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We investigated whether there is a break point of creatine kinase (CK) release after daily endurance exercise and whether CK response depends on individual physical characteristics. Fifteen healthy young men performed 90 min of bicycle exercise for 3 consecutive days. Body composition, properties of the quadriceps femoris muscle (QFM), and aerobic and anaerobic capacities were estimated before the test. Blood samples were obtained 22 times during the experimental period. Endurance exercise significantly elevated serum CK from 3 h after the first exercise session ( P < 0.05) and gradually increased thereafter. Subjects were classified into two groups according to their peak CK values: high responders (HR; >500 IU/l of CK) and low responders (LR

A new and practical method for achieving Color Electro- Holographic Display systems was developed and tested with very promising results. In this method, holography techniques utilizing a single white light source, instead of the traditional three color laser lights, and three liquid crystal display panels (LCD) were proposed. A metal halide lamp with good specifications in each wavelength of the color components was adopted as the light source. Each of the three color light components required for the reconstruction of an image was extracted by color separation using dichroic mirrors. The separate color images were then reconstructed by the hologram formed on the LCD panels which is then combined together through eh use of a prism to form a single 3D image. Moreover, in proposal method, no lens are used by virtual-image-reconstruction. System size was reduced so far in 40 percent of the techniques by the proposal technique.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The mouse carcinoma cell line SX10 is a hypersensitive mutant to x-rays and bleomycin. An earlier complementation test suggests that SX10 would belong to x-ray-cross complementing group (XRCC) 4. However, in this study, a human XRCC4 expression vector failed to complement the SX10 phenotype. Consistent with the previous report, SX10 showed the same level of DNA-dependent protein kinase activity as the wild-type SR-1. We isolated and analyzed hybrids between SX10 and human diploid fibroblast cells and found that human chromosome 13 conferred the x-ray resistance to the hybrids, suggesting that a candidate gene would be located on this chromosome. Polymerase chain reaction analysis with these hybrids and x-ray-resistant transformants obtained by introducing human chromosomes into SX10 indicated that the mutant was likely to be defective in DNA ligase IV. Sequence analysis of the DNA ligase IV gene confirmed that a defect in SX10 was attributed to a transition of G to A at nucleotide position 1413 of the gene, leading to an amino acid substitution from Trp at residue 471 to a stop codon. Revertant clones (Rev1–3) derived from SX10 showed a restored x-ray resistance; Rev1 reverted to the original nucleotide G at position 1413, whereas Rev2 and Rev3 to C. Transfection of a mouse DNA ligase IV cDNA vector into SX10 restored the resistance to both x-rays and bleomycin. SX10 showed a reduced frequency of chromosomal integration of transfected DNA, but the revertants restored the frequency found in the wild-type cells. These results suggest a possible involvement of DNA ligase IV in the integration event of foreign DNA as well as a crucial role in DNA double-strand break repair.

A new and simple method for achieving Color Electro-Holographic Display systems was developed and tested with very promising results. In this method, holography techniques utilizing a single white light source, instead of the traditional three color laser lights, and three liquid crystal display panels (LCD) were proposed. A metal halide lamp with good specifications in each wavelength of the color components was adopted as the light source. Each of the three color light components required for the reconstruction of an image was extracted by color separation using cold mirrors. The separated color images were then reconstructed by the hologram formed on the LCD panels which is then combined together through the use of a prism to form a single 3D image. Moreover the image position is adjusted with focal adjustment method. Compared with usual reconstruction methods using three color lasers, this new approach using the single white light source seems to have better color clarity.

本論文では動く物体に対するホログラムの作成・伝送およびその像再生を行うホログラフィテレビジョンの実現に向けて基礎実験システムを作成し, その特性について検討を行った.すなわち, 動画像として文字物体を用いて, 平面参照光との干渉によりテレビジョンの受光面に直接ホログラムを作成し, 次にそれを電気信号に変換した後にテレビ信号の伝送系を用いて伝送し, 液晶表示デバイス (LCD) を用いて実時間で再生像を得ることができた.また, 文字物体を動かすと再生像の位置もほぼリアルタイムに移動することを確認した.さらに, 空間フィルタを用いて0次透過光および高次回折光を取り除くことができた.これらの結果から, ホログラフィテレビジョンの基礎的な動作を確認でき, 本研究の有効性を明らかにすることができた.

In enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Shiga toxin is produced by lysogenic prophages. We have isolated the prophage VT2-Sa that is responsible for production of Shiga toxin type 2 protein, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this phage DNA. The entire DNA sequence consisted of 60,942 bp, exhibiting marked similarity to the 933W phage genome. However, several differences were observed in the immunity and replication regions, where cI, cII, cIII, N, cro, O, and P genes were present: Predicted amino acid sequences of N, cI, cro, O and P in the VT2-Sa genome did not show significant similarity to the counterparts of the 933W genome; however its cI showed higher similarity to lambda. Furthermore, O and P closely resembled those of phage HK022. These observations suggest that the various degrees of homology observed in the immunity and replication regions of VT2-Sa could have resulted from frequent recombination events among the lambdoid phages, and that these regions play a key role as a functional unit for phage propagation in competition with other lambdoid phages.

High-speed calculation of hologram is very important to realize the continuous real-time holographic 3D-TV. We are studying computer systems and algorithms for the high-speed calculation of hologram. We have proposed three high-speed calculation systems of Fresnel-hologram. But, they didn't come up to real-time holographic 3D-TV when the object is complex. In this paper we have proposed holographic-stereogram calculation system using the graphic-accelerator and the digital-signal-processor (DSP) system. Holographic-stereogram calculation time doesn't depend on complexity of the object. A fast-Fourier-transform of object is calculated fast using the DSP system. We make clear that the continuous real-time holographic 3D-TV will be realized in the near future.

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a trimeric enzyme consisting of a 460-kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and a heterodimeric regulatory complex called Ku, which is comprised of 70 (Ku70) and 86 (Ku80) kDa subunits. Mutations that affect the expression of the catalytic or Ku80 subunits of DNA-PK disrupt both V(D)J recombination and DNA double-stranded break repair pathways. In this report, we show that two previously uncharacterized rodent cell lines that are defective in DNA double-stranded break repair express catalytically inactive DNA-PK. The DNA-PKcs from the DNA double-stranded break repair mutant cell lines IRS-20 and SX-9 assembles on double-stranded DNA but fails to function as a protein kinase. In addition to the kinase defect, the abundance of the DNA-PKcs from both of these cell lines is reduced relative to wild-type controls. These results suggest that the DNA-PKcs gene from each of these cell lines contains mutations that inactivate the enzymatic activity and the expression or stability of the gene product. These data further strengthen the hypothesis that DNA-PK-mediated protein phosphorylation is a necessary component of the DNA double-stranded break repair pathway.

Now we propose a new type of electro-holography such as the head mount display (HMD) type holography TV. According to the usual projection method the viewing angle is too small and long distance is necessary for observing the reconstructed image. In this paper we propose the eye-lens type holography to realize the HMD type 3D TV and discuss about the field angle, image size and observing distance. It was made clear that in this stage eye-lens type holography is effective to realize the 3D display even though the eye position is fixed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

To investigate the cause of disagreement within the large body of literature concerning the effect of exercise on the capacity of circulating neutrophils to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), 10 male endurance-trained athletes underwent maximal exercise. The generation of superoxide radical (O2-.) by neutrophils was first detected on a cell-by-cell basis by using histochemical nitro blue tetrazolium tests performed directly on fresh unseparated blood, which showed that responsive neutrophils under several stimulatory conditions relatively decreased after exercise. Similarly, O2-. detected with bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate (lucigenin)-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) of a fixed number of purified neutrophils on stimulation with opsonized zymosan was decreased slightly after exercise. In contrast, the 5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione (luminol)-dependent CL response of the neutrophils indicative of the myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated formation of highly reactive oxidants was significantly enhanced after exercise. It therefore suggests that the pathway of neutrophil ROS metabolism might be forwarded from the precursor O2-. production to the stages of more reactive oxidant formation due to the facilitation of MPO degranulation. In addition, these phenomena were closely associated with the exercise-induced mobilization of neutrophils from the marginated pool into the circulation, which was mediated by the overshooting of catecholamines during exercise. These findings indicate that the use of different techniques for detecting ROS or the different stages of neutrophil ROS metabolism could explain some of the disparate findings of the previous studies.

