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U radu su opisani glavni stresni abiotski činitelji koji se pojavljuju u proizvodnji soje. Abiotski stresovi uključuju ekstreme u vremenskim uvjetima (ekstremne temperature, ekstremna vlažnost ili suša), zatim stres zbog pomanjkanja ili neuravnoteženog odnosa hraniva, prekomjernost pesticida te mehanička i druga oštećenja. Jačina i tip oštećenja biljke soje varira u ovisnosti o genotipu, stadiju razvoja biljke, vremenu oštećenja i obuhvaćenom dijelu biljke.

Tijekom cijele vegetacije, od sjetve do žetve, štetnici se mogu naći na soji. Oni mogu napadati sve dijelove biljke soje: korijenov sustav, kvržice na korijenu, stabljiku, listove cvjetove, mahune i sjeme. U radu je dat i detaljni opis te način suzbijanja nekih od najvažnijih štetnika u proizvodnim područjima soje u RH, a to su:lisna sovice, stričkov šarenjak, gusjenice, grinje i stjenice

Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, ribarstva i ruralnog razvoja izdalo je rješenje (Ur. broj 525-02-1-0012/09-2, od 27. 02. 2009., Zagreb)o priznavanju domaće sorte soje pod nazivom Mara. Oplemenjivači sorte su Marija Vratarić, Aleksandra Sudarić i Tomislav Duvnjak, a vlasnik je Poljoprivredni institut Osijek. Sorta je bila uključena u službena ispitivanja pod oznakom OS-20-05 u razdoblju od 2006. do 2008. godine na lokacijama Lovas, Osijek, Beli Manastir i Kutjevo. DUS ispitivanje je provedeno u Mađarskoj. Prema grupi zriobe ubraja se u grupu 0-I.

U radu je dat prikaz mjera njege usjeva soje koje slijede nakon sjetve i nicanja usjeva, a izvode se tijekom vegetacije. Osnovna podijela je na mehaničke i kemijske. U mehaničke mjere njege usjeva soje ubrajaju se: međuredna kultivacija, ručno pljevljenje korova, prihrana dušikom. U kemijske mjere usjeva ubrajaju se suzbijanje korova i zaštita usjeva od bolesti i štetnika primjenom kemijskih pripravaka. U radu je dat popis (trgovački naziv, djelatna tvar, količina , namjena)registriranih herbicida za primjenu nakon nicanja soje.

Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti genetsko poboljšanje uroda i kakvoće zrna soje u okviru oplemenjivačkog programa soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek, usporedbom vrijednosti elitnih linija sa standardima kroz poljske pokuse (2002.-2004. ; Osijek). Varijabilnost i genetski parametri određivani su za urod zrna te količinu bjelančevina i ulja u zrnu. Dobiveni rezultati ukazali su na postignuti genetski napredak u rodnosti i kakvoći zrna soje unutar grupa zriobe 00, 0 i I. Visoku agronomsku vrijednost novih ranih elitnih linija soje potvrdili su i rezultati Komisije za priznavanje sorti R. Hrvatske za dvije sorte soje ('Tena' i 'Toma') priznate 2008. godine Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek.

Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, ribarstva i ruralnog razvoja izdalo je rješenje ((Ur. broj 525-02-1-0012/09-2 od 27. 02. 2009., Zagreb) o priznavanju domaće sorte soje pod nazivom Sanda. Oplemenjivači sorte su Marija Vratarić, Aleksandra Sudarić i Tomislav Duvnjak, a vlasnik je Poljoprivredni institut Osijek. Sorta je bila uključena u službena ispitivanja pod oznakom OS-38-05 u razdoblju od 2006. do 2008. na lokacijama Osijek, Kutjevo, Nova Gradiška i Zagreb. DUS ispitivanje je provedeno u Mađarskoj. Prema grupi zriobe ubraja se u grupu 0-I.

Soja je najlakše dostupan i jeftin izvor dodatnih bjelančevina hrani za ljude, stoku i perad. Hranidbena vrijednost soje međutim je ograničena zbog neprobavljivosti galaktooligosaharida koji uzrokuju nadimanje. S druge strane povećan je interes oligosaharida za primjenu kao nutraceutika. Cilj ovog rada bio je procijeniti metodu ekstrakcije razdvajanja, identifikacije i kvantifikacije topljivih saharida (monosaharida, saharoze, rafinoze i stahioze) u soji. Četiri uzorka soje su samljevena, a zatim ekstrahirana vodom tijekom 10, 20 i 30 minuta pri 25 i 50 C zbog utvrđivanja razlike u količini saharida u odnosu na vrijeme i temperaturu ekstrakcije. Razdvajanje je provedeno na visokorazlučivom tekućinskom kromatografskom sustavu (HPLC) opremljenim izokratnom pumpom, MetaCharb Ca plus kolonom i refraktiv indeks detektorom. Saharidi su identificirani iz vodenog ekstrakta uzorka prema vremenu zadržavanja i kvantificirani postupkom externog standarda prema površini pikova. Rezultati su pokazali da je najučinkovitija ekstrakcija saharida tijekom 20 minuta pri 50 C. Pri ovim uvjetima ekstrakcije količina ukupnih šećera kretala se u rasponu od 7, 858% do 9, 030%, a oligosaharidi su zastupljeni 33, 88% - 49, 24% u odnosu na ukupne šećere u uzorcima soje.

Endoparasitic nematodes (EPN) have detrimental effect on plant growth but also substantialy affect nutrient dynamics in ecosystem. Association of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) increases plant access to immobile soil minerals, and therby increase plant growth rates. Mycorrhize influence the colonization of roots by other microorganisms and may reduce the susceptibility of roots to nematodes. SYince, there is direct competition for space, the mutual antagonism between EPN and AMF has been observed. The objectives were to determine the effect of soybean cultivars on EPN density in roots and root lenght colonization by AMF and their correlation. The cultivar effects and relationship between EPN and AMF colonization in soybean roots has been observed in roots of seven soybean culktivars, in randomized complete block design experiment. Significant differences were found between cultivars for the root infection by EPN and AMF colonization depending on the month of investigation. Relationship between the cultivars concerning interaction between EPN and AMF was found to be positive or negative depending on the cultivar and month. Three cultivars (OS-1-0, OS-2-I, and OS-3-I) had strong negative correlation while the strength of correlations of other cultivars were weak. Our results suggest that mutual inhibition between EPN and SMF in soybean roots existed depending on the cultivar and the plant genotype as such affects their relationship.

Ministarstvo poljoprivrede, ribarstva i ruralnog razvoja izdalo je rješenje (Ur. broj 525-2-08-2, od 13. 02. 2008., Zagreb) o priznavanju domaće sorte soje pod nazivom Tena. Oplemenjivači sorte su Marija Vratarić i Aleksandra Sudarić, a vlasnik je Poljoprivredni institut Osijek. Sorta je bila uključena u službena ispitivanja pod oznakom OS-96-04 u razdoblju od 2005. do 2007. na lokacijama Osijek, Kutjevo, Nova Gradiška i Zagreb. DUS ispitivanje je provedeno u Mađarskoj. Prema grupi zriobe ubraja se u grupu 0-I.

