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The formation of the NLRP3inflammasome in the heart during acute myocardial infarction amplifies the inflammatory response and mediates further damage. Glyburide has NLRP3inhibitory activity in vitro but requires very high doses in vivo, associated with hypoglycemia. The aim of this study was to measure the effects on the NLRP3inflammasome of 16673-34-0, an intermediate substrate free of the cyclohexylurea moiety, involved in insulin release.

Protein resistant polymer brushes of poly(diethylene glycol methylether methacrylate) (DEGMA) are synthesized by surface‐initiated polymerization (SIP) on gold and are thoroughly characterized with particular attention to the nanomechanical properties. Compared to the well known brushes of poly(oligoethylene glycol methylether methacrylate) (POEGMA) on gold, PDEGMA brushes grow faster and yield higher final brush heights. In confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments it is shown that both types of brushes possess similar low non‐specific adsorption levels of labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) from buffer. While the surface stiffness evaluated by depth sensing indentation in the dry state suggests that side chain crystallization imparts high stiffness to the POEGMA brush, PDEGMA brushes behave similar to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) brushes of comparable thickness. In the wet state PDEGMA brushes are shown to possess an elastic modulus of 800 kPa, as estimated by AFM nanoindentation, which is smaller than that of POEGMA (3 000 kPa). Expanding these brushes to end‐functional polymers with recently developed block copolymer brush approaches, tailored soft biointerfaces can be generated for cell ‐ surface interaction and cell culture studies.

The performance of a novel rapid‐scanning (20 000 amu/s) quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS) has been evaluated in the comprehensive 2‐D gas chromatography (GC×GC) analysis of pesticides contained in water. Analyte extraction was performed by using direct solid‐phase microextraction (SPME). The MS system was operated using a rather wide m/z50–450 mass range and a 33 Hz spectral production rate, a frequency which was found sufficient for reliable quantification. The qMS performance was evaluated considering: (i) number of data points per peak, (ii) mass spectral quality, (iii) extent of peak skewing, and (iv) consistency of retention times. Seven‐point calibration curves (external calibration) were constructed for 28 pesticides over the limit of quantification range of 100 μg/L (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/L). The solid‐phase microextraction‐GC×GC‐qMS method was validated by calculating limits of detection and quantification, intraday peak area precision, accuracy, and intraday retention‐time precision. A series of tap water samples were subjected to analysis, fortunately giving negative results.

Tertiary geological processes and Quaternary climatic oscillations significantly contributed in determining plant species ranges in the Mediterranean basin, making it difficult to distinguish between relative influence of habitat fragmentation and long-distance dispersal in shaping actual species distribution across disjointed regions. We studied the phylogeographic structure of Anacamptis longicornu, a Western Mediterranean orchid species spanning over the main continental islands (Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Balearic Islands) and North Africa. We aimed to answer the question whether the highly disjointed distribution of this orchid was determined by: (1) recent over-sea dispersion after the last glacial phase; (2) range fragmentation after the refilling of Mediterranean basin at the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC); (3) ancient dispersal events linked to the insurgence of favourable bioclimatic conditions in the basin. Haplotype differentiation, haplotype network, and mismatch analysis support the hypothesis that the current distribution of A. longicornuis more likely explained by allopatric separation and restricted gene flow in connection with fragmentation of a continuous range or a series of ancient dispersal events, after the MSC but before the most recent glaciations. Recent over-sea dispersion, if occurring, must have played a marginal role.

In the present research, a split‐flow comprehensive 2‐D GC‐quadrupole MS (qMS) method was developed using: a primary apolar 30 m×0.25 mm id×0.25 μm dfcapillary linked, viaa T‐union, to a secondary polar 1.0 m×0.05 mm id×0.05 μm dfcapillary and to a 0.10 m×0.05 mm id×0.05 μm dfuncoated column segment. The GC×GC‐qMS instrument was equipped with two GC ovens and a loop‐type modulator. The polar column was connected to the MS, whereas the uncoated column directed most of the first‐dimension effluent to waste and enabled the generation of optimum gas velocities in both dimensions, namely circa20 and 80 cm/s in the first and second dimensions, respectively. The rapid‐scanning qMS was operated at a scan speed of 10 000 amu/s, a 25‐Hz data acquisition frequency (scan time+interscan time: 40 ms), and with a normal GC mass range (m/z40–360). Chromatography bands at the second‐dimension outlet were never less than 360 ms wide (6σ), enabling the acquisition of at least 10 spectra/peak.

