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For the development of CO2 flooding in low-permeability oil fields, due to the strong heterogeneity and viscous fingering, it is easy to form the actual situation of the dominant air channel. To understand the heterogeneity of the reservoir in advance, and to obtain the information of the underground fluid distribution status in time, through the indoor evaluating the experimental study, the two gas-phase tracers QT-1 and QT-5 were optimally evaluated in terms of storage time, temperature, and static adsorption, and the cross-valve gas tracer monitoring was performed on the transferred 29-33 well group. The production dynamics of the test wells in the CO2 drive field was Tracked and evaluated. According to the seeing conditions, migration speed and direction of the gas tracer, and the results of the reservoir connectivity, a comprehensive analysis of the advantages of the gas drive was carried out. The results show that under the condition of reservoir, the gaseous tracers QT-1 and QT-5 coexist and move with gas phase and light hydrocarbon mixed phase with CO2 in the oil reservoir. The migration speed of the tracer in the first-line well is relatively slow, and the velocity of the second and third line wells faster, indicating that the fracture is not developed. The No. 2 small-layer injection and production well of the Qingyi I sands group has good connectivity and there is intra-layer heterogeneity. The production concentration is parallel to the southwest direction of the sand body, indicating that the there are gas-fed advantages in the direction. Different tracer output curve shapes correspond to different reservoir characteristics. A single set of thick sand reservoirs shows "single peak", long time for seepage, and long duration of output peak; multiple sets of thin sand reservoirs show "Multiple peaks," short reagents, output peak duration, and other features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The work studies corrosion failure analysis of L485 pipeline in CO2 environment. [•] The corrosion scale mainly consists of FeCO3. [•] The actual corrosion rate is at the range of 1.413–1.978mm/a. [•] The Mn content of L485 steel exceeds the standard compared with API Spec 5L. [•] Corrosion undergoes the bare metal, scale-covered, reaction destruction period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTRice is the staple food for 1/3 of the world’s population, but soil pollution with cadmium (Cd) is harmful to rice production and human health. Therefore, how to reduce the Cd content in rice grains is a hot topic worldwide. However, so far, little is known about Cd remediation technologies for paddy soils from the perspective of patents. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of measures based on 1402 observations from 336 patents from 2011 to 2021. The spatio-temporal analysis showed that the number of patents was positively related to the general economic development of the country, but hardly related to the regional economy or the level of provincal Cd pollution. The meta-analysis showed that the overall effect of Cd reduction was slightly higher for combined technologies (59%) than for single technologies (57%). Among all technology classifications, soil applications, which are mainly based on nutritional elements, were the most commonly used technology that could reduce the Cd content in rice grains by 57%. The plant biotechnology was the most effective and could reduce Cd content in rice grains by 76%. Further analysis showed that macronutrients (calcium, phosphorus, and sulfur) were preferred in soil amendments, while micronutrients (silicon, zinc, and selenium) were preferred in foliar amendments. NRAMP5 and HMA3 were the most important genes for manipulating Cd uptake in rice, while Bacillus and Pseudomonas were the most important bacterial taxa for bioremediation of Cd. Overall, this study compiled data on Cd remediation of paddy soil from 10 years of Chinese patents, providing a theoretical basis for better production of low Cd crops and protection of human health.Patents are an indicator and promoter of theoretical innovation and technological improvement. However, little is known about Cd remediation technologies for paddy soils and rice grains from the perspective of patents. In this study, the first dataset of soil Cd remediation and rice safety production measures from the Chinese patents in the past 10 years was established. Then it evaluated the effect of each measure using meta-analysis and pointed out the future direction of research to find better solutions for Cd remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Understanding the reciprocal interaction between root development and coadapted beneficial microbes in response to elevated CO2 (eCO2) will facilitate the identification of nutrient‐efficient cultivars for sustainable agriculture.Here, systematic morphological, anatomical, chemical and gene expression assays performed under low‐nitrogen conditions revealed that eCO2 drove the development of the endodermal barrier with respect to L‐/S‐shaped lateral roots (LRs) in rice.Next, we applied metabolome and endodermal‐cell‐specific RNA sequencing and showed that rice adapts to eCO2 by spatially recruiting diazotrophs via flavonoid secretion in L‐shaped LRs. Using the rice Casparian strip mutant Oscasp1‐1, we confirmed that reduced lignin deposition selectively