Soybean is the leading oil crop in the world, accounting for 60% of all oilseeds produced and 35% of the total supply of all vegetable oils. The genetic improvement of soybean germplasm, based on conventional breeding strategies, contributes to advances in production and food processing industry by developing high-yielding and high-quality soybean cultivars, hereby enhancing value-added, healthy and safe properties of final soy products. Therefore, genetic improvement of cultivars could be characterized as an integral part of sustainable food production. This study was aimed to evaluate genetic advance in oil quantity in seed of the recently soybean elite lines developed at the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Croatia) over field tests from 2002 to 2004 year in Osijek as well as to determine triacylglycerols (TAGs)in oil of the most promising OS soybean lines. Biometrical analysis indicated on genetic diversity as well as realized genetic advance in oil quantity in grain of domestic soybean germplasm. Analysis of TAGs showed that in oil of the best OS soybean lines, the greatest portion have: LLL (19.3%), LLO (16.3%), LLP (13.5%) and LOP (12.15%), medium portion (6.6-9.3%) have: LOO, OOO, LnLL, and low portion (

Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti povezanost učinka bakterizacije i rodnosti genotipova soje. Učinkovitost bakterizacije bila je visokoznačajno pozitivna kod svih ispitivanih genotipova soje, a prosječno povećanje vrijednosti analiziranih svojstava iznosilo je 21, 3% za visinu biljke, 18, 1% za broj mahuna, 16, 6% za broj zrna, 23, 7% za masu zrna, 4, 9% za žetveni indeks te 14, 1% za urod zrna. Dobiveni rezultati ukazali su na razlike između genotipova u iskoristivosti procesa simbiotske nitrofiksacije, a kroz to na mogućnost korištenja ovog svojstva za daljnji genetski napredak kultivara soje. U oplemenjivanju soje, selekcija usmjerena na povećanje potencijala nitrofiksacije germplazme soje imala bi ekonomsku i ekološku opravdanost u proizvodnji soje.

The soybean breeding work at the Agricultural Institute Osijek has focused on the permanently development of high-yielding cultivars with genetic yield potential of 5-6 t/ha, satisfactory grain quality (protein and oil content), high tolerance to the principal diseases (Peronospora manshurica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex), high resistance to lodging, stress conditions over vegetation and pod shatering as well as satisfactory stability in level and quality of grain and wide adaptability. Results of this continued and intensive breeding work are 36 registered cultivars which significantly contributed and contribute to the development, improving and increasing of soybean production in Republic of Croatia. Further genetic improvement of soybean cultivars is based on the modern breeding strategies including combination of conventional breeding methods and recent chemical, biochemical, fitopathology and molecular analyses. Regarding to molecular analyses, in recent years, in the frame of the soybean breeding program has initiated by application of molecular markers technology as criterion for estimation genetic diversity for both soybean germplasm and pathogens from Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex on soybean, as well. The initial fingerprinting of several OS soybean genotypes has performed in collaboration with the University of Guelph (Canada) in their biomolecular laboratory using simple sequence repeats (SSR). The obtained results enabled new access in choosing parental pairs. Combining molecular markers technique with pedigree information, phenotypic markers and statistical procedure has provided a useful tool for more accurate and complete evaluation of genetic diversity and its more effective utilisation into current soybean breeding program. The detecion of pathogens from Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex on soybean on molecular level has performed in collaboration with the Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale (Rome, Italy) in their micological and biomolecular laboratories using method of artificial infection and RFLP markers. Obtained data are incorporated in our breeding work for improving soybean genotypes tolerance on metioned pathogens. In a whole, implementation of molecular marker technology into soybean breeding program at the Institute represents basis for significantly increasing of its quality, sucess, efficiency and competitivenes and enables further genetic improvement of cultivars. Each increasing of soybean production, resulting from genetic improved cultivars, is considerable national economical profit.

Soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr), s obzirom na površine koje zauzima danas u svijetu (oko 92 mil. ha), na globalnoj razini je glavni izvor bjelančevina visokih hranidbenih vrijednosti te značajna uljna kultura. U Republici Hrvatskoj, proizvodnja soje ima pozitivne trendove i u površinama i u urodima zrna zadnjih nekoliko godina. Horizontalno proširenje soje kao kulture i povećanje uroda zrna rezultiralo je iz genetskog unaprijeđenja sorata i unaprijeđenja tehnologije proizvodnje kao i povećanog interesa države prema ovoj kulturi. Genetski napredak sorata rezultat je višegodišnjeg, kontinuiranog i intenzivnog oplemenjivačkog rada. Doprinos oplemenjivačkog programa soje u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek razvoju, stabilnosti i unaprijeđenju proizvodnje soje u Republici Hrvatskoj je fundamentalan i vrlo značajan kroz stalni razvoj sorata visokog i stabilnog uroda i kakvoće zrna, visoke tolerantnosti na glavne bolesti kao i otpornosti na polijeganje i pucanje mahuna u zriobi te široke adaptabilnosti. Rezultat dosadašnjeg rada na oplemenjivanju soje u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek je 36 priznatih sorti soje u okvirima 00 do II grupe zriobe, a od toga dvije su priznate i u inozemstvu. Većina priznatih sorata prošla je, nalazi se ili će biti uvedena u široku proizvodnju (sada je oko 10 sorata Instituta u proizvodnji i pokriva više od 60% ukupnih površina pod sojom). Daljnji genetski napredak sorata soje bit će temeljen na primjeni suvremenih oplemenjivačkih metoda što uključuje kombinaciju klasičnih oplemenjivačkih metoda sa suvremenim kemijskim, biokemijskim, fitopatološkim i molekularnim analizama. Svako povećanje prozvodnje soje koje rezultira iz genetskog poboljšanja sorata predstavlja značajan nacionalni ekonomski profit.

Plamenjača soje (uzročnik Peronospora manshuricam(Naum.) Syd.ex Gaum), jedna je od bolesti koja se najčešće javlja u proizvodnji ove ratarske kulture u svijetu. Pojava i intenzitet bolesti ovisi o vremenskim prilikama tijekom vegetacije, agresivnosti patogena, te osjetljivosti kultivara. Poznavanje dobrih izvora otpornosti, te poznavanje prirode otpornosti umnogome olakšavaju oplemenjivanje soje na otpornost soje prema ovom patogenu. Cilj ovoga rada bio je procijeniti pojavu i intenzitet plamenjače na sjemenu soje na različitim lokalitetima istočne Hrvatske tijekom 2007. godine te odrediti razinu osjetljivosti testiranih kultivara soje na ovog patogena. Svi ispitivani kultivari soje pokazali su dobru otpornost na plamenjačui na svim testiranim lokalitetima.

Soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) je na globalnoj razini rangirana kao najznačajnija uljarica s učešćem od 60% u svjetskoj proizvodnji sjemena svih uljarica i 35% u ukupnoj svjetskoj proizvodnji biljnih ulja. Primarni cilj svih oplemenjivačkih programa soje je povećanje uroda zrna, ali zbog povećanog značaja soje s aspekta prehrane i prerade, u fokusu oplemenjivačkog rada je i sve veći broj vrijednih fitokemikalija sojinog zrna, među kojima je i ulje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti genetski napredak u količini ulja u zrnu novih elitnih linija soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (grupa zriobe-GZ 00, 0 i I.) kroz komparativne poljske pokuse u trogodišnjem razdoblju (2002.-2004.) u Osijeku te odrediti sastav triacilglicerola (TAGs) u ulju najboljih OS elitnih linija soje. Dobiveni rezultati biometrijske analize ukazali su na postignuti genetski napredak u količini ulja u zrnu domaćih linija soje GZ 00, 0 i I. Analiza sastava TAGs pokazala je da u ulju najboljih OS-elitnih linija soje najveći udio imaju slijedeći TAGs: LLL (19, 33%), LLO (16, 33%), LLP (13, 54%) i LOP (12, 08%). U cjelini, dobiveni rezultati analize količine i stabilnosti ulja u zrnu te sastava i udjela TAGs u ulju, koristit će se kao smjernice u razvoju novih domaćih kultivara soje poboljšane količine i kakvoće ulja u zrnu.

