediformis establecidos fueron: grado 1 (a 81 individuos). De acuerdo con el análisis de correlación, los factores de temperatura y de precipitación inciden notablemente sobre las poblaciones del cóccido y su distribución. Los índices de dispersión mostraron que las poblaciones en el cultivo de maracuyá se establecen en agregado, por lo que es esencial focalizar estrategias de manejo hacia puntos específicos.

Neste artigo são descritos as causas, os sintomas e a distribuição das doenças nas áreas de cultivo no Estado, bem como a diferenciação das duas doenças através da sintomatologia (antracnose e bacteriose)

Larval and pupal stages are described for Eueides lybia lybia (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Suriname. Its hostplants are Passiflora nitida and P. glandulosa (Passifloraceae). Based on characters of the habitus of the imago, the male genitalia, the late larval stages and barcodes, it is argued that Eueides lybia consists of two species, Eueides lybia (Fabricius, 1775) and Eueides olympia (Fabricius, 1793) revised status. The most straightforward way to distinguish between the two is the costal streak on the ventral forewing of the imago: red in E. lybia and yellow in E. olympia. E. olympia is considered to have three subspecies, E. olympia olympia (Fabricius, 1793) new status, E. olympia lybioidesStaudinger 1876new status and E. olympia salcedoiK. Brown & F. Fernández Yépez, 1985new status. E. olympia lybioides may turn out to be a distinct species, as may populations of E. lybia from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Chit wood infesting mulberry is economically important in silk industry as it affects the leaf yield both quantitatively and qualitatively which in turn affects the silkworm Bombyx mori L., growth and cocoon yield because its foliage is the sole food source of silkworm. Methods: Hence a pot experiment was conducted for the evaluation of efficacy of eco-friendly formulate like botanical extract from Passiflora foetida L., to manage nematode disease severity applied as soil amendment and aqueous leaf extract on nematode egg hatching. Result: After treatment, nematode infestation reduced significantly in terms of number of root knots/g root weight and nematode egg masses/g root weight in mulberry plants and the treated plants showed better growth in shoot and root length compared to control plants. The aqueous extract of P. foetida showed maximum inhibition of egg hatchability with an increase in the concentration of plant extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant regeneration from reproductive organs is a poorly understood route in passion fruit. The present study provides a morpho-hystological description of somatic embryogenesis from anther culture in Passiflora gibertii N. E. Br., as well as a phytochemical profile and genetic analysis of ploidy in the generated embryos. Flower buds were collected during the pre-anthesis period. Murashige and Skoog culture medium was supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine. Embryogenic calluses were collected at different ages for histological, biochemical, and genetic evaluation of their ploidy. Anatomical characterization revealed the cell layers of the epidermal tissue involved in morphogenic events. Specifically, regions of intense cell division led to embryo formation and its subsequent regeneration. Moreover, as shown by hormonal and secondary compounds' profiles, these regions were characterized by the presence of reserve compounds and higher levels of proteins and pectins. Finally, flow cytometry confirmed the diploid nature of the embryos. The present results define a pioneering study of anthers in P. gibertii N. E. Brown, and could serve as a blueprint for future in vitro regeneration protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe a new species of Passiflora subg. Passiflora (Passifloraceae sensu stricto) found in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest in areas of campos rupestres of the João Pinto formation in Minas Gerais and on granitic inselbergs of Espírito Santo. The new species, named Passiflora ita, is described, illustrated, compared to similar species and its conservation status is preliminarily assessed as Endangered (EN) following IUCN Red List categories and criteria, reinforcing the importance of the areas where it occurs (which are not national or state-level parks) as priorities for conservation. Citation: Mezzonato-Pires A. C., Ribeiro R. da S. & Gonella P. M. 2021: Maracujá on the rocks: a new Passiflora species (Passifloraceae sensu stricto) from the rupicolous ecosystems of the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest. – Willdenowia 51: 371–381.https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.51.51305 Version of record first published online on 14 December 2021 ahead of inclusion in December 2021 issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The number of layers of the secretory epidermis varies according to the subgenera. • The secretor phase is evident with the distention of the cuticle. • The glucose occurrence in the exudates of the EFN in the leaves, several genera of ants and fungi associated to those structures allowed to identify those structures as extrafloral nectaries. The foliar glands of Passiflora are generally known as extrafloral nectaries, which, unlike floral nectaries, are not related to pollination. The present study describes and analyzes the foliar glands found in Passiflora ceratocarpa and Passiflora quadrangularis , in order to confirm their identity as extrafloral nectaries and discuss the taxonomic and ecological implications of these structures. The study material was collected in the metropolitan region of Belém (Brazil) and submitted to standard protocols for the analysis of plant anatomy by light and scanning microscopy, as well as histochemical testing. The extrafloral nectaries of the two species are anatomically very similar, including a multiseriate palisade epidermis, a nectariferous parenchyma consisting of voluminous, thin-walled cells, and predominantly phloematic vascularization. Their chemical composition is also highly similar, and includes sugars, and lipids. Five ant genera were found visiting the two Passiflora species, of which Camponotus was the most abundant, being found on both the study species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two early validly published names for Assam tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica "(Choisy) Kitam.)") are identified: Thea assamica Royle ex Hook. 1847 and T. assamica Hort. Belg. ex Bosse 1854; an amended synonymy and a neotypification (with D.