recruits the diazotrophic family of Oxalobacteraceae to confer tolerance to low nitrogen availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SOC mineralization rate increases with increasing incubation temperature. • Soil microorganisms are preferred to mineralize ROC at higher temperature. • Soil ROC, enzyme activity and pH are primary factors controlling SOC mineralization. • SOC stored in lawn soils is less susceptible to climate warming. Green spaces in urban parks are an essential part of urban planning, not only meeting the environmental demands of urban dwellers but also absorbing greenhouse gases generated in urban regions. Mineralization of soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the most important processes of C cycling, and links C sequestration and emission. However, few studies have been focused on SOC mineralization in urban parks, especially in scenarios involving rising temperature. Here, soils from different ages of deciduous forest (DT), evergreen forest (ET) and lawn (LN) were collected from the urban parks of Chengdu megacity. A soil incubation study (35 days) was conducted to examine SOC mineralization in three temperature regimes (15, 25, and 35 ℃), three vegetation types (DT, ET, and LN) and three vegetation ages (5, 10, and 15yr), making 27 treatments in total. Results demonstrate that increases in temperature stimulated the daily SOC mineralization rate, cumulative SOC mineralization, and mineralization intensity in the soils from urban green spaces, especially in soils under the 5-year-old plantings. Furthermore, results from principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the soil labile organic carbon (LOC) fraction, especially readily oxidizable carbon (ROC), soil enzyme activity and soil pH are the major factors influencing SOC mineralization. During the incubation, the average temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of the SOC mineralization rate at 25−35 °C was higher than at 15−25 °C (P < 0.05), indicating that more C would release from urban green spaces under a warmer climate. However, over all planting ages, the average Q 10 of SOC mineralization rate in lawn soils reduced by 1.87 %–4.04 % and 4.16 %–5.84 % relative to deciduous and evergreen forest soils, respectively. Overall, the SOC mineralization rate was ranked LN > ET > DT, while the Q 10 of the SOC mineralization rate was ranked DT > ET > LN with increasing temperatures. Moreover, the older vegetation showed lower SOC mineralization rates and higher Q 10 values. These findings imply that SOC stored in the soils under grass and young plantations are less susceptible to climate warming, although the mineralization rates are higher. By contrast, SOC in soils under trees is more susceptible to climate warming, but the mineralization rates are lower. Overall, the temperature change is more important for the SOC mineralization in forest soils and older plantation soils in urban green spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural production of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. is often affected by heavy metal pollution in soil, especially mixtures of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). We assessed metal-induced phytotoxicity in L. chuanxiong by exposing the plants to soil treated with Cd, Pb, or Cd/Pb mixtures. A combined Cd/Pb treatment alleviated the inhibition in plant growth, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite generation seen in single-metal exposures in three of the four combinations. Most combined Cd/Pb treatments resulted in preferential uptake of magnesium, copper, and nitrogen in underground plant parts and accumulation of phosphorus and calcium in aboveground plant parts, thereby leading to improvements in photosynthetic potential. Compared with single-metal exposures, combined Cd/Pb treatment significantly decreased the contents of Cd by 16.67%–40.12% and Pb by 10.68%–21.70% in the plant, respectively. At the subcellular level, the Pb presence increased the Cd percentage associated with cell wall from 64.79% to 67.93% in rhizomes and from 32.76% to 45.32% in leaves, while Cd reduced Pb contents by 9.36%–46.39% in the subcellular fractions. A combined Cd/Pb treatment decreased the contents of water- and ethanol-extractable metal forms and increased the contents of acetic acid- and hydrochloric acid-extractable forms. The lower toxic effects of the Cd/Pb mixture in L. chuanxiong were associated with photosynthetic potential, subcellular distribution, the chemical forms of Cd and Pb, and synthesis of secondary metabolites. These findings are useful for plant production strategies in soils contaminated by heavy metals. Image 1 • Cd/Pb co-exposure maintained plant photosynthetic potential. • Low Pb decreased Cd accumulation and high Cd decreased Pb accumulation. • Pb increased Cd content in the cell wall and Cd decreased Pb content in subcellular fraction. • Cd/Pb co-exposure decreased chemical forms of Cd and Pb with high toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moso bamboo is excellent candidate for cadmium (Cd)/lead (Pb) phytoremediation, while rhizosphere microbiome has significant impact on phytoremediation efficiency of host plant. However, little is known about the rhizosphere bacterial communities of moso bamboo in Cd/Pb contaminated soils. Therefore, this study investigated the assembly patterns and key taxa of rhizosphere bacterial communities of moso bamboo in Cd/Pb polluted and unpolluted soils, by field sampling, chemical analysis, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results indicated α-diversity between Cd/Pb polluted and unpolluted soils showed a similar pattern (p > 0.05), while β-diversity was significantly different (p < 0.05). The relative abundance analysis indicated α-proteobacteria (37%) and actinobacteria (31%) were dominant in Cd/Pb polluted soils, while γ-proteobacteria (40%) and α-proteobacteria (22%) were dominant in unpolluted soils. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated microbial networks were less complex and more negative in polluted soils than in unpolluted soils. Mantel analysis indicated soil available phosphorus, organic matter, and available Pb were the most important environmental factors affecting microbial community structure. Correlation analysis showed 11 bacterial genera were significantly positively related to Cd/Pb. Overall, this study identified the bacterial community composition of bamboo rhizosphere in responding to Cd/Pb contamination and provides a theoretical basis for microbe-assistant phytoremediation in the future. Novelty statement: To date, little is known about the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere of moso bamboo under Cd and Pb multiple stresses. This study investigated the assembly patterns and key taxa of rhizospheric bacterial communities of moso bamboo in Cd/Pb polluted and unpolluted soils. It was found that the bacterial community structure in bamboo rhizosphere is easily influenced by soil chemical environment, such as fertilities and heavy metals. The key bacterial taxa identified here could be target microbe in future microbe-assistant phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Flowering is a vital agronomic trait that determines the economic value of most ornamental plants. The flowering time of rose (Rosa spp.) is photoperiod insensitive and is thought to be tightly controlled by light intensity, although the detailed molecular mechanism remains unclear.Here, we showed that rose plants flower later under low‐light (LL) intensity than under high‐light (HL) intensity, which is mainly related to the stability of PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING FACTORs (RcPIFs) mediated by OPEN STOMATA 1‐Like (RcOST1L) under different light intensity regimes.We determined that HL conditions trigger the rapid phosphorylation of RcPIFs before their degradation. A yeast two‐hybrid screen identified the kinase RcOST1L as interacting with RcPIF4. Moreover, RcOST1L positively regulated rose flowering and directly phosphorylated RcPIF4 on serine 198 to promote its degradation under HL conditions. Additionally, phytochrome B (RcphyB) enhanced RcOST1L‐mediated phosphorylation of RcPIF4 via interacting with the active phyB‐binding motif. RcphyB was activated upon HL and recruited RcOST1L to facilitate its nuclear accumulation, in turn leading to decreased stability of RcPIF4 and flowering acceleration.Our findings illustrate how RcPIF abundance safeguards proper rose flowering under different light intensities, thus uncovering the essential role of RcOST1L in the RcphyB–RcPIF4 module in flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. (Orchidaceae), also known as Bai‐ji, is a traditional Chinese herb that is widely used in Asia to treat hematemesis, hemoptysis, traumatic bleeding and other similar disorders. Most studies have focused on the pharmacological activities of polysaccharide extracts from B. striata. Our previous studies found that the nonpolysaccharide fraction from B. striata extract also has a hemostatic effect; however, the active constituents responsible for this pharmacological action are unclear. Thus, the metabolic profiles of the nonpolysaccharide fraction were investigated in Sprague–Dawley rats and intestinal bacteria models using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. Mass data were acquired by the MSE method. Eight components including five prototypes and three metabolites were identified in rat biofluids after oral administration of the nonpolysaccharide fraction. The parent compounds underwent various metabolic processes, including hydrolysis, deglucosylation, glycosylation and sulfate conjugation. The results not only reveal the possible metabolic pathway, but also indicate the potential pharmacological components. Further mechanistic studies using nonpolysaccharide compounds of the B. striata extract are required to obtain potential candidate compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The petals of rose (Rosa sp.) flowers determine the ornamental and industrial worth of this species. The number of petals in roses was previously shown to be subject to fluctuations in ambient temperature. However, the mechanisms by which rose detects and responds to temperature changes are not entirely understood. In this study, we identified short interstitial telomere motifs (telo boxes) in the second intron of AGAMOUS (RcAG) from China rose (Rosa chinensis) that play an essential role in precise temperature perception. The second intron of RcAG harbors two telo boxes that recruit telomere repeat binding factors (RcTRBs), which interact with CURLY LEAF (RcCLF) to compose a repressor complex. We show that this complex suppresses RcAG expression when plants are subjected to low temperatures via depositing H3K27me3 marks (trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3) over the RcAG gene body. This regulatory mechanism explains the low‐temperature‐dependent decrease in RcAG transcript levels, leading to the production of more petals under these conditions. Our results underscore an interesting intron‐mediated regulatory mechanism governing RcAG expression, enabling rose plants to perceive temperature cues and establish petal numbers. Significance Statement: Our research underscores a new intron‐mediated regulatory mechanism governing RcAG expression, enabling rose plants to perceive temperature cues and establish petal numbers. It might be of great interest to a broad range of readers including environmental response, epigenetic modification, floral organ development, and other researchers in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in various signaling pathways in vascular plants. However, the crosstalk between lncRNAs and E3 ubiquitin ligases has been barely reported. In this study, we demonstrate that the lncRNA lncWD83 from rose (Rosa chinensis) 'Old blush' activates flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor MYC2 LIKE (RcMYC2L). Flowering was substantially delayed in rose by virus-induced gene silencing of lncWD83. In an in vitro pull-down assay, lncWD83 associated with PLANT U-BOX PROTEIN 11 (PUB11), a U-box-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. Seedlings with knocked down RcPUB11 transcripts phenocopied the later-flowering phenotype of lncWD83-silenced seedlings. RcMYC2L physically interacted with RcPUB11 and was ubiquitinated in an RcPUB11-dependent manner in vitro. Accordingly, silencing RcMYC2L fully reversed the later-flowering phenotype resulting from RcPUB11 knockdown. Furthermore, RcMYC2L bound to G-box-related motifs in the FLOWERING LOCUS T (RcFT) promoter and repressed its transcription. However, RcPUB11 alleviated this repression of RcFT expression via proteasomal degradation of RcMYC2L, and lncWD83 enhanced this degradation by associating with RcPUB11. Therefore, lncWD83 promotes flowering by modulating the ubiquitination of the floral repressor RcMYC2L in rose plants. These findings reveal a distinct regulatory mechanism for an lncRNA in facilitating ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis to regulate rose flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determination of soil nitrogen distributions and the factors affecting them is critical for nitrogen fertilizer management and prevention of nitrogen pollution. In this paper, the spatiotemporal variations of soil nitrogen and the relative importance of their affecting factors were analysed at a county scale in the purple hilly area of the mid-Sichuan Basin in Southwest China based on soil data collected in 1981 and 2012. Statistical results showed that soil total nitrogen (TN) increased from 0.88 g kg − 1 in 1981 to 1.12 g kg − 1 in 2012, whereas available nitrogen (AN) decreased from 84.22 mg kg − 1 to 74.35 mg kg − 1 . In particular, AN showed a significant decrease in agricultural ecosystems but remained stable in woodland and grassland. Correspondingly, most of the study area exhibited increased TN content and decreased AN content in space. The nugget/sill ratios of TN and AN increased from 0.419 to 0.608 and from 0.733 to 0.790, whereas spatial correlation distances decreased from 12.00 km to 9.50 km and from 9.50 km to 9.00 km, respectively, suggesting that the spatial dependence of soil nitrogen became weaker and that the extrinsic factors played increasingly important roles in affecting the soil nitrogen distribution. Soil group and land use type were the two dominant factors in 1981, followed by topographic factors, vegetation coverage and parent material, whereas land use type became the most important factor in 2012, and the relative contribution of topographic factors declined markedly. The results suggested that land use related to cultivation management and fertilizer application was the decisive factor for soil nitrogen change. The increase in TN content and the decrease in AN content over the study period also suggested improper use of nitrogen fertilizer, which can result in nitrogen loss through increasing nitrification rates. Thus, effective measures should be taken to increase the uptake rate of nitrogen and prevent nitrogen pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis plays crucial roles in the adaptation to cadmium (Cd) stress. Nevertheless, few reports have dabbled in physiological mechanisms of such super pathway regulating Cd accumulation in plants. Herein, by integrating transcriptomic, histological and molecular biology approaches, the present study dedicated to clarify molecular mechanism on how rice adapt to Cd stress via phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Our analysis identified that the enhancement of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was as a key response to Cd stress. Intriguingly, POD occupied a significant part in this process, with the number of POD related genes accounted for 26/29 of all upregulated genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. We further used SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid, the POD inhibitor) to validate that POD exhibited a negative correlation with the Cd accumulation in rice tissues, and proposed two intrinsic molecular mechanisms on POD in contributing to Cd detoxification. One strategy was that POD promoted the formation