U laboratorijskim uvjetima, metodom rolanog filter papira, ispitivan je utjecaj četiri razine pH vrijednosti vodene otopine (5, 6, 7 i 8) na energiju klijanja, klijavost, dužinu korijena i dužinu hipokotila klijanaca te ukupnu masu klijanaca sjemena tri sorte soje (Anica, Ika i Kuna). Dobiven je značajan utjecaj sorte (p=0, 01) za sva ispitivana svojstva. Najniže prosječne vrijednosti za sva svojstva imalo je sjeme sorte Kuna. Sorte Anica i Ika nisu se razlikovale u prosječnim vrijednostima energije klijanja, klijavosti i ukupne mase klijanaca. Klijanci sorte Ika razvili su najduži korijen i hipokotil. Vrijednost pH vodene otopine, uz izuzetak energije klijanja, značajno je utjecala na ispitivana svojstva (p=0, 01 za klijavost, dužinu korijena i ukupnu masu klijanaca, p=0.05 za dužinu hipokotila). U prosjeku za sorte, klijavost je bila najveća na pH 5, a najmanja na pH 8. Korijen i hipokotil klijanaca bili su značajno duži na pH 5 i 6.

Siva pjegavost stabljike suncokreta [(uzročnik Phomopsis helianthi Munt.-Cvet. et al. (teleomorfni stadij Diaporthe helinathi Munt.-Cvet. et al.)], jedna je od glavnih bolesti na suncokretu u Republici Hrvatskoj i Europi, te u velikoj mjeri određuje prinos zrna i ulja. Stoga je u okviru oplemenjivačkog programa na suncokretu u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek jedan od ciljeva i rad na otpornosti na ovoga i druge glavne patogene. Iako suncokret (Helianthus annuus L.) ima usku genetsku varijabilnost, izvori genetske otpornosti nađeni su u divljim formama, a uočene su i razlike između kulturnih genotipova u tolerantnosti na ovog patogena. U ovom radu je prezentiran jedan segement rada na otpornosti primjenom umjetne infekcije u polju s ciljem testiranja razina tolerantnosti boljeg oplemenjivačkog materijala prema ovom patogenu. Najtolerantniji materijal će se dalje koristiti u kreiranju novih komercijalnih hibrida suncokreta.

Simbiozna fiksacija dušika ima jedinstvenu ulogu u održivoj poljoprivredi jer iskorištavanje ovoga prirodnog procesa omogućuje značajnu redukciju mineralne gnojidbe dušikom. Pri tome, selekcija visoko učinkovitih sojeva simbioznih fikastora dušika je od presudne važnosti za uspjeh predsjetvene bakterizacije leguminoza zbog toga što se sojevi kvržičnih bakterija značajno razlikuju po svojoj učinkoviotsti, kompetitivnosti i kompatibilnosti. Cilj ovih istraživanja je provjera simbioznih karakteristika autohtonih i referentnih sojeva Bradyrhizobium japonicum i Bradyrhizobium elkanii te njihove kompatibilnosti sa različitim sortama soje u agroekološkim uvjetima istočne Slavonije.Tijekom dvogodišnjih istraživanja, postavljeni su dvofaktorijelni poljski pokusi po metodi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda u pet repeticija. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da su svi korišteni sojevi B. japonicum pozitivno djelovali na sva promatrana svojstva, a posebno na prinos kao najvažniji parametar u uzgoju soje. Najveća masa suhe tvari kvržica utvrđena je uz primjenu autohtonog soja B. japonicum S69 koji je izoliran iz sličnih agroekoloških uvjeta. U pokusu korišten soj B. elkanii S 76T, iako po broju kvržica najbolji, uvjetovao je pojavu kloroze lista u vrijeme pune cvatnje. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u nodulaciji u odnosu na korištene sorte soje Ika i Nada. Značajan nedostatak oborina u 2002. godini odrazio se na sva istraživana svojstva u odnosu na 2001. godinu. Najveći sadržaj ukupnog dušika u nadzemnom dijelu biljke kao i najviši prinosi zrna soje ostvareni su uz primjenu autohtonih sojeva B. japonicum S69 i S75. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da se navedeni autohtoni sojevi odlikuju najvećom simbioznom učinkovitošću i da bi mogli poslužiti za proizvodnju cjepiva za predsjetvenu bakterizaciju soje na ovom području.

Bijela trulež suncokreta (uzročnik Sclrotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary), jedna je od glavnih bolesti na suncokretu. Iako suncokret (Helianthus annuus L.) ima usku genetsku varijabilnost i još nisu pronađeni pravi izvori genetske otpornosti na ovog patogena, uočene su razlike između genotipova u tolerantnosti. U ovom radu bit će prezentiran jedan segment rada na otpornosti primjenom umjetne infekcije u polju s ciljem testiranja razina tolerantnosti boljeg oplemenjivačkog materijala prema ovom patogenu. Najtolerantniji materijali će se dalje koristiti u kreiranju novih komercijalnih hibrida suncokreta.

Kakvoća sjemena soje (sadržaj ulja i bjelančevina)može biti pod značajnim utjecajem više vanjskih čimbenika (godina, voda, hraniva, drugo). Pokus je postavljen u Osijeku na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek tijekom tri proizvodne godine s vremenski bitno različitim odlikama. Sadržaj vode u tlu postavljen je u tri varijante (B1-kontrola ; B2-65-100% poljskog vodnog kapaciteta-PVK i B3-80-100% PVK)te tri varijante gnojidbe dušikom (C1-0 kgN/ha ; C2-100 kg N/ha ; C3-200 kg N/ha). Testna kultura bila je Ika, sorta soje kreirana na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek, a sjetva je obavljena u optimalno vrijeme (druga dekada travnja u sve tri vegetacijske godine). Navodnjavano je samohodnim vučenim rasprskivačem, a voda je korištena iz dubinskog zdenca zadovoljavajuće kvalitete. Pokus je postavljen po split-plot metodi u 4 ponavljanja a površina parcele bila je 330m2. U tehnološkoj zriobi izvršena je žetva, a sjeme je osušeno na skladišnu vlagu te je određen sadržaj ulja i bjelančevina po svakoj varijanti pokusa. Utvrđeno je da je značajno veći sadržaj bjelančevina bio na varijanti najveće razine gnojidbe dušikom prema kontroli. Vrlo značajno veći sadržaj bjelančevina na varijanti navodnjavanja prema nenavodnjavanim varijantama utvrđen je u sušnoj 2003. godini. Značajne do vrlo značajne razlike u sadržaju ulja utvrđene su između svih istraživanih čimbenika (godina, navodnjavanje i gnojdba dušikom).

Testiranje i praćenje patogena sastavni je dio kontrole sjemena. U Europi se sjeme soje analizira na infekciju sa Diaporthe/Phaseolorum, bez posebno naznačene pojave Phomopsis longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora i D. phaseolorum var. sojae. Variranje i preklapanje karakteristika u kulturi među njima čini morfološku identifikaciju otežanom i zahtijeva dosta vremena. Obzirom da ovi patogeni uzrokuju različite ekonomske štete u poljima soje, bilo je potrebno razviti molekularnu metodu temeljenu na PCR-RFLP-u, kako bi identficirali svakog pojedinog patogena iz kompleksa Diaporthe/Phomopsis. Sjeme soje površinski je sterilizirano te postavljeno u Petrijeve zdjelice sa krumpir-dekstroznim agarom. Nakon 3-4 dana na sobnoj temperaturi, micelij izolata je sastrugan i iz njega je brzom metodom obavljena ekstrakcija DNA, amplificirana pomoću univerzalnih početnica ITS4 i ITS5, a produkti amplifikacije digestirani pomoću AluI, RseI, HhaI i MseI restrikcijskih enzima. Dijelovi bandova dobiveni za svaki od enzima dozvoljavaju identifikaciju svih izolata obzirom da svaki od njih odgovara pojedinoj vrsti. Gotovo 900 izolata sa uzorka sjemena iz Italije, SAD, Argentine i Hrvatske identificirano je u posljednjih pet godina sa 100%-tnom sigurnošću kao P. longicolla, D. phaseolorum var. caulivora, D. phaseolorum var. sojae i D. phaseolorum var. meridionalis. Kao dio procjene ovog načina identifikacije, obavljena je i klasična metoda detekcije i identifikacije te su rezultati analiza upoređeni.

