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Symptomatic congenital pulmonary malformations (CPMs) are a group of anomalies involving the lungs. The long-term outcomes of these patients are not well known. The present research aimed to study the pulmonary function, respiratory morbidity, and health-related quality of life (QoL) of patients treated for CPMs. All children (1, Z-score) remained lower in operated patients compared to the healthy controls (−1.57 ± SD 1.35 vs. −0.39 ± SD −0.86, p-value 0.005). There were no differences in respiratory morbidity or QoL between the patients and the controls. The surgical approach (lobectomy vs. partial resection) did not affect lung function. A younger age (

Importance: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has potential to reduce prostate cancer mortality but frequently detects prostate cancer that is not clinically important. Objective: To describe rates of low-grade (grade group 1) and high-grade (grade groups 2-5) prostate cancer identified among men invited to participate in a prostate cancer screening protocol consisting of a PSA test, a 4-kallikrein panel, and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Design, Setting, and Participants: The ProScreen trial is a clinical trial conducted in Helsinki and Tampere, Finland, that randomized 61 193 men aged 50 through 63 years who were free of prostate cancer in a 1:3 ratio to either be invited or not be invited to undergo screening for prostate cancer between February 2018 and July 2020. Interventions: Participating men randomized to the intervention underwent PSA testing. Those with a PSA level of 3.0 ng/mL or higher underwent additional testing for high-grade prostate cancer with a 4-kallikrein panel risk score. Those with a kallikrein panel score of 7.5% or higher underwent an MRI of the prostate gland, followed by targeted biopsies for those with abnormal prostate gland MRI findings. Final data collection occurred through June 31, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: In descriptive exploratory analyses, the cumulative incidence of low-grade and high-grade prostate cancer after the first screening round were compared between the group invited to undergo prostate cancer screening and the control group. Results: Of 60 745 eligible men (mean [SD] age, 57.2 [4.0] years), 15 201 were randomized to be invited and 45 544 were randomized not to be invited to undergo prostate cancer screening. Of 15 201 eligible males invited to undergo screening, 7744 (51%) participated. Among them, 32 low-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.41%) and 128 high-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 1.65%) were detected, with 1 cancer grade group result missing. Among the 7457 invited men (49%) who refused participation, 7 low-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.1%) and 44 high-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.6%) were detected, with 7 cancer grade groups missing. For the entire invited screening group, 39 low-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.26%) and 172 high-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 1.13%) were detected. During a median follow-up of 3.2 years, in the group not invited to undergo screening, 65 low-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.14%) and 282 high-grade prostate cancers (cumulative incidence, 0.62%) were detected. The risk difference for the entire group randomized to the screening invitation vs the control group was 0.11% (95% CI, 0.03%-0.20%) for low-grade and 0.51% (95% CI, 0.33%-0.70%) for high-grade cancer. Conclusions and Relevance: In this preliminary descriptive report from an ongoing randomized clinical trial, 1 additional high-grade cancer per 196 men and 1 low-grade cancer per 909 men were detected among those randomized to be invited to undergo a single prostate cancer screening intervention compared with those not invited to undergo screening. These preliminary findings from a single round of screening should be interpreted cautiously, pending results of the study's primary mortality outcome. