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Novel all-aliphatic polycarbonate-based polyurethane (PC-PU) elastomers, as well as PC-PU nanocomposites filled with organic-modified clays were synthesized, characterized and studied. It was found that they have very attractive mechanical properties (e.g., elongation at break between 600% and 800%). The prepared PC-PUs possess a distinctly segmented structure, which is the key prerequisite for their behavior as strong physical rubbery networks. All synthesized materials melt at elevated temperatures (between 110 and 200 °C) and hence can be processed like normal thermoplastics. The dispersion of the clay nanofiller was achieved by its one day swelling in the alcohol and a brief successive stirring. This procedure is very successful and leads to a partial exfoliation of the clay (documented by X-ray diffraction and TEM). The best nanocomposites with very good tensile properties, particularly with significantly increased moduli were obtained using the bentonite nanofiller. The study shows that the nanofiller interacts strongly with the hard domains and influences their melting temperature (DMTA and DSC), but it does not affect the glass transition temperature of soft domains. While Cloisite 15A was found to interact preferentially with the hard domains, the organic modified bentonite shows a strong interaction with both soft and hard segments, behaving as a blending agent. Hard domains in neat matrices, formed by hydrogen bonding of hard segments, were practically invisible by X-ray or TEM, but were successfully detected by AFM. Besides excellent mechanical properties, the prepared elastomers and their nanocomposites showed an interesting phase behavior (which was studied by combining DMTA and modulated DSC).

We have evaluated current knowledge on relations between environmental and occupational exposure to lead with a strong emphasis on cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as the influence of lead compounds on lipid disturbances and arterial blood pressure. In addition, "novel" biochemical and vascular risk factors for cardiovascular diseases were discussed, as well as the combination of lead exposure and genetic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases. Occupationally and educationally, awareness of the unfavourable effects of lead on cardiovascular diseases risk factors should be emphasised. Indeed, accurate identification of the various mechanisms that might account for the effects of lead on the cardiovascular system should be of the highest priority in this field of research.

The effect of alcohol- and amino-functional compatibilizers in nanocomposites of organic–inorganic (O–I) matrices with layered nanofillers (LN) was studied. The alcohol-functional compatibilizers are shown to have a marked influence on morphology, surface- and mechanical properties of the coatings prepared, in spite of the very small amount of both filler and compatibilizer (together 0.5 wt%). The studied O–I matrices were polyepoxy-functional polysiloxanes cured with organic diamines. Two commercial clays were used as LN in the concentration of 0.5 wt%: natural montmorillonite (Cloisite Na, abbreviated MNa) and Bentonite for water systems (BW). These clays were compatibilized by three hydroxyl-containing substances: Polyethylene glycol 4000, TWEEN 80, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS). All compatibilizers improve the dispersion of the clay fillers, while TRIS always supports full exfoliation. They also cause an increase in the microroughness of the coatings and strongly modify their large-scale surface patterns. Mechanical properties are also strongly affected by the compatibilizers: toughness is increased, sometimes markedly, as well as stress at break. Tensile and shear moduli are reduced by the compatibilizers, while the glass transition temperature is specifically shifted to higher or lower values, sometimes markedly.

Background: The significance of heavy metals in pathogenesis of the circulatory system diseases remains unresolved. The aim of the study was to evaluate electrocardiographic changes in workers occupationally exposed to lead without clinical presentation of cardiac involvement. Methods: A group of 60 smelters and refiners and 45 healthy men, as a control group, were enrolled. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and 24-hour Holter monitoring were performed. Further analysis included heart rate variability (HRV) in time and frequency domains and heart rate turbulence (HRT). Results: Analysis of 12-lead ECG recordings revealed various pathologies in 27 out of 60 men occupationally exposed to lead. Twenty-four-hour ECG Holter monitoring showed the higher mean heart rate in copper smelters than in healthy subjects (85.8 ± 14.1 bpm vs 72.6 ± 9.2 bpm; P < 0.05) and more premature supraventricular and ventricular contractions (298 ± 235 vs 27 ± 45; P < 0.05 and 152 ± 138 vs 18 ± 18; P < 0.05, respectively). The majority of time domain and frequency domain HRV parameters were significantly lower, and the LF:HF ratio was higher when compared with the control group. Turbulence onset was abnormal in six copper smelters and turbulence slope in five men exposed to lead. Conclusions: Electrocardiographic evaluation showed that various heart rhythm disorders were more frequent in metallurgists, as compared to the control group, and the decreased HRV and abnormal parameters of HRT were observed. Noninvasive electrocardiographic evaluation could be a valuable method of the early prediction of cardiovascular disorders in men occupationally exposed to lead. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16(1):33–40

Occupational exposure to lead may cause an increase in blood pressure. The aim of the study was to estimate the effect of occupational exposure to lead on selected parameters of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and structural changes in carotid arteries. The study included 33 normotensive men occupationally exposed to lead and 39 unexposed men employed in administration of the foundry. All of the men underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography to determine intima-media thickness (IMT). The group of men occupationally exposed to lead manifested significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure (MSBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (MDBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), pulse pressure (PP), variability of diastolic blood pressure (VDBP), and IMT than the unexposed group. The studied groups did not differ in mean values of variability of systolic blood pressure (VSBP). As compared to the unexposed group, in men exposed to lead, atherosclerotic plaques were significantly more common. In the group of persons exposed to lead the Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis revealed significant linear positive correlations between MSBP and IMT, between lead level and the number of atherosclerotic plaques, and between lead level and PP. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that higher lead level in blood and higher triglyceride concentration in blood represent independent risk factors of an increased pulse pressure in the group of individuals occupationally exposed to lead. Occupational exposure to lead can be associated with increased blood pressure and accelerated progression of atherosclerosis.