‐W. Zhao) for the name of Assam tea, C. sinensis var. assamica (Hook.) Steenis, are provided. The three editions (1829–1861) of Bosse's Vollständiges Handbuch der Blumengärtnerei are also the neglected places of publication of some plant‐names (or their basionyms) in current use; Grevillea lawrenceana Bosse (neotype designated here by P.M. Olde) is an earlier name for G. curviloba McGill. (Proteaceae); Hedera algeriensis (Araliaceae), the name used by Bosse for a now much‐cultivated ivy, was first published by Morren in 1853; an early valid, available name for the florist's cineraria (Senecio hybridus Bosse) is Cineraria ×kewensis Rob. (Compositae), here neotypified (with D.J.N. Hind); the basionym for the well‐known garden plant‐name, "Erysimum ×kewense" (Cruciferae) is identified and neotypified (with D.J.N. Hind), the accepted binomial validated. The currently accepted name for commercial fustic, Maclura tinctoria (Moraceae), was first validly published in Loudon's Hortus Britannicus (1830). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa (Passifloraceae) is popularly known as yellow passion fruit and its fruit peels are considered a rich by-product in bioactive compounds which has greatly beneficial health properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. edulis fruit peel extracts in a type 1 diabetes model and the potential vasorelaxant effect. The aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts were obtained from P. edulis fruit peels and orientin and isorientin flavonoids were identified in both extracts through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Pectin was only identified in the aqueous extract by high-performance steric exclusion chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Regarding the vascular system, the hydroethanolic extract showed better vasorelaxant effects in the mesenteric artery rings when compared to the aqueous extract. These effects mainly occur by opening the potassium channels. In the type 1 diabetes model, extracts at doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg were able to restore the effect of insulin in diabetic rats which were not responding to its action. The antidiabetic effect was more significant for the aqueous extract. Thus, the results suggest that the hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts have greater potential to be used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and as a hypoglycemic agent, respectively. Taken together, P. edulis fruit peel extracts proved to be a source of valuable bioactive raw material to produce nutraceuticals or pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora incarnata L. is a species of global pharmacological importance, has not been fully studied in the context of cultivation and management. It is known that silicon acts on abiotic stress and promotes phenols synthesis. The practice of mechanical damage is widely used in P. incarnata crops, and its interaction with silicon can have a significant influence on plant metabolism. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effects of silicon and mechanical damage on photosynthesis, polyphenols and vitexin of P. incarnata. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with SiO2 concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 mM) and presence or absence of mechanical damage. It was found that mechanical damage improved photosynthetic performance at lower concentrations or absence of silicon. Moreover, this condition promoted an increasing in vitexin concentration when SiO2 was not provided. The application of 3 mM Si is recommended to increase polyphenols and vitexin, without harming dry mass of aerial part. The interaction between silicon and mechanical damage could be a tool to increase agronomic yield and commercial value of the P. incarnata crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was undertaken to investigate the antibacterial (against molecular characterized E. coli isolated from poultry faeces) potential of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) from Passiflora subpeltata Ortega aqueous leaf extract. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were subjected to physico-chemical characterization to study shape, size and purity by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The molecular identification of isolated E. coli from faeces samples was carried out by using 16–23s rRNA primers. The results of the physico-chemical characterization revealed that the biosynthesized nanoparticles were of 93.7% purity with an average size between 45 and 50 nm. The ZnO-NPs offered significant inhibition against the isolated Gram-negative E. coli with MIC at 62.5 µg mL−1 concentration. The antibacterial potential of ZnO NPs against E. coli has also been investigated by the cell viability test, and further the effects of ZnO NPs on bacterial morphological structures was analysed by SEM and TEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the search for the reduction of the side effects caused by allopathy, phytotherapeutic products are already on the veterinary market. This study aimed was to evaluate Elevated Plus-Maze and Hole Board test as an analytical methodology for quality control of anxiolytic medicines based on Passiflora incarnata. The efficacy of three brands commercial differents of Passiflora incarnata extracts was tested in the Elevated Plus-maze (for anxiolytic effect) and the Hole Board test (for locomotor and neophilia activity) in Wistar rats. Treatment with the P. incarnata brands revealed a significant 3-fold increase in the length of stay in the open arms in the LCE. In the ambulation, animals from bands 1 and 3 presented a significant increase, being brand 2 the only one that did not present this relevance. In the neophilia, Passiflora brand 1 presented a significant increase of 3 times and groups 2 and 3 an increase of approximately 2 times. The results showed that different brands of Passiflora have a satisfactory quality standard