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03423303 This preliminary descriptive report compares the detection rates of high-grade and low-grade prostate cancer in men invited for prostate cancer screening vs those of the control group not offered screening. Key Points: Question: What were the rates of prostate cancer detection among men randomized to be invited to undergo prostate cancer screening compared with a control group not invited to undergo screening? Findings: In this preliminary report from an ongoing clinical trial, 60 745 men aged 50 through 63 years were randomized either to be invited to undergo prostate cancer screening with a PSA test, a 4-kallikrein panel for those with a PSA of 3.0 ng/mL or higher, and MRI or not to be invited for screening (control group). The risk difference for the group invited to be screened vs the control group was 0.11% for low-grade and 0.51% for high-grade prostate cancer. Meaning: In this preliminary descriptive report, the screening intervention detected 1 high-grade prostate cancer per 196 men and 1 low-grade prostate cancer per 909 men invited to be screened. These preliminary findings should be interpreted cautiously, pending results of the study's primary outcome of prostate cancer mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The testing of plant protection application equipment in Finland is carried out by private testers. The system is very distributed and relies on the availability of testers around the country. In the recent years a risk of poor availability of testers around the country has been identified. To mitigate the risks more testers are needed, which means attracting new people to the business. One obstacle in attracting and recruiting new testers is the availability and accessibility to the training. Trainings are arranged at fixed times at fixed locations and can be difficult to access. There are also other challenges to training of testers. The increasing level of automation and complexity of user interfaces in sprayers requires revisiting and supplementing the training material constantly. New digital technologies for training and education offer new possibilities to arrange trainings and present possible solutions to the challenges facing the training of testers. New e-learning technologies like Massive Open On-line Courses (MOOCS) and virtual reality environments have progressed considerably and have been employed especially during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Finnish Chemicals and Safety Authority (TUKES), Häme University of Applied Sciences (HAMK), and Natural Resources institute Finland (Luke) explored possibilities of new e-learning technologies in arranging training for testers of plant protection application equipment. The study was carried out by identifying challenges facing the training today, deconstructing the current training course and constructing a pedagogical script for a new online training course. Available e-learning platforms and virtual reality environments was studied. From these studies a new concept for arranging training of testers was created. The objective is not to completely replace the current system but to supplement it and make the training more accessible, extendable, re-usable and more interactive. This paper presents the proposed e-learning platform, first experiences and discussion on using such an environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Prediction of intracranial aneurysm growth risk can assist physicians in planning of follow-up imaging of conservatively managed unruptured intracranial aneurysms. We therefore aimed to externally validate the ELAPSS (Earlier subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysm Location, Age, Population, aneurysm Size and Shape) score for prediction of the risk of unruptured intracranial aneurysm growth. Methods From 11 international cohorts of patients ≥18 years with ≥1 unruptured intracranial aneurysm and ≥6 months of radiological follow-up, we collected data on the predictors of the ELAPSS score, and calculated 3- and 5-year absolute growth risks according to the score. Model performance was assessed in terms of calibration (predicted versus observed risk) and discrimination (c-statistic). Results We included 1,072 patients with a total of 1,452 aneurysms. During 4,268 aneurysm-years of follow-up, 199 (14%) aneurysms enlarged. Calibration was comparable to that of the development cohort with the overall observed risks within the range of the expected risks. The c-statistic was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.73) at 3 years, compared to 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.76) in the development cohort. At 5 years, the c-statistic was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.72), compared to 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.75) in the development cohort. Conclusions The ELAPSS score showed accurate calibration for 3- and 5-year risks of aneurysm growth and modest discrimination in our external validation cohort. This indicates that the score is externally valid and could assist patients and physicians in predicting growth of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and plan follow-up imaging accordingly.

