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This pilot study examines the rates of exposure and fibrovascular ingrowth of silicone-capped, porous, polyethylene orbital implants in the New Zealand white rabbit animal model.

Cleaning of conveyor belts in the food industry is imperative for preventing the buildup of microorganisms that can contaminate food. New technologies for decreasing water and energy consumption of cleaning systems are desired. Ultrasound can be used for cleaning a wide range of materials. Most commonly, baths containing fairly large amounts of water are used. One possibility to reduce water consumption is to use ultrasonic cavitation in a thin water film on a flat surface, like a conveyor belt. In order to test this possibility, a model system was set up, consisting of an ultrasound transducer/probe with a 70-mm-diameter flat bottom, operating at 19.8 kHz, and contaminated conveyor belt materials in the form of coupons covered with a thin layer of water or water with detergent. Ultrasound was then applied on the water surface at different power levels (from 46 to 260 W), exposure times (10 and 20 s), and distances (2 to 20 mm). The model was used to test two different belt materials with various contamination types, such as biofilms formed by bacteria in carbohydrate- or protein-fat–based soils, dried microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and mold spores), and allergens. Ultrasound treatment increased the reduction of bacteria and yeast by 1 to 2 log CFU under the most favorable conditions compared with water or water-detergent controls. The effect was dependent on the type of belt material, the power applied, the exposure time, and the distance between the probe and the belt coupon. Generally, dried microorganisms were more easily removed than biofilms. The effect on mold spores was variable and appeared to be species and material dependent. Spiked allergens were also efficiently removed by using ultrasound. The results in this study pave the way for new cleaning designs for flat conveyor belts, with possibilities for savings of water, detergent, and energy consumption.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant condition accounting for 2 to 4 of all colorectal cancer cases worldwide. Families with germ line mutations in 1 of 6 mismatch repair genes are known as Lynch syndrome families. The largest number of mutations has been detected in the mismatch repair genes MLH1and MSH2, but several mutations in MSH6have also been demonstrated.

AbstractSince 2001, LLNL has supported a program to recover and recycle tritium from exit signs, telephone dials, gun sights and other military and commercial tritium-powered illumination devices. In addition to permitting tritium reuse, this effort also provides an environmentally safe disposal option. Recently, the startup of the Tritium Grinder System (TGS) in the LLNL Tritium Facility has added significantly to the program’s capability and capacity. Actual results, including the collected gas chemical composition and unit processing rate are presented along with a summary of the design features, operating procedures and safety controls.

The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative eyelid position using fibrin sealant versus suture for wound closure in Müller's muscle–conjunctiva resection ptosis repair.

The family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is responsible for extracellular matrix degradation during physiological and pathophysiological tissue remodeling processes such as embryogenesis, tissue repair and cancer progression. Despite these important roles of MMPs, inhibition or ablation of individual members of the MMP family in animal models have been shown to have little effect. It has been speculated that this results from a functional overlap between individual MMPs and (as-yet-unclassified) functional overlaps between MMPs and other protease systems. We here present genetic data showing that concomitant ablation of MMP9 (gelatinase B) and the serine protease plasmin results in lethal inflammatory mass lesions in the colon. These lesions possessed several histological attributes that are characteristic of mucosal prolapse seen in humans, and they were found to be associated with splenomegaly, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes, decreased thymus size and altered populations of circulating immune cells. A time-course study provided evidence that the massive lymphoid hyperplasia and reactive changes were secondary to discrete fibrinous lesions also observed in mice only deficient for plasminogen (Plg), the zymogen for plasmin. These data demonstrate a non-appreciated vital protective role for MMP9 in the absence of Plg.

This is the story of the serial killer, Mrs. Gesina Gottfried from Bremen, Germany. She was executed in 1831, being charged and convicted for having murdered at least 16 people, partly from her own family, with arsenic trioxide.

To compare fibrin sealant (Tisseel) versus suture for wound closure in Müller muscle-conjunctiva resection ptosis repair.

To determine the safety and efficacy of fibrin sealant for use in Müller muscle–conjunctiva resection ptosis repair.

The authors conducted a survey of dentists in Hawaii to assess their knowledge of, perceived readiness for and willingness to respond to bioterrorist (BT) events.