The chronic exposure to lead represents a risk factor of arterial hypertension development. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is the most prognostically reliable method of measuring of arterial blood pressure. The study is aimed at evaluating the relationship between occupational exposure to lead and manifestation of cardiovascular complications in patients with arterial hypertension. The studies included 73 men (mean age, 54.26±8.17 years) with arterial hypertension, treated with hypotensive drugs: group I-persons occupationally exposed to lead (n=35) and group II-individuals not exposed to lead (n=38). An analysis of results obtained during ambulatory blood pressure monitoring disclosed significantly higher values of mean systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, and variability of systolic blood pressure in the group of hypertensive patients occupationally exposed to lead as compared to patients with arterial hypertension but not exposed to lead. The logistic regression showed that a more advanced age, higher concentration of blood zinc protoporphyrin, and a higher mean value of pulse pressure represented independent risk factors of left ventricular hypertrophy in the group of persons with arterial hypertension and chronically exposed to lead (OR(age)=1.11; OR(ZnPP)=1.32; OR(PP)=1,43; p

Sleep bruxism (SB) is a masticatory muscle activity during sleep that is characterized as rhythmic (phasic) or non-rhythmic (tonic). The recent hypothesis on the etiology of SB supports the role of the central and autonomic nervous systems. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the intensity of SB in patients with arterial hypertension. A total of 70 adults participated in this study: 35 patients with hypertension (study group) and 35 normotensive subjects (control group). Data were recorded using home portable cardiorespiratory polygraphy. The bruxism episode index (BEI) in the study group was found to be significantly higher compared to the control group (3.4 &plusmn, 3.25 vs. 2.35 &plusmn, 2.29, p = 0.04). Hypertension, higher body mass index (BMI), lower values of mean oxygen saturation (SpO2), and a higher percentage of SpO2 &lt, 90% constituted independent risk factors for increased BEI. These results suggest the need for special oral care in hypertensive patients, patients with higher BMI, lower values of SpO2 and a higher percentage of SpO2 &lt, 90%.

Background: Exposure to heavy metals leads to functional and metabolic disturbances and many of them are included in pathogenesis of common diseases (arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative processes). In this context new therapeutic and prophylactic strategies are necessary. Patients diagnosed with chronic heavy metals intoxication usually require chelation to increase mobilisation of metals from tissues and elimination of them via urine. Acute poisoning with toxic metal may be difficult to diagnosis, especially in case of accidental intoxication or suicidal intention. Patients also require chelation after causative factor is identified. Objectives: To describe some problems connected with toxicity of metals poisoning and to review pharmacologic therapies that could have a role in poisoning with metals. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out and expert opinion expressed. Results/conclusion: Chelation is a common therapy in case of poisoning with toxic metals but it is satisfied only partially. A combined therapy with structurally different chelators or long-term acting chelators could become viable alternatives in the future. A combined therapy with an antioxidant plus chelator may be a good choice in patients chronically poisoned with metals. Exposure to lead should be taken into account during estimation of global cardiovascular risk.

Background: Sleep sex also known as sexsomnia or somnambulistic sexual behavior is proposed to be classified as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) parasomnia (as a clinical subtype of disorders of arousal from NREM sleep—primarily confusional arousals or less commonly sleepwalking), but it has also been described in relation to REM (rapid eye movement) parasomnias. Methods: The authors searched the PubMed database to identify relevant publications and present the co-occurrence of sexsomnia and other sleep disorders as a non-systematic review with case series. Results: In the available literature the comorbidity of sexsomnia and other sleep disorders were reported mainly in case reports and less in case series. Sexsomnia was reported both with one and with multiple sleep-related disorders, with NREM parasomnias and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) being the most commonly reported. Furthermore, the authors enrich the article with new findings concerning two novel cases of sleep bruxism triggering recurrent sexsomnia episodes. Conclusions: Sexsomnia has still not been reported in the literature as often as other parasomnias. The coexistence of sexsomnia and other sleep-related disorders should be more thoroughly examined. This could help both in sexsomnia as well as other sleep-related disorders management.

Rituximab is an anti-CD20 humanized monoclonal antibody widely used in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs). Its mechanism of action is related with complement function-complement mediated cytotoxicity. CD46, CD55, and CD59 are complement regulatory proteins. The aim of this study was to analyze expression of complement inhibitors CD46, CD55, and CD59 in patients with CD20(+) NHLs treated with rituximab combined with chemotherapy. A total of 27 patients with CD20(+) NHLs were evaluated (13 females and 14 males). The median age of patients was 56 years. All patients were examined before treatment with rituximab. Expression of CD46, CD55, and CD59 was determined by two-color flow cytometry. A total of 15 patients achieved complete response (CR), 5 patients achieved partial response, and 7 patients had no or minimal response (NR) after rituximab therapy. We observed that expression of CD46 and CD59 were higher in patients with CR than in group with NR. Expression of CD55 and CD59 were higher in patients with bulky disease. In conclusion level of expression of CD46, CD55, and CD59 could be clinically helpful to predict the response to rituximab therapy.

