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CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Vrućica u djece jedan je od najčešćih razloga zbog kojega roditelji odvode djecu na pregled u liječnika ili na hitni prijem. Iako se najčešće radi o samoograničavajućoj virusnoj infekciji, među roditeljima postoji određeni strah zbog nedovoljnog znanja, ali i zbog neželjenih reakcija koje vrućica može uzrokovati. Kao rezultat neznanja definicije vrućice, roditelji djetetu daju lijek ili traže liječničku pomoć i prije nego je to potrebno. Cilj ovoga istraživanja je utvrditi roditeljsko znanje vezano uz dječju vrućicu i njeno liječenje, kako bi se unaprijedila skrb o febrilnom djetetu. METODE I MATERIJALI: U ovom anketnom presječnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 107 ispitanika (90 žena i 17 muškaraca), odraslih osoba koje su bile u pratnji djeteta s vrućicom. Istraživanje je provedeno na Hitnom dječjem prijemu (HDP) Klinike za dječje bolesti, Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split Osim na demografska i opća pitanja o djetetu dovedenome na prijem, ispitanici su odgovarali na pitanja o stavovima i znanjima vezanim uz vrućicu, pristupu vrućici u djeteta, navikama u njenom liječenju i vlastitim očekivanjima od liječnika. REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA Od ukupnog broja djece bilo je 59 (55%) dječaka i 48 (45%) djevojčica. Prije dolaska na HDP, 12% djece bilo je kod kuće subfebrilno, 71% febrilno i 17% visoko febrilno. Na ljestvici od 1 (nisam zabrinut) do 5 (izrazito sam zabrinut) prosječna razina zabrinutosti bila je 3,89±0,92. Prije dolaska na prijem, većina roditelja (92%) primijenila je antipiretik, a 40% ih je bez prethodne posjete liječnika obiteljske medicine došlo na hitni prijem. Iako se roditelji informiraju o vrućici na razne načine, ipak najčešće informacije dobivaju kod pedijatra (78%) i obiteljskog liječnika (44%). Od neželjenih reakcija koje vrućica može uzrokovati, roditelji najviše strahuju od konvulzija (93%) i dehidracije (84%). Najčešće temperaturu mjere aksilarno (52,3%) ili rektalno (50,4%) i uz korištenje elektronskog (41,1%) i živinog (40,2%) termometra. Samo je 26 ispitanika (24,3%) znalo definiciju vrućice, a tek 5 (4,7%) definiciju visoke vrućice. Čak dvije trećine ispitanika (66,4%) je znalo da su antibiotici učinkoviti kod liječenja isključivo bakterijskih infekcija, ali je uočena značajna razlika među roditeljima različitoga stupnja obrazovanja. 50,5% zna da svako dijete s vrućicom ne treba dobiti lijek. Kod dolaska liječniku s djetetom koje ima vrućicu, roditeljima je najbitnije da liječnik pregleda dijete, a na posljednjem mjestu su propisivanje antibiotika i antipiretika. 56 ZAKLJUČAK Usporedbom podataka dobivenih ovim istraživanjem s podatcima sličnih istraživanja provedenih u Europi, može se primijetiti da roditelji od liječnika najviše očekuju da dijete klinički pregleda i pruži im informacije kako da se ponašaju. Propisivanje antibiotika ili antipiretika ne smatraju ni približno važnim. Liječnici bi trebali biti svjesni toga i iskoristiti priliku te važnost staviti na sami pregled i konzultacije s roditeljima uz cilj smanjenja bespotrebnog propisivanja lijekova, a posebice antibiotika. Također, budući da znanje o vrijednostima vrućice i visoke vrućice nije zadovoljavajuće, trebalo bi roditelje bolje educirati i na taj način smanjiti pretjeranu upotrebu antipiretika., OBJECTIVES: Fever in children is one of the most common reasons to consult in primary care or emergency department. Although most children are diagnosed with self-limiting infections, there is common fear between parents because of lack of knowledge and also because of many side effects which can be caused by fever. As a result of a fact that great number of parents don't know to correctly define fever, they administer medication or seek for medical help earlier than they should. The aim of this study is to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices in fever in children among parents. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 107 parents (90 women and 17 women) participated, and the study was conducted at the Emergency Pediatric Centre of University Hospital Split. In addition to demographic data and general questions about the child they brought, participants also responded to questions about attitudes, knowledge and practices about fever, its treatment and their expectations from doctors. RESULTS: Among 107 children, there were 59 boys, and 48 girls. There were 12% subfebrile, 71% febrile and 17% highly febrile children before they came to the hospital. Average level of parental concern was 3.89±0.92. Before arrival to the hospital, a large number of parents had administered antipyretic medication (92%). 40% of parents had gone straight to the Emergency Pediatric Centre, without consulting GP before. Parents main sources of information are pediatric doctor (78%) and GP (44%). The majority of parents were worried about the consequences of fever, especially they were afraid fever might cause febrile convulsions (93%) and dehydration (84%). Preffered temperature measurement technique is axillary (52.3%) or rectal (50.4%), and the most used thermometers are digital (41.1%) and mercury in glass (40.2%). Only 24.3% of parents could define the fever, and even less (4.7%) knew the definition of high fever. It was found that 66.4% of the participants correctly stated that antibiotics are effective in treating bacterial and not viral infections. This result may reflect the education level oft he included sample. The 59 majority of parents indicated that a physical examination was far more important than obtaining a prescription for antibiotics or antipyretics. CONCLUSION By comparing the data obtained int his study with data from similar studies in Europe, it can be observed that parents generally expect a physical examination and information, rather than obtaining a prescription for antibiotics or antipyretics. Medical doctors should be aware of these expectations and try to avoid unnecessary medication prescription, especially antibiotics. Also, since parental knowledge about fever is poor, it would be useful to educate them and to teach them when is useful to use medication, and when not.

Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je istražiti čimbenike koji utječu na pacijentovo donošenje odluke o uzimanju ili neuzimanju terapije za osteoporozu, procijeniti samopouzdanje i sigurnost u odluku pacijenta u informiranoj odluci o terapiji osteoporoze te usporediti rezultate sa skupinom pacijentica s dijagnosticiranom hiperlipidemijom. Ispitanici i metode: U ovo presječno istraživanje su uključene 84 pacijentice iz dvije ordinacije obiteljske medicine u Splitu s dijagnosticiranom osteoporozom ili hiperlipidemijom, po 42 pacijentice u svakoj skupini. Podatci su prikupljeni pregledom medicinske dokumentacije i intervjuiranjem pacijentica koje su odgovarale na pitanja iz upitnika o donošenju informirane odluke, testa procjene samopouzdanja (DSE) i testa procjene sigurnosti u odluku (DCS). Rezultati: Terapiju za osteoporozu uzima 73,14% pacijentica, a najviše utjecaja na odluku ima preporuka specijalista. Da ima dovoljno podrške od drugih smatra 83,33% pacijentica s osteoporozom, također su izrazile visok stupanj zadovoljstva podrškom obitelji, liječnika obiteljske medicine i specijalista. Kako znaju za prehranu koja pomaže u liječenju osteoporoze smatra 80,95% pacijentica s osteoporozom, a samo 50% ih zna za koristi i rizike lijekova koji se koriste u liječenju osteoporoze. Usporedbom skupina pacijentica s osteoporozom i hiperlipidemijom, utvrđeno je veće zadovoljstvo potporom specijalista u pacijentica s osteoporozom (p=0,020) i niži stupanj procjene vlastitog znanja o prehrani u pacijentica s osteoporozom (p=0,040). Nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika među skupinama u rezultatima testa procjene samopouzdanja (DSE) niti u ukupnim rezultatima testa sigurnosti u odluku (DCS). Utvrđena je veća razina jasnoće vrijednosti u skupini pacijentica s osteoporozom (p=0,039). Utvrđena je blaga, negativna korelacija između rezultata testa procjene samopouzdanja (DSE) i razine informiranosti (rho=-0,36, p=0,018), kao i učinkovitosti odluke (rho=-0,31, p=0,047), sastavnica testa procjene sigurnosti u odluku (DCS). Zaključak: Nismo dokazali razliku u samopouzdanju i sigurnosti u odluku o uzimanju terapije među promatranim skupinama. Dokazali smo razliku u jasnoći vrijednosti i postojanje korelacije između razine samopouzdanja i razine informiranosti, kao i razine samopouzdanja s učinkovitošću odluke., Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the factors that affect patient's decision-making on osteoporosis therapy, to assess patient's self-confidence and decisional conflict in informed decision-making on osteoporosis therapy and to compare the results with a patients with diagnosed hyperlipidemia. Patients and methods: Total of 84 patients, from two Split-based family medicine practices, with diagnosed osteoporosis or hyperlipidemia, were included in this study, with 42 in each group. The data were collected through medical records and by interviewing patients who responded to questions from the questionnaire on making an informed decision, Decision self-efficacy (DSE) questionnaire and Decisional conflict scale (DCS) questionnaire. Results: In osteoporosis group, 73.14% patients decided to take therapy. The decision was most affected by specialist’s recommendation. In osteoporosis group, 83.33% of patients believe they have enough support from others. They expressed a high degree of satisfaction with support from their family, family medicine practitioners and specialists. Also, 80.95% of osteoporosis patients believe they know the diet that helps in osteoporosis treatment. Only 50% of patients know the benefits and risks of medications used to treat osteoporosis. Comparison of a group of patients with osteoporosis and hyperlipidemia showed greater satisfaction with the support of specialists in osteoporosis patients (p=0.020) and a lower assessment of their knowledge about the diet that helps in osteoporosis treatment (p=0.040). No statistically significant difference between the groups in the results of the Decision self-efficacy (DSE) or in the overall Decisional conflict scale (DCS) results was found. A higher level of Value clarity subscale (DCS) was found in osteoporosis patients (p=0.039). The negative correlation between the results of the DSE and Informed subscale (DCS) was found (rho=-0.36, p=0.018), as well as the correlation of DSE results and Effective decision subscale (DCS) (rho=-0.31, p=0.047). Conclusion: We have not find a difference in Decision self-efficacy (DSE) and Decisional conflict scale (DCS) results between two groups. We have found the difference in Value clarity subscale between groups. We have found the negative correlation between the results of the DSE and Informed subscale (DCS), as well as the negative correlation of Decision self-efficacy (DSE) and Effective decision subscale (DCS).

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati učestalost i obilježja realimentacijskog sindroma u djece i adolescenata s anoreksijom nervozom, uz opis medicinskih intervencija i dijetetskih mjera, kao i rezultata primjenjivanog liječenja. Materijali i metode: Za izradu ovog istraživanja retrospektivno su analizirani podatci 140 pacijenata hospitaliziranih pod dijagnozom AN ili EDNOS u razdoblju od 1.siječnja 2014. do 1.lipnja 2019. godine. Podatci su prikupljeni iz digitalne arhive službene bolničke medicinske dokumentacije Centra za poremećaje u jedenju djece i adolescenata KBC-a Sestre milosrdnice u Zagrebu te pisanog protokola i pismohrane povijesti bolesti Odjela za gastroenterologiju Klinike za pedijatriju KBC-a Split. Rezultati: U studiju je bilo uključeno ukupno 140 ispitanika prosječne životne dobi od 14,9 ± 1,8 godina. Zabilježena je pojava realimentacijskog sindroma u 31 (22%) ispitanika, dok je 37% ispitanika imalo laboratorijske vrijednosti fosfata 1,07 mmol/L uz 95%CI: 27-49%. Medijan postotka idealne tjelesne mase (%IBW) je za 5% manji (r=0,22; P=0,009), dok je prosječna vrijednost indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM) za 0,9 kg/m2 manja (P=0,019) u skupini ispitanika s dijagnosticiranim RS. Nismo dokazali statistički značaj pojave RS u ispitanika hranjenih putem nazogastrične sonde (P=0,102). Medijan serumskih koncentracija fosfata pri početku realimentacije (P1) je za 0,26 mmol/L manji u skupini ispitanika s RS u odnosu na skupinu bez RS (r=0,42; P, Objectives: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the incidence and the characteristics of refeeding syndrome in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa, with a description of the medical interventions and dietary measures, as well as the results of the applied treatment. Materials and methods: This retrospective research study analyzed 140 patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of AN or EDNOS during the period from 1st January 2014 to 1st June 2019. The data were collected from the digital archive of the official hospital medical documentation of the Department of Gastroenterology of the „Sestre Milosrdnice“ University Hospital in Zagreb and the written protocol and the history from the archives of the Department of Gastroenterology of the University Hospital in Split. Results: The study included 140 examinees average age of 11,9 ± 10,4 months. The occurrence of refeeding syndrome was observed in 31 (22%) examinee and the 37% examinee had laboratory phosphate values  1,07 mmol/L with 95%CI: 27-49%. The median percentage of ideal body weight (% IBW) was 5% less (r = 0.22; P = 0.009), while average body mass index (BMI) was 0.9 kg/m2 less (P = 0.019) in group of patients with diagnosed RS. We did not find the statistical significance of RS in those fed with nasogastric tube (P=0,102). The median concentration of serum phosphates at the beginning of the refeeding (P1) was 0,26 mmol/L lower in the patients with RS compared to the patients without RS (r=0,42; P