In this paper the kinoform is mentioned as computer generated hologram. In the case of kinoform the fluctuation of the amplitude distribution causes the noise in the reconstructed image. Random phase distribution is added to input pattern to make the dynamic range of the amplitude of hologram pattern constant, but it is not sufficient and there seems to be speckle noise in the image. So in this paper deterministic phase coding method is applied to improve the characteristic of the reconstructed image. Animated kinoform using the image processing system with frame memory is constructed and it is displayed on the liquid crystal device. From the consideration of the characteristics of the reconstructed image we make clear the efficiency of the deterministic phase coding method for the electro-holography.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We have been researching holographic 3D displays using a commercially available Liquid Crystal Devices (LCD). However, specifications of the LCD were not enough to holographic display, and we could obtain only small reconstructed image with the narrow viewing zone. In our present research, we are supported by an LCD manufacturer, and planning to use the custom-made LCD which has both minute and numerous pixels. The LCD's pixel pitch is 28 micrometers (horizontal) X 56 micrometers (vertical), and pixel number is 3200 X 960. Five LCDs are horizontally arranged in our electro-holographic display. By using five LCDs, total pixel number becomes about 15 Mega. We can obtain larger image and wider viewing zone compared with our previous experimental display, and can be observed binocularly. The size of the reconstructed image is 50 mm wide, 150 mm high, and 50 mm deep. Viewing zone is 65 mm at approximately 1000 mm from the image. In this display, we discard the vertical parallax and set the 1D diffuser on the vertical image plane. We also discuss the compensation of optical aberrations. Even if a single lens with large aberration is used for the optics system of the reproduction, we can obtain the reproduction image with corrected aberration by adding the compensation phase distribution to the hologram.

It can be noted that it is not simple double strand breaks (dsb) but the non-reparable breaks that are associated with high biological effectiveness in the cell killing effect for high LET radiation. Here, we have examined the effectiveness of fast neutrons and low (initial energy = 12 MeV/u) or high (135 MeV/u) energy charged particles on cell death in 19 mammalian cell lines including radiosensitive mutants. Some of the radiosensitive lines were deficient in DNA dsb repair such as LX830, M10, V3, and L5178Y-S cells and showed lower values of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for fast neutrons if compared with their parent cell lines. The other lines of human ataxia-telangiectasia fibroblasts, irs 1, irs 2, irs 3 and irs1SF cells, which were also radiosensitive but known as proficient in dsb repair, showed moderate RBEs. Dsb repair deficient mutants showed low RBE values for heavy ions. There experimental findings suggest that the DNA repair system does not play a major role against the attack of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiations. Therefore, we hypothesize that a main cause of cell death induced by high LET radiations is due to non-reparable dsb, which are produced at a higher rate compared to low LET radiations.

To realize an interactive holographic 3D display system, the system falls into three processes: the first is the generation of original 3D object data; the second is the computation of hologram patterns; the third is the modulation of electro-holographic display devices. These must be executed fast and continuously for 3D display. In these processes, the fast computation of holograms is the most important process. We investigate this process using a fast computation algorithm with a fast computing system, and fabricated a prototype of the interactive holographic 3D display system. We discuss the fast computation algorithm using a transform from frequency domain to spatial domain compared with the traditional computation method of the Fresnel hologram, reduction of calculation time using our fast computing system.

