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Bacotoma Moore, 1885 is reviewed including the description of a new species from Hainan Island, B. hainanensis sp. nov., based on an analysis that combined morphology and mitochondrial DNA. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Platamonina Shaffer & Munroe, 2007, syn. nov. is synonymized with Bacotoma and ten species are included: B. ampliatalis (Lederer, 1863) comb. nov., B. binotalis (Warren, 1896) comb. nov., B. camillusalis (Walker, 1859), B. cuprealis (Moore, 1877) comb. nov., B. hainanensis sp. nov., B. illatalis (Walker, 1866), B. oggalis (Swinhoe, 1906) comb. nov., B. poecilura (Hering, 1903) comb. nov., B. ptochura (Meyrick, 1894) comb. nov., and B. violata (Fabricius, 1787). Syngamia albiceps Hampson, 1912 syn. nov. is confirmed to be a synonym of Bacotoma binotalis, and Platamonia medinalis Snellen, 1900 syn. nov. is synonymized with Bacotoma illatalis. A key to species examined is also provided based on external morphology and male genitalia.

The air-sea gas transfer velocity (K660) is typically assessed as a function of the 10-m neutral wind speed (U10n), but there remains substantial uncertainty in this relationship. Here K660 of CO2 derived with the eddy covariance (EC) technique from eight datasets (11 research cruises) are reevaluated with consistent consideration of solubility and Schmidt number and inclusion of the ocean cool skin effect. K660 shows an approximately linear dependence with the friction velocity (u*) in moderate winds, with an overall relative standard deviation (relative standard error) of about 20% (7%). The largest relative uncertainty in K660 occurs at low wind speeds, while the largest absolute uncertainty in K660 occurs at high wind speeds. There is an apparent regional variation in the steepness of the K660-u* relationships: North Atlantic ≥ Southern Ocean > other regions (Arctic, Tropics). Accounting for sea state helps to collapse some of this regional variability in K660 using the wave Reynolds number in very large seas and the mean squared slope of the waves in small to moderate seas. The grand average of EC-derived K660(−1.47 + 76.67u*+ 20.48u*2 or 0.36 + 1.203U10n+ 0.167U10n2) is similar at moderate to high winds to widely used dual tracer-based K660 parametrization, but consistently exceeds the dual tracer estimate in low winds, possibly in part due to the chemical enhancement in air-sea CO2 exchange. Combining the grand average of EC-derived K660 with the global distribution of wind speed yields a global average transfer velocity that is comparable with the global radiocarbon (14C) disequilibrium, but is ~20% higher than what is implied by dual tracer parametrizations. This analysis suggests that CO2 fluxes computed using a U10n2 dependence with zero intercept (e.g., dual tracer) are likely underestimated at relatively low wind speeds.

This chapter addresses three topics. Most theory-of-mind research has focused on mental states, and thus understanding of beliefs, desires, emotions, and so forth. Mental states, however, are not the only mental content of interest; rather such states both follow from and lead to mental actions (thinking, guessing, inferring, etc.). The first section of the chapter discusses knowledge of mental actions. The second section addresses beliefs about the targets for mental state attributions, with a focus on both general status variables (e.g., age, gender, culture) and specific familiarity as possible determinants of response. Also considered is work on so-called extraordinary minds—specifically, beliefs about God and beliefs about robots. Finally, the concluding section of the chapter discusses what children believe about mind and brain and the relation between the two concepts.

As the title indicates, this chapter provides an introduction to the chapters that follow. The chapter begins with a discussion of an issue that is central to the book’s premise: the distinction between first-order theory of mind and advanced theory of mind. As part of this discussion, the chapter introduces the two most often used measures of each construct: the first-order false belief task and the second-order false belief task. The chapter then moves to an overview of the major theories of theory of mind, noting that each was initially devised solely to explain first-order developments. The chapter concludes with a preview of what is to come in each of the book’s remaining chapters.