of lignin and CSs both in endodermis and exodermis for intercepting Cd influx. In detail, inhibited POD induced by external addition of SHAM decreased the content of lignin by 50.98–66.65 % and delayed percentage of the D TIP-CS to root length by 39.17–104.51 %. The other strategy was expression of transporter genes involved in Cd uptake, including OsIRT1 , OsIRT2 , OsZIP1 and OsZIP , negatively regulated by POD. In a word, our findings firstly draws a direct link between POD activity and the Cd accumulation, which is imperative for the breeding of rice with low-Cd-accumulating capacity in the future. [Display omitted] • 26 of 29 upregulated genes in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are associated with POD. • POD negatively regulate Cd uptake and accumulation. • POD involve in promoting the formation of lignin and CSs in endodermis and exodermis for Cd detoxification. • POD involve in orchestrating the membranal metal transporters on Cd detoxification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is unknown why roses are terpene-rich, what the terpene biosynthetic pathways in roses are, and why only a few rose species produce the major components of rose essential oil. Here, we assembled two high-quality chromosome-level genomes for Rosa rugosa and Rosa multiflora. We also re-sequenced 132 individuals from the F1 progeny of Rosa chinensis and Rosa wichuraiana and 36 of their related species. Comparative genomics revealed that expansions of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and terpene synthases (TPSs) gene families led to the enrichment of terpenes in rose scent components. We constructed a terpene biosynthesis network and discovered a TPS-independent citronellol biosynthetic pathway in roses through gene functional identification, genome-wide association studies (GWASs), and multi-omic analysis. Heterologous co-expression of rose citronellol biosynthetic genes in Nicotiana benthamiana led to citronellol production. Our genomic and metabolomic analyses suggested that the copy number of NUDX1-1a determines the citronellol content in different rose species. Our findings not only provide additional genome and gene resources and reveal the evolution of the terpene biosynthetic pathways but also present a nearly complete scenario for terpenoid metabolism that will facilitate the breeding of fragrant roses and the production of rose oil. [Display omitted] • The expansion of the HMGR and TPS genes leads to an enrichment of terpenes in roses • A complete and detailed network of terpenoid metabolism has been unveiled in roses • De novo synthesis of citronellol was successfully achieved in N. benthamiana • The evolutionary trajectory of citronellol biosynthesis in roses has been elucidated Shang et al. discover that the expansion of HMGR and TPS genes leads to the enrichment of terpenes in roses. They identify a three-step pathway in the citronellol synthesis and successfully synthesize it in N. benthamiana. The copy number of NUDX1-1a is a crucial factor in determining the variation of citronellol content in roses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the REM (Reproductive Meristem) gene family are expressed primarily in reproductive meristems and floral organs. However, their evolution and their functional profiles in flower development remain poorly understood. Here, we performed genome-wide identification and evolutionary analysis of the REM gene family in Rosaceae. This family has been greatly expanded in rose (Rosa chinensis) compared to other species, primarily through tandem duplication. Expression analysis revealed that most RcREM genes are specifically expressed in reproductive organs and that their specific expression patterns are dramatically altered in rose plants with mutations affecting floral organs. Protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that RcREM14 interact with RcAP1 (one of the homology of A class genes in ABCDE model), highlighting the roles of RcREM genes in floral organ identity. Finally, co-expression network analysis indicated that RcREM genes are co-expressed with a high proportion of key genes that regulate flowering time, floral organ development, and cell proliferation and expansion in R. chinensis. • REM (Reproductive Meristem) gene family has been greatly expanded in rose (Rosa chinensis). • The expression patterns of RcREM genes are dramatically altered in rose plants with mutations affecting floral organs. • RcREM14 interact with RcAP1 (A class genes in ABCDE model). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A new concept for utilization corn stalk by coupling anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis. • An anaerobic fermentation step was used to further ferment corn stalk silage. • Fermented liquid feed was prepared by spontaneously fermentation. • Biochar derived from non-fermented residue showed improved physic-chemical property. • Biologically modified biochar is an effective adsorbent for Cd removal from water. The recycling of agricultural waste is a global challenge to the sustainable development of agriculture. By using corn stalks, we studied the feasibility of combining anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis processes to produce both fermentated liquid feed and biologically modified biocharas cadmium adsorbents. Anaerobic ensiling enhanced the biodegradation of corn stalks by increasing crude protein and reducing fiber