Background: In patients with systemic scleroderma (SSc), clinically evident cardiac involvement is recognized to be a poor prognostic factor. The aim of the study was to evaluate electrocardiographic changes, parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), and heart rate turbulence (HRT) in patients with SSc without evident symptoms of heart disease. Methods: A group of 27 patients with SSc were subjected to standard electrocardiography (ECG) examination and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Analysis of HRV in time and frequency domains, HRT, and echocardiography were also performed. Results: Holter monitoring revealed a larger number of premature supraventricular contractions (PSVCs), as well as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) in the patients with systemic scleroderma, as compared with the control group. Moreover, the SSc patients showed decreased parameters of time and frequency domains, as referred to the controls, especially during night hours. In four patients, abnormal HRT values were present. On echocardiography, only slight changes were found, however in five patients left ventricle diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed. Conclusions: The noninvasive electrocardiographic methods seems to be useful for detecting early heart involvement in course of SSc and could be recommended for routine used in clinical practice. Significance of HRT analysis in patients with SSc needs further elucidation.

Exposure to tobacco smoke is an extremely important risk factor determining the development of respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Passive exposure is common and often not realized by the exposed subjects. Markers of tobacco smoke exposure are nicotine metabolites, i.e. cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine.The objective of the study was to assess the level of passive exposure to tobacco smoke among students and the exposure impact on the blood hemoglobin level, peak expiratory flow (PEF), lipid peroxidation level and antioxidant enzyme activity.A total of 104 subjects were enrolled in the study. The subjects were categorized in 3 subgroups depending on nicotine metabolite levels in blood (subgroup I with metabolite level100 ng/ml (high exposure); subgroup II with the metabolite level of 10-100 ng/ml; subgroup III with metabolite level10 ng/ml). The blood hemoglobin level, PEF, levels of lipid peroxidation metabolites--malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal (MDA + 4-HNE) and catalase (CAT) activity were determined in all the subjects.The study showed statistically significant differences in levels of lipid peroxidation metabolites and CAT activity. Levels of MDA + 4-HNE were higher in subgroup I than in subgroup II or III (I: 3.84 +/- 1.64 mmol/l; II: 2.25 +/- 0.94 mmol/l; III: 1.90 +/- 0.82 mmol/l; pI-II0.01; pI-III0.001). CAT activity was statistically significantly lower in subgroup I than in subgroup III (I: 0.38 +/- 0.01 x 10(6) IU/g hemoglobin [Hb]; II: 0.38 +/- 0.03 x 10(6) IU/g Hb; III: 0.41 +/- 0.04 x 10(6) IU/g Hb; pI-III0.05).Passive exposure to tobacco smoke in the study population of students is common. The observed effects of passive exposure to tobacco smoke are similar to those of active smoking. It is postulated to undertake actions aiming at limiting passive exposure to tobacco smoke.

It is possible that electromagnetic field (EMF) generated by mobile phones (MP) may have an influence on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and modulates the function of circulatory system. The aim of the study was to estimate the influence of the call with a mobile phone on heart rate variability (HRV) in young healthy people. The time and frequency domain HRV analyses were performed to assess the changes in sympathovagal balance in a group of 32 healthy students with normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram at rest. The frequency domain variables were computed: ultra low frequency (ULF) power, very low frequency (VLF) power, low frequency (LF) power, high frequency (HF) power and LF/HF ratio was determined. ECG Holter monitoring was recorded in standardized conditions: from 08:00 to 09:00 in the morning in a sitting position, within 20 min periods: before the telephone call (period I), during the call with use of mobile phone (period II), and after the telephone call (period III). During 20 min call with a mobile phone time domain parameters such as standard deviation of all normal sinus RR intervals (SDNN [ms]--period I: 73.94+/-25.02, period II: 91.63+/-35.99, period III: 75.06+/-27.62; I-II: p

Segmented polyurethanes (PURs) were prepared from alpha,omega-dihydroxypoly(propylene oxide)-b-poly-(dimethylsiloxane)-b-poly(propyleneoxide) (PPO-PDMS) as the soft segment and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as the hard segment, via two-step polyaddition process in solvent mixture. The content of hard segments is in the range from 10 to 60 wt %. The structure and composition of PURs are determined by H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Incorporation of PPO-PDMS leads to improvements in thermal stability. Small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments indicate that synthesized PURs with higher content of hard segments have more developed and distinct phase separated morphologies. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis shows that copolymers have multiple transitions, characteristic for phase-separated systems. The water contact angle increases while water absorption decreases with increasing content of PPO-PDMS segments. The PURs prepared in this work show good thermal, mechanical features with phase separated morphology and high water resistance that enable their widespread application. Supplementary material: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3618]

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common respiratory disorder associated with hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Blood pressure variability may be a sign of risk of cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that severe OSA syndrome is associated with increased blood pressure variability. Based on respiratory polygraphy, 58 patients were categorized into two groups: severe OSA with apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 29 episodes per hour (mean 52.2 ± 19.0/h) and mild-to-moderate OSA with AHI between 5 and 30 episodes per hour (mean 20.2 ± 7.8/h). A 24-h noninvasive blood pressure monitoring was performed. The standard deviation of mean blood pressure was used as the indicator of blood pressure variability. In patients with severe, compared with mild-to-moderate OSA, a higher mean nocturnal systolic blood pressure (133.2 ± 17.4 mmHg vs. 117.7 ± 31.2 mmHg, p < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (80.9 ± 13.1 mmHg vs. 73.8 ± 9.2, p < 0.01), nocturnal systolic blood pressure variability (12.1 ± 6.0 vs. 7.6 ± 4.3, p < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure variability (10.5 ± 6.1 vs. 7.3 ± 4.0 p < 0.05), nocturnal mean blood pressure variability (9.1 ± 4.9 mmHg vs. 6.8 ± 3.5 mmHg) were detected. The findings of the study point to increased nocturnal systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure and blood pressure variability as risk factors of cardiovascular complications in patients with severe OSA.