The bacteria fatty acid profile has been extensively studied for taxonomic classification purposes, since bacteria, in general, contain particular and rare fatty acids, compared with animal and plant tissues. As for any real‐world sample type, the development of rapid and reliable methods for (i) sample identification (in this case, bacterium type), and (ii) constituent identification (in this instance, the fatty acid profile) is desirable. In this research, a half‐an‐hour procedure, to analyze bacteria, was developed: a 2‐min one‐step sample preparation step was followed by a relatively fast comprehensive 2D GC‐MS separation (25 min). Furthermore, dedicated MS libraries were constructed for the identification of bacteria and fatty acids. Finally, data processing, only qualitative at this stage, was carried out with the support of a novel comprehensive 2D GC software.

Cold‐pressed mandarin essential oils are products of great economic importance in many parts of the world and are used in perfumery, as well as in food products. Reconstituted mandarin oils are easy to find on the market; useful information on essential oil authenticity, quality, extraction technique, geographic origin and biogenesis can be attained through high‐resolution GC of the volatile fraction, or enantioselective GC, using different chiral stationary phases. Stable isotope ratio analysis has gained considerable interest for the unveiling of citrus oil adulteration, detecting small differences in the isotopic carbon composition and providing plenty of information concerning the discrimination among products of different geographical origin and the adulteration of natural essential oils with synthetic or natural compounds. In the present research, the authenticity of several mandarin essential oils was assessed through the employment of GC hyphenated to isotope ratio MS, conventional GC flame ionization detector, enantioselective GC and HPLC. Commercial mandarin oils and industrial natural (declared as such) mandarin essential oils, characterized by different harvest periods and geographic origins, were subjected to analysis. The results attained were compared with those of genuine cold‐pressed Italian mandarin oils, obtained during the 2008–2009 harvest season.

In the present work, carried out in relation to the European and American Directives on the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, the simultaneous determination of the oxygenate compounds and BTEX in gasoline was achieved through the use of a multidimensional GC (MDGC)/MS system, employing a Deans switch‐based transfer system, with an innovative configuration; the latter enabled multiple heart‐cut transfers with no hint of retention time shift, a phenomenon that can occur in MDGC, providing the possibility to achieve more then 20 different heart‐cuts for the compounds of interest. In this study, 20 selected compounds were quantitatively transferred with 12 heart‐cuts, from a first to a secondary column, in order to resolve primary column co‐elutions. Analyte quantification and identification was achieved through a fast‐scanning quadrupole mass analyzer, operated in full scan mode, in order to evaluate also the interfering compounds transferred together with the compounds of interest. The multidimensional method developed was subjected to validation. All attained data were in excellent correlation with results obtained through the UNI‐EN 12177:2000, ASTM D 5580‐02 and ASTM D 4815‐04 MDGC methods, for the determination of benzene, BTEX and oxygenate compounds in gasoline, respectively.

The present research is focused on the use of a solid‐phase microextraction‐comprehensive 2‐D GC methodology, in the analysis of the volatile fraction of yerba mate. Yerba mate is used for the generation of a tea‐like beverage, widely consumed in South America. A rapid‐scanning quadrupole mass spectrometer (qMS), employed as a detection system and operated at a 25 Hz scanning frequency, supplied high‐quality mass spectra. The effectiveness of the 3‐D comprehensive 2‐D GC‐qMS experiment was compared to that of GC‐qMS analysis on the same sample. Peak identification, in both applications, was achieved through MS library matching, with the support of linear retention index data. Apart from a great increase in the number of analytes separated (approx. by a factor of 5) and identified (approx. by a factor of 3.5), the comprehensive 2‐D GC‐qMS approach enabled the determination of a high number of hazardous contaminants (aliphatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and plasticizers), barely visible in the GC‐qMS analysis.