contents. After 24-h anaerobic fermentation, corn stalks silage was decomposed into the liquid filtrate and non-fermented residue. Fermented liquid feed (FLF) was prepared by storing feed and liquid filtrate (1:4.0, wt/wt) in a closed tank at 20 °C for 4 days, which showed desired properties (pH < 4.5, lactic acid bacteria greater than 9.0 lg cfu g−1, lactic acid greater than 100 mmol L-1). The non-fermented residue was pyrolyzed at 500 °C to prepare biologically modified biochar (BCB24). In comparison with pristine biochar produced from corn stalks (CB), anaerobic ensiling and anaerobic fermentation significantly increased the surface area, oxygen-containing functional groups, as well as mineral components in BCB24. The maximum sorption capacity of Cd(II) for BCB24 was 2.1 times of CB, suggesting that BCB24 is an effective adsorbent for Cd(II) removal from water. Our results indicated that coupling anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis technology can significantly improve the efficiency of corn stalks recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major cereal crops and takes up cadmium (Cd) more readily than other crops. Understanding the mechanism of Cd uptake and defense in rice can help us avoid Cd in the food chain. However, studies comparing Cd uptake, toxicity, and detoxification mechanisms of leaf and root Cd exposure at the morphological, physiological, and transcriptional levels are still lacking. Therefore, experiments were conducted in this study and found that root Cd exposure resulted in more severe oxidative and photosynthetic damage, lower plant biomass, higher Cd accumulation, and transcriptional changes in rice than leaf Cd exposure. The activation of phenylpropanoids biosynthesis in both root and leaf tissues under different Cd exposure routes suggests that increased lignin is the response mechanism of rice under Cd stress. Moreover, the roots of rice are more sensitive to Cd stress and their adaptation responses are more pronounced than those of leaves. Quantitative PCR revealed that OsPOX , OsCAD , OsPAL and OsCCR play important roles in the response to Cd stress, which further emphasize the importance of lignin. Therefore, this study provides theoretical evidence for future chemical and genetic regulation of lignin biosynthesis in crop plants to reduce Cd accumulation. [Display omitted] • Cd uptake of rice is higher in root exposure than leaf exposure. • Cd phytotoxicity of rice is stronger in root exposure than leaf exposure. • Transcriptome responses is more pronounced in root exposure than leaf exposure. • Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway is activated under Cd stress. • Lignin and cell wall biosynthesis is enhanced under Cd stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop straw return is a widely used agricultural management practice. The addition of crop straw significantly alters the pool of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in agricultural soils and plays a pivotal role in the global carbon (C) cycle, which is sensitive to climate change. The DOM concentration and composition at different soil depths could regulate the turnover and further storage of organic C in terrestrial systems. However, it is still unclear how crop straw return influences the change in DOM composition in rice paddy soils. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in which paddy soil was amended with crop straw for 10 years. Two crop straw-addition treatments [NPK with 50% crop straw (NPK+1/2S) and NPK with 100% crop straw (NPK + S)], a conventional mineral fertilization control (NPK) and a non-fertilized control were included. Topsoil (0–20 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) samples were collected to investigate the soil DOM concentration and compositional structure of the profile. Soil nutrients, iron (Fe) fraction, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and concentration and optical properties (UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra) of soil DOM were determined. Here, we found that the DOM in the topsoil was more humified than that in the subsoil. The addition of crop straw further decreased the humidification degree of DOM in the subsoil. In crop straw-amended topsoil, microbial decomposition controlled the composition of DOM and induced the formation of aromatic DOM. In the straw-treated subsoil, selective adsorption by poorly crystalline Fe(oxyhydr)oxides and microbial decomposition controlled the composition of DOM. In particular, the formation of protein-like compounds could have played a significant role in the microbial degradation of DOM in the subsoil. Overall, this work conducted a case study within long-term agricultural management to understand the changes in DOM composition along the soil profile, which would be further helpful for evaluating C cycling in agricultural ecosystems. [Display omitted] • Straw addition changed the composition of DOM in paddy soil profiles. • Microbial decomposition determines DOM composition in topsoil with straw addition. • Straw addition decreased the humidification degree of DOM in the subsoil. • Both microbial decomposition and Fe protection regulate DOM composition in subsoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Seed germination is a fundamental process in the plant life cycle and is regulated by functionally opposing internal and external inputs. Here we explored the role of a