Possible declines in cognitive functioning as people age have long been a topic of the basic aging literature. In recent years theory of mind has assumed a prominent role in such research. As with cognition in general, declines in theory of mind are by no means inevitable as people age. They are fairly common, however, and they become both more likely and more pronounced with increased age. Declines are especially likely for the developments considered throughout this book: namely advanced forms of theory of mind. Although such problems are by no means limited to cases of dementia, they are especially severe in such cases, and Alzheimer’s disease is discussed as an example. The chapter concludes with a return to the topic of neuroimaging, in this case with a focus on changes in brain anatomy and brain functioning as people age.

As the title indicates, this chapter examines effects of modifications in the methods to study first-order developments. Both complications and simplifications are discussed with respect to two developments: perspective taking and false belief. The complications reveal further developments in understanding beyond those revealed by the typical methods of study. Although the simplifications have been of interest primarily with respect to infant competencies, they also suggest methods of solution that extend into adulthood. The chapter concludes with a relatively new and important topic: the contribution of neuroimaging research to an understanding of theory of mind.

This chapter has two goals: to summarize the major conclusions that emerge from the research reviewed throughout the book, and to identify needed directions for future study. The most general conclusion is that various forms of advanced theory of mind develop across the childhood and adolescent years and add significantly to the achievements of the first 5 years. We now know quite a bit about the nature, origins, and effects of advanced theory of mind. The theoretical explanations for such developments, however, lag well behind the empirical picture. In addition to the need for more theory, the second section of the chapter identifies four directions for future research: more cultural study, more longitudinal study, more study of the targets for judgment, and more study of a wider range of individual differences.

Theory of mind (i.e., beliefs about the mental world) has been perhaps the most heavily researched topic in developmental psychology for close to 30 years. Most research has concentrated on the first 5 years of life, a time period during which a number of important developmental changes occur. No one, however, has ever believed that the development of theory of mind is complete by age 5, and recent years have seen the growth of a substantial research literature directed to further developments across the middle childhood and adolescent years. This book brings together this large and diverse body of work. Four interrelated themes recur throughout the book. One concerns the descriptive picture for the target of study: What is the nature of theory of mind across different parts of the lifespan? In particular, how does the study of advanced developments add to the well-documented problems and achievements of the first 5 years? A second theme concerns how to explain the developmental changes that are observed, both the commonalties that characterize development and individual differences in the speed or the extent of mastery. A third theme concerns the effects of theory of mind on other aspects of development. Of interest are both individual differences within the normative range and the effects of clinical conditions, most notably autism. A final theme is the theoretical question of how best to characterize advanced theory of mind. A central issue is whether theories designed to explain early developments can be successfully extended to more advanced forms of understanding.

This chapter provides a complement to the preceding chapter through its focus on forms of affective understanding. As in the cognitive domain, understanding of emotions is a multifaceted development whose mastery extends from infancy through adulthood. This conclusion emerges from a long-standing literature under the emotion understanding heading, as well as from advanced theory-of-mind measures designed for such study (e.g., Strange Stories, Faux Pas). As in Chapter 2, the descriptive picture is followed by a review of research directed to the origins of such understanding, a review that addresses the factors discussed under the cognitive heading (language, executive function, culture, parenting) and adds two others: gender and genetics. The chapter concludes with an important and controversial topic: how well measures of advanced theory of mind, both cognitive and affective, fit together, and whether evidence exists for a common underpinning for advanced developments.

Much of the discussion to this point has concerned the origins of individual differences in theory of mind. Theory of mind, however, has always been of interest not simply as an important outcome of development but also as a contributor to other outcomes. This chapter begins with a discussion of the methodological challenges in establishing such cause-and-effect connections. It then reviews work directed to cognitive outcomes for which theory of mind, including advanced theory of mind, has been shown to be a contributor (although never the sole contributor). This research includes outcomes in the academic domain (reading, writing, science), children’s ability to teach others, and various individual differences in language ability, including sensitivity to others’ mental states and understanding of nonliteral utterances.

Consequences of theory of mind are not limited to the cognitive domain. The present chapter discusses a range of social outcomes for which theory of mind, again including advanced theory of mind, has been shown to be a contributor. Relatively good theory of mind is associated with a number of positive social outcomes, including prosocial behavior, positive relations with peers, cooperation, moral reasoning, and moral emotions. Conversely, relatively poor theory of mind is a predictor of negative outcomes, the most often studied of which is aggression. There is also intriguing evidence that theory-of-mind skills may sometimes be used for negative purposes; bullying is one proposed example, and Machiavellian traits are another.