Leukocytes are activated in the inflammatory process involving locally atherosclerotic lesions through adhesive molecules attaching to the surface of endothelial cells, especially during acute myocardial infarction. The aim of the study was to assess MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES serum levels in patients with STEMI and to correlate them with the severity of left ventricle (LV) dysfunction.Forty patients were initially divided into two groups, with group 1 having an ejection fraction (EF) above 40% and group 2 an EF of 40% or less. Next, the patients were divided on the basis of wall motion score index (WMSI): group 3 had a WMSI of 1.3 or lower and group 4 had a WMSI above 1.3. A control group of ten volunteers was also included in the study. Serum samples were taken at admission as well as 3, 24, 48, 72 h, and 7 days after.The baseline serum levels of MCP-1 and RANTES in group 1 were significantly higher than in the controls (p0.05 and p0.005, respectively). The highest concentrations of chemokines were observed 3 h after admission. The serum levels of MIP-1alpha on admission and 3 h later were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 (p0.03 and p0.01, respectively). Maximum MIP-1 concentrations were observed 3 h after admission in group 3 and 24 h after admission in group 4 (p0.006). In group 1, MIP-1alpha 3 h after admission correlated positively with the EF (r=0.444, p0.05). In group 1 there was a negative correlation between MIP-1alpha concentration 3 h after admission and LV end-diastolic dimension (r=-0.492, p0.02).Patients with myocardial infarction with an elevated ST segment had a significant increase in MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES serum levels.

The impairment of the aortic mechanical features constitutes the independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.The purpose of the present research has been the determination of the influence of the environmental exposure to cigaret smoke on the aortic mechanical properties, namely, the stiffness and elasticity of aorta, in patients with essential hypertension.The research has covered 128 people with essential hypertension: 64 nonsmokers, declaring the environmental exposure to cigaret smoke (group A) and 64 nonsmokers declaring the lack of environmental exposure to cigaret smoke selected on the case to case basis (group B). Aortic mechanical properties have been evaluated on the basis of the parameters: aortic stiffness index (AoSI), aortic strain (AoS) and aortic distensibility (AoD).In group A, the average values of AoSI were significantly higher, and the average values of AoS and AoD significantly lower than in group B. It has been documented that the older age and environmental exposure to cigaret smoke form independent risk factors of increasing the aortic stiffness expressed by higher values of AoSI, whereas the older age, higher pulse pressure (PP) values and environmental exposure to cigaret smoke - independent risk factors of aortic elasticity reduction expressed for the age and "passive smoking" by lower values of AoS and AoD and for PP - lower values of AoD.In patients with essential hypertension, the environmental exposure to cigaret smoke seems to result in impairment of the aortic mechanical properties.

// Aleksandra Butrym 1, 2 , Justyna Rybka 1 , Dagmara Baczynska 3 , Rafal Poreba 4 , Kazimierz Kuliczkowski 1 , Grzegorz Mazur 4 1 Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland 2 Department of Physiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland 3 Department of Forensic Medicine, Molecular Techniques Unit, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland 4 Department of Internal, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland Correspondence to: Aleksandra Butrym, e-mail: aleksandra.butrym@gmail.com Keywords: miR-29c, acute myeloid leukemia, azacitidine, response to therapy, expression Received: October 05, 2015 Accepted: January 23, 2016 Published: February 03, 2016 ABSTRACT Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with different clinical course and prognosis. microRNA-29 (miR-29) family of non-coding small RNAs can play an important role in pathogenesis of AML, but also can influence response to therapy. The purpose of the study was to evaluate miR-29c expression in AML patients in relationship to clinical parameters and response to chemotherapy, including azacitidine. Materials and Methods: miR-29c expression has been analyzed using RT-PCR in 95 bone marrow specimens from newly diagnosed AML patients in comparison to 20 healthy subject. Results: We showed up-regulated miR-29c expression in AML patients which was linked also to higher risk of disease relapse after achieving complete remission. In subset of elderly AML patients treated with azacitidine, low miR-29c expression at diagnosis correlated with good response to therapy. Conclusions: miR-29c is of prognostic value and influences response to azacitidine treatment in older AML patients.

HLA-G is a non-classical MHC class I molecule whose suppressive activity on immune effector cells is exerted due to interactions with receptors ILT2, ILT4 and KIR2DL4. These receptors are expressed mainly on NK cells and monocytes, and their intensity of expression changes depending on HLA-G level. HLA-G plays an important role in the development of tolerance following organ transplantations and bone marrow stem cell transplantations. HLA-G also participates in the modulation of the immune response during cancerogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess HLA-G level in blood serum, the percentage of NK cells and monocytes with expression of receptors for HLA-G (ILT2, ILT4, KIR2DL4 and NKG2D) in patients who received allogeneic stem cell transplantations, and their influence on the occurrence of graft-versus-host reaction. The study included 32 patients with bone marrow diseases (acute leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic myeloid leukemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) who received allogeneic stem cell transplantations. We assessed the expression of receptors ILT2, ILT4, KIR2DL4 and NKG2D on monocytes and NK cells, as well as the level of HLA-G in blood serum in patients before conditioning, in the transplant hematopoietic reconstitution period following allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation. The percentage of NK cells with expression of KIR2DL4, ILT2 and ILT4 receptors was higher in patients with 0-I grade GVHD than in patients with II-IV grade GVHD. The percentage of monocytes with expression of ILT4 and ILT2 receptors was higher in patients with 0-I grade GVHD than in patients with II-IV grade GVHD. The level of HLA-G in patients' blood serum was higher after the stem cell transplantation compared with the period before transplantation. HLA-G level and HLA-G receptors are related to intensity of GVHD and may play the role of a prognostic factor for the development of GVHD and the clinical course of this reaction.