A study was conducted to elucidate the acute effects of endurance exercise on white blood cells by setting three conditions of different intensity and duration; (a) an upper limit of aerobic exercise for health promotion and (b) superior limits within endurance exercise tolerance for untrained persons were prescribed separately for the same healthy untrained male student volunteers (n=10) at intensities of 85% and 95% of the individual anaerobic threshold (AT) values for 1h and 1.5h, respectively, on a bicycle ergometer. In addition, (c) participants in a 100-km marathon race (n=20) who continued running for 10-13h were examined. Every condition caused significant leukocytosis due to predominant neutrophilia and, to a minor degree, a significant increase in monocyte number, the magnitude of which depended on the severity of endurance workload and persisted even 1h after the termination of exercise. Simultaneously, microscopic evaluation of blood smears revealed the occurrence of an increased proportion of band neutrophils and a decreased proportion of hypersegmented neutrophils (shift to the left) following exercise in condition (b) but not in (a), suggesting that neutrophils are mobilized partly from the bone marrow reserve to the circulation. On the other hand, peripheral lymphopenia was observed after the termination of endurance exercise. These phenomena closely mimicked the known effects of exogenous glucocorticoid administration, suggesting an association with endogenous stress hormone (cortisol) secretion following strenuous exercise. Based on these findings, it is estimated that the threshold workload intensity at which the prominent neutrophilia is induced following endurance exercise with duration over 1h would correspond to the level of the individual anaerobic threshold.

We are researching 3D display using Liquid Crystal Devices (LCDs) as spatial light modulators to control wavefront for reconstructed 3D holographic image. We have tried to expand the image size and viewing zone, especially on vertical direction. The image size depends on the size of LCD pixel, and the viewing zone depends on the number of LCD pixels. So we use half mirror to set up three-fine pixel LCDs continuously in horizontal direction. In our display of first step, we can see 14 mm in width of image size, under +/- 1.2 degree(s) in angle of horizontal viewing zone. But in vertical direction, since the number of LCD pixels are limited, the reconstructed image size and viewing zone become small in full- parallax off-axis holography. So we discard the vertical parallax, which makes the necessity for number of LCD pixels to diffract the wavefront too large. We use cylindrical lens to expand the vertical image size and adjust the image plane, under the condition of discarding the vertical parallax. And we set lenticular sheet on the image plane to get wide vertical viewing zone.

Nine mutants isolated from CHO · K1 cells with increased sensitivity to the lethal effect of plumbagin (PG), a powerful superoxide generator, were classified into five groups, A-E, according to their sensitivity to PG and methyl viologen (MV). Two mutants of group B (Pa13 and Pb4) were sensitive to both drugs, and two mutants of group C (Pa14 and Pa15) were moderately sensitive to PG and extremely sensitive to MV. To mitomycin C (MMC) these mutants showed cross-sensitivity; especially Pa13 and Pb4 (group B) were highly sensitive to MMC. Genetic complementation analyses of these four mutants were carried out using MV sensitivity. Sensitivity group B was divided into two complementation groups, I and II. Pa14 and Pa15 belonged to the same complementation group III. These four mutants were also classified into three complementation groups for MMC sensitivity. Because Pa13 and Pb4 were also sensitive to cis - diamminedichloroplatinum(II), they may have a defect in the repair of DNA crosslinks induced by these agents. A complementation group IV (Pa2 and Pa8) was also suggested based on the studies of MMC sensitivity.

A 2D image can be scaled simply by changing its pixel size. If we were to apply this method to a hologram, it would cause distortion in the reconstructed 3D images, and a change in the viewing angle. We propose a method for scaling the reconstructed image without changing its fringe element, i.e., pixel size. We divide the hologram into small blocks. Then, these blocks are repositioned in order to magnify or demagnify the reconstructed image. This method maintains the viewing angle and causes no distortion. It does, however, blur the reconstructed image. To reduce the blur, we propose a method of interpolation in the frequency domain. Results of experiments performed on an electro-holography system are also presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

As a technique for displaying holographic three-dimensional (3D) images in the wide region with a wide viewing angle, spatial projecting technique onto the mist screen is well-known. For such purposes, other various techniques have been studied, however, it has been difficult to take a side view of 3D images. In order to overcome this problem, we have been challenged to improve a holographic 3D displaying system employing a mist screen. In this paper, we shall report a new display system which has an improved jetting mechanism compensating the characteristics of the mist screen and gives volumeful 3D images by combining the reconstructed waves from two ways. It is also shown that by the use of this system, we can better observe 3D images in the wider viewing region than before. From this, we confirmed the possibility of a holographic projecting process adopted mist screen displaying volumeful 3D holographic images.