The present research is focused on the offline combination of normal‐phase LC to double‐oven GC×GC‐quadrupole MS. Initially, a diesel sample was subjected to automated LC×GC in order to define the elution windows of four fractions,viz., saturated hydrocarbons, monocyclic aromatics, dicyclic aromatics, tri‐ + tetracyclic aromatics; each fraction was collected exploiting the LC system in a further analysis and subjected to large‐volume‐injection‐GC×GC analysis using an apolar–polar column combination. The GC×GC operational conditions were tuned in relation to the specific separation requirements of each heart‐cut. The main benefits of what can be defined as offline LC‐GC×GC were: (i) the high first‐dimension LC selectivity; (ii) the injection of high sample amounts in the GC×GC system, enabling the detection and quantification of a series of low‐amount diesel constituents; (iii) improved GC×GC operational conditions for each heart‐cut with respect to direct GC×GC.

The present research is focused on the use of comprehensive 2‐D GC (GC×GC) for the elucidation of the human plasma fatty acid (FA) profile. The enhanced sensitivity, increased separation power and the formation of group‐type patterns provided by GC×GC enabled the identification and quantification of a high number of both well known and unexpected FAs, for a total of 65 components. Peak assignment was, in most cases, supported by using pure standard compounds. The results attained demonstrated the usefulness of the multidimensional GC method in this fundamental field of research.

Very fast GC analyses are commonly carried out by using 10 m×0.1 mm id capillaries. In order to achieve rapid elution times (1–3 min), the latter are operated under suboptimum conditions. The present research is focused on the evaluation of use of a 0.1 mm id polar column segment (2 m), operated under near‐to‐optimum conditions, in very fast GC analysis. The results attained are compared with those derived from using a 10 m microbore column in very fast GC experiments. Prior to method development, the effects of gas velocity, temperature program rate, and sample amounts on analytical performance were evaluated. Following these preliminary applications, a complex lipidic sample, cod liver oil, was subjected to rapid separation (∼︁2.1 min) on the 10 m capillary through the application of a 50°C/min temperature rate and a 130 cm/s gas velocity. The same matrix was analyzed on the 2 m capillary using the same temperature program rate and range, but with a close‐to‐ideal linear velocity. The results observed were of interest, as the separation was achieved in less time (1.45 min) with improved peak resolution. Finally, both methods were validated in terms of retention time and peak area repeatability, LOQ, and linearity.

The present research is focused on the use of comprehensive 2‐D GC (GC×GC) for the thorough elucidation of fatty acid (FA) profiles contained in vegetable oils; the samples analysed consisted of extra‐virgin olive oil and refined hazelnut oil. The enhanced sensitivity and the formation of group‐type patterns provided by GC×GC enabled the identification and quantification of both well‐known and rather unexpected FAs contained in the lipid matrices. Peak assignment was, in most cases, supported by using pure standard compounds. Of particular interest was the identification of a series of odd‐numbered FAs in both samples. The results attained to demonstrate the usefulness of GC×GC also for the analysis of supposedly low‐complex samples.

A spectrum of neuropathology occurs in infants who sustain traumatic brain injury. Because of a prolonged survival interval, there is a risk that these deaths may not be recognized as a sequel of trauma. We reviewed the records in New York City of 5 delayed fatalities due to nonaccidental infant head injury that had survival intervals from 2.5 to 17 years. The head injuries occurred at 2 to 3 months of age, and death occurred at 2.5 to 17 years of age. Initially, they were reported as natural deaths by treating physicians, families, and/or police. All 5 infants had unexplained or poorly explained remote traumatic head injury that included subdural hematomas. At autopsy, the neuropathologic exam demonstrated remote subdural hemorrhages and lesions related to chronic hypoxic-ischemic injury including atrophy, arterial infarcts, border-zone infarcts, and cystic encephalomalacia. Each child survived the initial injury but later succumbed to the delayed effects of secondary hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. These 5 deaths highlight the need to investigate independently the medical history of any child (or adult) who dies with a clinical diagnosis of “cerebral palsy.” The term cerebral palsy often is used as a catchall for any patient who has had neurologic impairment since infancy or childhood. If there is a direct link between the initial injury and the death, even if the injury occurred many years before death, then the injury is the proximate cause of death and dictates the manner of death. All 5 deaths were certified as homicides.