Stable water-borne polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) were prepared from bifunctional aliphatic polycarbonate-based macrodiol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,4-butanediol (BD), and triethylamine. Water-borne dispersion particles are thus solely formed from self-assembled linear PU chains. Both PUDs and PUD-based films were characterized with regards to the concentration of DMPA (ionic species content) and BD (hard-segment content). Average particle size of PUDs decreased and their long-term stability increased with increasing DMPA and decreasing BD concentration. Functional properties of cast films made from PUDs are substantially influenced by the character of the original colloidal particle dispersions. The swelling behavior of the films, their surface morphology, and mechanical properties are more influenced by DMPA than BD contents. At DMPA concentrations higher than 0.2 mmol g−1 of the solid mass of polyurethane, distinct self-organization of individual nanoparticles into fibril-like structures was detected by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. PU films made from PUD containing high BD as well as high DMPA concentrations have the best utility properties namely sufficient tensile properties and a very low swelling ability. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42672.

The purpose of this study was to assess the vasoconstrictive effects of adenosine in the kidney microcirculation in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS). Twelve patients with resistant hypertension and moderate RAS were selected for the study. In all patients, systolic, diastolic and mean translesional pressure gradients, distal pressure (Pd), aortic pressure (Pa) and Pd/Pa ratio were measured using a pressure guidewire at baseline and after intrarenal bolus administration of 400 μg adenosine. We observed significant changes in mean translesional pressure gradient and systolic Pd after pharmacological stimulation. The results suggest that in hypertensive patients with RAS, vasomotor activity of the kidney microcirculation may be preserved.

The aim of the study was to examine endothelial function in patients with hematological malignancies treated with high-dose chemotherapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The studies were conducted on 43 consecutive patients qualified for HSCT following high-dose chemotherapy based on the current standards. Then, due to exclusion criteria, a group of 38 patients were chosen for further investigations. Evaluation of endothelial function by means of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was conducted in patients with hematological malignancies before HSCT (test A) and after HSCT (test B). Brachial artery diameter (BAD) after occlusion, change in BAD and FMD were significantly lower after HSCT as compared to the results obtained before the transplantation (p

The objective of this observational study was to investigate safety and efficacy of laser phototherapy (LPh) in prevention of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Laser irradiation is known to cause a limitation of the local inflammatory cascade and a stimulation of proliferation of specific cells. Based on the results of previous experiments proving the beneficial effects of laser light on the activity of vascular and inflammatory cells, we attempted to use these properties to prevent restenosis.Laser phototherapy was performed in 41 patients after stent implantation or balloon angioplasty. Illumination power of 100 mW and energy dose equal to 9 J/cm(2) was used. Patients were monitored for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after 30 days and 6 months. At 6 months, angiography as a control was performed to assess the influence of LPh on restenosis rate.Angiographic follow-up (n = 30) revealed restenosis in 9% and 25% of patients after stent implantation and balloon angioplasty, respectively. The MACE rate was 4.5% and 12.5% in stent and balloon-treated patients, respectively.Laser phototherapy gives very promising results in restenosis prevention, especially after stent implantation. The treatment method is safe, with a low rate of MACE in follow-up.

Background Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a widely used procedure in the treatment of malignant diseases, including blood neoplasms and has increased survival in hematological diseases. The aim of the study was to analyze parameters of 24-hr ECG monitoring in patients with selected blood neoplasms in whom the procedure of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed. Methods The study group consisted of 64 adults diagnosed with hematologic cancer qualified for HSCT with the previous high dose chemotherapy (HDC). In all patients 24-hr Holter monitoring was carried out twice. First examination took place prior to the HSCT procedure, and the second after finishing the procedure of HSCT. Results The minimal and mean heart rate (HR min and HR max) from 24-hr ECG recording was statistically significantly higher after the transplantation in comparison with the first test. The number of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) was higher in the test after HSCT. In the second examination there was significantly higher percentage of premature ventricular complexes, incidents of tachycardia, and Mobitz type 1 second degree atrioventricular block. In regression analysis, in a group of patients with blood neoplasms after HSCT and HDC, administration of cyclophosphamide, fludarabine and total body irradiation were independent risk factors for electrocardiographic abnormalities in 24-hr Holter monitoring, that is, the increase in HR min, HR mean and PVCs. Conclusion In patients with blood neoplasms undergoing HSCT more electrocardiographic abnormalities may be found after this procedure in comparison with the 24-hr Holter monitoring before transplantation.

Macroscopic thermal and mechanical properties of complex aliphatic polycarbonate-based polyurethane (PU) films con- taining degradable ester units in PU backbone were studied by a combination of several experimental techniques. Differential scan- ning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the synthesized oligomeric diol (DL-L) contributes (in addition to polycarbonate diol) to the formation of soft-segment domains, while the hard-segment domains are formed from 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) and butane- 1,4-diol (BD). Three main phase transitions were detected by DSC and by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of two-component PUs showed that the PU made from DL-L and HDI is the least thermostable product, while the PU made from polycarbonate diol and HDI is the most stable one. The differences in the thermal stability of different four- component PUs are not important. Tensile properties very sensitively reflect the changes in composition and in microstructure of PU samples; the best tensile properties exhibits the degradable sample containing the equimolar ratio of hydroxyl groups of macrodiol, oligomeric diol DL-L and butane-1,4-diol. V C 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41872.