Using a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform is an efficient way to calculate a kinoform. High-speed processing of large amounts of data points (e.g., a 512×512 matrix) can be accomplished using a kinoform. Real-time computer-generated hologram calculation has been widely pursued. To this end, use of the graphics processing unit (GPU) or multiprocessing methods are becoming popular for high-speed process- ing. We used the GPU method coupled with multiprocessing to construct a kinoform and measured the efficiency of this method. C 2011 Society of

A new method for measuring optical-beat frequencies in the terahertz (THz) region using microwave higher harmonics is presented. A microwave signal was applied to the antenna gap of a photoconductive (PC) device emitting a continuous electromagnetic wave at about 1 THz by the photomixing technique. The microwave higher harmonics with THz frequencies are generated in the PC device owing to the nonlinearity of the biased photoconductance, which is briefly described in this article. Thirteen nearly periodic peaks in the photocurrent were observed when the microwave was swept from 16 to 20 GHz at a power of -48 dBm. The nearly periodic peaks are generated by the homodyne detection of the optical beat with the microwave higher harmonics when the frequency of the harmonics coincides with the optical-beat frequency. Each peak frequency and its peak width were determined by fitting a Gaussian function, and the order of microwave harmonics was determined using a coarse (i.e., lower resolution) measurement of the optical-beat frequency. By applying the Kalman algorithm to the peak frequencies of the higher harmonics and their standard deviations, the optical-beat frequency near 1 THz was estimated to be 1029.81 GHz with the standard deviation of 0.82 GHz. The proposed method is applicable to a conventional THz-wave generator with a photomixer.

We report the blue-shift characteristics of continuous-wave oscillation wavelength induced by the current injection of a GaAs-base laser diode. Typical laser diodes show red-shift characteristics owing to the band-gap narrowing induced by a rise in the temperature of the active layer upon current injection. The cause of the blue shift in the laser diode reported here is the effect of the conserved excess-carrier-induced refractive-index reduction, which is superior to the temperature-rising effect. We try to construct a new simple model to explain such blue-shift characteristics.

We have presented the experiments about the cineholography constructed with the many element holograms which were made with cw laser and holographic-TV using LD LCD and holography camera. The interference fringes with holography camera were recorded on the CCD of TV-camera. The fringe signals were transferred into electronic ones. And transformed into the LCD, the fringes were constructed on the one. At this time, with the help of LD, the panel of LCD were illuminated and so hologram was reconstructed in the LCD at real time.

Three-dimensional image display technique is becoming very important in the field of diagnosis of human fetus by ultrasound B-mode image. We apply the technique of holographic stereogram (HS) to the ultrasound B-mode human fetus images and display a 3-D image which is the real stereoscopic image. In this case each sectional diagram of the human body is measured by the ultrasound B-mode method and the human fetus image is extracted and then a 3-D surface image is reconstructed with the digital image processing. Then the 3-D image is projected to a plane and films which are composed of the various viewpoints are taken. Next, HS is constructed using these films. Then we make clear the condition of making HS. The rainbow hologram is made using the HS as the master hologram and we consider the characteristics of the reconstructed image. Also, the special image reconstructing lamp house is developed for medical application, and we discuss the possibility of this method for the medical diagnosis.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts ((6-4)photoproducts) are the two major classes of cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic DNA photoproducts produced by ultraviolet light irradiation of cells. The phenomenon of photoreactivation, the reduction of the lethal and mutagenic effects of ultraviolet radiation by simultaneous or subsequent irradiation with near ultraviolet or visible light, has been identified in several organisms and in some cases the enzymes that catalyse this process have been characterized in sufficient detail. CPDs are the only known substrate for the photoreactivating enzymes so far analysed and enzymatic photoreactivation of (6-4)photoproducts has not yet been reported. We report here that an enzyme that catalyses the light-dependent repair of (6-4)photoproduct exists in Drosophila melanogaster. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of such photoreactivating activity specific for (6-4)photoproducts in any organism.