Basnyat Buddha, Jeffrey H. Gertsch, Peter S. Holck, E. William Johnson, Andrew M. Luks, Benjamin P. Donham, Ross J. Fleischman, Daniel W. Gowder, Jason S. Hawksworth, Brett T. Jensen, Richard J. Kleiman, Adam H. Loveridge, Elizabeth B. Lundeen, Sheri L. Newman, Jesse A. Noboa, Daniel P. Miegs, Kenneth A. O'Beirne, Kelly B. Philpot, Miriam N. Schultz, Matthew C. Valente, Mandie R. Wiebers, and Erik R. Swenson. Acetazolamide 125 mg BD is not significantly different from 375 mg BD in the prevention of acute mountain sickness: the prophylactic acetazolamide dosage comparison for efficacy (PACE) trial. High Alt. Med. & Biol. 7(17–27), 2006.— 750 mg per day of acetazolamide in the prevention of acute mountain sickness (AMS), as recommended in the meta-analysis published in 2000 in the British Medical Journal, may be excessive and is controversial. To determine if the efficacy of low-dose acetazolamide 125 mg bd (250 mg), as currently used in the Himalayas, is significantly different from 375 mg bd (750 mg) of acetazolamide in the prevention of AMS, we designed a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The participants were sampled from a diverse population of (non-Nepali) trekkers at Namche Bazaar (3440 m) in Nepal on the Everest trekking route as they ascended to study midpoints (4280 m/4358 m) and the endpoint, Lobuje (4928 m), where data were collected. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 375 mg bd of acetazolamide (82 participants), 125 mg bd of acetazolamide (74 participants), or a placebo (66 participants), beginning at 3440 m for up to 6 days as they ascended to 4928 m. The results revealed that composite AMS incidence for 125 mg bd was similar to the incidence for 375 mg bd (24% vs. 21%, 95% confidence interval, –12.6%, 19.8%), in contrast to significantly greater AMS (51%) observed in the placebo group (95% confidence interval for differences: 8%, 46%; 12%, 49% for low and high comparisons, respectively). Both doses of acetazolamide improved oxygenation equally (82.9% for 250 mg daily and 82.8% for 750 mg daily), while placebo endpoint oxygen saturation was significantly less at 80.7% (95% confidence interval for differences: 0.5%, 3.9% and 0.4%, 3.7% for low and high com-parisons, respectively). There was also more paresthesia in the 375-mg bd group (p < 0.02). We conclude that 125 mg bd of acetazolamide is not significantly different from 375 mg bd in the prevention of AMS; 125 mg bd should be considered the preferred dosage when indicated for persons ascending to altitudes above 2500 m.

The purpose of this study was to assess the objective bioterrorism-related knowledge base and the perceived response readiness of veterinarians in Hawaii to a bioterrorism event, and also to identify variables associated with knowledge-based test performance. An anonymous survey instrument was mailed to all licensed veterinarians residing in Hawaii (N?=?229) up to three times during June and July 2004, using numeric identifiers to track non-respondents. The response rate for deliverable surveys was 59% (125 of 212). Only 12% (15 of 123) of respondents reported having had prior training on bioterrorism. Forty-four percent (55 of 125) reported being able to identify a bioterrorism event in animal populations; however, only 17% (21 of 125) felt able to recognize a bioterrorism event in human populations. Only 16% (20 of 123) felt they were able to respond effectively to a bioterrorist attack. Over 90% (106 of 116) expressed their willingness to provide assistance to the state in its response to a bioterrorist event. Veterinarians scored a mean of 70% correct (5.6 out of 8 questions) on the objective knowledge-based questions. Additional bioterrorism preparedness training should be made available, both in the form of continuing educational offerings for practicing veterinarians and as a component of the curriculum in veterinary schools.

In a well-functioning dialogue, the nonverbal and often implicit visual and auditory cues ensure good continuation without interruptions or overlapping speak. In mutual interplay, both partners participate in turn-organisation, and therefore an analysis of cues indicating turn-taking and turn-yielding can provide information about the participants' social skills, whether or not the dialogue is verbal.This article presents relevant concepts from conversation analysis literature in order to analyse music therapy interplay aimed at promoting preverbal and social skills. As the character of the turn-organisation is dependent on the developmental age of the participants, the described cues are compared to research in early mother–child interplay, as well as studies of turn-organisation in dialogues with disabled children.The theoretical part of the article is illustrated by a turn-analysis of case material from music therapy with a 2½-year-old boy with communication disorders. The analysis was a part of the author's doctoral research and focuses on the boy's participation in turn-organisation as well as the therapist's use of turn-yielding and turn-overlapping.The article concludes with a discussion of the applied theoretical concepts in relation to music therapy practice. It will be suggested that the turn-yielding cues can be compared to response-evoking techniques, while the management of simultaneousness (overlaps) naturally is very different in verbal than in musical dialogues.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for treatment of eyelid retraction resulting from thyroid eye disease (TED) during the inflammatory phase of the condition.