Oplemenjivanje soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr) u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek obavlja se kontinuirano više od 35 godina. Glavni cilj oplemenjivačkog rada je stvaranje novih boljih kultivara soje višeg genetskog potencijala rodnosti i bolje kakvoće zrna sa zadovoljavajućom razinom i drugih agronomskih svojstava u okvirima 00 do II grupe zriobe (GZ). Genetsko unaprijeđenje potencijala rodnosti soje temelji se na unaprijeđenju genetske osnove i drugih kvantitativnih svojstava. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti genetsku dobit u urodu zrna i kakvoći zrna ostvarenu kroz nove elitne oplemenjivačke linije soje GZ 00 i 0, stvorene iz različitih križanja u okviru oplemenjivačkog programa soje Instituta. Ostvarena genetska dobit procijenjena je kroz trogodišnje (2002-2004) poljske pokuse usporedbom novih elitnih linija sa komercijalnim sortama (standardima)iste grupe zriobe. Fenotipska varijabilnost, heritabilnost u širem smislu, te ostvarena i relativna genetska dobit od selekcije određivani su za urod zrna, sadržaj bjelančevina i sadržaj ulja u zrnu. Dobiveni rezultati biometričkih analiza ukazuju na genetski napredak u produktivnosti i kakvoći zrna novih elitnih linija GZ 00 i 0. Visoku agronomsku vrijednost novih elitnih linija soje dobivenih oplemenjivanjem na ranozrelost potvrđuju i rezultati Komisije za priznvanje sorti R. Hrvatske za dvije nove rane sorte soje (Korana i Lucija) priznate 2006 godine Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek rješenjem Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodnog gospodarstva R. Hrvatske.

This study was aimed to examine the changes in seed oil content in different genotypes of maize, soybean and sunflower from 2002 to 2006, in two types of storage conditions which differ in air temperature and humidity: 25 C/75% and 12 C/60%, respectively. Affected by storage longevity, in average, seed oil content decreased by 0.82% in maize, 2.19% in soybean and 8.53% in sunflower. Differences in oil content affected by storage longevity were significant among tested crops and genotypes within crops. Storage longevity was negatively associated with oil content. At storage conditions at 12 C/60%, decreasing of seed oil content was less by 0.55% (maize), 1.30% (soybean) and 1.75% (sunflower) than in storage conditions at 25 C/75%. In summary, the lowest seed quality losses were in maize, then in soybean and thie highest losses were in sunflower. Decreasing of seed quality losses is possible with suitable storage conditions, particularly for soybean and sunflower.

Priznati kultivar Korana bio je prijavljen u službeni postupak priznavanja 2003. god. pod oznakom OS-36-03. VCU ispitivanje provedeno je 2003-2005. na 4 lokacije u RH, a DUS ispitivanje provedeno je 2004-2005. u Mađarskoj. Temeljem rezultata oba ispitivanja MPŠVG donijelo je rješenje o priznavanju i uvođenju u proizvodnju navedenog kultivara. Prema grupi zriobe (GZ) za naše agroekološke uvjete, kultivar pripada 00 GZ.

U 2005. godini postavljen je makropokus soje na 7 lokaliteta u Republici Hrvatskoj. U makropokuse uključen je sortiment koji je u većoj mjeri zastupljen na površinama dotičnih lokaliteta. Cilj ovog pokusa je kroz duži niz godina utvrditi stabilnost pojedinog kultivara u proizvodnji kroz različite uvjete u proizvodnji (klimatski i zemljišni čimbenici). Rezultati dobiveni ovakvim makropokusima, služe kao orijentir u odabiru sortimenta kod proizvođača kod kojih je soja značajnije zastupljena u strukturi sjetve. Makropokusi su obuhvaćali različit broj kultivara nekoliko oplemenjivačkih kuća. Tehnologija je bila jednaka za sve zastupljene kultivare. Unatoč klimatski vrlo nepovoljnoj godini, sortiment soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek pokazao je visoku stabilnost u proizvodnji sa prosječno najvećim ostvarenim urodima u odnosu na sortiment ostalih proizvođaća. Prosječni urod OS kultivara na svim lokalitetima iznosio je 3708 kg/ha uz indeks uroda prema kultivarima ostalim kuća od 1, 040. Sorta Ika, ističe se među kultivarima PIO prosječno najvećim urodima na gotovo svim lokalitetima.

Sunflower breeding programs in the Republic of Croatia have over 30-year tradition, and they be realized through different scientific projects and programs in frame of the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Mijic et al., 2004 ; Krizmanic et al., 2005). Main goal of this program is creation of new superior hybrid with high grain yield (above 5 t/ha), oil content (above 50%) and high and stabile oil yield. Special attention is given to creation of lines with emphasized tolerance to dominant pathogens. Sunflower breeding on resistance/tolerance to main diseases is the best way to control them and environmentally friendly as well (Fick and Miller, 1997 ; Miller and Fick, 1997 ; Skoric et al., 2002 ; Vrataric and Sudaric, 2004). This field inbred lines testing as well as the later investigation in biotechnological laboratory will contribute to higher efficiency of sunflower breeding program by choosing more tolerant lines to creation of new hybrids. Investigation was conducted during 2005 at the Agricultural Institute Osijek experimental fields on 30 trial members. Twelve cytoplasmatic male sterile (CMS) inbred lines (L-97 A, L-193 A, L-115 A, G/04 A, L-301 A, L- 189/II A, L-101 A, L-13 A, L-205/II A, L-205 A, L-81 A, L-83 A), seven sterile single-crosses (possible mother component for three-way hybrids) (G/03 A x L-104 B, G/03 A x L-14 B, G/03 A x L-282 B, G/03 A x L-272 B, G/03 A x L- 102 B, G/03 A x L-190 B, G/03 A x L-302 B), five male fertile lines (L-14 B, L-272 B, L-16 B, L-302 B, L-190 B), four restorer-fertility lines (PI 12/99 R, O3G R, RFS-89 R, O3 MR) as well as two recently recognized hybrids (Favorit and Apolon), all selected at the Agricultural Institute Osijek, Croatia, were used in this study. Each line was sown in two 5 meter long rows and 3 replications. One row of each line was control and the other served for artificial infection. In each replication 7 plants of each line was artificial inoculated in a button stage (R2 according to Schnieter and Miller, 1981). Sunflower stems were inoculated on 7th July by parts of sclerotia originated from sunflower and collected year 2004 at the location around Osijek. Peaces of sclerotia (around 0.5 cm in diameter) were incorporated into holes on stems made by penetration of wooden sharp pencil. After we put sclerotia into a hole, wound was closed by peace of wet cotton and aluminium foil (Vasic et al., 2004). The infection is evaluated three times after inoculation by measuring length of lesions on stems. First evaluation is done one week after inoculation, second two, and a third and final measurement three weeks after inoculation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD test were processed by Statistical Analysis System Version 8.2 (SAS Institute). Data were previously tested for a normal distribution. The smallest lesion was recorded for cytoplasmatic male sterile line L-83 A. Also, L-190 B (male fertile line) and O3 MR (restorer-fertility line) according to measurements belong to group of more tolerant lines in comparison to other 24 trial members including recognized hybrids Apolon and Favorit. These three lines could be possible parental lines for creation of one a new hybrid which will be possibly more tolerant to white mold, at least in comparison with these two recognized hybrids used in trial. This could be further investigated in some new trials. However, it is important to point-out that this hybrid maybe could not have desirable other important agronomic traits such as high and stabile grain and oil yield, 1000 seed weight, plant height, head diameter, etc.