The study of theory of mind in clinical conditions can provide two important kinds of information. One kind is information about the condition itself and possible forms of treatment or prevention. The other is about theory of mind. This chapter discusses what is known about theory of mind in five clinical syndromes: autism spectrum disorder (by far the most thoroughly studied condition), deafness, specific language impairment, depression, and schizophrenia. In each instance, theory of mind is impaired, often severely so, and in each instance impaired theory of mind is a contributor to the adjustment and behavioral problems that accompany the disorder. The chapter concludes, as did the preceding one, with studies of brain structure and brain functioning, in this case with respect to two of the conditions discussed earlier in the chapter: autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.

Theory of mind involves understanding of both cognitive states (e.g., beliefs, perceptions) and affective states (e.g., emotions, empathy). This chapter addresses the first of these topics. It begins with a further discussion of second-order false belief, followed by an overview of several other often used measures of cognitive understanding. In each instance, mastery develops gradually across the grade-school and adolescent years, and thus well beyond the time period for first-order developments. Indeed, in some instances performance is not perfect even in adulthood. The concluding sections of the chapter then address the contexts in which such understanding develops and is expressed. Included are discussions of culture (still an understudied variable), language, executive function, parenting (clearly important), and siblings.

This article is composed of three independent commentaries about the state of Integrated, Coordinated, Open, Networked (ICON) principles (Goldman et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10508554.1) in the Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism, and Electromagnetism (GPE) section and discussion on the opportunities and challenges of adopting them. Each commentary focuses on a different topic: Global collaboration, reproducibility, data sharing and infrastructure; Inclusive equitable, and accessible science: Involvement, challenges, and support of early career, BIPOC, women, LGBTQIA+, and/or disabled researchers; Community engagement, citizen science, education, and stakeholder involvement. Data sharing practices and open repository use still varies strongly between GPE communities. Some have a long tradition of data sharing; others are only starting it. Globally, GPE leadership is strongly dominated by white males and diversity may increase through the creation of Science Equality Commissions. Improved global stakeholder involvement can increase research impacts and help fight inequalities. In all investigated topics we see promising beginnings but also recognize obstacles that include a lack of funding, a lack of understanding of diversity, and prioritizing short-term gain over long-term benefit. Nonetheless, we are hopeful that our community will embrace ICON science

Acylated nucleoside analogues play an important role in medicinal chemistry and are extremely useful precursors to various other nucleoside analogues. However, chemoselective acylation of nucleosides usually requires several protection and deprotection steps due to the competing nucleophilicity of hydroxy and amino groups. In contrast, direct protecting-group-free chemoselective acylation of nucleosides is a preferred strategy due to lower cost and fewer overall synthetic steps. Herein, a simple and efficient chemoselective acylation of nucleosides and nucleotides under mild reaction conditions, giving either O- or N-acylated products respectively with excellent chemoselectivity is reported.

We report the 3.5-Mb draft genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain Nb3U1, which was isolated from a microbial mat sample collected from Nakabusa Hot Spring, Nagano, Japan.

Both natural and anthropogenic stressors are increasing on coral reefs, resulting in large-scale loss of coral and potential shifts from coral- to macroalgae-dominated community states. Two factors implicated in shifts to macroalgae are nutrient enrichment and fishing of reef herbivores. Although either of these factors alone could facilitate establishment of macroalgae, reefs may be particularly vulnerable to coral-to-algae phase shifts in which strong bottom-up forcing from nutrient enrichment is accompanied by a weakening of herbivore control of macroalgae via intense fishing. We explored spatial heterogeneity and covariance in these drivers on reefs in the lagoons of Moorea, French Polynesia, where the local fishery heavily targets herbivorous fishes and there are spatially variable inputs of nutrients from agricultural fertilizers and wastewater systems. Spatial patterns of fishing and nutrient enrichment were not correlated at the two landscape scales we examined: among the 11 interconnected lagoons around the island or among major habitats (fringing reef, mid-lagoon, back reef) within a lagoon. This decoupling at the landscape scale resulted from patterns of covariation between enrichment and fishing that differed qualitatively between cross-shore and long-shore directions. At the cross-shore scale, nutrient enrichment declined but fishing increased from shore to the crest of the barrier reef. By contrast, nutrient enrichment and fishing were positively correlated in the long-shore direction, with both increasing with proximity to a pass in the barrier reef. Contrary to widespread assumptions in the scientific literature that human coastal population density correlates with impact on marine ecosystems and that fishing effort declines linearly with distance from the shore, these local stressors produced a complex spatial mosaic of reef vulnerabilities. Our findings support spatially explicit management involving the control of anthropogenic nutrients and strategic reductions in fishing pressure on herbivores by highlighting specific areas to target for management actions.