Based on a doctoral study, the author presents a type of music therapy interaction called ‘Interaction Themes.’ These are developed from session to session and often appear in music therapy interventions with children with severe functional limitations, especially children with autism. Although the Interaction Themes are characterised by a relatively simple and selfgenerated content, they have an essential function because they contain the child's and music therapist's joint interaction history. They make up the context within which it is possible to create meaningful interaction with a client group whose expressions are often difficult to understand. The article describes the characteristics and functions of Interaction Themes, compares the phenomenon with music therapy case literature and delimits it in regard to other types of music therapy interaction with this client group. The results are described through qualitative analysis methods applied to clinical video material, including member checking, negative case analyses, and pattern-generalisation.

This report aims to increase awareness of an unusual mechanism of orbital injury sustained by bicycle riders.

Introduction and PurposeOrbital fractures are common sequelae of facial trauma. They may result in diplopia, enophthalmos, infraorbital hypoesthesia, and facial asymmetry. The nature and extent of these injuries depend on a number of different factors including: severity, force, vector of the trauma, and age of the patient. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the evaluation of orbital fractures and their treatment.Patients and MethodThe management of the orbital fractures requires recognition of the fracture(s) and accurate diagnosis of both the functional and structural changes caused by the trauma. The signs and symptoms of damage to the orbital structures and to the oculomotor system and the indications for and the timing of surgical repair are discussed. The timing of the surgical intervention depends on the type of fracture, its size, the amount of entrapment of orbital tissue and the age of the patient.ResultsThe surgical approach is described and the specific surgical technique for each type of fracture is covered.ConclusionsWhatever the means used, the ultimate success of surgical intervention for orbital fractures depends upon identification of those fractures that need surgical repair, release of entrapment, restoration of the integrity and contour of the orbital walls, and an accurate clinical evaluation of the replacement volume of the orbit.

To investigate the clinical and histologic response of Novabone-C/M as an osteoproductive alloplastic implant for volume augmentation in the orbit in the treatment of enophthalmos and to compare its outcome alone versus its use in combination with autogenous bone or Medpor granules.

In recent years, many new products and techniques have arisen that are useful in the rejuvenation of facial skin. Most of the therapies are directed at improving the results of photoaging. These cutaneous changes occur from chronic exposure to ultraviolet B light (290 to 320 nm) associated with sunburn, and ultraviolet AII light (320 to 340 nm), and ultraviolet AI light (340 to 400 nm) associated with photoaging. Clinically chronic photoaging may result in fine wrinkles, texture abnormalities, pigment dyschromias, and actinic keratoses.

Music TherapyDarnley–Smith, Rachel & Helen M. Patey (2003). Music Therapy. London: Sage PublicationsPsychodynamic Case Studies in Music TherapyHadley, S (Ed) (2003) Psychodynamic Case Studies in Music Therapy. Gilsum, NH: Barcelona PublishersDans på gränsenKrister Nystrøm (2002): Dans på gränsen. Demensdrabbades kommunikation i dansterapi. Stockholm: Pedagogiska institutionen. Stockholms universitet.Video i pædagogisk forskningRønholt, Helle, Sven‐Erik Holgersen, Kirsten Fink–Jensen & Anne Maj Nielsen (2003): Video i pædagogisk forskning – krop og udtryk i bevægelse. Institut for Idræt, Københavns Universitet: Forlaget Hovedland. 291 sider, pris: 298 kr. incl. moms ISBN: 87 7739 653 7A Comprehensive GuideTony Wigram, Inge Nygaard Pedersen & Lars Ole Bonde (2002). A Comprehensive Guide to Music Therapy Theory, Clinical Practice, Research and Training. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents continues to be a major problem. The frequent use and misuse of disinfectants based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in food-processing industries have imposed a selective pressure and may contribute to the emergence of disinfectant-resistant microorganisms. A total number of 1,325 Gram-negative isolates (Escherichia coli, other coliforms Vibrio spp., and Aeromonas spp.) and 500 Enterococcus spp. from food and food-processing industries and fish farming were screened for natural resistance to the QAC-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). Of the 1,825 isolates, 16 strains, mainly from meat retail shops, showed low-level resistance to BC. None of the Enterococcus spp. from broiler, cattle, and pigs, the antibiotic-resistant E. coli from pig intestine and fish pathogens Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. from the Norwegian fish farming industry were resistant to BC. The BC-resistant strains were examined for susceptibility to 15 different antibiotics, disinfectants, and dyes. No systematic cross-resistance between BC and any of the other antimicrobial agents tested was detected. Stable enhanced resistance in Enterobacter cloacae isolates was demonstrated by step-wise adaptation in increasing concentrations of BC. In conclusion, BC resistance among food-associated Gram-negative bacteria and Enterococcus spp. is not frequent, but resistance may develop to user concentrations after exposure to sublethal concentrations of BC.