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja je bio ispitati navike studenata svih studijskih programa i godina Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu i preddiplomskih studenata prvih triju godina Ekonomskog fakulteta u Splitu 2017./2018., s posebnim naglaskom na povezanost između mediteranske prehrane i navika spavanja. Materijali i metode: U ovo presječno istraživanje uključeni su studenti medicine na hrvatskom jeziku (N=437), studenti medicine na engleskom jeziku (N=141), dentalne medicine (N=172) i farmacije (N=130). Na Ekonomskom fakultetu su uključeni preddiplomski studenti prve tri godine studija (N=152) kao kontrolna skupina ispitanika. Ukupni uzorak sačinjavalo je 1032 studenata, koji su uključeni u istraživanje tijekom svibnja i lipnja 2018. godine. Upitnik se sastojao od nekoliko podskupina pitanja: akademski uspjeh (prosjek ocjena), tjelesna visina i masa, navike pušenja, navike spavanja i navike prehrane. U analizi je korišten ꭓ² test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test i Spearmanov test korelacije. Rezultati: Studenti medicine se izdvajaju po prosječno najkraćem trajanju spavanja tijekom radnog dijela tjedna (6,8 h). Studenti svih studijskih programa imaju podjednako prosječno trajanje spavanja tijekom slobodnog dijela tjedna. Postoji statistički značajna razlika u trajanju spavanja tijekom slobodnih dana između studenata i studentica (P=0,001), pri čemu studentice prosječno duže spavaju (9,0 h). U ovom istraživanju smo pokazali da se tek 10,5% studenata pridržavalo mediteranske prehrane. Nije zabilježena značajna razlika u pridržavanju mediteranske prehrane s obzirom na spol. Zabilježena je statistički značajna negativna korelacija između razine pridržavanja mediteranske prehrane i trajanja spavanja tijekom slobodnih dana (P, Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between sleeping and dietary habits of students at the University of Split. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study we included medical students (N=437), medical students studying in English (N=141), dental medicine (N=172) and pharmacy students (N=130). From the Faculty of Economics, undergraduate students of the first three study years were included as a control group of respondents (N=152). The total sample consisted of 1032 students, who were involved in the study during May and June 2018. The questionnaire consisted of several subgroups of questions: academic achievement (GPA), height and weight, smoking habits, sleeping habits and dietary habits. We used ꭓ² test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation test in data analysis. Results: The Medical students reported on average the shortest sleeping time during working days (6.8 h). Students in all study programs reported the same average sleeping duration during free part of the week. There was a statistically significant difference in sleeping duration during free days between genders (P = 0.001), and female students on average sleep longer (9.0 h). In this study we have showed that only 10.5% of students followed the recommendations for Mediterranean diet with no difference according to gender. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between Mediterranean Diet Serving Score and sleep duration during free days (P

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike predstavlja jedan od vodećih problema današnje medicine. Cilj rada je analizirati rezistenciju u najvažnijih, cijepljenjem preventabilnih, bakterijskih uzročnika bolesti u Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 2002. do 2016. godine. MATERIJALI I METODE: Podaci o rezistenciji kliničkih izolata pneumokoka i H.influenzae skupljaju se svake godine od 1.10 do 31. 12. Osjetljivost na antibiotike testirana je metodom disk-difuzije i određivanjem minimalnih inhibitornih koncentracija (MIK) (Etest) sukladno standardima s Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CSLI) do 2011. te nakon u skladu s standardima europskog odbora European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Podatci o tuberkulozi dobiveni su iz Laboratorija za dijagnostiku tuberkuloze, koji obavlja ispitivanje osjetljivosti M. tuberculosis na antituberkulotike prve i druge linije fenotipskim i molekularnim metodama. REZULTATI: Visoka i umjerena rezistencija S.pneumoniae na penicilin bilježi se do 2012., nakon čega se odvojeno prikazuje rezistencija na oralni (23%) i parenteralni peniclin (3-4%). Neosjetljivost (R+I) na ampicilin, kotrimoksazol i tetracikline ima trend postupnog smanjivanja kao i na makrolide nakon 2008. godine. H.influenzae gotovo je potpuno osjetljiv na kloramfenikol, azitromicin, ceftriakson, koamoksiklav (≤2%). Učestalost rezistencije H.influenzae na ampicilin bilježi blagi porast (24% u 2016.). Učestalost tuberkuloze u RH se smanjuje. Monorezistencija na izoniazid te streptomicin najčešće su među bolesnicima u RH, dok ostale monorezistencije na etambutol, rifampicin i pirazinamid gotovo i nisu prisutne. Kod bolesnika oboljelih od TBC u slučaju multirezistencije osim na izoniazid i rifampicin, zapaža se i neosjetljivost na etambutol, pirazinamid i streptomicin. ZAKLJUČAK: Cijepljenjem preventabilni uzročnici bolesti pokazuju različite trendove promjene rezistencije na antibiotike. Pneumokoki pokazuju najveći postotak izolata neosjetljivih na penicilin, kotrimoksazol, makrolide i tetracikline. Izolati H.influenzae imaju trend povećanja rezistentncije na ampicilin, neznatno promjenjivu rezistenciju na kotrimoksazol (oko 20%) te dobru osjetljivost na cefalosporine. Postotak rezistentnih izolata tuberkuloze kreće se uglavnom oko 5% s stalnim smanjenjem ukupnog broja izolata., OBJECTIVES: Resistance to antibiotics is one of the leading problems of medicine today. The goal of this study was to analyse antibiotic resistance in most important, vaccination preventable, bacterial pathogens in Croatia from 2002.-2016. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The resistance data for S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae isolates are collected every year from October 1 to December 31. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by disk diffusion and determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (Etest) according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards until 2011., followed by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards after 2011. Tuberculosis data was obtained from Tuberculosis Diagnostic Laboratory, which tests the susceptibility of M. tuberculosis to the first and second line of antituberculosis drugs by phenotypic and molecular methods. RESULTS: The data about high and intermediate resistance of S.pneumoniae to penicillin is collected until 2012, after which the resistance to oral (23%) and parenteral penicillin (3-4%) is shown separately. Resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline has the tendency of reduction as well as macrolides after 2008. H. influenzae is almost completely susceptible to chloramphenicol, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, coamoxyclav (≤2%), Resistance to ampicillin is increasing (up to 24% in 2016). The incidence of tuberculosis in Croatia is decreasing. The monoresistence of isoniazid and streptomycin is most common among the patients in Croatia, while the other monoresistencies on etambutol, rifampicin and pyrazinamide almost do not even appear. Most of the patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis apart from isoniazid and rifampicin are also resistant to etambutol, pyrazinamide and streptomycin. CONCLUSION: The vaccine preventable pathogens cause different trends in antibiotic resistance. Pneumococcus shows the highest percentage of isolates insensitive to penicillin, cotrimoxazole, macrolide and tetracycline. H.influenzae isolates have a trend of increased resistance to ampicillin, slightly variable resistance to cotrimoxazole (around 20%) and good sensitivity to cephalosporins. The percentage of resistant tuberculosis isolates is generally about 5% with a constant decrease in the number of isolates.