Ventilator sharing has been proposed as a method of increasing ventilator capacity during instances of critical shortage. We sought to assess the ability of a regulated, shared ventilator system, the multisplit ventilator system, to individualize support to multiple simulated patients using one ventilator. We employed simulated patients of varying size, compliance, minute ventilation requirement, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) requirement. Performance tests were performed to assess the ability of the system, versus control, to achieve individualized respiratory goals to clinically disparate patients sharing a single ventilator following ARDSNet guidelines (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). Resilience tests measured the effects of simulated adverse events occurring to one patient on another patient sharing a single ventilator. The multisplit ventilator system met individual oxygenation and ventilation requirements for multiple simulated patients with a tolerance similar to that of a single ventilator. Abrupt endotracheal tube occlusion or extubation occurring to one patient resulted in modest, clinically tolerable changes in ventilation parameters for the remaining patients. The proof-of-concept ventilator system presented in this paper is a regulated, shared ventilator system capable of individualizing ventilatory support to clinically dissimilar simulated patients. It is resilient to common adverse events and represents a feasible option to ventilate multiple patients during a severe ventilator shortage.

Solution stability of analytes plays an important part in qualitative analysis, especially in conducting accurate, quantitative analyses. Sample diluents and glass vials as sample containers for HPLC analyses can play a critical role and should be evaluated during chromatographic method development. We have encountered several instances during pharmaceutical development where the glass vial/diluent combination has negatively impacted method performance. One case encompasses adsorption of piperazine, a secondary amine, to non-silanized glass vials, resulting in recovery failures during analytical method transfer. Two further cases describe the propensity for peracetylated C-aryl glucosides being subject chemical transformations relating to sample diluent. The first reports transesterification with methanol-based diluents and the second describes hydrolysis with acetonitrile/water diluents mediated by the mild alkalinity of certain brands of Type I borosilicate vials. A final case explores development of a related substance method, it was found that an impurity was prone to hydrolysis and another impurity with a primary amine tended to be adsorbed on glass vials. Diluents of appropriate pH and buffer strength were strategically selected to neutralize the mild alkalinity of the glass vials as well as to mitigate adsorption of the amine analyte on glass vials. As a result, excellent sample stability and reproducibility were achieved, regardless the quality and brand of Type I glass vials used. Here we present four case studies that demonstrate how the negative impact of Type I glass vials on those susceptible analytes can be effectively eliminated by using appropriate sample diluents, which is essential to ensure accurate analytical data and provide for a smooth method validation and transfer.

The recently proposed index modulation-based up-link orthogonal frequency division multiple access (IM-OFDMA) scheme has outperformed the conventional schemes in terms of spectral efficiency and error performance. However, the induced computational complexity at the receiver forms a bottleneck in real-time implementation due to the joint detection of all users. In this paper, based on deep learning principles, a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based signal detector is proposed for data detection in IM-OFDMA systems instead of the optimum Maximum Likelihood (ML) detector. A CNN-based detector is constructed with the created dataset of the IM-OFDMA transmission by offline training. Then, the convolutional neural network (CNN)-based detector is directly applied to the IM-OFMDA communication scheme to detect the transmitted signal by treating the received signal and channel state information (CSI) as inputs. The proposed CNN-based detector is able to reduce the order of the computational complexity from O(n2n) to O(n2) as compared to the ML detector with a slight impact on the error performance.