To report patients who received dog bite injuries to the periocular area and the incidence of repeat attacks by the biting dog and its disposition. To discuss the demographics of bite attacks, occult injuries, steps to avoid medicolegal problems, and the appropriate options for animal disposition.

ABSTRACTA total of 61 strains of Staphylococcus aureusand 177 coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains were isolated from the blood of patients with bloodstream infections and from the skin of both children under cancer treatment and human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. The MIC analyses revealed that 118 isolates (50%) were resistant to quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (BC). The frequencies of resistance to a range of antibiotics were significantly higher among BC-resistant staphylococci than among BC-sensitive staphylococci. Of 78 BC-resistant staphylococcal isolates, plasmid DNA from 65 (83%), 2 (3%), 43 (55%), and 15 (19%) isolates hybridized to qacAor -B(qacA/B), qacC, blaZ, and tetKprobes, respectively. The qacA/Band blaZprobes hybridized to the same plasmid in 19 (24%) staphylococcal strains. The plasmids harboring both qacA/Band blaZgenes varied from approximately 20 to 40 kb. The Staphylococcus epidermidisFol62 isolate, harboring multiresistance plasmid pMS62, contained qacA/Band blaZtogether with tetK. Molecular and genetic studies indicated different structural arrangements of blaZand qacA/B, including variable intergenic distances and transcriptional directions of the two genes on the same plasmid within the strains. The different organizations may be due to the presence of various genetic elements involved in cointegration, recombination, and rearrangements. These results indicate that qacresistance genes are common and that linkage between resistance to disinfectants and penicillin resistance occurs frequently in clinical isolates in Norway. Moreover, the higher frequency of antibiotic resistance among BC-resistant strains indicates that the presence of either resistance determinant selects for the other during antimicrobial therapy and disinfection in hospitals.

An Erratum has been published for this article in

Little is known about the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance determinants in staphylococci isolated from food and food processing industries. Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from food and food-processing industries were investigated for the presence of genetic determinants (qacA/B and qacC/smr) encoding resistance to the QAC benzalkonium chloride (BC), several antibiotic resistance genes, and staphylococcal insertion sequences IS257 and IS256. Six qacA/B-harboring strains were resistant to penicillin and hybridized to a blaZ probe. The qacA/B and blaZ probes hybridized to plasmids of similar size in three isolates. Molecular and genetic characterization of the 23-kb plasmid (pST6) of Staphylococcus epidermidis St.6 revealed the presence of qacB adjacent to an incomplete β-lactamase transposon Tn552 encoding the gene cluster blaZ, blaR, and blaI. Sequence analysis of flanking regions and the intergenic region between blaZ and qacB revealed the presence of IS257 downstream of blaZ as well as sin and binR between blaZ and qacB. In the three other BC and penicillin-resistant strains, the qacA/B and blaZ genes were located on separate plasmids. A qacC harboring S. epidermidis strain (St.17) also hybridized to tetK (tetracycline resistance) and ermB (erythromycin resistance) genes. The individual genes were located on separate plasmids, suggesting no linkage between QAC and antibiotic resistance determinants. Plasmid-free Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 allowed uptake of the pST6 plasmid DNA, indicating that the resistance genes could potentially be transferred to pathogens under selective stress. In conclusion, presence of both resistance determinants could lead to co-selection during antimicrobial therapy or disinfection in hospitals or in food industries.