A multiscale approach spanning from the segmental (subnanometer) up to micrometer level was applied for detailed study of the self-assembly of aliphatic block polyurethane (PU) elastomers. To understand the principles of the self-organization of hard and soft segments in the complex multi-component systems, several two-component model PU samples, that is, the products of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) with three diols differing in the length and constitution were also prepared, characterized, and investigated: (i) polycarbonate-based macrodiol (MD), (ii) biodegradable oligomeric diol (DL-L; product of butane-1,4-diol and D,L-lactide), and (iii) butane-1,4-diol (BD). The study (particularly 13C-1H PILGRIM NMR spectra) reveals complex internal organization and interesting (application appealing) behavior of multi-component PUs. Hard segments (HDI+BD products) feature self-assembled and significantly folded chain conformations with interdomain spacing 15–22 nm (small-angle X-ray scattering analysis). The small domains are hierarchically assembled in various structural formations of µm size (spherulites) depending on PU composition, as detected by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41590.

Purpose Determination of the relationship between the estimated total volume of the carotid bodies (V rCB + lCB ), assessed by computed tomography angiography (CTA), and the autonomic cardiac function in patients with essential hypertension (EH). Materials and methods The study included 69 patients with diagnosed and pharmacologically treated EH. The estimated volume of each carotid body (CB) was evaluated on the basis of scans obtained in the CTA of carotid arteries, using the following formula: 4/3 × π × half of transverse dimension of CB in axial projection × half of longitudinal dimension of CB in the axial projection × half of craniocaudal dimension of CB in the sagittal/coronal projection. Cardiac autonomic function was assessed using time domain analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). Results The mean values of SDNNi, rMSSD and pNN50 at 24-h monitoring, during daily activity and during night rest, were significantly lower in patients with hypertension with the values of V rCB + lCB ≥ median compared to the group of hypertensive patients with the values of V rCB + lCB rCB + lCB ≥ median, the mean values of SDNN were lower during daily activity. Based on the regression analysis, it was found out that the higher values of V rCB + lCB are an independent risk factor in HRV reduction (expressed as a reduction in the rMSSD). Conclusion In patients with EH, a relationship between the volume of CB, assessed by CTA of carotid arteries, and autonomic cardiac function seems to be probable.

Novel polyurethane thermoplastic elastomers were prepared from polycarbonate diols, butane-1,4-diol (chain extender) and hexamethylene diisocyanate. They differ in the kind of macrodiol used and the ratio of macrodiol to chain extender OH groups (hence, in hard segment contents). The tensile properties of the elastomers at low and elevated temperatures were determined and discussed with regard to polyurethane composition and polycarbonate diol structure.

This study aimed at determining the relationship between environmental exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and blood selenium (Se) concentration in randomly selected population of children inhabiting the industrial regions of Silesian Voivodship, Poland. The study was conducted on a group of consecutive randomly selected 349 children aged below 15 years and inhabiting the industrial regions in Upper Silesia. The examined variables included whole blood Cd concentration (Cd-B), whole blood Pb concentration (Pb-B) and whole blood Se concentration (Se-B). The concentration of Cd-B, Pb-B and Se-B in the studied group of children amounted to 0.26 ± 0.14, 37.62 ± 25.30 and 78.31 ± 12.82 μg/L, respectively. In the entire examined group a statistically significant negative linear relationship was noted between Pb-B and Se-B ( r = −0.12, p 0.05) and a statistically insignificant positive correlation between Pb-B and Cd-B ( r = 0.08, p > 0.05). A multivariate backward stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that in the studied group of children higher Pb-B and a more advanced age-represented independent risk factors for a decreased Se-B. Environmental exposure to Pb may represent an independent risk factor for Se deficit in blood of the studied population of children. In children, the lowered Se-B may create one of the mechanisms in which Pb unfavourably affects human body.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lead (Pb)-contaminated drinking water on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-estimated cardiac function, vascular reactivity, and serum lipids in rats. For 3 months, male Wistar rats, aged 4–6 weeks, were given drinking water with the addition of lead acetate at a concentration of 100 ppm Pb (10 rats) or water free from Pb (8 control rats). The cardiac MRI was performed at rest and under β-adrenergic stimulation on a 4.7 T scanner using electrocardiogram-triggered gradient echo (FLASH) cine sequence. After 1–2 weeks of the MRI test, experiments were performed ex vivo. After stabilization of perfusion pressure (PP), norepinephrine at doses from 0.01 to 5.0 μg was dissolved in Krebs solution, injected in a volume of 100 μl, and next infused at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml into the isolated mesenteric artery. In this manner, preconstricted mesenteric bed was used to determine PP changes induced by acetylcholine, given at doses from 0.05 to 5.0 μg, before and during the infusion of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (1.0 μg/ml). At the end, dobutamine (5 mg), followed by potassium chloride (10.5 mg), was injected. Lipid levels were determined enzymatically, blood Pb level was measured by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. This study showed that Pb impairs the left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. Pb-induced changes in response to resistance of vessels to vasoactive agents may be secondary to the reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. The high-density lipoprotein subfraction 2 (HDL2) is involved in the cardiovascular effect of Pb.

Two series of polyurethane (PU) networks based on Boltorn ® hyperbranched polyester (HBP) and hydrox- yethoxy propyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (EO-PDMS) or hydroxy propyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HP- PDMS), were synthesized. The effect of the type of soft PDMS segment on the properties of PUs was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), contact angle measurements, surface free energy determination, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The surface characterization of PUs showed existence of slightly amphiphilic character and it revealed that PUs based on HP-PDMS have lower surface free energy, more hydrophobic surface and better waterproof performances than PUs based on EO-PDMS. PUs based on HP- PDMS had higher crosslinking density than PUs based on EO-PDMS. DSC and DMTA results revealed that these newly- synthesized PUs exhibit the glass transition temperatures of the soft and hard segments. DMTA, SEM and AFM results confirmed existence of microphase separated morphology. The results obtained in this work indicate that PU networks based on HBP and PDMS have improved surface and thermomechanical properties.