related to biological activity and showed that the use of Elevated plus-maze/Hole board test can be an effective tool in the quality control of herbal medicines with anxiolytic activity associated with the phytochemical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, exocarp of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and mesocarp of passion fruit (Passiflora ligularis) were used as promising sources of pectin for the industry. Acid hydrolysis was used, and two pH levels and hydrolysis times were analyzed. The pectin obtained were evaluated (humidity, final pH, methoxyl number, percentage of esterification, galacturonic acid, IR analysis) and the results were compared with a commercial standard and literature. The analysis carried out showed that the pectin obtained from these two sources exhibit excellent characteristics compared to the standards for this kind of material. The conditions that maximize extraction performance were also identified, generating an alternative for handling by-products from related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop plants have been widely used to discuss several physiological interactions between plant growth regulators (PGRs) and mineral nutrition. However, these physiological effects and their potentiality in non-domesticated species (wild species) are far to be elucidated. In this experiment, it is hypothesized that PGRs and mineral element availability interactions guaranteed improvements in plant development under low availability for the establishment of Passiflora alata Curtis (sweet passion fruit) seedlings. Plant growth and ionic accumulation of macro and micronutrients in leaf and root plant tissues of P. alata were examined. As expected, the ionic accumulation of some elements (N, P, S, B, and Cu) increased in response to a higher nutrient solution (ionic strength, IS) availability. The interactions IS × PGR were significant with respect to almost all the plant growth variables, besides the Zn in leaf and N, Zn, and B in roots. Comparing the treatment means, we verified that the plant growth responses and Zn in leaf were more similar between ISs when PGRs had been applied. Moreover, the use of PGR probably favors an adequate nutritional and hormonal balance, since it has guaranteed improvements even under low availability. It can be concluded that Passiflora alata Curtis that did not receive these phytoregulators are more variable in terms of nutrient content, and are therefore more susceptible to nutritional deficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of the basal medium and the type and concentration of cytokinin on direct regeneration from internodal segments of passion flower (Passiflora edulis Sims). Internodal segment explants were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) and woody plant medium (WPM) without growth regulators or supplemented with 0.5-3.0 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ) or zeatin (ZEA). The cultivation of the internodal segment explants on media supplemented with cytokinins resulted in direct organogenesis without a callus phase. The shoot formation frequency and shoot number per explant were strongly influenced by the type and concentration of cytokinin. MS medium supplemented with BAP resulted in a shoot formation frequency that was higher in comparison with TDZ but significantly lower as compared to 0.5-2.5 mg L-1 ZEA. On the other hand, on WPM supplemented with BAP the shoot formation frequency was significantly lower in comparison with that for analogous ZEA and TDZ concentrations. The shoot formation frequency and shoot number per explant were strongly influenced by interactions of the basal medium and type and concentration of cytokinin. The MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 ZEA resulted in the highest shoot formation frequency, while the highest shoot number per explant was obtained on WPM supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 ZEA. The highest shoot formation frequency (98.1%) with the highest number of shoots per explant (9.53) was observed on the WPM supplemented with 1.5 mg L-1 ZEA. The formed shoots were rooted on MS medium containing ½ macro and micro salts supplemented with 2.0 mg L-1 IBA (indole-3-butyric acid); about 92% of them survived and grew normally with true-to-type morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Brazilian biodiversity and favourable environmental conditions open up possibilities not yet explored, showing potential to shift the country’s monochromatic economy into an emancipated, diversified and sustainable economic environment. This can be made possible through the integral use of its resources, exploring every functional fraction to create novel solutions to modern problems. Biorefineries present an interesting strategy to fully use the potential of agricultural feedstocks and together with green separation methods can contribute to the generation of sustainable processes and products. Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg species) is produced on a large scale in Brazil and in other tropical countries, and its processing plants generate tons of residues that basically consist of peel, seeds and bagasse, which account for around 75% of its mass. These fractions of P. edulis can contain significant amounts of flavonoids, secondary metabolites that are the main compounds responsible for the fruit’s bioactivity (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pesticide and biocide, in general). Therefore, this work aims to develop, apply and compare the best conditions for the extraction of isoorientin, orientin and isovitexin from passion fruit applying solid–liquid methodologies, followed by analyte quantification using UHPLC-PDA. Homogenizer-assisted (HAE), ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and microwave-assisted (MAE) extraction techniques were used, as well as a full factorial design to reach optimal parameters concerning the extraction yield and energy and solvent efficiencies. According to the results, the procedure based on HAE presented the best conditions for the extraction of selected flavonoids (1.07, 0.90 and 0.33 mg g−1 of isoorientin, orientin and isovitexin, respectively) and was considered the best method according to the green and sustainable described factors.