Cilj istraživanja: EBV pozitivan status kHL analiziran je u više hrvatskih studija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati epidemiološke, histološke i kliničke pokazatelje na uzroku ispitanika s kHL i utvrditi ima li razlike u dobi, spolu, podtipu i remisiji s obzirom na EBV status i prethodne hrvatske studije i literaturu. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je uključeno 108 ispitanika kojima je dijagnosticiran kHL u KBC Split u periodu od 1. siječnja 2008. godine do 11. rujna 2018. godine. Podatci o dobi, i spolu ispitanika, patohistološkoj dijagnozi i EBV statusu kHL prikupljeni su iz računalne baze Kliničkog zavoda za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju KBC-a Split, a klinički podatci iz pismohrane Klinike za unutarnje bolesti i Klinike za dječje bolesti KBC-a Split. Za 24 ispitanika koji nisu imali podatak o EBV statusu kHL, urađena je imunohistokemijska analiza iz parafinskog bloka tumorskog tkiva, uporabom primarnog protutijela na latentni membranski protein (LMP EBV, DAKO, Danska). Rezultati: Od 108 ispitanika, 58 (53,7 %) su muškog, a 50 (46,3 %) ženskog spola. Srednja dob ispitanika je 37,95 ± 19,56 godina, raspon godina 11 do 86 godina, a medijan 32 godine. 44,86% ispitanika mlađe je od 30 godina, a 16,82% ispitanika starije je od 60. 15,88 % ispitanika je mlađe je od 18 godina. Najčešće zastupljen podtip je NS sa 71,3 % (P, Objectives: The presence of EBV in cHL was analyzed in several Croatian studies. The aim of this study is to examine epidemiological, histological and clinical parameters of cHL according to age, sex, subtype, remission and EBV status and to compare these results with previous Croatian studies and literature. Patients and methods: The study included 108 patients with cHL, consecutively diagnosed from January 1st 2008 to September 11th 2018 at University Hospital Split. Data on age and sex, pathohistological diagnosis and EBV status was collected from the computer database of the Clinical Institute of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology. Clinical data was collected from hospital records at the Internal Clinic and the Pediatric Clinic. For 24 patients who did not have known EBV status, indirect immunohistochemical analysis was performed, using primary mouse antibody for latent membrane protein (LMP EBV, DAKO, Denmark). Results: Of the 108 patients, 58 (53.7%) are male and 50 (46.3%) female. The average age is 37.95 ± 19.56 years, range 11 to 86 years, median 32 years. 44.85% patients are younger than 30 (15.88% younger than 18) and 16.82% older than 60. The most common subtype is NS with 71.3% (P

Objectives: to compare the staining for Fas Ligand receptor on EVTB in placentas with and without HELLP syndrome. Maternal and gestational age, as well as parity, fetal weight and IUGR were also investigated and analyzed for differences. Subject and method: 10 placentae with HELLP syndrome and 10 control placentae were enrolled in the study. Both groups were immunohistochemically stained with antibody to FasL. We used the HSCORE method for assessment of the immunohistochemical staining of FasL in each sample group. Results: We were able to show a statistically significant increase in FasL expression on EVTB and DC in the placentae of patients with HELLP syndrome compared to the control group. No statistically difference in the immunohistochemical expression between EVTB and DC could be found in the HELLP or control group. Conclusion: Our study has shown a higher occurrence of FasL in placentae of pregnancies complicated by HELLP syndrome. Possibly this is causing higher rates of apoptosis and following inflammatory response at the decidual side and thereby leading to the clinical picture of HELLP syndrome. Further investigations with larger sample are required to confirm the results of the presented study., Ciljevi: usporediti imunohistokemijski izražaj Fas liganda (FasL) na ekstraviloznom trofoblastu (EVTB) i decidualnim stanicama (DC) u posteljicama kompliciranim HELLP sindromom te rezultate usporediti s posteljicama normalnih trudnoća. Dob majke, gestacijska dob, paritet, porođajna masa te intrauterini zastoj rasta (IUZR) su također analizirani i uspoređeni između istraživanih skupina. Ispitanici i metode: 10 posteljica iz trudnoća kompliciranim HELLP sindromom i jednak broj posteljica urednih trudnoća je uključen u studiju. Semikvantitativna HSCORE metoda je korištena za procjenu FasL imunohistokemijskog izražaja, zasebno za EVTB i DC. Rezultati: imunohistokemijski izražaj FasL je bio statistički značajno veći u EVTB I DC u posteljicama trudnoća kompliciranim HELLP sindromom u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom posteljica. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u FasL izražaju između EVTB i DC u svakoj ispitivanoj grupi posteljica. Zaključak: veći imunohistokemijski izražaj FasL na EVTB i DC u posteljicama kompliciranim HELLP sindromom mogao bi doprinijeti razvoju kliničkih karakteristika HELLP sindroma. Potrebne su daljnje studije s većim uzorkom posteljica kako bi se rezultati ovog istraživanja potvrdili.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učestalost pretilosti i rizika za razvoj pretilosti djece pri upisu u 1. razred osnovne škole na području grada Trogira, odrediti potencijalne razlike obzirom na spol djece te utjecaj socio-ekonomskih čimbenika. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je uključeno 564 djece koja su upisivala 1. razred osnovne škole na području Trogira u razdoblju od 2016. do 2018. godine. Retrospektivnom analizom medicinske dokumentacije u Službi za školsku medicinu ispostave Trogir prikupljeni su podaci o: tjelesnoj masi, tjelesnoj visini, indeksu tjelesne mase i socio-ekonomskom statusu roditelja u smislu pariteta i obrazovanja. Kao dijagnostički kriterij pretilosti i rizika za razvoj pretilosti upotrijebljene su nacionalne referentne vrijednosti po spolu i dobi. Rezultati: U promatranoj skupini, učestalost pretilosti u djece je 4,3%, a učestalost rizika za razvoj pretilosti je 11%. Nema statistički značajne razlike u učestalosti pretilosti niti rizika za razvoj pretilosti obzirom na spol. Obrazovanje očeva značajno utječe na na učestalost pretilosti i učestalost rizika za nastanak pretilosti. Očevi s višom razinom obrazovanja imaju djecu sa značajno nižim ITM-om u odnosu na djecu očeva niže razine obrazovanja (p = 0,043). Obrazovanje majke nije pokazalo statistički značajan utjecaj na ITM djece. Zaključci: Učestalosti pretilosti i rizika za razvoj pretilosti u provedenom istraživanju je manja u usporedbi sa djecom sličnih nacionalnih internacionalnih istraživanja što se može djelomično pripisati primjeni različitih dijagnostičkih kriterija, ali i senzibilizacijom na problem pretilosti i od strane roditelja i zdravstvenih djelatnika u promatranoj sredini. Više obrazovani očevi imaju pozitivno djelovanje na smanjenje učestalosti pretilosti i vrijednosti ITM-a djece. Uočena je potencijalna povezanost većeg pariteta i niže učestalosti pretilosti djece., Objectives and background: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of obesity and risk for developing obesity in children at enrollment in 1st grade of primary school in the area of Trogir town, to determine the potential gender difference and the influence of socio-economic factors in the frequency of obesity and the risk of developing obesity. Patients and methods: The survey included 564 children who were about to enroll in the first grade of elementary school in the area of Trogir in the period from 2016 to 2018. Retrospective analysis of children's cardboard at the Department of School Medicine in Trogir has collected the following data: body mass, body height, body mass index and socio-economic status of parents in terms of parity and education. As a diagnostic criterion, national reference values were used for sex by Jureša for age 6.5 years. Results: In the observed cohort, the frequency of obesity among children is 4.3%, and the risk of developing obesity is 11%. There are no statistically significant differences in sex frequency. Fathers education has a significant impact on the frequency of obesity and the risk of obesity. Namely, our research has shown that fathers with higher levels of education have children with lower BMI compared to children of lower educated fathers (p = 0.043). Mothers' education did not show a statistically significant effect on children's BMI. Conclusions: Preschoolers in our research have a significantly lower percentage of obesity and obesity risk compared to children in other similar studies. This can be partially attributed to the use of different diagnostic criteria in other researches. More educated fathers of Trogir have a positive effect on the reduction of pre-school BMI. A potential link has been noticed between the higher parity of parents and the lower frequency of obesity among children.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of treating breast cancer stem cells with the newly synthesized thieno[2,3-b]pyridine anticancer agent, by focusing on its cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on the investigated human cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods: The MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line was treated with a newly developed thienopyridine anticancer compound (3-amino-N-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-5- oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrothieno[2,3-b]quinoline-2-carboxamide, 1) to determine its cytotoxic effect on triple negative breast cancer, the type of cell death it causes, and the cancer stem cell percentage after treatment. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed, to analyze the cellular metabolic activity and determine the cytotoxic effect. Flow cytometric analysis was used in combination with Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide staining to assess the type of cell death after 48h of treatment with compound 1 (2 µM). Furthermore, flow cytometry also provided the percentage of CD44+/CD24- cancer stem cells after treatment. Results: Compound 1 was cytotoxic for breast cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner; cell death occurs mainly by apoptosis. The percent of cancer stem cells decreased four times. Conclusion: Due to its cytotoxic effect on the percentage of triple negative breast cancer stem cells compound 1 can be a potential treatment for triple-negative breast cancer., Ciljevi: Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi učinke tretmana matičnih stanica karcinoma dojke novosintetiziranim protutumorskim spojem tieno [2,3-b] piridinom, s naglaskom na njegove citotoksične i apoptotske učinke na ispitivanu staničnu liniju MDA-MB-231. Materijali i metode: Trostruko negativna stanična linija karcinoma dojke MDA-MB-231 tretirana je novosintetiziranim tieno-piridinskim spojem (3-amino-N-(3-kloro-2-metilfenil)-5-okso-5,6,7,8-tetrahidrotieno[2,3-b]kinolin-2-karboksamid, 1) kako bi se utvrdio citotoksični učinak, tip stanične smrti i postotak matičnih stanica karcinoma nakon tretmana. Napravljen je MTT (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazolil-2)-2,5-difeniltetrazolij bromid) test kako bi se analizirala stanična metabolička aktivnost i utvrdio citotoksični učinak. Protočna citometrija u kombinaciji s bojanjem aneksin-V-FITC-om i propidij jodidom, korištena je kako bi se utvrdio tip stanične smrti nakon 48h tretmana spojem 1 (2 µM). Nadalje, protočnom citometrijom je također utvrđen postotak CD44+/CD24- matičnih stanica karcinoma nakon tretmana. Rezultati: Spoj 1 bio je citotoksičan za stanice karcinoma dojke te citotoksičnost korelira s koncentracijom spoja i vremenom inkubacije. Stanična smrt je nastupila prvenstveno zbog apoptoze. Postotak matičnih stanica karcinoma smanjio se četiri puta. Zaključci: Zbog citotoksičnog učinka na postotak matičnih stanica trostruko negativnog karcinoma dojke, spoj 1 može biti potencijalna terapija za trostruko negativni karcinom dojke.