In this paper, we study the concept and the potentials of integrated access and backhaul (IAB) as one of the main innovative aspects of 5G networks. We study IAB networks from different perspectives. Particularly, we summarize the recent Rel-16 discussions on IAB, and highlight the main IAB-specific agreements on different protocol layers. Moreover, we present simulations and proof-of-concept testbed results to evaluate the performance of IAB networks in both urban and suburban areas. As show, for both suburban and urban scenarios, IAB is an attractive complement to fiber, with high flexibility and low time-to-market.

Involvement in sport and exercise not only provides participants with health benefits but can be an important aspect of living a meaningful life. The COVID-19 pandemic and the temporary cessation of public life in March/April/May 2020 came with restrictions, which probably also made it difficult, if not impossible, to participate in certain types of sport or exercise. Following the philosophical position that different types of sport and exercise offer different ways of “relating to the world,” this study explored (dis)continuity in the type of sport and exercise people practiced during the pandemic-related lockdown, and possible effects on mood. Data from a survey of 601 adult exercisers, collected shortly after the COVID-19 outbreak in Finland, were analyzed. Approximately one third (35%) of the participants changed their “worldmaking” and shifted to “I–Nature”-type activities. We observed worse mood during the pandemic in those who shifted from “I–Me,” compared to those who had preferred the “I–Nature” relation already before the pandemic and thus experienced continuity. The clouded mood of those experiencing discontinuity may be the result of a temporary loss of “feeling at home” in their new exercise life-world. However, further empirical investigation must follow, because the observed effect sizes were small.

The scratch resistance of polymers is important for numerous applications, as scratching can lead to degradation of surface properties and also represents an elementary process in abrasive wear. However, scratching of polymers is a complex process involving several modes of deformation, and theoretical understanding of it is incomplete. Numerical modeling is a potentially useful means towards a clearer picture of the scratching process, but the central role of tip-substrate contact and highly localized large deformations makes finite element analysis (FEA) challenging. Here, we take further the numerical approach by investigating a highly ductile semi-crystalline polymer by FEA and taking the inherent rate dependency of polymers into account by using an elasto-viscoplastic material model. Two γ-Al2O3 and f-Al2O3 HDPE nanocomposites, which have shown themselves to be suitable for tribological applications, are studied. We discussed the effect of nanofillers on the scratch behavior and highlight the significance of recovery properties, which still pose a challenge to numerical modeling.

Since the introduction of targeted therapies (TTs) for metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC) in 2005, a limited amount of epidemiological data on efficacy of modern drug therapies for synchronous mRCC has been published. We present a comprehensive nationwide cohort including all cases of primarily metastasized renal cell cancer among adults diagnosed between 2005 and 2010, based on data from the Finnish Cancer Registry and patient records from treating hospitals. Applied treatment protocols and survival outcomes were analyzed. A total of 977 patients were included in the analysis; 499 patients were diagnosed between 2005 and 2007 and 478 patients were diagnosed between 2008 and 2010. The median overall survival (OS) was 8.80 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 7.60–10.02). The median OS of the patients diagnosed at the latter era was significantly better (11.1; 95% CI: 8.8–13.4 vs. 7.0; 95% CI: 5.7–8.3 months, p≤0.001). A total number of 524 (53.8%) patients received drug therapy. Altogether, TTs including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi), and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor covered 331 (63.2%) of first-line treatments, whereas interferon and its combinations with chemotherapy were used for 186 (35.5%) patients. The median OS rates for TT and interferon as first-line therapy groups were 19.9 (16.9–22.8) and 14.9 (12.3–17.4) months, respectively. The OS for patients who did not receive drug therapy after cytoreductive nephrectomy was dismal. We found that the OS estimate of mRCC patients in Finland has improved since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, the prognosis remains poor for frail, elderly patients with an impaired performance status.

Virtual Reality (VR) is a critical emerging technology in industrial contexts, as it facilitates collaboration and supports the product development lifecycle. However, its broad adoption is constrained by complex and high-cost integration. The use of VR among devices with various immersion and control levels may solve this obstacle, and increase the scalability of VR technologies. This article presents a case study on applying asymmetry between the COVE-VR platform and Microsoft Teams to enable distributed collaboration of multinational departments and enhance the maintenance method and documentation creation processes. Overall, five remote collaborative sessions were held with 20 experts from four countries. Our findings suggest that asymmetry between head-mounted display and Teams users enhances the quality of communication among geographically dispersed teams and their spatial understanding, which positively influences knowledge transfer and efficiency of industrial processes. Based on qualitative evaluation of the asymmetric VR setup, we further suggest a list of guidelines on how to enhance the collaboration efficiency for low-cost distributed asymmetric VR from three perspectives: organization, collaboration and technology.