ABSTRACT This study aims to expand knowledge of the pollen morphology of Passifloraceae and contribute to the taxonomic delimitation of the group by morphologically characterizing pollen grains of species that occur in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Thirty-six species occur in the state, one of the genus Mitostemma (M. glaziovii) and 35 of the genus Passiflora. Pollen samples were acetolysed, measured, and described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The results group the studied species into four pollen types based mainly on aperture type and number, opercular variation, and the presence/absence of ornamentation elements inside the lumina of the reticulum: Pollen type I - species belonging to the subgenera Astrophea and Deidamioides; pollen type II - subgenus Decaloba; pollen type III - subgenus Passiflora; and pollen type IV - M. glaziovii, with pollen characteristics that separate it from the other species analyzed. The results reinforce the recognition of three subgenera of Passiflora. Morphopalynologically the species have very similar pollen types except for those of the subgenus Deidamioides, which are quite diverse and thus included in another pollen type. The results reveal the importance of pollen grains for the taxonomic study of Passifloraceae.

Passiflora xishuangbannaensis (Passifloraceae) is endemic to a few sites of Mengyang nature reserve in Yunnan, Xishuangbanna and less than 40 individuals have been recorded. Nine Passiflora species are endemic to Yunnan with most species occurring in South America, making P. xishuangbannaensis highly significant and emblematic to the conservation work in the region. This study is designed to provide the first protocol for in vitro organogenesis and plant regeneration for ex situ conservation and reintroduction for an Asian Passiflora species. Using internodes, petioles and tendrils we optimize calli formation and root elongation using several plant growth regulators, individually or in combination. We also assess the genetic stability of regenerated cells. The maximum callus induction and shoot bud differentiation were both achieved on half Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 4.44 μM 6-Benzylaminopurine and 1.08 μM 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid. The best rooting was achieved from 30 days old, regenerated shoots on half Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with 1.08 μM 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid. Micropropagated plants were subjected to inter simple sequence repeat markers analyses. Collectively, 86 bands were generated from 6 primers of which 12 bands were polymorphic, showing genetic variation between the regenerated plantlets and the original plant. Response to plant growth regulators was more specific than most other studies using South American species, which could be explained by the morphological and physiological differences between South American and Asian Passiflora species. Because very few individuals remain, sexual reproduction is challenging, aerial shoots are annual (rhizomatous) and because genetic variability can be a consequence of repetitive in-vitro regeneration, we advise ex-situ conservation techniques based on limited regeneration events such as cryopreservation.

How has urbanization altered the relationships between species and selection on phenotypes? To address this question, Palacio and Ordano measured trait and frugivore selection in blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea) in three different localities. Their analysis revealed changes in avian selection with urbanization, which altered population phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD), caused by cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), produces socioeconomic problems in Brazil. The objectives of this study were to i) evaluate the temporal progression of PWD, ii) identify Passiflora genotypes with resistance to CABMV, and iii) detect virus infection in asymptomatic plants by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in cases where standard RT-PCR detection failed. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using 128 genotypes belonging to 12 species and three hybrids (inter- and intraspecific) of Passiflora, evaluated at five time points after inoculation. Progression rates and disease severity were lower in P. cincinnata, P. gibertii, P. miersii, and P. mucronata than in P. edulis, P. alata, Passiflora sp., and hybrids. Of the genotypes tested, 20.31% were resistant, especially the accessions of P. suberosa, P. malacophylla, P. setacea, P. pohlii, and P. bahiensis, which remained asymptomatic throughout the experiment. The absence of symptoms does not imply immunity of plants to the virus, since RT-qPCR analysis confirmed infection by the virus in asymptomatic plants of P. cincinnata, P. gibertii, P. miersii, P. mucronata, P. setacea, P. malacophylla, and P. suberosa. Even after four inoculations, the virus was not detected by RT-qPCR in the upper leaves in plants of the species P. pohlii and P. bahiensis, indicating that these species are probably immune to CABMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ovules inside the ovary of a plant are the precursors of seeds and they are important for the perpetuation of the plants. The genus Passiflora L., produce fruits with numerous seeds and they have economic and medicinal value. The edible portion of the Passiflora are the seeds surrounded by pulp. Being the edible parts of a fruit, it is important to investigate the early development of ovules in Passiflora that lead to the formation of seeds after pollination. Wild relatives of the domesticated crops are increasingly being investigated for possible genetic resources that can be used for crop improvement programs. The present study was designed to investigate the comparative ovule