Novel poly(urethane-ester-siloxane) networks, based on hydroxypropyl terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate, and hyperbranched polyesters (HBPs) of the second and third pseudogenerations, were synthesized by two-step polymerization. The effects of the PDMS content and pseudogeneration number of HBPs on the structural, thermomechanical, thermal, and surface properties of polyurethanes were investigated. Thermomechanical and thermal properties of polyurethanes and FTIR, SAXS, and SEM results indicated good microphase separated structure. SAXS data suggested that the difference in the HBP pseudogeneration number affects only the global properties of the structure and is much less pronounced than the dependence on the PDMS content, while local properties depend only on the PDMS content. Surface characterization of samples indicated the slightly amphiphilic nature of polyurethanes. The results revealed that the synthesized polyurethanes have good thermal, thermomechanical, and surface properties, which can be tuned and adjusted for coating application by changing the PDMS content or type of the HBP.

Three water-based polyurethane dispersions (PUD) were synthesized by modified dispersing procedure using polycarbonate diol (PCD), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), triethylamine (TEA) and ethylenediamine (EDA). The ionic group content in the polyurethane-ionomer structure was varied by changing the amount of the internal emulsifier, DMPA (4.5, 7.5 and 10 wt.% to the prepolymer weight). The expected structures of obtained materials were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of the DMPA content on the thermal properties of polyurethane films was measured by TGA, DTA, DSC and DMTA methods. Increased DMPA amounts result in the higher hard segment contents and in the increase of the weight loss corresponding to the degradation of the hard segments. The reduction of hard segment content led to the elevated temperature of decomposition and to the decrease of the glass transition temperature and thermoplasticity. The atomic force microscopy (AFM), results indicated that phase separation between hard and soft segment of PUD with higher DMPA content is more significant than of PUD with lower DMPA content. The physico-mechanical properties, such as hardness, adhesion test and gloss of the dried films were also determined considering the effect of DMPA content on coating properties. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two series of polyurethane films based on hyperbranched polyester of the second pseudogeneration (Boltorn?), 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and two different siloxane prepolymers, ?,?-dihydroxy-(ethylene oxide-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-ethylene oxide) (EO-PDMS-EO) and ?,?-dihydroxypropyl-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HP-PDMS), were prepared by two-step polymerization in solution. The influence of the type and content of soft segment on the morphology, thermomechanical and surface properties of the synthesized polyurethanes was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and water absorption measurements. It was found that these techniques confirmed existence of microphase separated morphology. Synthesized polyurethanes exhibited two glass transition temperatures and one second relaxation process. The results showed that polyurethanes based on HP-PDMS had higher surface roughness, better microphase separation and waterproof performances. Samples synthesized with lower PDMS content had less hydrophobic surface, but higher crosslinking density and better thermomechanical properties. (Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 172062]

Aim To assess the relationship between the volume of the carotid bodies (VrCB+lCB) examined by means of computed tomography angiography (CTA) and blood pressure variability and pulse pressure (PP) in 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in patients with essential hypertension. Materials and methods A group of 52 patients with essential hypertension was examined (mean age: 68.32±12.31 years), the sizes of carotid bodies were measured by means of carotid artery CTA, and 24-hour ABPM was carried out. The 24-hour ABPM established systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), PP, SBP variability (SBPV), and DBP variability (DBPV). Results SBP, MAP, and SBPV were significantly higher in the group of hypertension patients with VrCB+lCB equal to or above the median than in the group of hypertension patients with VrCB+lCB less than the median, as well as in the group of hypertension patients with oversized carotid bodies, than in the group of hypertension patients with normal VrCB+lCB. Moreover, the PP was statistically significantly higher in the group of hypertension patients with VrCB+lCB equal to or above the median than in the group of hypertension patients with VrCB+lCB less than the median. The existence of statistically significant positive linear relationships was revealed between VrCB+lCB and SBP, PP, and SBPV. A higher body mass index, older age, smoking, and higher VrCB+lCB are independent risk factors increasing SBPV in the research group. Conclusion A positive relationship between the size of the carotid bodies and variability of the SBP and PP is observed in patients with essential hypertension.

Primary aldosteronism is common cause of secondary hypertension. As a result of high blood pressure it can lead to severe complications, including aortic dissection. We would like to present a case of 40 year-old patient who had resistant hypertension despite administration of multiple drugs. During diagnosis primary aldosteronism was found, complicated by aortic dissection. After introducing the appropriate treatment we managed to significantly reduce the cardiovascular risk.