The breeding work on soybean at rthe Agricultural Insitutue Osijek primariliy has aimed to increasing yields of soybean in Croatia. The improving of yield potential is based on the improvement of genetic basis of traits that determine its quantity and quality, applying the conventional breeding methods and outlines valid for self-pollinated crops, such as soybean. The objective of this research was to evaluate grain quality of new developed soybean elite breeding lines in comparative tests with standards into 00, 0 and I maturity group (MG) during a three-year period (2001-2003) in Osijek. Tested elite breeding lines have developed from different hybridization within the Institute's soybean breeding program and have chosen on the basios of their performances. Standards are released cultivars of the Insitute that have grown in commercial production in Croatia. The grain quality value of tested genotypes was estimated through analysis of level and stability of protein and oil content in grain, respectively. After stability analysis, on the part of tested materials which showed high level and good stability in both protein and oil content in grain, were made analysis of triacylglycerols. The obtained results of biometrical analysis in this study showed that the most tested promising lines had significantly higher protein and oil content in grain in relation on stasndards into MGs00, 0 and I as well as good stability in analyzed traits. Analysis of triacylglycerols showed genetic varibilty in this trait. Generally, these data indicate on achieved genetic improvement of domestic soybean lines in grain quality.

The collaboration and interchange of breeding materials between breeding programs worldwide is necessary and important in order to increase the amount of genetic diversity, incorporating unique (foreign) germplasm into existing (domestic) germplasm. As part of the scientific collaboration between soybean breeding program of the Agricultural Institute Osijek-AIO (Croatia) and the University of Guelph (Canada), 15 soybean cultivars released by the Institute (OS-cultivars) and 15 cultivars released by the University (CA-cultivars) were tested in two mega environments: Croatia and Canada. This paper presents an evaluation of the agronomic performance of tested cultivars for mega-environment Croatia, only. Field trials were conducted at the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute Osijek over period from 2002 to 2005 year. Several quantitative traits (vegetation period, yield components, level and stability of grain yield, adaptability, lodging resistance, field tolerance on P. manshurica) were analyzed. The obtained results indicated higher agronomic values of OS-cultivars in relation on agronomic values of CA- cultivars. Among 15 tested CA-cultivars, five cultivars (OAC Millennium, OAC Champion, OAC Bayfield, OAC Auburn, OAC Wallace) were identified as the most favorable for parental components in hybridization with OS-cultivars. Thereby, will be enable incorporating diversity through new germplasm into existing germplasm as well as developing new segregated populations from which to select new, genetic improved soybean lines.

The study was aimed to examine the changes in seed vigor and oil content in different genotypes of maize, soybean and sunflower over four years (2002-2006) in two type storage conditions differed in terms of air temperature and humidity: 25 C/75% and 12 C/60%, respectively. Affected by storage longevity, on an average, seed vigor decreased for 18, 7% in maize and for 57, 1% in both soybean and sunflower, respectively. Seed oil content decreased for 1, 12% in maize, 2, 27% in soybean and 12, 05% in sunflower. Differences in seed vigor and oil content affected by storage longevity were significant among tested crops and genotypes into crop. Storage longevity was negatively associated with seed vigor and oil content. At storage conditions by 12 C/60%, decline of seed vigor was less for 17% (maize), for 24% (sunflower, soybean)and decreasing of seed oil content was less for 0, 87% (maize, 0, 91% (soybean)and 2, 27% (sunflower) than in storage conditions by 25 C/75%. In summary, the lowest seed quality losses were in maize, then in soybean and the highest losses were in sunflower. Decreasing seed quality losses is possible with providing suitable storage conditions, particularly for soybean and sunflower.

Tijekom tri godine na polju Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek istražena je učinkovitost folijarne primjene fungicida u suzbijanju mikoza soje u usporedbi s netretiranom kontrolom. Pokus je postavljen po blok metodi u četiri ponavljanja, a obuhvaćao je šest genotipova soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (0-I grupa zriobe) i sedam tretmana (jednokratno u fenofazi R3 do R4 soje). Tehnologija proizvodnje soje bila je optimalna. Neposredno pred žetvu obavljeno je ocjenjivanje nazočnosti i intenziteta uzročnika bolesti, a poslije žetve uzeti su uzorci sjemena za određivanje zdravstvenog stanja u laboratoriju. Dominantni paraziti na polju bili su predstavnici Diaporthe/Phomopsis kompleksa, a na sjemenu Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhyzopus spp., Aspergillus spp. i Peronospora manshurica. Nakon žetve, urod zrna s parcele je preračunat u kg/ha. Podaci su sistematizirani i statistički obrađeni. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike za godinu, genotip i tretman, te interakciju godina x genotip, godina x tretman, genotip x tretman, dok za interakciju godina x tretman x genotip razlike nisu utvrđene. Najrodniji genotipovi bili su genotip 3 (4646 kg/ha 1999., 3820 kg/ha 2000. i ukupno 4492 kg/ha) i genotip 6 (5046 kg/ha 2001. godine). Postojale su značajne i vrlo značajne razlike svake godine između kontrole i tretmana, kao i između pojedinih tretmana. Podaci obrađeni za sve godine zajedno ukazuju na značajne i vrlo značajne razlike samo između kontrole i tretmana, dok između tretmana razlike nisu utvrđene. Najzdravije biljke bile su u tretmanu s Impact-C, najzdravije sjeme s Merpan + Bavistin i najviši urod zrna s Polyram + Bavistin. Najzdraviji genotip u polju i najzdravije sjeme imao je genotip 3. Primijećeno je da pojedini genotipovi preferiraju određene tretmane. Sjeme nekih genotipova nije bilo zaraženo s pojedinim uzročnicima bolesti. Mišljenja smo da bi u iznimnim uvjetima ipak bilo korisno tretirati barem sjemenski usjev soje, o čemu odluku treba donijeti stručnjak na osnovi dobrog poznavanja cjelokupne problematike.

U okviru dijela znanstvene suradnje između oplemenjivačkih programa soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek-PIO (Hrvatska) i University of Guelph (Kanada), 15 kultivara soje priznatih PIO i 15 kultivara priznatih Univerzitetu ispitivano je u dvije mega-okoline: Hrvatska (lokacija Osijek) i Kanada (tri lokacije) u 2002. i 2003. godine sa ciljem: 1) procjene vrijednosti kultivara analizom visine i stabilnosti uroda i kakvoće zrna te razine adaptabilnosti ; 2)identifikacije superiornih kultivara prema okolini. Analizirano je više kvantitativnih svojstava, a u ovom radu naglasak je stavljen na urod zrna i sadržaj bjelančevina u zrnu. Razina adaptabilnosti ispitivanih kultivara na testirane mega-okoline određena je primjenom pattern analize interakcije genotip x okolina. Identificirano je 17 superiornih kultivara (8 OS ; 9 CA)u urodu zrna i 13(10 OS ; 3 CA) u sadržaju bjelančevina u zrnu. Ovi rezultati su značajni za razumijevanje utjecaja mega-okoline, posebno između Hrvatske i Kanade, na urod zrna i sadržaj bjeančevina u zrnu te mogu biti korišteni kao smjernice u oplemenjivanju novih komercijalnih kultivara soje koristeći germplasme stvorene u Hrvatskoj i Kanadi.

The main objective of this research was to determinate the impact of downy mildew on soybean seed regarding to planting dates, as well as evaluated differences in occurrence and intensity of disease on seed among tested genotype (cultivar) and years, respectively. Infection of downy mildew in this trial was natural under field conditions. Four-year investigation (1998-2001) was undertaken on 10 domestic soybean cultivars with different level of resistance on downy mildew. The investigation was set up in two planting date (optimal and delayed) on experimental fields of the Agricultural Institute Osijek, Croatia. The obtained results indicate on significant differences in the occurrence and intensity of downy mildew on soybean seed among tested planting dates, cultivars and years. Variability of expression grain yield and percentage of diseased seed were caused by genotypic variability (cultivar) and environmental variability (year and planting date).