The Scientific Committee for Cosmetics and NonFood Products in the 7th Amendment to the European Cosmetics Directive established 26 fragrance components, widely used in cosmetic products, as being responsible for a series of contact allergies (Directive 2003/15/EC, Official Journal of the European Union, L66/26, 11.3.2003). The regulation foresees that any allergen, present in excess of 100 mg/kg in rinse‐off and of 10 mg/kg in leave‐on formulations, must be reported on the label of the product. The present research reports a fast GC‐full scan quadrupole mass spectrometric method (under 5 min) for the qualitative/quantitative analysis of allergens in perfumes. Reliable peak identification was achieved through a twin‐filtered MS library matching procedure, considering a minimum degree of spectral similarity (90%) and retention data (a linear retention index window was applied). Peak quantification was carried out by using a specific extracted ion. In case a suspected allergen fell within its retention time window but presented a low degree of spectral purity (< 90%), analyte determination was achieved by using three extracted ions (one quantifier and two qualifiers). The fast GC‐MS method was validated in terms of intraday retention time and peak area precision, LODs and LOQs, and method linearity. Finally, peak skewing was also evaluated and was within more than acceptable limits.

Since the invention of GC, there has been an ever increasing interest within the chromatographic community for faster GC methods. This is obviously related to the fact that the number of samples subjected to GC analysis has risen greatly. Nowadays, in routine analytical applications, sample throughput is often the most important aspect considered when choosing an analytical method. Gas chromatographic instrumentation, especially in the last decade, has been subjected to continuous and considerable improvement. High‐speed injection systems, electronic gas pressure control, rapid oven heating/cooling and fast detection are currently available in a variety of commercial gas chromatographs. The main consequence of this favourable aspect is that high‐speed GC is being increasingly employed for routine analysis in different fields. Furthermore, the employment of dedicated software makes the passage from a conventional to a fast GC method a rather simple step. The present review provides an overview of the employment of fast GC techniques for the analysis of food constituents and contaminants. A brief historical and theoretical background is also provided for the approaches described.

The mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus) of organically modified silicate thin films can be finely tuned by varying the degree of alkylation and thus the fraction of six- and four-membered siloxane rings in the organosilica matrix. This opens the way to large tunability of parameters that are of crucial practical importance for films that are finding increasing application in numerous fields ranging from microelectronics to chemical sensing.

Summary:Nanometer scale morphological order of macroscopically amorphous polyesters, obtained from the melt at moderate cooling rates, was observed in the past. The effect of such order on mechanical properties of a PET/PEN blend, evaluated by AFM nanoindentations, is reported in this study. Results show that nanoindentations conducted at relatively high load, with penetration depths of the order of 100 nm, confirm the information obtained from mechanical tests at micrometer scale, i.e., microhardness. On the other hand, true nanometer scale indentations (<40 nm) are seen to discriminate between the mechanical properties of the nanophases formed during solidification.

AFM nanoindentations show a dependence of penetration, i.e., the relative motion between the sample and the tip (indenter), on material elastic properties when using the same load. This relationship becomes visible by using of samples being homogeneous down to the scale of nanoindentation. They were prepared from materials covering a broad range of mechanical behavior:  from rubbery networks to glassy and semicrystalline polymers. The elastic modulus can be obtained applying Sneddon's elastic contact mechanics approach. To do this, some calibrations and instrumental features have to be measured accurately. All the polymers tested show that the contact between the tip and the sample is dominated by elastic behavior with negligible plastic deformation. In contrast to a standard metallic material like lead, the penetration dependence on load follows an exponent of 1.5, consistent with elastic contact mechanics. This can be justified on the basis of the large elastic range polymers exhibit, on the constraints due to the geometry of the deformation during indentation and to the critical yielding volume needed in order to induce plasticity. For the polymers studied, this volume is chosen in such a way that a significant material volume is irreversibly deformed. Elastic moduli taken from AFM force curves show a very good agreement with bulk values obtained by macroscopic tensile testing, on all the polymers tested. This result confirms that AFM nanoindentations in polymers take place mostly in the elastic range and opens the possibility to characterize the mechanical behavior of polymers on an unparalleled small scale compared to commercial DSI (depth sensing instruments), which use a much blunter indenter.