Lead, cadmium and arsenic represent well recognized toxic agents which in a specific manner disturb function of cardiovascular system. Cystatin C has been accepted to be a significant prognostic factor for cardiovascular diseases. The study aimed at defining relationship between occupational exposure to lead, cadmium and arsenic on one hand and concentration of cystatin C on the other. The studies were performed on 282 men occupationally exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Among the tested individuals several groups of persons were distinguished: exposed exclusively to lead (Pb group), cadmium (Cd group), arsenic (As group), to lead and cadmium (Pb/Cd group), to lead and arsenic (Pb/As group) or to cadmium and arsenic (Cd/As group). In all the individuals serum concentration of cystatin C was estimated. Concentration of cystatin C was found to be significantly higher in Pb group than in Cd and As groups, also in Pb/Cd group higher than in Cd group and in Pb/As group than in As group. Positive linear correlations were established between Pb concentration in blood (Pb-B) and serum concentration of cystatin C (r=0.59; p0.05) as well as between urinary concentration of As (As-U) and serum concentration of cystatin C (r=0.41; p0.05). Regression analysis demonstrated that higher blood level of lead, higher urinary level of arsenic, more advanced age and higher body mass index represented independent risk factors of an increased serum concentration of cystatin C in the group of persons exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic.Higher blood level of lead and higher urinary level of arsenic represented independent risk factors of an increased serum concentration of cystatin C in the group of persons occupationally exposed to lead, cadmium and arsenic. Concentration of lead in blood was significantly influencing serum concentration of cystatin C. The highest mean serum concentration of cystatin C was detected in the group of foundry workers exposed simultaneously to lead and arsenic.

Despite the several years of studies, no factor that could reduce the restenosis rate without significant limitations has been introduced. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of low-power 808-nm laser illumination of coronary vessels after percutaneous angioplasty in preventing restenosis. The procedure of laser intravascular illumination was performed on 52 patients (laser group), and another 49 patients formed the control group. All patients were monitored for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at the 6- and 12-month follow-up points. The MACE rate after 6 and 12 months was 7.7% in the laser group at both points. The MACE rate was 14.3% and 18.5% at 6 and 12 months of follow-up in the control group, respectively (p = NS). Follow-up coronary angiography was performed after 6 months. The difference in the restenosis rate was insignificant (15.0% vs 32.4%); however, significant differences were observed in the minimal lumen diameter (2.18 ± 0.70 vs 1.76 ± 0.74 mm; p < 0.05), late lumen loss (0.53 ± 0.68 vs 0.76 ± 0.76 mm; p < 0.01), and the late lumen loss index (0.28 ± 0.39 vs 0.46 ± 0.43; p < 0.005) in favor of the laser group. In conclusion, the new therapy seemed effective and safe. Marked differences between late loss, late loss index, and minimal lumen diameter were observed. The late lumen loss in the laser group was only slightly greater than that in studies of drug-eluting stents, and MACE rate remained within very comparable ranges. This suggests that intravascular laser illumination could bring advantages comparable to those of drug-eluting stents without the risk of late thrombosis.

The aim of the study was to examine endothelial function in workers occupationally exposed to lead by means of FMD (flow-mediated dilatation). 44 men professionally exposed to lead, smelters and refiners, employees working at copper smelter and control group of 41 healthy men were enrolled into the study. Within the group of men occupationally exposed to lead the absolute increase in diameter after ischaemia (BAD, brachial artery diameter) and flow-mediated dilation were statistically less significant when compared to those of the control group. There was a negative linear correlation between FMD and lead concentration in copper smelters (r = −0.64). Multivariate backward step-wise regression analysis showed that blood lead concentration in copper smelters independently influenced the impairment of endothelial function expressed as decreased FMD value. In conclusion, results of our study suggest that endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilatation was impaired in workers occupationally exposed to lead.

Introduction Renovascular hypertension caused by renal artery stenosis (RAS) accounts for 3-5% of all cases of hypertension. Objectives The aim of the study was to determine the association between SNP rs198389 (T-381 C) polymorphism in the B-type natriuretic peptide promoter (BNP) gene and the degree of RAS in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension. Patients and methods Thirty-six patients scheduled for invasive diagnostic evaluation of atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension were enrolled in the study. Arteriography was performed through a femoral artery access. In order to identify SNP rs198389 (T-381 C) polymorphism in the BNP gene genotyping was performed using genomic DNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. Amplified by polymerase chain reaction and purified product was used to minisequencing. Capillary electrophoresis was applied to separate and detect minisequencing products. The analysis enabled to discriminate TC heterozygotes, TT homozygotes, and CC homozygotes at position 381 of the BNP gene promoter. Results Patients homozygous for C allele occurred more frequently in patients with high-grade RAS in comparison with the moderate and mild stenosis groups. TT homozygotes were observed more frequently in mild stenosis patients compared to the moderate and high-grade stenosis groups. None of the patients who had mild RAS was homozygous for C allele and none of the patients who had severe RAS was homozygous for T allele. Conclusions We demonstrated the association between SNP rs198389 (T-381 C) polymorphism in the BNP gene promoter and the degree of RAS in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular hypertension. It appears that subjects homozygous for C allele at position 381 of the BNP precursor gene promoter are more prone to develop atherosclerotic lesions in renal arteries.

INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular risk factors include independent factors such as advanced age, male gender, family history and modifiable risk factors including cigarette smoking, arterial hypertension, lipid disturbances, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary habits and stress. In contrast, fruit and vegetables consumption, moderate alcohol consumption and physical activity are cardioprotective factors. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to analyze the lifestyle of students from universities of the city of Wroclaw in the aspect of cardiovascular risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS The studies were performed in 240 students of nature faculties from four public universities and one nonpublic postgraduate school. Mean age of participants was 21.5 +/- 1.5 years. A special questionnaire prepared by the authors was used during the study, and the participants filled it anonymously. RESULTS Among the participants 17.4% claimed to use a special diet. Overweight or obesity were declared by 10.3% of the students but it was proved only in 7.7%. Smoking habit was reported by 23.9% of the participants. Students gave the correct answers to questions on diet in 47.7% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Life style and diet habits of the students from Wroclaw universities do not basically differ from the pattern presented by a statistical Pole and it should be modified. In order to improve the present epidemiological situation it is necessary to include problems of preventive medicine in teaching programs in all Polish universities.