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International audience; It is important sometimes to break away from traditional methods of scientific and archaeological writing to consider the broader social implications of our research activities. This paper is an attempt to do so by considering not the ancient subjects of our investigations, but rather the living participants of communities in which we labour. In so doing, many of the details of usual concern—site names, dates and periods, precise locations, artefacts, footnotes, and scholarly references—are not particularly important. Rather, what is of significance in considering the ethics (and beyond) of doing fieldwork are the relationships that we forge within the contexts of our scientific teams, local communities, and the broader public. This paper will focus on the second of these three contexts, namely the local community in which we work.

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The rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is critical in the control of infectious disease. To this end, we analyzed the capacity for viral detection and identification of a newly described high-density resequencing microarray (RMA), termed PathogenID, which was designed for multiple pathogen detection using database similarity searching. We focused on one of the largest and most diverse viral families described to date, the family Rhabdoviridae . We demonstrate that this approach has the potential to identify both known and related viruses for which precise sequence information is unavailable. In particular, we demonstrate that a strategy based on consensus sequence determination for analysis of RMA output data enabled successful detection of viruses exhibiting up to 26% nucleotide divergence with the closest sequence tiled on the array. Using clinical specimens obtained from rabid patients and animals, this method also shows a high species level concordance with standard reference assays, indicating that it is amenable for the development of diagnostic assays. Finally, 12 animal rhabdoviruses which were currently unclassified, unassigned, or assigned as tentative species within the family Rhabdoviridae were successfully detected. These new data allowed an unprecedented phylogenetic analysis of 106 rhabdoviruses and further suggest that the principles and methodology developed here may be used for the broad-spectrum surveillance and the broader-scale investigation of biodiversity in the viral world.

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The incorporation of heavy metals into the test of the shallow water benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Except for the concentrations of the trace elements, all other culture conditions such as pH, temperature and salinity were kept constant. In the experiments, the concentrations of Ni, Cu and Mn were 5, 10, and 20 times higher than those in natural North Sea water, whereas in a control experiment foraminifera were cultured in filtered natural North Sea water. Concentrations of Cu and Ni from newly grown chambers were determined by means of both μ-synchrotron XRF and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). Both independent analytical approaches agreed within the analytical uncertainty intervals. The calculated partition coefficients were 0.17±0.09 and 1.3±0.7 for Cu and Ni, respectively. Potential toxic and/or chemical competition effects might have lead to a decreasing incorporation rate of Cu and Ni into the calcite of the specimens of the tank with the highest chemical concentrations. Mn showed great scattering in the aquarium with the 20-fold higher element concentrations potentially due to antagonism effects with Cu. Nevertheless, the established partition coefficients now open the way for reconstructing past concentrations for these elements in sea water.

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International audience; What do we mean by Archaeology's politics of vision? The scientific discipline gives us a way to understand and see the past in the present. It produces knowledge about ancient times and creates the material objects which stand for what we know about it. This chapter discusses two techniques, namely the site report and the museum, which facilitate the materialization of the past in order to reflect on the politics of archaeology in the context of a development and dam project in Southeastern Turkey. Site reports and museums, two specific practices that help us visualize the past, I argue, both have effects on 1. Knowledge: they produce scientific facts about the past; and 2. Power: they “intervene” (Abu El-Haj 2001 following Hacking 1983) in the wider social and political realms. Focusing on both science and politics, the paper, in the end, draws attention to the mechanisms behind the production of archaeology’s body of knowledge as well as the effects this body of knowledge and its material forms have in society.

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Evidence is accumulating of increasing concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide in the ocean and associated acidification impacts on calcifying organisms. Among these organisms, benthic and planktonic foraminifera are responsible for a large amount of the globally precipitated calcium carbonate. Therefore, their response to an acidifying ocean may have important consequences for future inorganic carbon cycling. To assess the sensitivity of benthic foraminifera to changing carbon dioxide levels and subsequent alteration in seawater carbonate chemistry, we cultured specimens of the shallow water species Ammonia tepida at two concentrations of atmospheric CO2 (120 and 2000 ppm) and two temperatures (10°C and 15°C). Shell weights and elemental compositions were determined. Results indicate that shell weights decrease with decreasing [CO32−], and increase with decreasing temperature. Changes in [CO32−] or total dissolved inorganic carbon do not affect the Mg partition coefficient. On the contrary, Sr incorporation is enhanced under increasing [CO32−]. Implications of these results for the paleoceanographic application of foraminifera are also discussed.