Summary:The nanoindentation test is a fundamental tool to assess the link between morphology and mechanical properties. The preliminary results of a more exhaustive study about the applicability to polymers of the most used procedure to determine elastic modulus by indentation are reported in this short communication. A departure of the experimental conditions from the theoretical assumptions and results that give rise to the Oliver and Pharr analysis is shown to occur under a wide range of experimental conditions, with applied loads and penetration depths covering several orders of magnitude and using different indenter geometries. Unloading curves with exponents significantly larger than 2 are observed in disagreement with the contact mechanics approach used by Oliver and Pharr.

This investigation is based on the automated solid phase microextraction GC‐MS analysis of the volatile fraction of a variety of coffee bean matrices. Volatile analytes were extracted by headspace (HS)‐SPME which was achieved with the support of automated instrumentation. The research was directed towards various important aspects relating to coffee aroma analysis: monitoring of the volatile fraction formation during roasting; chromatographic differentiation of the two main coffee species (Arabica and Robusta) and of a single species from different geographical origins; evaluation of the influence of specific industrial treatments prior to roasting. Reliable peak assignment was carried out through the use of a recently laboratory‐constructed “flavour and fragrance” library and a dual‐filter MS spectral search procedure. Further emphasis was placed on the automated SPME instrumentation and on its ability to supply highly repeatable chromatographic data.

This research focuses on the minimization of GC analysis times through the use of a 5 m×0.05 mm ID×0.05 μm (film thickness) column. Experimental minimum plate height (Hmin) and optimum linear velocity values were derived from standard compound applications, under various analytical conditions, and then related to classical chromatographic theory. Deviations from the latter are measured and discussed. Practical aspects linked to the use of such capillaries, such as column sample capacity and detector acquisition rates, are also considered. Furthermore, a fast, and what can be considered a very fast method, were applied to the separation of a fuel sample. Coefficients of variation of elution times and relative peak areas were calculated in the very fast application. All analytical results are compared with those obtained by conventional 0.25 mm ID column applications.

A 5 m × 50 μm capillary column with 0.05 μm stationary phase film thickness, with a calculated efficiency of almost 20,000 plates per metre (under optimum conditions), was used for very fast high resolution GC analysis of lime essential oil. The total analysis time of this volatile essential oil was less than 90 s. Fast GC is shown to be appropriate for essential oil quality assurance analysis, and quantitative results of key components are comparable with those obtained by using conventional GC analysis. The fast GC analysis is approximately 33 times faster than the conventional GC method.

The present investigation is based on the separation of one of the most complex food matrices: the roasted coffee bean volatile fraction. Analysis of the two main species of coffee (Arabica/Robusta) was achieved through an effective and simple sampling procedure, headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and the unprecedented resolving power of comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC). The combination of these two techniques proved to be a powerful tool for the extraction and separation of coffee volatiles. In fact, thousands of compounds that play various roles in the constitution of coffee aroma profile were resolved in the 2-D contour plot, each occupying a specific position pinpointed by two retention time coordinates. The potential use of this method for the assessment of coffee quality and the detection of commercial fraud is discussed. The potential of GC×GC for identification and classification of unknowns was also demonstrated, as the formation of characteristic patterns for structurally related compounds was observed in the bidimensional chromatogram. Moreover, reproducibility results were supported by the use of an autosampler for SPME applications that allowed any inaccuracy arising from manual handling to be avoided.

Fast and conventional GC techniques were both applied to ten different lipidic matrices and the results then compared. The fats and oils were of fish, animal, and vegetable origin and were all simultaneously transesterified with acidic methanol before performing batch analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) obtained. All FAMEs samples were consecutively analyzed three times by each method. The fast method significantly reduced the time required for analysis by a factor of 5 while maintaining a similar resolution. Furthermore, the reproducibility of relative quantitative data was measured on going from one method to the other. Peak identification was achieved through conventional GC-MS in combination with linear retention index values contained in a home library and information derived from comprehensive 2D GC group patterns.