development between a wild (Passiflora foetida L.) and a cultivated (Passiflora edulis Sims) species of Passiflora with an aim that it may provide important information about the common and diverging regulatory mechanisms during ovule development between the wild and the cultivated species. We also investigated the pollen morphology between the wild and cultivated species using light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that wild type P. foetida ovule growth is faster when compared with that of cultivated P. edulis. Furthermore, wild species harbour ovules of large size (0.14 mm²) but less in number (6) as compared to cultivated ones which show smaller size (0.05 mm²) of ovules but relatively more in number (21). The differences in ovary wall thickness were also stark between the two species. The ovary wall thickness was 0.10 mm in the wild type whereas it was 0.74 mm in cultivated species. Notable differences were also observed in diameter where the wild type (2.45 mm) reported smaller diameter than cultivated species (3.25 mm). We observed little difference in the pollen morphology between the two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to evaluate the quality of Passiflora cincinnata seeds as a function of the fruit's development stage through X-ray test and image analysis. To perform the X-ray test and image analysis, four replications of 50 seeds were used for each stage of ripening of the fruit of P. cincinnata (green, "at once", ripe and senescent). The seeds submitted to X-rays were classified as full or empty. For computerized image analysis, 15 descriptors related to color dominance and 7 related to geometry were evaluated. Subsequently, the seeds were evaluated for germination percentage. The results obtained indicate differences in color and geometry between the fruit maturation stages and that there was no statistical difference between the stages in the X-ray test. The seeds can be collected from fruits in the mature and senescent stages, without prejudice to the physiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passionfruit plantings in Vietnam increased to 10,000 ha in 2019. However, outbreaks of passionfruit woodiness disease (PWD) have become a serious threat to production. In this study, five virus isolates (DN1, DN4, NA1, GL1, and GL2) were collected from different areas of Vietnam. Their causal roles in PWD were verified by back-inoculation to passionfruit. Analyses of coat protein (CP) and genomic sequences revealed that the GL1 isolate is closely related to East Asia Passiflora virus (EAPV) AO strain of Japan (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 98.1 and 98.2%, respectively), and the GL2 isolate is related to Telosma mosaic virus (TelMV) isolate PasFru, China (polyprotein nt and aa identities of 87.1 and 90.9%, respectively). CP comparison, host range, and cytological characterization indicated that DN1, DN4, and NA1 are potyviruses but are different from EAPV and TelMV. Phylogenic analyses of their CP and genome sequences indicated that these three isolates and the passionfruit severe mottle-associated virus Fujian isolate of China belong to a distinct clade, which does not meet the threshold (76% nt identity of polyprotein) to be regarded as any of potyviral species. Thus, a new species name, Passiflora mottle virus, (PaMoV), has been proposed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. A rabbit antiserum was produced against the CP of DN1, and it can distinguish PaMoV from TelMV and EAPV in western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) without cross-reactions. Field surveys of 240 samples by ELISA and reverse transcription PCR found that PWD in Vietnam is caused mainly by PaMoV, followed by EAPV, mixed infection of PaMoV and EAPV, and rare cases of TelMV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative cytogenetic studies are very useful in the characterization of different accessions of the same plant. The aimed of this study was search for intraspecific karyotypic variability in three species of the Passiflora genus using chromosomal conventional techniques (Giemsa staining and Fluorochromes base-specific) and molecular cytogenetic technique as Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH). The diploid character was observed in all plants analyzed by conventional staining being 2n = 18 as chromosomes number. The base-specific heterochromatin only showed GC-rich blocks on satellites and nucleolar organizer regions, but no intraspecific variation was found on CMA3+/DAPI− blocks, except for the two P. tholozanii accession, where the accession from Manaus showed five chromosomes with CMA3+/DAPI− separate blocks from where the blocks of the other accession were found. The CMA3+/DAPI− blocks showed relation to 45S rDNA located by FISH with variation only between P. tholozani accession. The other accessions from P. nitida and P. coccinea showed no quantitative differentiation on CMA3+/DAPI− blocks and 45S rDNA sites. Telomeric sites for all species were Arabidopsis-type and were limited to terminal sites suggesting chromosomal stability. The low intraspecific variation reinforces the need of developing other new chromosomal marker for cytogenetic mapping and increase the resolution on the chromatin visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Argentinian Horticulture / Horticultura Argentina is the property of Revista Horticultura Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on a careful examination of the onset of violet colored dots along the filaments in the developing floral bud stage and the formation of alternating bands of violet and white color in the matured flowers of Passiflora incarnata (Passion flower), it is concluded that the pattern arises from a competition between the production of violet colored anthocyanin and the colorless flavonols along the filaments. The activator-inhibitor model of Gierer and Meinhardt along with the reaction diffusion theory of Turing is used to explain the formation of concentric rings in the flower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deidamioides, one of the four subgenera proposed for the genus Passiflora, is distributed in South and Central America, with its species, until now having been grouped in five sections: Deidamioides, Mayapathanthus, Tryphostemmatoides, Polyanthea and Tetrastylis. Within the current delimitation, subg. Deidamioides is not clearly defined and has a very controversial taxonomic history. The taxonomic complexity of this subgenus has been discussed by some phylogenetic studies attempting to clarify its monophyletic status and the positioning of species within its sections. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the pollen grains of species of subg. Deidamioides with the aim of finding diagnostic characters that can corroborate the taxonomic positioning of its sections and species. Polliniferous material was acetolyzed, measured and described using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Four pollen types and two subtypes were established for the analyzed species based on apertural characteristics: Pollen Type I (Subtype I.1. Passiflora contracta, P. igrapiunensis and P. timboënsis; Subtype I.2. P. cirrhiflora, P. macdougaliana, P. tryphostemmatoides and P. ovalis); Pollen Type II (P. obovata); Pollen Type III (P. arbelaezii and P. gracillima); and Pollen Type IV (P. deidamioides). The results confirm recent proposals that subg. Deidamioides is polyphyletic, and that it possesses apertural characteristics similar to those of subgenera Astrophea, Decaloba and Passiflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved analytical strategy based on the QuEChERS extraction method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was developed and validated for the first time for piceatannol determination in passion fruit seeds. The method showed a limit of quantification of 160 µg kg−1, good linearity (r2 = 0.9957), recoveries in the range of 82–102% with good precision (RSD < 9%) and low matrix effect (+17%). The new method was successfully applied for piceatannol determination in four passion fruit seeds species: Passiflora edulis Sims "Flavicarpa," P. edulis "Sims," Passiflora allata Curtis, and Passiflora ligularis Juss; for the last two species for the first time. Among them, the higher amounts of piceatannol were found in the seeds of P. allata Curtis and P. edulis "Sims": 20.8 ± 0.4 and 14.6 ± 0.2 mg kg−1, respectively. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated and, in general, the antioxidant potential was stronger the higher the piceatannol concentration in the passion fruit seeds extracts. The obtained results highlight that passion fruit seeds are a rich source of piceatannol, boosting new applicability for these by-products, and indicating that the QuEChERS method is a powerful analytical strategy for piceatannol determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Passiflora subgen. Astrophea sect. Capreolata, Passiflora bacabensis, has been collected in a typical cerrado environment (savanna) in the Parque Municipal do Bacaba (Bacaba Municipal Park), Mato Grosso state, Brazil. This species show similarities to P. cerradensis, especially when dried in the herbarium. Here, we present a description, illustrations, a distribution map, an identification key the Brazilian species of P. sect. Capreolata and the conservation status of Passiflora bacabensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruiting phenology is a critical aspect of plant fitness, as it is directly linked to the next-generation offspring delivery. Both abiotic and biotic factors presumably exert natural selection on plant phenology. Despite the role of climate in shaping fruiting phenology is well established, whether frugivores exert phenotypic selection on fruiting phenology has not yet been tested. We estimated the regime and magnitude of frugivore-mediated selection on fruiting phenology in three distant (> 500 km) populations of the Blue Passionflower (Passiflora caerulea) along one year. We measured phenological fruit traits (fruiting onset, fruiting peak, length of the fruiting season) and fruit crop size, and used animal fruit removal as a fitness component. We found highly variable fruiting phenologies between populations, yet phenological stages in lower latitudes were longer than in higher latitudes. One population showed a positive relationship between fruiting onset and fruiting peak among individuals, indicating that fruiting later in the season delayed the fruiting peak. Frugivores favored large fruit crop sizes in the three populations and early fruiting onsets in two populations. In two populations, frugivores selected favorable combinations of fruit crop size and fruiting peak (favoring plants with large crops and early fruiting peaks), as well as favorable combinations of fruiting peak and the length of the fruiting season (favoring plants with early fruiting peaks and extended fruiting seasons). Some degree of similarity in selection patterns among populations suggests that, despite strong geographic variation in climate and animal assemblage composition, some level of functional redundancy occurs in terms of phenotypic trait selection. Overall, our results show that fruiting phenology may be a highly variable life-history trait of plant populations, and support the idea that biotic interactors, conditional on heritable traits and selection pressures sustained over time, could potentially shape phenological fruiting characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic analysis can be a valuable tool to assistmanagement of non-native invasive species, through determining source and number of introductions as well as clarifying phylogenetic