VCU ispitivajem je utvrđeno da sorta ima traženu gospodarsku vrijednost, signifikantno bolji prirod zrna od oba standarda, a po ostalim parametrima je na nivou standarda. DUS ispitivanje provedeno je u Mađarskoj i rezultati potvrdjuju da je sorta različita, ujednačena i postojana. Dopušta se njezino uvođenje u proizvodnju.

Soybean seed decay, caused primarily by the fungus Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs, is one of the most serious seed diseases of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill). P. longicolla is different among the other fungus in Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex for his cultural characteristic, morphology and place of infection (primary causing seed decay), and it is one of the most dangerous seed pathogens in the world main areas of soybean production. Considering that the fungus was discovered in our neighbor's countries and there was suspicion of its presence in Croatia, there is danger of becoming a significant pathogen of this important industrial plant in our country as well. The aim of the investigation was to establish the presence of P. longicolla by seed examination out of several locations from large-scale production and during three years (2000 - 2002) to characterize the pathogen by morphological characteristic in culture, and by establish the differences in strain virulence by artificial seed infections in the laboratory. Fungus isolation was accomplished from soybean seed with symptoms of Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs, and separated from samples that were collected during three years (2000- 2002) from large-scale production out of 15 locations. Morphological characteristics of the ten selected strains were studied in aim to determine the isolated fungi and compared with characteristic of strains used in paper by Hobbs et al., (1985). Investigation of obtained strains virulence was carried out by soybean seed inoculation in laboratory through trials in wet chamber and pots. After establishing the most aggressive among selected isolates in previous conducted trials, trials with artificially infected seed were repeated (both, in wet chamber and pots), but this time using the most aggressive isolate and several promising lines created in frame of soybean breeding program at The Agricultural Institute Osijek. Morphological characteristic was investigated through examination of strains on PDA, forming fruiting bodies as well as the measurement of length, width and length-to- width ratio of alpha conidia. Evaluation of strain virulence was done by counting germinated and non-germinated (rotten and healthy) seeds and by determining the germ length and germ necrosis of tested genotypes. Statistical data processing was carried out by computer software Statistical Analysis System Version 8.2 (SAS Institute) with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD (Least Significant Difference) test. According to morphological characteristics and measurement of alpha conidia of investigated strains they respond to characteristic of P. longicolla Hobbs that confirm presence of this pathogen in soybean large-scale production in Croatia. Also, the differences in virulence among tested fungal strains were obtained in this investigation.

Oplemenjivački rad na soji u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek usmjeren je na kontinuirano stvaranje visokorodnih kultivara soje (genetičkog potencijala rodnosti 5-6 t/ha), zadovoljavajuće kakvoće zrna, visoke tolerantnosti na glavne bolesti, visoke otpornosti na: polijeganje, stresne situacije tijekom vegetacije i pucanje mahuna te zadovoljavajuće stabilnosti u visini i kakvoći zrna kao i široke adaptabilnosti. Rezultat tog kontinuiranog i intenzivnog oplemenjivačkog rada su stvoreni i priznati kultivari soje (32) koji su značajno doprinijeli i doprinose razvoju, unaprijeđenju i proširenju proizvodnje soje u R. Hrvatskoj. Dosadašnji genetski napredak kultivara soje postignut je isključivo primjenom klasičnih oplemenjivačkih metoda koje vrijede za samooplodne vrste kao što je soja. Poznato je u svjetskim znanstvenim okvirima da je daljnji genetski napredak soje usko povezan s kombiniranim korištenjem klasičnih i biotehnoloških metoda rada. Slijedeći svjetske trendove u oplemenjivanju soje, zadnjih godina u okviru oplemenjivačkog programa soje u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek započelo se s uvođenjem tehnologija molekularnih markera kao mjerila za procjenu genetske divergentnosti germplazme soje. Početna genotipizacija OS germplazme soje napravljena je u suradnji s University of Guelph (Guelph, Kanada) u njihovom molekularnom laboratoriju primjenom mikrosatelitnih markera. Analizirani OS-genotipovi odabrani su na osnovu divergentnosti na fenotipskoj razini. Dobiveni rezultati provedenog istraživanja potvrdili su genetsku divergentnost analizirane germplazme soje i na molekularnoj razini te će biti korišteni u daljnjem procesu oplemenjivanja soje, prvenstveno u izboru roditelja za križanje. U odnosu na fenotipsku, evaluacija genotipova primjenom molekularnih markera ima značajne prednosti: točnost, pouzdanost i brzina. Polimorfizam je stalna karakteristika analiziranih genotipova, dobiveni rezultati nisu ovisni o činiteljima okoline pa su sa stanovišta upotrebne vrijednosti definitivni. Stoga, uvođenje i primjena molekularnih markera u oplemenjivački program soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek prvenstveno omogućava novi pristup u izboru roditeljskih parova. Tako, evaluaciji genotipova za proces hibridizacije zasnivala bi se na kombiniranoj upotrebi molekularnih i agromorfoloških podataka. Ovakva detaljna procjena predstavlja osnovu za značajno podizanje kvalitete, uspješnosti i konkurentnosti oplemenjivačkog programa soje. Nadalje, važan aspekt primjene molekularnih markera bit će i u radu na otpornosti na bolesti. U cjelini, u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek stvoreni su uvjeti (educirani kadrovi, opremljen laboratorij za molekularno-biološke analize) za uvođenje i primjenu tehnologija molekularnih markera, odnosno selekcije na osnovi markera u oplemenjivački program soje što će omogućiti nove pomake u oplemenjivanju soje kod nas.

In soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), genetic diversity evaluation are based on pedigree lineages, phenotypic (morphological and biochemical traits) and DNA markers.These measures together provide more reliable genetic diversity evaluation. Diversity information is of paramount importance in parental selection, crucial aspect of soybean breeding that maximizes genetic improvement. Regarding, more distantly related parents might be expected to contrast for more alleles in target traits and thus increase the probability that a breeder will select a superior recombinant among progeny which exhibits target trait. Recent years, in the frame of the soybean breeding program at the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Croatia) has initiated with application of molecular marker technique as new genetic diversity measure. The initial fingerprinting of several OS soybean genotypes has performed in collaboration with the University of Guelph (Canada) in their biomolecular laboratory using simple sequence repeats (SSR) or microsatellite markers. Selected OS genotypes were differed in wide range values of morphological and genealogical traits. Fourteen pairs of soybean primers flanking the micorsatellite regions were selected. PCR amplification was performed on each OS-soybean genotypes, using primers for each SSR locus. In this paper will be presented the obtained results of this study as well as morphological data of tested materials. Thus, combining molecular marker technique with pedigree information, phenotypic markers and statistical procedures has provided a useful tool for more accurate and complete evaluation of genetic diversity and throughout, its more effective utilisation into current soybean breeding program.

Istraživanjem je utvrđen utjecaj uvjeta skladištenja dorađenog nezaprašenog sjemena hibrida kukuruza i suncokreta te sorata soje na vigor i sadržaj ulja nakon skladištenja od 36 mjeseci (2002-2005) u dva tipa skladišta različite temperature i vlage zraka (S1: 25°C/75% i S2 12°C/60%). Nakon skaldištenja vigor sjemena je umanjen za 13.5% kod kukuruza, 26.5% kod soje i 27, 1% kod suncokreta. Sadržaj ulja u zrnu je umanjen za 0.58% kod kukuruza, 1.68% kod soje i za 8.04% kod suncokreta. Duljinom skladištenja je umanjen vigor i sadržaj ulja. U uvjetima skladišta S1 je manje umanjenje vigora za 7% (kukuruz), 11% (suncokret, soja) kao i manje umanjenje sadržaja ulja za 0.25% (kukuruz), 0.53% (soja) i 1.75% (suncokret) u odnosu na uvjete skladištenja u skladištu S2. Kakvoća sjemena je tijekom skladištenja ovisna o vrsti kultivara, genotipu i uvjetima skladištenja.