negative regulator of photomorphogenesis, a B‐box‐containing protein (BBX19), as a molecular link between the inhibitory action of the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the promoting role of light in germination. We show that seeds of BBX19‐overexpressing lines, in contrast to those of BBX19 RNA interference lines, display ABA hypersensitivity, albeit independently of elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5). Moreover, we establish that BBX19 functions neither via perturbation of GA signaling, the ABA antagonistic phytohormone, nor through interference with the DELLA protein germination repressors. Rather, BBX19 functions as an inducer of ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) by binding to the light‐responsive GT1 motifs in the gene promoter. In summary, we identify BBX19 as a regulatory checkpoint, directing diverse developmental processes and tailoring adaptive responses to distinct endogenous and exogenous signals. Significance Statement: BBX19, a transcription factor with two B‐box motifs, is a suppressor of seed germination that functions as a checkpoint node that optimizes and tailors adaptive responses to distinct developmental and environmental inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologically modified biochars derived from digestion residue of corn straw silage at different pyrolysis temperature (300–700 °C) were prepared for removing Cd from water. Compared with the pristine biochar derived from corn straw (CB), transabdominal transformation of corn straw silage (TCB) significantly increased surface area (4.24–56.58 m2 g−1), oxygen-containing functional group (C O C, Mg O, Si O) and mineral components (CaCO 3 , KCl). The sorption isotherms could be well described by Langmuir model, the kinetic data was best fitted by the Pseudo second order model. The maximum sorption capacity (Q m) obtained from Langmuir model for TCB700 (175.44 mg g−1) was 3 times of CB700 (56.82 mg g−1). Precipitation with minerals, ion exchange and complexation with oxygen-containing functional groups were the main mechanisms of Cd(II) sorption on TCB. These results imply that biologically modified biochar derived from digestion residue of corn straw silage at ≥600 °C is an effective sorbent for Cd removal from water. Unlabelled Image • Transabdominal transformation significantly increased surface area of biochar derived from digestion residue of corn straw silage • Pyrolysis temperature affect the sorption capacity of Cd(II) on transabdominal transformation modified biochar (TCB) • TCB made at ≥600 °C has a high sorption capacity for Cd(II) • Cd(II) sorption on the TCB fits a pseudo second order and Langmuir model. • Precipitation, ion exchange, and complexation mechanisms dominated Cd(II) sorption on TCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Manure application and crop residue returning have been performed to enhance crop yield and reduce soil reactive nitrogen (N r) gas (N 2 O and NO x) emissions. However, the dynamic characteristics of soil nitrogen-cycling (N-cycling) enzyme activities, and the relationship among N-cycling enzyme activities, N r contents and Nr gas emissions are not clearly understood. Six fertilization regimes, including control (CK-no fertilizer), synthetic N fertilizer alone (N), synthetic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (NPK), pig manure (OM), pig manure (30% of N rate) with synthetic NPK (70% of N rate) (OMNPK), and crop residues (20% of N rate) with synthetic NPK (80% of N rate) (CRNPK), were used for 11 years to form stable soil conditions. The total N application rate in each fertilization regime, except CK, is the same (130 kg N ha−1) in the winter wheat season. The results showed that the cumulative emissions of N 2 O plus NO x in OM increased significantly by 43.7%, while those in OMNPK and CRNPK decreased by 8.2 and 15.3% compared to conventional fertilization regimes of NPK. The long-term application of manure or returning crop residues to partly replace synthetic N fertilizer may significantly enhance soil hydrolase activities compared with NPK at most stages of wheat growth. In contrast to OM, OMNPK and CRNPK primarily inhibited the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) but increased hydroxylamine reductase (HyR) activity. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and stepwise multiple linear regression showed positive NR and NiR activities, while PRO activity is negative for N 2 O emission. NO x emissions were mainly controlled by HyR activities. Thus, soil reactive nitrogen (N r) gas emissions may be mitigated by different fertilization regimes through the regulation of soil enzyme activities. Fertilization regimes, such as manure application and returning crop residues with synthetic NPK, could be recommended as optimal N fertilization strategies in Regosols to mitigate N r gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In situ remediation and assessment of sediments contaminated with both antibiotics and heavy metals remains a technological challenge. In this study, MgCl 2 -modified biochar (BCM) was obtained at 500 °C through slow pyrolysis of Thalia dealbata and used for remediation of sediments contaminated by sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cd. The BCM showed greater surface area (110.6 m2 g−1) than pristine biochar (BC, 7.1 m2 g−1). The SMX sorption data were well described by Freundlich model