relationships. Here, we used whole chloroplast sequencing to investigate the introduction history of Passiflora foetida sensu lato in Australia and clarify its relationship with other Passiflora species present. Phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genome data identified three separate genetic lineages of P. foetida s. l. present in Australia, indicating multiple introductions. These lineages had affinities to samples from three separate areas within the native range in Central and South America that represented phylogenetically distinct lineages. These results provide a basis for a targeted search of the native range of P. foetida s. l. for candidate biological control agents that have co-evolved with this species and are thus better adapted to the lineages that are present in Australia. Results also indicated that the Passiflora species native to Australia are in a separate clade to that of P. foetida s. l. and other introduced Passiflora species cultivated in Australia. This knowledge is important to assess the likelihood of finding biological control agents for P. foetida s. l. that will be sufficiently host-specific for introduction in Australia. As P. foetida s. l. is a widespread non-native invasive species across many regions of the world, outcomes from this work highlight the importance of first evaluating the specific entities present in a country before the initiation of a biological control program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passiflora quadrangularis L. belongs to the family Passifloraceae which bears larger fruit with edible juicy mesocarp and pulp known as a good source of phytochemicals. Cultivation and plant management practices are known to influence the phytochemical compositions of agricultural produce. This study aimed to examine the influence of the cultivation practices on the antioxidant activities and secondary metabolites of the organically and conventionally grown P. quadrangularis. Findings revealed organically treated P. quadrangularis plants showed enhancement in their antioxidant properties and secondary metabolites profiles. Among the plant parts, leaves of P. quadrangularis grown organically possessed higher antioxidant activities compared to the conventional in all assays evaluated. The antioxidant activities in the edible parts of the P. quadrangularis fruit have also been enhanced through organic cultivation with significantly higher total phenolic content and DPPH in mesocarp, and the pulp showed higher total flavonoid content, DPPH and FRAP. This observation is supported by a higher level of vitamins and secondary metabolites in the samples. The secondary metabolites profile showed mesocarps were phenolic rich, the pulps were flavonoids rich while leaves showed good composition of phenolics, flavonoids and terpenoids with outstanding antioxidant activities. The common secondary metabolites for organically produced P. quadrangularis in different plant parts include 2-isopropyl-3-methoxycinnamic acid (mesocarp and pulp), myricetin isomers (pulp and leaves), and malvidin-3-O-arabinoside isomers (pulp and leaves). This study confirmed that organic cultivated P. quadrangularis possessed higher antioxidant activities contributed by its vitamins and secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise of research. Passifloroideae (more than 700 species), which include the large genus Passiflora (more than 550 species), are distributed pantropically today. The fossil record of the group is, nevertheless, small and poorly understood. In this study, I provide a critical review of the fossil record of Passiflora and Passifloroideae, with a description of a new fossil species based on seeds. Methodology. I examined 13 specimens of Passiflora -like seeds from the Pliocene Gray Fossil Site (GFS), eastern Tennessee. To evaluate their affinities, I reviewed the available literature on Passifloroideae with an emphasis on Passiflora , including images of seeds of more than 200 species of Passiflora. I also reviewed the literature on the fossil record of Passifloroideae and obtained supplementary images of some fossil taxa. Pivotal results. Several subgeneric groups within Passiflora can be distinguished on the basis of isolated seeds. As a result, I emend the diagnosis of Passifloroidesperma Martínez-A.—a fossil genus encompassing seeds assignable to Passifloroideae but not an extant genus therein—to eliminate characters diagnostic for subgeneric taxa within Passiflora. Two Miocene fossil seed species from Europe, Passiflora kirchheimeri Mai and Passiflora heizmannii H.-J. Gregor, are reassigned to Passifloroidesperma. Two additional fossil seed species are assigned to Passiflora , as follows: Passiflora bulgarica (Palam.) Hermsen, stat. nov., from the middle Miocene of Bulgaria and Passiflora appalachiana Hermsen, sp. nov., from GFS. Conclusions. The presence of fossil passifloroid seeds in Europe shows that Passifloroideae once occurred in that region, although they are no longer found there today. Passiflora bulgarica has characteristics consistent with placement in supersection Cieca , a group today confined to the Americas. Passiflora appalachiana is similar to modern Passiflora incarnata , which is widespread in the eastern United States. Passiflora appalachiana is the first plant macrofossil taxon described from GFS that shows a Neotropical rather than Laurasian biogeographic connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Crabapple (Malus spp.) is conventionally regarded as a group of species or varieties in the Malus genus that are characterized by many flowers and small fruits. Topics include the ornamental crabapple produces significant color diversity, the plants are highly adaptable and resistant to environmental stress, and the fertile light sandy loam because their distribution is mainly in the northern temperate zone.