This study aims at investigating the impact of a recently implemented short term conflict alert system in Swedish air traffic control. The main issue is whether controllers have changed their way of working after the introduction of the new system and to look for potential risk factors. Observations, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to collect information from working controllers. Results show no change in work procedures except for the fact that controllers have increased the amount of information given to pilots. A tendency was found for experienced controllers to look more often at alerts in other sectors than less experienced controllers did, which might be a potential risk factor.

We report the use of bovine pericardium as an alternative wrapping for porous orbital implants after enucleation.

Listeria monocytogenesis the causative agent of food-related listeriosis. It has the ability to grow in vacuum-packaged food at chiller temperatures and is relatively tolerant to salt and low pH, thus it is difficult to control its growth in food.

To correlate the clinicopathologic and radiographic features characteristic of orbital solitary fibrous tumor (SFT).

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used as disinfectant in medical and food environments. There is a growing concern about the increasing incidence of disinfectant-resistant microorganisms from food. Disinfectant-resistant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) may survive disinfection and cause spoilage problems. Moreover, resistant LAB may potentially act as a reservoir for resistance genes. A total number of 320 LAB from food industry and meat were screened for resistance to the QAC benzalkonium chloride (BC). Out of 320 strains, five strains (1.5%) were considered to be resistant and 56 (17.5%) were tolerant to BC. The resistant strains were isolated from food processing equipment after disinfection. The resistant, tolerant, and some sensitive control bacteria were examined for susceptibility to 18 different antibiotics, disinfectants, and dyes using disc agar diffusion test and microdilution method. Little systematic cross-resistance between BC and any of the antimicrobial agents tested were detected except for gentamycin and chlorhexidine. A BC-tolerant strain was much easier to adapt to higher levels of BC as compared to a BC-sensitive strain. No known Gram-positive QAC resistance genes (qacA/B, qacC, qacG, and qacH) were detected in the BC-resistant strains. Identification to species level of the BC-resistant isolates was carried out by comparative analysis of 16S-rDNA sequencing. In conclusion, resistance to BC is not frequent in LAB isolated from food and food environments. Resistance may occur after exposure to BC. The BC resistant isolates showed no cross-resistance with other antimicrobial compounds, except for gentamycin and chlorhexidine. Nevertheless, BC-resistant LAB may be isolated after disinfection and may contribute to the dissemination of resistance.

To compare bovine pericardium (Periguard; Bio-Vascular, Inc., St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.) and homologous sclera as spacer graft analogs in a rabbit model.

A number of intriguing fibrovascular mesenchymal proliferations with benign or low grade malignant potential have recently been described. Giant cell angiofibroma was introduced as an entity by Dei Tos et al. in 1995 and initially considered to be a lesion of the orbit. We describe an extraorbital example, indicating that giant cell angiofibroma is not confined to the orbit. Immunologically, giant cell angiofibroma is positive for CD 34, bcl‐2 and vimentin, and negative for epithelial and muscle markers, and S‐100. The tumor shares several morphological and immunological properties with giant cell fibroblastoma and solitary fibrous tumor, yet it features a histology sufficiently characteristic to allow its categorization as a separate entity. The recommended treatment is complete but conservative excision. Metastases have not been reported.

Lack of adequate fibrovascular ingrowth has been implicated as a cause of exposure of hydroxyapatite (HA) implants in anophthalmic sockets. We investigated the vasculopathic effects of external beam irradiation, and the fibrovascular-enhancement effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO), on HA implant exposure and fibrovascular ingrowth in a rabbit model.

We compared bovine pericardium and homologous sciera as wrapping materials for hydroxyapatite (HA) ocular implants in enucleated New Zealand white rabbits.