U radu se daje sažeti pregled glavnih ciljeva, programa i metoda rada te rezultata rada oplemenjivačkog programa soje Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek kao i recentnih istraživanja (trendova) koja se provode u okviru programa pri čemu su korišteni rezultati vlastitih istraživanja, proizvodnih makropokusa te široke proizvodnje. Nadalje, daje se kratki osvrt na rad i trendove u oplemenjivanju soje u svijetu koristeći se podacima iz referalnih znanstvenih časopisa, kao i podacima i informacijama dobivenim prisustvovanjem na svjetskim i međunarodnim kongresima te iz ugovorne i bilateralne znanstvene suradnje sa stranim sveučilištima i znanstvenicima u svijetu. Istovremeno će se povući usporedba rada i rezultata rada domaćeg oplemenjivanja soje sa radom i rezultatima oplemenjivačkog rada na soji u svijetu.

U radu je dat prikaz rezultata istraživanja vrijednosti jednog dijela ranije izdvojenih najboljih OS-elitnih linija soje u okviru 00 i 0 grupe zriobe u usporedbi sa standardima kroz analizu važnih agronomskih svojstava. Istraživanja su provedena na pokusnom polju Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek u razdoblju od 2002. do 2003. Pokusni materijal obuhvaćao je 2 seta elitnih linija soje 00 (7) i 0 (10) grupe zriobe u usporedbi sa standardima (2). Procjena stabilnosti istraživanih genotipova u urodu i kakvoći zrna obavljena je metodom grupiranja genotipova po Francis i Kannenbergu (1978.). Dobiveni rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju na visoku agronomsku vrijednost elitnih linija 00 i 0 grupe zriobe jer su iste u prosjeku bolje od standarda u važnim komponentama uroda zrna, urodu zrna i kakvoći zrna.

Constant increase of acreage under production of soybean raises the issue of disease control (Glycine max (L.) Merril. There are diseases, which almost regularly appear in our agroecological conditions, such as downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica (Naum.) Syd. ex Gaum.), and diseases caused by fungus from Diaporthe/Phomopsis Complex. The aim of this investigation was to check the reaction of five domestic soybean genotypes (OS-8, OS-49, OS-101, OS-109 and OS-139) to infection with fungus Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs, which causes soybean seed decay. Experiments were carried out through artificial seed infection in wet chamber and in pots with sterile soil. Tested genotypes, maturity group 0-I are created at the Agricultural Institute of Osijek within the program of soybean breeding. Fungus was isolated from soybean seeds that exhibited symptoms of Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs. Soybean seeds were separated from samples that were collected on 10 locations under large-scale production during a period of three years (2000-2002). Evaluation of pathogenicity was done by counting germinated and non-germinated (rotten and healthy) seeds and by determining the germ length and germ necrosis of tested genotypes. According to results obtained during a wet chamber trial, numbers of germinated and non-germinated seeds among tested genotypes were significantly different (P-0.05). Relation between artificially infected seeds and control in trial showed significant differences for each genotype (P-0.05). All genotypes in control had satisfactory germination and there were no significant differences in number of rotten seeds, germinated seeds and non-germinated seeds. The OS-49 and OS-109 genotypes were proved to be more resistant to infection with P.longicolla. Results from pot trial showed that number of germinated seeds of artificially infected genotypes was significantly different (P-0.05) during whole trial, while all genotypes in control germinated satisfactory, showing no significant differences among themselves. Taking into consideration these results, it can be concluded that the OS-8 genotype is more susceptible to infection with P. longicolla. Both trials of artificial infection were successfully completed, resulting in conclusion that there are differences in resistance to infection with this fungus among tested soybean genotypes.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), a 'wonder crop' of the 20th century, is a major source of vegetable oil and protein in the world. Current world soybean area is about 83.6 milion hectare with the average grain yield of 2.3 t/ha (FAO STAT, 2004). In Croatia, soybean production has had a positive trend both in surfaces and unitary yields, particularly through the last five years. Horizontal expansion of soybean as a crop and yield increasing resulted from improved cultivars as well as advances in cultural practices and general management, respectively. The contribution of the soybean breeding program at the Agricultural Institute Osijek to the development, stability and improvement of soybean production in Croatia has been fundamental and very significant as it has permanently developed high-yielding cultivars with genetic yield potential of 5-6 t/ha, satisfactory grain quality (protein and oil concentration) and high tolerance to the principal diseases as well as resistance on lodging and pod shattering. Besides yield level, cultivars ought to have good yield stability and adaptability to different agroecological conditions of production as well. The genetic improvement has been accomplished through the use of conventional breeding methods and outlines valid for self-pollinated crop such as soybean. Domestic and foreign genotypes have been used as parental components in hybridization programs. The pedigree selection method and single-seed-descent (SSD) method as well as combinations of these methods are applied to the inbreeding generations (F2-F5)for population improvement towards homozygosity. At homozygosity, preliminary tests with parents are carried out, and then selected lines are subjected to the exact experiments with the standard cultivars into the particular maturity group over different environments. The main testing as a part of the breeding program is done on the grain yield and grain quality (protein concentration, quantity and quality of oil). Moreover, the testing covers other important production traits. In the frame of the breeding activities, a program on application of molecular markers for determination of soybean genetic diversity as well as for detection of fungal pathotypes has been initiated. The result of the previous work on soybean breedingis 31 registered cultivars in the frame of 00 to II maturity group which are released to the Insitute (two cultivars are released in Hungary as well) in a period from 1976 to 2003. These cultivars are sown on large areas in the wide production (at present, about 10 Insitute's cultivars cover more than 60% of total area under soybean in Croatia) and significantly contribute to the increasing and improving of soybean production in the country. Further genetic improvement of soybean cultivars will be able by the application of conventional and molecular breeding tools.

Kulturni suncokret Helianthus annuus L. u svjetskom uljnom kompleksu rangira se kao jedna od četiri najvažnije jednogodišnje kulture za proizvodnju kvalitetnog jestivog ulja. Suncokret u R. Hrvatskoj relativno je nova kultura, u odnosu na glavne ratarske kulture, jer se sije u kontinuitetu zadnjih pedesetak godina. Sadašnja proizvodnja suncokreta u zemlji nije dostatna za domaće potrebe te se ulje značajno uvozi. U R. Hrvatskoj ima prostora za proširenje i unaprjeđenje ove kulture. Ova knjiga ima za cilj pomoći u rješavanju ovog složenog problema. U knjizi je 11 autora kroz 16 poglavlja temeljito ugradilo vlastite znanstveno-istraživačke spoznaje do kojih su došli dugogodišnjim radom te korištenjem domaće i strane literature o suncokretu. Posebno je temeljito obrađeno poglavlje o oplemenjivanju i genetici suncokreta s fokusiranjem na najnovije progrese u radu svjetske znanosti-korištenje iotehnologije. Knjiga ce doprinjeti podizanju obučenosti o ovoj kulturi, a time dalje uinaprijeđenju njene proizvodnje. Knjiga je vrijedan prilog kako za znanost tako i za praksu.