while Langmuir model was better for the Cd2+ sorption data. The addition of 5.0% BCM significantly increased the sorption of SMX (by 50.8–58.6%) and Cd (by 24.2–25.6%) on sediments in both single and binary systems as compared with 5.0% BC. SMX sorption in sediments was significantly improved by addition of Cd2+, whereas SMX has no influence on Cd sorption on sediments. The addition of BCM distinctly decreased both SMX (by 51.4–87.2%) and Cd concentrations (by 56.2–91.3%) in overlying water, as well as in TCLP extracts (by 55.6–86.1% and 58.2–91.9% for SMX and Cd, respectively), as compared with sediments without biochar. Both germination rate and root length of pakchoi increased with increasing doses of BCM in contaminated sediments, 5.0% BCM showed greater promotion on pakchoi growth than 5.0% BC. Overall, BCM in the sediments does not only decrease the bioavailability of SMX and Cd, but it also diminishes the phytotoxicity, and thereby shows great application potential for in situ remediation of sediments polluted with antibiotics and heavy metals. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • MgCl 2 modification significantly increased surface area of biochar derived from Thalia dealbata. • The addition of the MgCl 2 -modified biochar (BCM) significantly increased the sorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and Cd on sediments. • SMX sorption in sediments was improved with the addition of Cd2+. • In situ remediation with BCM decreased the mobility and bioavailability of SMX and Cd in sediments. • BCM significantly reduced the phytotoxicity of sediments simultaneously contaminated with SMX and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Surgery-free VOR measurement that allows screen for genes and drugs affecting vestibular function has been enabled. • Daily-progression profile of the vestibular impairment caused by IDPN at different dose levels has been obtained. • Mice with homozygous mutations of Lhfpl5 and Cdh23 have been identified based on their reduced VOR-response levels. Abstract Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) responding to acceleration stimuli is originated from the vestibular apparatuses and thus widely used as an in vivo indicator of the vestibular function. We have developed a vestibular function testing (VFT) system that allows to evaluate VOR response with improved efficiency. The previously required surgical procedure has been avoided by using a newly designed animal-immobility setup. The efficacy of our VFT system was demonstrated on the mice with vestibular abnormalities caused by either genetic mutations (Lhfpl5−/− or Cdh23−/−) or applied vestibulotoxicant (3,3′-iminodipropionitrile, IDPN). Daily longitudinal inspection of the VOR response in the IDPN-administered mice gives the first VOR-based daily-progression profile of the vestibular impairment. The capability of VOR in quantifying the severity of toxicant-induced vestibular deficits has been also demonstrated. The acquired VOR-measurement results were validated against the corresponding behavioral-test results. Further validation against immunofluorescence microscopy was applied to the VOR data obtained from the IDPN-administered mice. We conclude that the improved efficiency of our surgery-free VFT system, firstly, enables the characterization of VOR temporal dynamics and quantification of vestibular-impairment severity that may reveal useful information in toxicological and/or pharmaceutical studies; and, secondly, confers our system promising potential to serve as a high-throughput screener for identifying genes and drugs that affect vestibular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is readily absorbed by rice and enters the food chain, posing a health risk to humans. A better understanding of the mechanisms of Cd-induced responses in rice will help in developing solutions to reduce Cd uptake in rice. Therefore, this research attempted to reveal the detoxification mechanisms of rice in response to Cd through physiological, transcriptomic and molecular approaches. The results showed that Cd stress restricted rice growth, led to Cd accumulation and H 2 O 2 production, and resulted cell death. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed glutathione and phenylpropanoid were the major metabolic pathways under Cd stress. Physiological studies showed that antioxidant enzyme activities, glutathione and lignin contents were significantly increased under Cd stress. In response to Cd stress, q-PCR results showed that genes related to lignin and glutathione biosynthesis were upregulated, whereas metal transporter genes were downregulated. Further pot experiment with rice cultivars with increased and decreased lignin content confirmed the causal relationship between increased lignin and reduced Cd in rice. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of lignin-mediated detoxification mechanism in rice under Cd stress and explains the function of lignin in production of low-Cd rice to ensure human health and food safety. [Display omitted] • Glutathione and phenylpropanoid pathways were active under Cd stress. • Antioxidant, GSH and lignin contents were increased under Cd stress. • Cell wall of rice root was thickened under Cd stress. • The expressions of OsIRT1, OsNRAMP5 and OsHMA2 were down-regulated. • Enhanced lignin content lead to higher yield and lower Cd in rice grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]