Reading street name signs is an important part of the navigation task of driving a vehicle. Older drivers, in particular, often have trouble reading street name signs because of poor sign design and because of vision problems associated with aging. Past research has shown that older drivers can benefit in sign detection by either increasing the size of the sign or by increasing the retro-reflectivity of the material used to make the sign. The present study examined the effects of reflective material on the legibility distance for a standard size shoulder mounted street name sign. ASTM Types I, III, VII, and IX were used for the white on green signs with legend consisting of a 6“ initial upper case letter and 4.5” lower case Highway Series C. The effects of intersection complexity were examined by conducting the study at three different intersections in an urban area that varied in traffic volumes, commercial lighting and geometric design. An additional variable was which side of the street the signs appeared. Older drivers, with a mean age of 71, drove an instrumented vehicle in real traffic at night and were asked to read traffic signs temporarily erected for purposes of the study. The results showed an interaction between sign reflectivity and intersection complexity, suggesting that brighter signs aid legibility more in complex traffic situations. The differences between the reflective material types at low-complexity intersection were small compared to the differences observed at the high-complexity intersection where ASTM Types VII and IX showed greater legibility distances than Types I and III. Likewise, when signs were mounted on the left side of the street, the reflectivity of the material showed more of an effect than when they were mounted on the right side of the street. Overall, sign legibility distances were improved 21–30 % by changing from ASTM Types I and III to the higher reflectivity materials, Types VII and IX.

The direct electrochemistry of cytochrome c at a gold electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry using, as promoters, microperoxidase (the haem-undecapeptide obtained by hydrolysis of cytochrome c), Fe(III)-protoporphyrin IX or protoporphyrin-IX, all entrapped in a cellulose triacetate membrane. The results indicate that these immobilized systems strongly enhance the rate of electron transfer between the protein in solution and the electrode surface, and thus behave as ‘solid-state’ promoters, though with differing efficiencies. These results are of interest because they raise the possibility of engineering an efficient and versatile promoter active also at inert electrode surfaces.

Nella encefalite erpetica tipo I (HSV-1) in età pediatrica il contributo delle indagini diagnostiche neuroradiologiche quali la TC e la RM, i progressi delle conoscenze cliniche e virologiche, consentono di valutare precocemente le lesioni cerebrali nella fase acuta della malattia, permettendo rapidamente l'inizio di una terapia antivirale specifica e limitando pertanto le indicazioni alla biopsia cerebrale, ancor oggi unico mezzo capace di porre una diagnosi certa.

Immobilization of biological systems in solid matrices is presently of great interest, in view of the many potential advantages associated with both the higher stability of the immobilized macromolecules and the potential utilization for biotechnology. In the present paper the electrochemical behaviour of the undecapeptide from cytochrome c (called microperoxidase) tightly entrapped in cellulose triacetate membrane is reported; its utilization as ‘solid-state’ promoter in the electrochemistry of soluble metalloproteins is presented. The results obtained indicate that: (i) membrane-entrapped microperoxidase undergoes rapid reversible electron transfer at a glassy carbon electrode; (ii) the electrochemical process is diffusion-controlled; (iii) entrapped microperoxidase acts as ‘solid-state’ promoter in the electrochemistry of soluble cytochrome c and of azurin.

This paper documents an unusual example of hypoplastic anemia, intermittent hemoglobinuria appearing in cold weather, and lymphoproliferative disease associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and repeated infections, followed by the appearance of a monoclonal gammopathy (IgG-Kappa) and Bence Jones proteinuria (Kappa), with tissue lesions more characteristic of macroglobulinemia than of multiple myeloma, in a middle-aged Negro.

Mitochondrial respiration (oxidative phosphorylation, OXPHOS) is an emerging target in currently refractory cancers such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the variability of energetic metabolic adaptations between PDAC patients has not been assessed in functional investigations. In this work, we demonstrate that OXPHOS rates are highly heterogeneous between patient tumors, and that high OXPHOS tumors are enriched in mitochondrial respiratory complex I at protein and mRNA levels. Therefore, we treated PDAC cells with phenformin (complex I inhibitor) in combination with standard chemotherapy (gemcitabine), showing that this treatment is synergistic specifically in high OXPHOS cells. Furthermore, phenformin cooperates with gemcitabine in high OXPHOS tumors in two orthotopic mouse models (xenografts and syngeneic allografts). In conclusion, this work proposes a strategy to identify PDAC patients likely to respond to the targeting of mitochondrial energetic metabolism in combination with chemotherapy, and that phenformin should be clinically tested in appropriate PDAC patient subpopulations.