International audience; The Pakistan Margin is characterised by a strong mid-water oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intercepts the seabed at bathyal depths (150–1300 m). We investigated whether faunal abundance and diversity trends were similar among protists (foraminiferans and gromiids), metazoan macrofauna and megafauna along a transect (140–1850 m water depth) across the OMZ during the 2003 intermonsoon (March–May) and late/post-monsoon (August–October) seasons. All groups exhibited some drop in abundance in the OMZ core (250–500 m water depth; O2: 0.10–0.13 mL L−1=4.46–5.80 μM) but to differing degrees. Densities of foraminiferans >63 μm were slightly depressed at 300 m, peaked at 738 m, and were much lower at deeper stations. Foraminiferans >300 μm were the overwhelmingly dominant macrofaunal organisms in the OMZ core. Macrofaunal metazoans reached maximum densities at 140 m depth, with additional peaks at 850, 940 and 1850 m where foraminiferans were less abundant. The polychaete Linopherus sp. was responsible for a macrofaunal biomass peak at 950 m. Apart from large swimming animals (fish and natant decapods), metazoan megafauna were absent between 300 and 900 m (O2 0.2 mL L−1=8.92 μM). The progressively deeper abundance peaks for foraminiferans (>63 μm), Linopherus sp. and ophiuroids probably represent lower OMZ boundary edge effects and suggest a link between body size and tolerance of hypoxia. Macro- and megafaunal organisms collected between 800 and 1100 m were dominated by a succession of different taxa, indicating that the lower part of the OMZ is also a region of rapid faunal change. Species diversity was depressed in all groups in the OMZ core, but this was much more pronounced for macrofauna and megafauna than for foraminiferans. Oxygen levels strongly influenced the taxonomic composition of all faunal groups. Calcareous foraminiferans dominated the seasonally and permanently hypoxic sites (136–300 m); agglutinated foraminiferans were relatively more abundant at deeper stations where oxygen concentrations were >0.13 mL L−1(=5.80 μM). Polychaetes were the main macrofaunal taxon within the OMZ; calcareous macrofauna and megafauna (molluscs and echinoderms) were rare or absent where oxygen levels were lowest. The rarity of larger animals between 300 and 700 m on the Pakistan Margin, compared with the abundant macrofauna in the OMZ core off Oman, is the most notable contrast between the two sides of the Arabian Sea. This difference probably reflects the slightly higher oxygen levels and better food quality on the western side.

The development of particular analytical methods like Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) renders it possible to determine the composition of a single chamber of foraminifers tests. This is crucial in the investigation of benthic foraminifers since the growth of new chambers under laboratory conditions do not face the difficulties associated with experiments involving reproduction. The addition of chambers can be recognized by the incorporation of the fluorescent dye calcein. When added to the culture medium, previously formed chambers are not affected and calcein is only incorporated in calcite that is formed in its presence. However, it has never been verified whether calcein affects the element incorporation into foraminiferal calcite. In order to investigate and quantify possible effects, specimens of the benthic foraminifer Ammonia tepida were cultured in the presence and absence of calcein (15°C, salinity 33), and Mg and Sr in newly formed chambers were analysed with LA-ICP-MS. Magnesium concentrations of cross-sections and longitudinal-section of foraminifera from the same experiment were also analysed by Electron Microprobe measurements. Additionally, the impact of calcein on Mg and Sr incorporation in inorganically precipitated calcium carbonate crystals was quantified. Results show that presence of calcein does not impact the incorporation of Mg and Sr into biologically and inorganically precipitated calcium carbonate.