The induction and repair of radiation-induced DNA damage was assessed in 3 mouse cell lines, including the parental L cell line, a radiation-sensitive, SL3-147 mutant cell line and the H5 revertant to radiation resistance. The yield of neither radiation-induced DNA single- nor double-strand breaks could explain the variable sensitivity of the 3 cell lines. Closure of DNA single-strand breaks proceeded at a similar rate in both the L and SL3-147 cell lines. Closure of DNA double-strand breaks however was significantly slower and less complete in the SL3-147 cell line than in either of the radiation-resistant cell lines. The results are consistent with the increased radiation sensitivity of the SL3-147 cell line resulting from a defect in their ability to repair radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks.

This paper describes the method for reconstruction of holographic stereogram by synthesizing a serial cross sectional images of ultrasonics. The holographic display is superior to a method using a three dimensional computer graphics from a point of the comprehensible display to observe the biological tissues with complex structure. In this paper the reconstruction of the human fetus of 18 and 15 weeks gestation is done and the photographs of the hologram illuminated by the white light ar e shown.

In this paper we discuss the use of holography for recording biomedical properties. A holographic stereogram, system holography camera, and holographic television are presented for this purpose© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

In the past, the transmission of holograms via television was executed but no holographic TV was realized because there was no suitable recording material. Now a 3-D TV is expected, and recent research on real time holography using a high-resolution liquid crystal device (LCD) is active. In this research we consider the possibility of holographic television and construct the best system possible with commercially available devices. First, holographic fringe patterns for moving objects are made with TV cameras. Then the hologram pattern is transformed to electrical signals and transmitted within the TV frequency band. Finally, the hologram fringe pattern is displayed on the LCD and the 3-D image is reconstructed. In this research, we used the moving object and considered its characteristics. The filtering method was used to improve S/N of the reconstructed image and to extend the viewing angle.

Towards the automatization of the scoring of chromosome aberrations in radiation dosimetry with the emphasis on the improvement of biological preparations, the conventional culture and harvesting method was modified. Based on this modified method, a culture and harvest robotic system (CHROSY) for system (CHROSY) for preparing lymphocyte chromosome was developed. The targeted points of the modification are as in the following. 1. Starting culture with purified lymphocytes in a fixed cell number. 2. Avoiding the loss of cells in changing the liquids following centrifugalization. 3. Keeping the quantity of the liquids to be applied to the treatments of cells fixed. 4. Building a system even a beginner can handle. System features are as follows. 1. Operation system: Handling robot having 5 degrees of freedom; a rotator incubator with an automatic sliding door; units for setting and removing pipette tips; a centrifuge equipped with a position adjuster and an automatic sliding door; two aluminum block baths; two nozzles as pipettes and aspirators connected to air pumps; a capping unit with a nozzle for CO2 gas; a compressor; and an air manipulated syringe. 2. Control system: NEC PC-9801RX21 with CRT; and program written in Basic and Assembly languages on MS-DOS. It took this system 2 hours and 25 minutes to harvest 2 cultures. A fairly good chromosome slide was made from the sample harvested by CHROSY automatically.

The plain white light reconstructed holographic stereogram (PW-HS) is made from the element holograms using photographs of many different viewpoints. It is useful when making a hologram of an object of which a hologram can not be made directly. To see the inside of the human body visually in the 3-D image, the authors apply the technique of holographic stereogram (HS) to the ultrasound B-mode images of the human fetus and display the 3-D image directly. The authors clarify the condition of making HS, then consider the quality of the reconstructed image. This system is applied to medical diagnosis and the effectiveness of this method is made clear.