In order to improve the utilization of apple pomace resources, verify the antibacterial activity and antiseptic properties of the ethanol extract of apple pomace, the antibacterial activity of extract from apple pomace were determined by the inhibition zone test. In addition, the antibacterial effect of the extract under different pH and salt concentration had been studied. At the same time, the ethanol extract of apple pomace was applied to the preservation of Passiflora edulia, using sensory scores and various physical and chemical indicators(Vc, soluble solids, total acid, solid acid ratio)as the basis to investigate the antiseptic effect of the extract. The results were as follows:(1)The ethanol extract of apple pomace had no obvious inhibitory effect on yeasts(diameter of inhibition zone <1 mm), but it had obvious inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli(diameter of inhibition zone was 6-9 mm).(2)The best inhibitory concentration for these strains was 4.0 g·L-1. In addition, when the antibacterial effect of the extract was optimal, the pH was 6-7 and the salt concentration was 5.0 g·L-1.(3)The optimal concentration for Passiflora edulia was 0.2%, and the rot rate after storage at this concentration was only 6.7%(control group was 67%), and the weight loss rate was 5.5%(control group was 36.3%). The soluble solids and total acid content were not significantly different from those before storage(P>0.05)(control group P<0.05). And most of the fruits were plump, firm, bright and shiny, moderately sweet and sour. The antibacterial extract of apple pomace has antibacterial activity and significant antiseptic effect, and provides a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of apple pomace resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of several strategies for estimating genetic parameters in passion fruit (Passiflora spp.) segregating populations has important implications for understanding the nature of variances, especially the traits of resistance to collar rot. The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and predict gains with the selection of genotypes resistant to collar rot in a population of interspecific passion fruit hybrids. For the analysis of restricted maximum likelihood/ best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP), 40 interspecific hybrids obtained by crossing resistant wild species with Passiflora edulis Sims genotypes were analyzed. The Comstock and Robinson Design II methodology used two male parents (P. nitida Kunth and P. quadrangularis L.) and two female parents of P. edulis. The evaluations took place for 33 d and 10 variables of resistance to collar rot were characterized. The expression of most variables was due to the genetic effect. Dominance effects predominated. High estimates of heritability based on clone average and selective accuracy were observed, which provides favorable gains in reducing the severity of collar rot by selecting the genotypes 115-5, 115-4, 115-7, 115-6, 115-3, 115-1, 128, 115-9, 115-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The alcoholic extracts from Passiflora caerulea leaves protect prebiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against oxidative stress induced by (micro) aerobic conditions. This prebiotic activity is mainly related to the polyphenols accumulated in P. caerulea leaves. Polyphenols are used by prebiotic LAB as electron acceptors of their carbohydrate catabolic chains and promote LAB adaptation to aerobic conditions. Foliar treatment with 108 cfu per ml chlamydospores of a Trichoderma plant biostimulants consortium enhances the accumulation of polyphenols in the P. caerulea leaves. The Trichoderma plant biostimulant consortium includes two strains, T. asperellum T36b, and T. harzianum Td50b. Enhanced levels of polyphenols are related to the enhanced prebiotic effect of the extracts from leaves treated with Trichoderma consortium, compared with the control leaves from P. caerulea non-treated with plant biostimulants. The results are discussed in relation to the known physiological effects of P. caerulea leaves extracts on mood and sleep disorders, which could also be explained by the probiotic bacteria's postbiotic effects, promoted by polyphenols from leaves extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo desse trabalho é descrever algumas medidas de controle integrado, assim como a caracterização da doença observada nos pomares catarinenses.

Abstract Knowledge about the nutritional balance at the initial phenological stage is mandatory to overcome limitations on nutritional availabilities required by the plant species. However, little is elucidated about nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) deprivation stress. Our hypothesis tested is that there are benefits of the foliar application (spray) of molybdenum (Mo) and cobalt (Co) under different availabilities (ionic strength, IS) from the presence of nitric sources (CaNO32-) and absence of ammonium (NH4H2PO4) in root application (hydroponic cultivation) at the initial phenological growth stage. Nutrient supply was carried out with a nutrient solution, which is deprived of NH4+. Treatments were 25%, 50%, and 100% IS, supplied via hydroponic cultivation, combined with the absence/presence of Co/Mo spray. Plants were randomly distributed into 17 blocks (replicates) with 6 treatments conducted in a factorial scheme and data were analyzed by ANOVA and ANCOVA. We observed that Co/Mo spray diminished plant growth discrepancies between treatments at different IS’s. In addition, contents of photosynthetic pigments were higher at 25% IS without Co/Mo spray. Thus, we concluded that Mo and Co spray can alleviate NO3- starvation/NH4+ deprivation stress during the initial growth phenological stages of yellow passion fruits.