In this essay we critically reflect on our respective journeys to and within cultural sport psychology (CSP). Since the inception, CSP scholars have advocated for opening the privileged academic space for marginalised voices and omitted subject themes; as well as cautioned researchers that the CSP project itself needs to be constantly revisited and reworked to keep it in progressive flux. We argue that, despite some notable advances, CSP remains a predominantly white Anglo-American intellec-tual space and that previous calls to engage with issues of power and privilege in the prevailing knowledge production have been largely unanswered. The lack of diverse voices within the CSP community may be a sign of stagnation. Therefore, we believe that sport psychology community would do well to discuss the ways in which CSP research and academic/applied practices may be al-ienating to the new generation of sport scholars and activists.

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI) and it’s also considered for treating other indications. Metagenomic studies have indicated that commensal donor bacteria may colonize FMT recipients, but cultivation has not been employed to verify strain-level colonization. We combined molecular profiling of Bifidobacterium populations with cultivation, molecular typing, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to isolate and identify strains that were transferred from donors to recipients. Several Bifidobacterium strains from two donors were recovered from 13 recipients during the 1-year follow-up period after FMT. The strain identities were confirmed by WGS and comparative genomics. Our results show that specific donor-derived bifidobacteria can colonize rCDI patients for at least 1 year, and thus FMT may have long-term consequences for the recipient‘s microbiota and health. Conceptually, we demonstrate that FMT trials combined with microbial profiling can be used as a platform for discovering and isolating commensal strains with proven colonization capacity for potential therapeutic use.

Activation of pregnane X receptor (PXR) elevates circulating 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), an agonist of liver X receptor (LXR). PXR may also regulate 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. Our aim was to elucidate the roles of PXR and oxysterols in the regulation of cholesterol transporters. We measured oxysterols in serum of volunteers dosed with PXR agonist rifampicin 600 mg/day versus placebo for a week and analyzed the expression of cholesterol transporters in mononuclear cells. The effect of 4βHC on the transport of cholesterol and the expression of cholesterol transporters was studied in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages and foam cells in vitro. The expression of cholesterol transporters was measured also in rat tissues after dosing with a PXR agonist. The levels of 4βHC were elevated, while 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol remained unchanged in volunteers dosed with rifampicin. The expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was induced in human mononuclear cells in vivo. The influx of cholesterol was repressed by 4βHC, as was the expression of influx transporter lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 in vitro. The cholesterol efflux and the expression of efflux transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 were induced. The expression of inducible degrader of the LDL receptor was induced. In rats, PXR agonist increased circulating 4βHC and expression of LXR targets in peripheral tissues, especially ABCA1 and ABCG1 in heart. In conclusion, PXR activation-elevated 4βHC is a signaling molecule that represses cholesterol influx and induces efflux. The PXR-4βHC-LXR pathway could link the hepatic xenobiotic exposure and the regulation of cholesterol transport in peripheral tissues.

Soils are important sources of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. These nitrogen (N)-containing gases play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and climate at different scales because of reactions modulated by NO and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which are formed via HONO photolysis. Northern permafrost soils have so far remained unexplored for HONO and NO emissions despite their high N stocks, capacity to emit nitrous oxide (N _2 O), and enhancing mineral N turnover due to warming and permafrost thawing. Here, we report the first HONO and NO emissions from high-latitude soils based on measurements of permafrost-affected subarctic peatlands. We show large HONO (0.1–2.4 µ g N m ^−2 h ^−1 ) and NO (0.4–59.3 µ g N m ^−2 h ^−1 ) emissions from unvegetated peat surfaces, rich with mineral N, compared to low emissions (⩽0.2 µ g N m ^−2 h ^−1 for both gases) from adjacent vegetated surfaces (experiments with intact peat cores). We observed HONO production under highly variable soil moisture conditions from dry to wet. However, based on complementary slurry experiments, HONO production was strongly favored by high soil moisture and anoxic conditions. We suggest urgent examination of other Arctic landscapes for HONO and NO emissions to better constrain the role of these reactive N gases in Arctic atmospheric chemistry.