Three-dimensional image display has become so common that the public expects the realization of real-time display for three-dimensional images. The device which can construct various wavefronts is also important as a device for optical computing. The authors suggest a method to display 3-D moving images or construct wavefronts and consider an application of the technique of fiber optics to the display. The system that displays 3-D images is shown and the results of simulation are reported.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The plane type white light reconstructed holographic stereograi ( PWHS ) is made from the element holograms using the photograph of many different viewpoints. It is useful when we take hologram of object which can not taken hologram directly. On the other hand we want to see the inside of human body visually in the 3-D image. For these reasons we apply the technique of holographics tereogram( US ) to the ultrasound B-mode images and display 3-D image directly. Moreover we consider the distortion of the reconstructed image and consider (4)-('l') the method of distortion correction. Finally we want to apply this system to the medical fetus diagonosis.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The hologram reconstructed by white light is very advantageous for us to record the important cultural properties. There are many properties to be recorded in Japan. A tea cup for teacereinony in ancient time is shown in Fig.1. This kind is easily recorded in Lippman hologram. Especially,color Lippman holography is very useful to do so. A 'ooderi statue of Buddha in Fig.2 isn't removed for the purpose of recording. The holographic streogram (H.S.) and the reflected ho1ographic stereograni (R.H.S.) are useful. H.S.& R.H.S.are very interesting because of this ability to render a wide range of input formats,such as photographic, C.G.,movie and video images. Our experiments are constructed with Lippman hologram and R.H.S.(flat type). To repair these important cultural. properties will come to be remarkably advanced by making use of our method. So in this paper, it is considerd about the distortion which appears in the images with rotation method of the experiments. FinaiJy it will be tried to reconstruct distortionless 3D images by R.H.S. with this way.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

A full-color electroholographic 3-D display system employing LEDs is presented, and a virtual image reconstruction technique for it is studied. It is shown that the image blur observed in the reconstruction is suppressed to a lower level than in reconstruction employing a metal halide lamp. In addition, direct, independent drives on LEDs through RGB waves make the adjustment of white balance easier, and a wide viewing angle can be attained. Full-color, high-contrast 3-D images are obtained.

A transmitting process of a sequence of holograms describing 3-D moving objects over a communicating network system is presented. A sequence of holograms involves holographic information of 3-D moving objects recorded as fringe patterns. In this process, holographic information recorded in the holograms is transformed into bit stream data, and then is transmitted over the Internet. We call this process a "network streaming technique." It is shown that by applying this network streaming technique, holographic data of 3-D moving objects are transmitted in high quality, and a relatively good reconstruction of the holographic images is performed. Moreover, it suggests that if this network streaming technique is employed together with MPEG-4, a new transmitting process for holographic information of 3-D moving objects may be rigorously developed over network systems, and will play a very important role in this field.

A new method for achieving a color electroholographic display has been developed and tested with promising results. In this method, holographic techniques that use a single white light source instead of the traditional three color lasers are employed. A metal halide lamp is used with each of the three color components required for reconstruction, which are extracted using cold mirrors. The separated color images are formed on three liquid-crystal display panels and are combined by a prism to form a single 3-D image. Image position is controlled by a focal adjustment method. Compared with the usual reconstruction methods that use three-color lasers, this new single-white-light approach appears to have improved color clarity.

We are constructing an electroholographic display system using liquid crystal devices (LCDs) as spatial light modulators to control the wavefront of laser light for reconstructing 3-D images. A wide horizontal viewing zone is secured with five special LCDs set up in a continuous series by a half mirror. The viewing distance is still considerably long, however, and this distance reduces the perception of image depth. Thus, we suggest setting a field lens at the center of the reconstructed image to shorten the viewing distance. Since the reconstructed 3-D image becomes considerably distorted by the use of a field lens, we propose predistortion to compensate. Each LCD is assumed to have 3200 (H) X 960 (V) pixels with 28 (H) X 56 (V) µm pixel pitch. Although, this LCD is still in trial production, we have confirmed the reconstructed image by replacing the LCDs with computer-generated holograms (CGHs) recorded to five photographic films having the same specifications as real LCDs. In this way, we verified the reconstructed image [50 (W) X 50 (D) X 100 (H) mm] with off-axis, horizontal parallax only. This image can be observed with both eyes at a distance of 900 mm, and we can perceive the image depth sufficiently.