Objective: The main objective of this paper was to analyze the risk factors associated with fatal RTAs in Norway in 2017, and compare it with Croatia. Subjects and methods: This work was organized as a cross-sectional research. The analyzed data was supplied with the courtesy of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. Necessary data from the Republic of Croatia was collected from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Data was also collected from the World Health organization. The statistical analysis was compared using chi-square calculations. Results: In Norway in 2017 a total of 106 people were killed on the road. This was 29 fewer fatalities than seen in 2016, which makes 2017 the year with the lowest number of traffic related deaths in Norway since 1947. According to the population size in Norway in 2017 there was 20 deaths per million inhabitants. The total number of severely injured was 665, which is 26 fewer than the previous year. In Croatia the total number of fatalities in 2017 was 331, which according to the population in 2017 means there was 80 deaths per million inhabitants. This number is significantly higher than in Norway. When comparing the different risk factors associated with these fatalities, with chi-square calculations, gender (P=0.015), seat belt use (P=0.019), head-on collisions (P, Cilj: Analizirati čimbenike rizika povezanih sa prometnim nesrećama sa smrtnim ishodom u Kraljevini Norveškoj u 2017. i usporediti ih s Republikom Hrvatskom. Ispitanici i metode: Ovaj rad je organiziran kao presječna studija. Analizirani podaci su pribavljeni iz Ureda za javne ceste Kraljevine Norveške i Matičnog ureda Kraljevine Norveške. Podaci za Republiku Hrvatsku su pribavljeni iz Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske. Preostali podaci su prikupljeni iz baza Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije. Statistička analiza je napravljena korištenjem χ2 testa. Rezultati: Ukupno je 106 osoba smrtno stradalo u prometnim nesrećama u 2017. u Kraljevini Norveškoj. To je 29 smrtnih slučajeva manje nego u 2016. te samim time 2017. čini najsigurnijom godinom po tom pitanju još od 1947. Usporedbom s populacijom Norveške to predstavlja 20 smrtnih slučajeva na milijun stanovnika. Ukupni broj teško ozlijeđenih je bio 665 što je za 26 manje nego u prethodnoj godini. U Republici Hrvatskoj ukupan broj smrtno stradalih u 2017. je bio 331 što usporedbom s brojem stanovnika čini 80 smrti na milijun stanovnika. Ovaj broj je statistički značajno veći nego u Norveškoj. Kada se usporede čimbenici rizika značajni su spol (P=0.015), korištenje pojasa (P=0.019), frontalni sudari (P

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder characterized by repetitive cessations of breathing during sleep. One of the most prominent symptoms of OSA is excessive daytime sleepiness, associated with micro arousals from sleep which are caused by respiratory events. Another feature of the OSA linked to respiratory related arousals might be impaired sleep architecture resulting in decreased subjective sleep quality. The main aim of this research was to assess and compare the subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness and objective whole-night polysomnography findings in OSA patients. Patients and methods: A total of 317 adult OSA patients from the Split Sleep Medicine Center, with an age range from 18 to 82 years, were included in this study. All the patients filled in the questionnaires: Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), assessing daytime sleepiness, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), assessing subjective sleep quality. Following completion of the questionnaires, the patients underwent whole-night polysomnography. Results: Sleep architecture changed with OSA severity, with an increased amount of sleep stage N2 (66.41 ± 11.93% in mild OSA, 69.12 ± 11.43% in moderate OSA and 73.45 ± 14.74% of sleep stage N2 in severe OSA, F = 8.635, P < 0.001) and decreased amount of deep sleep stage N3 in more severe forms of OSA (11.67 ± 8.89 % in mild OSA, 11.10 ± 7.35% in moderate OSA and 6.88 ± 7.63 in severe OSA, F = 12.701, P < 0.001). There was also a correlation between OSA severity and excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS (r = 0.25, P < 0.001). Patients who had poorer sleep efficiency had worse subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI (r = -0.21, P = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in sleep architecture among patients with good and bad sleep quality according to PSQI (P > 0.05), and among those with normal and excessive daytime sleepiness, according to ESS (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The obtained results demonstrated that OSA severity was associated with an impairment of the sleep architecture and with more pronounced excessive daytime sleepiness. Sleep efficiency, but not the sleep architecture of OSA patients correlated with subjective sleep quality assessed by PSQI. However, no differences in sleep architecture among OSA patients with and without excessive daytime sleepiness assessed by ESS were found., Ciljevi: Opstrukcijska apneja tijekom spavanja (OSA) poremećaj je obilježen ponavljanim prekidima disanja tijekom spavanja. Jedan od najistaknutijih simptoma OSA-e je prekomjerna dnevna pospanost, povezana s mikrobuđenjima koja su uzrokovana respiratornim događajima. Još jedna značajka OSA-e izazvana buđenjima može biti narušena arhitektura spavanja koja bi mogla rezultirati smanjenom subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja i dnevnu pospanost te objektivne polisomnografske nalaze u OSA bolesnika. Pacijenti i postupci: Ukupno 317 odraslih OSA pacijenata iz splitskog Centra za medicinu spavanja, u dobi od 18 do 82 godine, uključeno je u ovu studiju. Svi pacijenti popunili su upitnike: Epworthovu ljestvicu pospanosti (ESS) koja procjenjuje dnevnu pospanost i Pittsburghški indeks kvalitete spavanja (PSQI) koji procjenjuje subjektivnu kvalitetu spavanja. Nakon popunjavanja upitnika, pacijenti su podvrgnuti cjelonoćnoj polisomnografiji. Rezultati: Težina OSA-e utjecala je na arhitekturu spavanja, posebice povećanjem količine N2 stadija spavanja (66,41 ± 11,93% u blagoj OSA-i, 69,12 ± 11,43% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 73,45 ± 14,74% u teškoj OSA-i; F = 8,635, P < 0.001) i smanjenjem količine dubokog spavanja N3 u težim oblicima OSA-e (11,67 ± 8,89% u blagoj OSA-i, 11,10 ± 7,35% u umjerenoj OSA-i i 6,88 ± 7,63 u teškoj OSA-i; F = 12,701, P < 0.001). Postojala je i korelacija između težine OSA-e i prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS (r = 0,25, P < 0.001). Lošija subjektivna kvaliteta spavanja procijenjena pomoću PSQI bila je povezana s manjom učinkovitošću spavanja (r = -0,21, P = 0,001). Nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika u arhitekturi spavanja u bolesnika s dobrom i lošom kvalitetom spavanja prema PSQI-u (P > 0,05), te među onima s normalnom i prekomjernom dnevnom pospanošću, prema ESS-u (P > 0,05). Zaključci: Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je težina OSA-e povezana s narušenom arhitekturom spavanja i s izraženijom dnevnom pospanošću. Učinkovitost spavanja, ali ne i arhitektura spavanja OSA bolesnika bila je u korelaciji sa subjektivnom kvalitetom spavanja procijenjenom pomoću PSQI-ja. Međutim, nisu nađene razlike u arhitekturi spavanja u OSA bolesnika sa i bez prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti procijenjene pomoću ESS.