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La Presse Medicale - In Press.Proof corrected by the author Available online since mercredi 11 decembre 2013

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Generalized pustular psoriasis can be triggered by hypocalcemia, pregnancy, stress and drugs but frequently has no obvious cause. We report a case which was only cured after treatment of iatrogenic adrenal axis suppression. A 41 year old woman had been suffering for nine months from a generalized pustular psoriasis which had occurred after a three week topical corticosteroid therapy of plaque psoriasis with 90 g of betamethasone dipropionate + 2% salicylic acid. Successive systemic treatments failed but topical corticosteroids brought relief to the patient. Cortisol level was found to be very low. Further investigations showed iatrogenic adrenal axis suppression. Hydrocortisone supplementation brought spectacular improvement and complete healing in a few months.We suggest that our patient was extremely sensitive to corticosteroids because the first pustules appeared after a conventional topical treatment. Adrenal axis suppression has never been involved in the aggravation of inflammatory dermatoses except in two cases of severe atopic dermatitis. Endogen corticosteroids inhibit proinflammatory cytokines by a feed-back mechanism and might have a great importance in the immune regulation loop. Cortisol level measurement should be considered in corticodependent inflammatory dermatoses.

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Fibreoptic bronchoscopy is currently undertaken by the majority of respiratory physicians, but under varying conditions. Though complications are rare the tolerance of this examination is sometimes poor, particularly when it is performed under local anaesthesia. The undesirable effects may reduce the value of the examination as well as causing discomfort for the patient.A prospective study of the tolerance of the endoscopic examination was made on 100 consecutive patients by self-administered questionnaire.There were no major and 7 minor complications (7%). 45% of the patients were anxious but the experience of the operator tended to reassure them (p=0.07). 30% of the patients reported some pain, which tended to be exacerbated by anxiety (44% vs 18%, p=0.008) and the supine position (57% vs 43%, p=0.047). 37% of patients reported nausea, and 50% dyspnoea, without any significant predictive factor. 79% would agree to a repeat examination under the same conditions and 92% said that they had received information appropriate to the examination undergone.The tolerance of fibreoptic bronchoscopy under local anaesthesia is poor and perhaps overestimated by respiratory physicians. Patient information is essential. A national enquiry could lead to the standardisation of techniques.

Introduction Le shear stress (FSS) urinaire, genere par l’ecoulement de l’urine dans le tubule renal, est modifie precocement dans la majorite des nephropathies. De recents resultats suggerent que le FSS urinaire pourrait contribuer au developpement de l’inflammation tubulo-interstitielle dans les maladies renales. En revanche, son impact sur l’integrite de l’epithelium tubulaire est largement meconnu. Le but de cette etude est donc d’evaluer par une approche in vitro les effets du FSS sur le phenotype epithelial des cellules tubulaires renales. Materiels et methodes Des cellules HK-2 cultivees a forte confluence sur du collagene IV sont exposees a un FSS laminaire et continu. Les cellules servant de controle sont maintenues en conditions statiques. La structure epitheliale des cellules est evaluee en etudiant par PCR quantitative, western blot ou immunofluorescence les composants des jonctions serrees (claudine-2, Zo-1), des jonctions d’ancrage (E-cadherine, beta-catenine), du complexe Par de polarite apicale (pard3, pard6, cdc42 et PKC-zeta) et du cil primaire (tubuline alpha-acetylee). Resultats Dans les cellules HK-2 soumises pendant 48 h a un FSS d’intensite 0,5 Pa, on observe la disparition de claudine-2. La distribution de ZO-1 est modifiee, son marquage a la membrane devenant discontinu. La quantite d’E-cadherine est diminuee et l’expression de ses represseurs Snail1 et Slug est au contraire augmentee. Le FSS entraine egalement une relocalisation de beta-catenine de la membrane vers le cytoplasme. Il reduit fortement le niveau d’ARNm codant pard6 sans changer l’expression de pard3, cdc42 et PKC-zeta. Enfin, le FSS provoque la perte du cil primaire apical. L’ensemble de ces effets est attenue par des intensites plus faibles de FSS (0,01 Pa et 0,1 Pa) et pour des temps plus courts (5 h et 24 h). Discussion et conclusion Ainsi, en reponse au FSS, les cellules tubulaires perdent un nombre important de leurs caracteristiques epitheliales. Les variations du FSS urinaire pourraient donc jouer un role dans la progression des nephropathies, via la desorganisation de l’epithelium tubulaire.