The CHO UV-sensitive mutants UV24 and UV135 (complementation groups 3 and 5, respectively) are defective in nucleotide excision repair. After fusing each mutant with human lymphocytes, resistant hybrid clones showing genetic complementation were isolated by repeated exposure to UV radiation. Using a combination of isozyme markers, DNA probes, and cytogenetic methods to analyze the primary hybrids and their subclones, correction of the repair defect was shown to be correlated with the presence of a specific human chromosome in each case. Chromosome 2 corrected UV24, and the gene responsible was designated ERCC3. Line UV135 was corrected by human chromosome 13 and the gene designated ERCC5. The UV-sensitive mouse cell line, Q31, was shown not to complement UV135 and thus appears to be mutated in the same genetic locus (homologous to ERCC5) as UV135. Breakage of complementing chromosomes with retention of the genes correcting repair defects allowed the following provisional assignments: regional localization of ERCC5 to 13q14-q34, exclusion of ERCC3 from the region of chromosome 2 distal to p23, and relief of the ambiguity of ACP1 assignment (2p23 or 2p25) to 2p23 proximal to MDH1.

The mutant mouse lymphoma cell Q31, which is sensitive to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and ultraviolet radiation (UV), was compared with the parental L5178Y cell for the effect of caffeine and mutation induction after UV irradiation. Caffeine potentiated the lethal effect of UV in both cell strains to a similar extent, indicating that the defective process in Q31 cells was caffeine-insensitive. UV-induced mutation to 6-thioguanine resistance was determined in L5178Y and Q31 cells. The maximal yield of mutants was obatained 7 days post-irradiation in L5178Y cells and 14 days in Q31 cells for higher UV doses. It appears that a much longer time is required for the mutant cells than for the parental cells for full expression of the resistance phenotype even at equitoxic UV doses. A substantially higher frequency in induced mutations was observed in Q31 cells than in L5178Y cells at a given dose of UV. A plot of induced mutation frequency as a function of logarithm of surviving fraction again indicates hypermutability of Q31 cells as compared with the parental strain. In contrast, X-rays induced a similar frequency of mutations to 6-thioguanine resistance in L5178Y and Q31 cells.

A pulse-generating machine which delivers exponentially decaying pulses over broad range of pulse lengths was used to determine the optimum pulse conditions for gene transfer to FM3A cells. In the transformation of tk- cells with pTK1, a single pulse of 100-2000 microseconds gave a high transformation frequency at 1.5-6 kV/cm and room temperature, the highest transformation frequency obtained being 3 X 10(-3). As the suspension buffer for cells exposed to the pulse, Saline G was better than PBS(-) for obtaining a large number of transformants because it ensured high cell viability.

Several spontaneous revertants able to grow in restrictive temperature (39°C) were isolated from a temperature-sensitive mutant (ts3) of murine leukemic cells L5178Y. The revertants showed reduced plating effi-ciencies and prolonged doubling times at 39°C when compared with wild type cells. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase activity was thermolabile in both ts3 cells and the revertants, indicating suppression as the mechanism of reversion. It was also demonstrated that glycerol protected the enzyme from thermal inac-tivation. The specific activities of alanyl-tRNA synthetase and alanine amino-transferase did not differ much in the wild type, mutant, and revertant cells. This indicates the unlikelihood of thermolabile enzyme overproduction or of increased intracellular concentration of L-alanine causing phenotypic suppres-sion in these revertants. The mechanism of sunnressinn is discussed.

The mutant mouse lymphoma cell M10, which is sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate and ionizing radiation, was compared with the parental L5178Y cells for mutation induction after γ-irradiation. The rate of induced mutations to 6-thioganine resistance in L5178Y cells was 2−3 x 10 −7 per R, as determined after exposure ranging from 25 to 500 R. The induced mutation frequency per unit dose per locus in M10 cells was about 4 times higher than that in L5178Y cels at the lower doses of exposure (25–75 R), but it declined sharply at the higher doses of γ-rays (100–150 R). The rate of induced mutation per unit cell killing in M10 cells was nearly the same as that in L5178Y cells when they were compared at the levels of lower cell killing.