Composition and characteristics of rhizobial natural field population are of great importance in the soybean production, particularly when introducing commercial inoculant strains under natural conditions. The main aim of the present investigation was to identify and to characterize indigenous soybean rhizobia isolated from different field sites in eastern Croatia. PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA clearly showed that almost all isolates can be determined as B. japonicum. Fifteen rhizobial strains were characterized and compared with reference and/or type strains representing B. japonicum, B elkanii, B liaoningense and Sinorhizobium fredii. Cluster analysis of combined RFLP patterns obtained with three restriction endonucleases, revealed that fourteen soybean isolates were identical with B. japonicum type and reference strains. Only one isolate (63) was grouped together with S. fredii type strain into second major cluster although they differ at similarity level of 0.62. All isolates were further characterized by RAPD fingerprinting that enabled strain differentiation. Among B. japonicum strains high level of diversity was determined. Dendrogram derived from RAPD profiles showed that all indigenous strains could be divided into three main groups. Most of isolates, including B. japonicum type and reference strains, were grouped within the first major cluster that could be further subdivided into two groups with almost equal strain number. The other major cluster consisted of only two related but not identical B. japonicum isolates (54 and 65). During the two years investigations in field experiments, the symbiotic efficiency of all rhizobial isolates was evaluated. In both years, seed inoculation with particular indigenous strains caused signficant increase of nodule number and nodule dry weight. The best nodulation was achieved by using the same strains (54 and 65) that formed separate group of bradyrhizobia based on their RAPD profiles. Seed inoculation with the isolate that considerably differed from all other strains based on RFLP profiles, resulted in signficantly lowes values for nodule number and dry weight. The application of various indigenous strains caused also significant differences in seed yield. The lowes seed yield was determined on variants inoculated with those two indigenous strains that gave the best nodulation. The application of these two strains also resulted signficantly lower values for seed protein content. Seed yield and seed protein content were also signficantly lower with strain 63 in comparison with the most of other isolates. The resultes from field experiments showed that strains isolated from natural population significantly differ from each other regarding their infectiveness and symbiotic efficiency.

The breeding work on soybean at the Agricultural Institute Osijek primarily has aimed to increasing yields of soybean in Croatia. The improving of yield potential is based on the improvement of genetic basis of traits that determine its quantity and quality, applying the conventional breeding methods and outlines valid for self-polinated crops, such as soybean. The objective of this research was to evaluate grain quality of new developed soybean elite breeding lines in comparative tests with check cultivars into 00, 0 and I. maturity group (MG) during a three-year period (2001-2003) in Osijek. Tested elite breeding lines have developed from previously cycle of selection on the basis of their performances. Checks are released cultivars of the Institute that have grown in commercial production in Croatia. The grain quality value of tested genotypes was estimated through analysis of level and stability of protein and oil content in grain, as well as theirs adaptability. After stability analysis, on the part of tested materials which showed good stability and wide-general adaptability in oil content in grain were made analysis of triacylglycerols. The obtained results of biometrical analysis in these study showed that the most tested promising lines had significantly higher protein and oil content in grain in relation on checks in MG 00, 0 and I as well as good stability in analysed traits and wide-general adaptability. Analysis of triacylglycerols showed genetic variability in this trait. Generally, these data indicate on achieved genetic improvement of soybean cultivars in grain quality.

The evaluations of agronomic values of new developed soybean elite reeding lines in comparative tests with check cultivars over wide range of environments are indicator of achieved genetic advance within the breeding program. The improving of genetic basis has significantly contributed to improvement of soybean production and further genetic improvement of cultivars, respectively. In this paperwill be given the results of testing new developed soybean elite breeding lines in compariosn with check cultivars through analysis of level and stability of grain yield, protein and oil content in grain, as well as their adaptability and tolerance on principal soybean diseases. The reseraches were conducted during the three-year period (2000-2002) at the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute Osijek (Croatia) and involved three sets of soybean genotypes (lines and checks) depending of maturity group (MG): Set1-MG0, Set 2-MGI and Set3 - MGII. The tested promising lines has developed from different hybridizations within the soybean breeding program at the Institute and derived from previously cycle of selection on the basis of their performances. Checks are released cultivars of Institute that have grown in commercial production in Croatia. The trials were design as randomized complete block with 3 replicates. The occurence and intensity of principal soybean disease were determined during researches: Peronospora manshurica at R2 stage and Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae, D.ph. var. caulivora and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at R8 stage. Diseases intensity was evaluated visually at field and recorded on a 1 to 9 scale. Detection and identifiation of pathogen presence was evaluated in laboratory using standard phytopatological methods and with biomolecular method for pathogens from Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex.The obtained results of biometrical analysis in these study showed that the most tested elite breeding lines had significantly higher grain yield, protein and oil content in relation on checks in MG 0, I and II. Additionally, many tested promising lines, also, had good stability in analyzed traits, wide-general adaptability and high tolerance to major pathogens affecting soybean production in our country. In general, these data indicate on achieved genetic advance in grain yield, grain quality and tolerance on principal soybean diseases within our breeding programm. Also, the best new developed elite breeding lines make good genetic background for futher improving of soybean production in our country as well as for further genetic advance in soybean germplasm.

Genetic improvement of soybean cultivars has had significant role in yield increasing as well as in development, improvement and stabilization of soybean production, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic advance in yield components, grain yield and grain quality of soybean throughout analysis of agronomic values of new domestic elite breeding soybean lines in comparison with commercial cultivars. The reliability of the grain quantity traits as selection criteria in soybean breeding on grain yield were determined, too. The investigations were carried out at the Agricultural Institute Osijek from 2001 to 2003 and involved 31 domestic soybean genotypes ranging maturity groups I. Mean values, broad-sense heritability, genetic gain and relative genetic gain from selection were calculated for grain yield components, grain yield, protein and oil content in grain. The obtained results of quantitative genetic analysis indicated progress through breeding in grain quantity and quality traits that will contribute to further improving and increasing of soybean production in our region. Likewise, recent breeding materials represent good genetic basis for future hybridizations aimed at advancing of quantity and quality of grain yield in soybean genetically. Regarding to traits reliability as selection criteria, grain yield omponents are determined as more reliable criteria for selection of superior genotypes than grain yield per se due to higher heritability (61.87-82.31%) and better progress inselection (10.63-22.78%). Grain quality traits had medium heritability (60.04-65.89%) and better progress in selection (6.95-8.94%) compared to grain yield that had less heritability (29.87%) and relative genetic gain from selection was 0.43%.

Cilj rada je istražiti sastav i količinu triacilglicerola u uljima ekstrahiranim iz osječkih kultivara soje i suncokreta primjenom RP-HPLC metode. Analizirano je 14 kultivara soje i 19 kultivara suncokreta, kreacija Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek. Najzastupljeniji triacilgliceroli u uljima kultivara soje su: LLL, LLO, LLP, LOP s preko 60%. Glavni sastojici ulja iz kultivara suncokreta su LLL i LLO i njihov udio je 54, 22%.

Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti visinu i stabilnost uroda zrna te razinu adaptabilnosti nekoliko domaćih kultivara soje. Pokusi su provedeni na tri lokacije na području istočne Hrvatske (Osijek, Brijest, Donji Miholjac) u razdoblju od 1998. do 2002. godine, a obuhvaćali su 14 kultivara soje. Ispitivani kultivari stvoreni su u okviru oplemenjivačkog programa soje u Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek, a prema dužini vegetacije pripadaju 0, 0-I i I. grupi zriobe. U analizi stabilnosti uroda zrna i adaptabilnosti kultivara korištena su dva parametra: udio varijance interakcije genotip x okolina u ukupnoj varijanci interakcije genotip x okolina te koeficijent regresije. Dobiveni rezultati ukazali su na značajne razlike u visini i stabilnosti uroda zrna te razini adaptabilnosti kultivara. Između 14 ispitivanih kultivara, šest kultivara: Ika, Podravka 95, Smiljana, Kuna, Anica i Tisa imalo je visok i stabilan urod zrna te široku adaptabilnost. Ostali ispitivani kultivari imali su nestabilni urod zrna te usku(specifičnu) adaptabilnost.

Ispitivanje sorte vršeno je tijekom 2000-2002. na lokacijama Osijek, Našice, Nova Gradiška i Zagreb. Ispitivanje se vršilo uspoređivanjem sa standardom Dubravka. Sorta je u gospodarskim svojstvima - VCU testiranju pokazala bolje rezultate od standarda i to u prirodu zrna, prinosu ulja i proteina. Prema dužini vegetacije pripada 0 grupi zriobe.