ABSTRACTSpiral organisms were isolated from an antral gastric mucosal biopsy specimen from a dyspeptic patient with gastritis. Only corkscrew-shaped organisms resembling “Gastrospirillum hominis” (“Helicobacter heilmannii”) but noHelicobacter pylori-like organisms were seen in histological sections. H. pyloriwas not cultured from specimens from this patient. On the basis of biochemical reactions, morphology, ultrastructure, and 16S DNA sequencing, the isolated “G. hominis” was shown to be a trueHelicobactersp. very similar to Helicobacter felisand the “Gastrospirillum” but was separate from H. pylori. “G. hominis” is a pleomorphic gram-negative cork-screw-shaped, motile rod with 3 to 8 coils and a wavelength of about 1 µm. In contrast toH. pylori, it has up to 14 sheathed flagellar uni- or bipolar fibrils but no periplasmic fibrils. “G. hominis” grows under microaerobic conditions at 36 and 41°C on 7% lysed, defibrinated horse blood agar plates within 3 to 7 days and can be subcultured under microaerobic but not under anaerobic conditions on media similar to those used for H. pyloriand H. felis. The small translucent colonies were, in contrast to those of H. felis, indistinguishable from those of H. pylori. “G. hominis” is, like H. pyloriand H. felis, motile, is oxidase, catalase, nitrite, nitrate, and urease positive, and produces alkaline phosphatase and arginine arylamidase. Like H. pyloriand H. felis, it is sensitive to cephalothin (30-µg disc), resistant to nalidixic acid (30-µg disc), and sensitive to most other antibiotics. The 16S DNA sequence clusters “G. hominis” together with “Gastrospirillum,” H. felis,Helicobacter bizzozeronii, Helicobacter salmonii, Helicobacter nemestrinae, Helicobacter acinonychis, and H. pylori.

The density profile of microvessels (MVD) has recently emerged as a prognostically independent morphological marker of various malignancies, including carcinoma of the breast. MVD-scoring may thus afford the pathologist the opportunity to identify subsets of early stage breast cancer patients, which may benefit from adjuvant therapy. Reproducibility studies are, however, mandatory. Fifty sections of invasive breast carcinoma, immunolabelled for Factor VIII-related antigen, were scored independently by two observers for the number of vessel-profiles (v-p) in the following manner: 1) 250 randomly selected high power fields (HPF) were scored by two analysts to evaluate the agreement of the counting per se; and 2) the hot spot(s), i.e. the zones considered the most vessel rich, in the 50 sections were identified and scored twice to evaluate the agreement on selecting hot spots. When the observers evaluated MVD in the very same 250 HPF a median deviation of 2 v-p (10%) was produced. The interobserver disparity was further accentuated when the participants independently had to identify the hot spots with a median deviation of 6 v-p (13%). Intraobserver variation was approximately equal to the interobserver discordance. Divergences were most conspicuous in fields with a complex vasculature. In conclusion the v-p scoring resulted in substantial inter- and intraobserver variation both in selecting hot spots and in performing the scoring per se. Alternative-scoring techniques, including strict stereological principles, should be considered in the morphological evaluation of angiogenesis.

The aim was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter heilmannii‐like organisms in human gastric biopsies and the associated histology compared with that of Helicobacter pylori‐bearing gastric biopsies. Furthermore, the feasibility of culturing H. heilmanniiwas examined. A consecutive series of 727 gastric biopsies from 650 patients were prospectively scrutinized for H. heilmannii. Their distribution pattern was recorded as well as the affiliated morphology of the gastric mucosa. Additional biopsies from some of the patients were examined microbiologically. Four cases (0.6%)(95% confidence intervals: 0.01–1.2%) of the examined material harboured H. heilmannii. The bacterial burden was graded as sparse in three cases, moderate in one case. The distribution pattern was patchy; thus, in no case did all biopsies from one endoscopy comprise H. heilmannii. Adhesion to epithelial cells was infrequent. A mild gastritis, active in three cases, characterized all biopsies. Lymphoid aggregates occurred in biopsies from three patients. Micropapillary tufting of the epithelial layer and intestinal metaplasia were not apparent. Culture studies proved successful in the one of the four cases assayed. In conclusion the morphology of H. heilmannii‐bearing mucosa deviates from that of H. pylori‐associated mucosa by the absence of epithelial damage in the former. This observation can in part be explained by the predominant location of H. heilmanniiat a distance from the epithelium in contrast to the conspicuous H. pyloriadhesion to epithelial cells, coupled with a usually low bacterial burden and patchy occurrence of H. heilmanniias opposed to the generally more heavy infestation with H. pylori.

The binding of protein HU from Escherichia colito nucleic acids was investigated by affinity chromatography under various conditions, by a nitrocellulose retention assay and by isopycnic centrifugations in metrizamide gradients. The results indicate that HU has a preference for binding to RNA and single-stranded DNA over double-stranded DNA. The affinity of HU for supercoiled DNA was also less than that of the corresponding relaxed DNA.

The falling prices of microprocessors opens new application areas for adaptive control. For a domestic electric cooker hot plate control, requirements are lined up low cost, high reliability, simple operator interface), and two control strategies are proposed. A simple suboptimal strategy with direct substitution has been implemented on a microcomputer and has showed good results. An advanced Kalmann filtering technique has been run on simulated data and appear to be promising. It is concluded, that a reliable controller can be made and that it will give rise to energy savings around 20 % and a significant improvement in comfort.

Notes on Music Therapy: Improvisation, Communication and CultureBy: Even RuudComment A: Improvisation, Interplay and Interpretation By: Ulla HolckComment B: Music and Identity By: Thomas SchepelernComment C: A Multiparadigmatic Adventure By: Lars Ole BondeComment D: Communication, Culture, and Context By:Tony WigmanClosing Comments By: Even Ruud

Musical expressions as therapyAldridge, Gudrun (1998): Die Entwicklung einer Melodie im Kontext Improvisatorischer Musiktherapie. Dargestellt am Beispiel der Melodien «Ein Spaziergang durch Paris» und «Die Abschiedsmelodie».Ph. D. Dissertation, Aalborg University. Reviewed by Even Ruud, Professor, University of Oslo.Music Therapy: Group VignettesBorczon, Ronald M. (1997): Music Therapy: Group Vignettes.Barcelona Publishers, Gilsum. Reviewed by Alice Pehk, Music therapist, Research fellow and Music therapy lecturer, Tallin Pedagogical University, Estonia.The Miracle of Music TherapyBoxhill, Edith Hillmann (1997): The Miracle of Music Therapy.Barcelona Publishers, Gilsum. 191 pages. Reviewed by Gro Trolldalen, Assistant Professor, The Norwegian State Academy of Music.Hvem er musikalsk?Brändström, Sture (1997): Vem år musikalsk?Pedagogiske Publikationer från Kungliga Musikhögskolan, KMH Förlaget, Stockholm. Anmeldt av Even Ruud, Professor, Universitetet i Oslo.Musikalske aspekter i førspråklig samspillHauge, Tonhild Strand og Gro Elisabeth Hallan Tønsberg (1998): Musikalske aspekter i førspråklig samspill. En analyse av musikalske elementer i førspråklig sosialt samspill mellom døvblindfødte barn og seende hørende voksne.Skådalen Kompetansesenter, Postboks 13, Slemdal, 0321 Oslo. Anmeldt af Ulla Holck Ph.D. stipendiat, Aalborg UniversitetEn klingende bro – en samtale uten ordKim, Moon–Hye & Mats Klockljung (1996): En klingande bro – om musikterapins möjligheter.Sveriges Utbildningsradio, Stockholm. Lund, Grethe(1996): Samtale uden ord. Introduktion til musikterapi.Forlaget politisk revy, København Anmeldt av Brynjulf Stige, Førstelektor, Høgskulen i Sogn og FjordaneLearning Through SongsLevin, Gail & Levin, Herbert (1997): Learning Through Songs.Barcelona Publishers, Gilsum NH. 54 p. Reviewed by Vilmante Aleksiene and Loreta Kaciusyte–Skramtai, Research Fellows at Vilnius Pedagogical University, LithuaniaFrede V. Nielsen i ny–utgaveFredeV. Nielsen (1998): Almen Musikdidaktik, 2. reviderede og bearbejdede udgave., Akademisk forlag, København. 443 sider. ISBN 87–500–3493–6 Anmeldt av Even Ruud, Professor, Universitetet i Oslo.Projekt «Musikupplevelsen»Ramel, Mikael; Hermansson, Tina och Mona Hallin(1997): Projekt «Musikupplevelsen». Musikterapeutiska metoder för vuxna med grava funktionshinder. Rapport från ett tvåårigt utvecklingsarbete.Psykiatri och habilitering, Örebro L¨ns Landsting, Rapport nr. 42, Örebro. Vurdert av Karette Stensæth, Musikkterapeut, Haug skole og ressurssenterSnow WhiteRickard–Lauri, Patricia; Groeschel, Harriet H.; Robbins, Carol M.; Robbins, Clive E.; Ritholz, Michele S. and Alan Turry (1997): Snow White. A Guide to Child–Centered Musical Theater.Barcelona Publishers, Gilsum, NH. Reviewed by Hanne Oftedal, Music therapist/lecturer, Sogn og Fjordane College, SandaneTherapeutic presence in expressive therapiesRobbins, Arthur (ed.) (1998): Therapeutic Presence. Bridging Expression and Form.Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London. ISBN 1 85302 559 3 Reviewed by Torleif Ruud, Psychiatrist/Research Coordinator