Cilj: Utvrditi zastupljenost komorbiditeta povezanih s OSA-om kao najznačajnijim poremećajem disanja tijekom spavanja u pacijenata Centra za medicinu spavanja Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu i Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split, te istražiti povezanost čimbenika rizika i komorbiditeta povezanih s OSA-om pomoću STOP upitnika. Ispitanici i metode: Provedeno je kliničko istraživanje koje je uključivalo ukupno 2950 ispitanika (2060 muškaraca i 890 žena), medijana životne dobi 55 godina (18-98). Podatci su uzeti iz arhive Centra za medicinu spavanja Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu i Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split od listopada 2009. do srpnja 2018. godine. Dijagnostička obrada pacijenata uključivala je cjelonoćnu poligrafiju i cjelonoćnu polisomnografiju nakon koje je pomoću AHI vrijednosti procijenjen stupanj OSA-e u skladu sa smjernicama za dijagnostiku OSA-e prema Američkoj akademiji za medicinu spavanja (engl. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, AASM) i Europskom društvu za istraživanje spavanja (engl. European Sleep Research Society, ESRS). U dijagnostičkoj obradi korišteni su i probirni upitnici, STOP upitnik i Epworthova ljestvica pospanosti (engl. Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS). Rezultati: Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, nakon cjelonoćne polisomnografije ili poligrafije, OSA je bila dijagnosticirana u 84,5 % ispitanika. Tešku je OSA-u imalo 37,5 % ispitanika, umjerenu OSA-u 18,6 % ispitanika, blagu OSA-u 28,4 % ispitanika, dok 15,5 % ispitanika nije imalo OSA-u. Udio bolesnika s arterijskom hipertenzijom i šećernom bolesti tipa 2 povećavao se s povećanjem stupnja OSA-e i bio je najveći u kategoriji teške OSA-e (58,9 % vs. 37,8 %), dok je u bolestima GERB, astma i depresija udio oboljelih bio podjednak u svim stupnjevima OSA-e prema AHI vrijednostima. Prekomjernu dnevnu pospanost imalo je 42 % ispitanika kojima je dijagnosticirana teška OSA. AHI vrijednost bila je značajno veća u ispitanika koji su imali izražene simptome OSA-e, a to su hrkanje, zamijećenost zastoja disanja tijekom spavanja i arterijska hipertenzija (P < 0,001). Povećani rizik za OSA-u prema rezultatima STOP upitnika imalo je 79% ispitanika pri čemu su ti ispitanici u odnosu na ispitanike bez rizika za OSA-u bili muškoga spola (71 %), starije dobi, s povećanim indeksom tjelesne mase (30,35 ± 6,18 vs. 27,32 ± 5,51 kg/m2, P < 0,001), povećanim opsegom vrata (42,10 ± 5,18 vs. 39,67 ± 4,67 cm, P < 0,001) i većom pospanošću (7,91 ± 4,71 vs. 5,05 ± 4,14, P < 0,001). Zaključak: Naše je istraživanje pokazalo da je u OSA bolesnika među popratnim bolestima najveća učestalost arterijske hipertenzije, GERB-a i šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Pojavnost arterijske hipertenzije i šećerne bolesti tipa 2 u OSA pacijenata povećava sa stupnjem OSA-e. Primjena STOP upitnika u populaciji pacijenata koji dolaze zatražiti liječničku pomoć uslijed poremećaja disanja tijekom spavanja ukazuje na veću učestalost navedenih popratnih bolesti u ispitanika koji imaju povećan rizik za OSA. To pak upućuje na važnost primjene STOP upitnika u probiru čime se može postići pravovremeno prepoznavanje, dijagnosticiranje i liječenje OSA pacijenata, a tako će se utjecati i na ishode liječenja najvažnijih kroničnih bolesti današnjice, a to su arterijska hipertenzija i šećerna bolest tipa 2., Aim: To determine the prevalence of comorbidities related to OSA as the most prevalent sleep related breathing disorder in Sleep medicine center Split patients and to investigate correlation of risk factors and OSA related comorbidities using STOP questionnaire. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a clinical cross-sectional population study involving overall 2950 subjects (2060 men and 890 women), with median age of 55 (18-98) years. The data was taken from the archive of Sleep medicine center Split, from October 2009. to July 2018. Diagnostic procedure included screening questionnaires such as STOP questionnaire and Epworh Sleepiness Scale (ESS), polygraphy and full-night polysomnography, following which severity of OSA was evaluated on the basis of AHI according to the guidelines for the OSA diagnosis given by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and European Sleep Research Society (ESRS). Results: OSA was diagnosed in 84.5 % of overall number of patients after performing whole night polysomnography or polygraphy. Severe OSA was diagnosed in 37.5 % of patients, 18.6 % had moderate OSA, 28.5 % had mild OSA while 15.5 % of patients did not have OSA. Proportion of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus 2 increased with OSA severity and was highest at severe OSA (58.9 % vs. 37.8 %), while in comorbidities like GERD, asthma and depression proportion remained similar in all OSA categories. Among patients diagnosed with severe OSA, 42 % of them had excessive daytime sleepiness. AHI value was significantly higher among OSA patients who suffered from symptoms such as snoring, being observed to stop breathing while asleep and arterial hypertension (P < 0.001). There were 79 % of patients who had increased risk for OSA (STOP ≥ 2) and they were, comparing to the patients who did not have risk for OSA, mostly men (71 %), elderly people with the peak in age group 61-70 (84 %), higher BMI (30.35 ± 6.18 vs. 27.32 ± 5.51 kg/m2 , P < 0.001), larger neck circumference (42.10 ± 5.18 vs. 39.67 ± 4.67 cm, P < 0.001) and intensive sleepiness (7.91 ± 4.71 vs. 5.05 ± 4.14, P < 0.001). Men were more present in all comorbidities related to OSA especially diabetes mellitus type 2 (71.3 %) and hypertension (68 %). Among four symptoms used in calculating the risk for OSA, snoring has the best correlation with AHI values (r = 0.336, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our study showed that in OSA patients the most common comorbidities related to OSA were arterial hypertension, GERD and diabetes mellitus type 2. The prevalence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2 in OSA patients increased with the severity of OSA. STOP questionnaire application among population of patients who seek help because of sleep related breathing disorders implies to higher prelavence of related comorbidities in patients with higher risk for OSA. Therefore, it is important to use STOP questionnaire as a screening tool which can help us recognize, diagnose and treat patients with OSA on time and in that way affect the outcome of treating the most important chronic diseases of today’s, which are arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ove studije je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između kognitivnih i psihomotoričkih sposobnosti ispitanih testovima CRD serije i rezultata testa deksterimetrije provedenog među studentima dentalne medicine prilikom upisa na studij i tijekom studija. Materijali i metode: U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 108 ispitanika, 20 muškaraca i 88 žena, u dobi od 20 do 24 godine. Ispitanici su rješavali tri testa CRD serije tijekom nastave na predmetu „Neuroznanost u dentalnoj medicini“ tijekom druge godine studija u tri akademske godine 2013./2014., 2014./2015., 2015./2016., a rezultati su preuzeti iz baze podataka Katedre za neuroznanost. Testovi se temelje na kronometriji, od najjednostavnijih do onih složenijih; CRD311 (test diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnog signala), CRD411 (test kompleksne psihomotoričke koordinacije) i CRD11 (test rješavanja jednostavnih aritmetičkih operacija). Parametri koji su obrađeni u rezultatima su ukupno vrijeme rješavanja testa (TST), najkraće vrijeme rješavanja jednog zadatka (MinT), ukupni balast (UB), početni balast (SB; izgubljeno vrijeme u prvoj polovici testa), završni balast (ZB; izgubljeno vrijeme u drugoj polovici testa), te broj pogrešaka na testu (BrPog), mjera zamorljivosti (D1). Test O’Connorovim testom deksterimetrije, izmjereno je vrijeme reakcije u sekundama. Rezultati su preuzeti iz pismohrane iz studentske referade Studija dentalne medicine Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Rezultati: U testu CRD311 muškarci su u odnosu na žene bili u prosjeku 0,9 sekunda brži u ukupnom vremenu rješavanja testa (UKT) (26,80 ± 1,83 s vs. 27,93 ± 2,03 s; P = 0,027) i imali su 0,03 sekunda kraće minimalno vrijeme za rješavanje pojedinačnog zadatka (MinT) (0,31± 0,04 s vs. 0,34 ± 0,04 s; P = 0,028). Također, nisu se razlikovali u zamoru tijekom testa mjerenom balastima, u startnom (4,10 ± 0,73 s vs. 4,02 ± 1,07 s; P = 0,715), završnom (3,92 ± 0,63 s vs. 3,78± 1,19 s; P = 0,501) i ukupnom balastu (8,03 ± 1,23 s vs. 7,82 ± 2,11 s; P = 0,572). Na testu CRD411 kao i testu CRD11 nisu pronađene značajne razlike između muškaraca i žena u niti jednom od promatranih parametara. Niti jedan od testova CRD serije nije se razlikovao u promatranim parametrima (UKT, MinT, UB, SB, ZB, BrPog) i vremenu rješavanja O’Connor testa. Ipak, kada se istražila povezanost spola i vremena postignutih u testovima CRD serije i O’Connor testa jedino smo u mjeri zamorljivosti (D1) pronašli značajnu razliku u muškaraca u odnosu na žene (P=0,043). Zaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su da se muškarci i žene razlikuju jedino u ukupnom vremenu rješavanja i minimalnom vremenu potrebnom za rješavanja testa diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnog signala (test CRD311). Nadalje, rezultati našeg istraživanja pokazuju da ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost između deksterimetrijskog mjerenja brzine reakcije i testova CRD serije., Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between the psychomotor abilities tested by the Complex Reactiometer Drenovac (CRD) series tests and the results of the test of dexterimetry conducted among dental medicine students. Materials and methods: In this study, 108 respondents, 20 men and 88 women, aged 20 to 24, participated. Respondents solved three CRD series tests during the course "Neuroscience in Dental Medicine" during the second year of studies in the three academic years 2013/2014, 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and the results were collected from the Department of Neuroscience database. Tests are based on chronometry, from the simplest to the more complex ones; CRD311 (Light Signal Position Discrimination Test), CRD411 (Complex Psychomotor Coordination Test), and CRD11 (Simple Arithmetic Solution Testing). The parameters analyzed were: the total test solving time (TST), the minimum single task solving time (MinT), total ballast (UB), start ballast (SB), end ballast (ZB), and number of test errors and initial dissociation (D1). O'Connor dexterimetry test, has also been applied in this study. The results of the O'Connor dexterimetry test were taken from the archive of the Student Office of the Study of Dental Medicine at the University of Split School of Medicine in Split. Results: In the CRD311 test, men were 0.9 seconds faster in the overall test-time (UKT) (26.80 ± 1.83 vs. 27.93 ± 2.03 s, P = 0.027) and had 0.03 seconds shorter minimum time for solving individual task (MinT) (0.31 ± 0.04 s vs. 0.34 ± 0.04 s; P = 0.028) compared to women. Also, they did not differ in fatigue during the test ballast measured at start (4.10 ± 0.73 s vs. 4.02 ± 1.07 s, P = 0.715), final (3.92 ± 0.632 s vs. 3.78 ± 1.190 s; P = 0.501) and total ballast (8.03 ± 1.23 s vs. 7.82 ± 2.11 s; P = 0.572) compared to women. No significant differences were found between CRD411 and CRD11 in men and women in none of the observed parameters. None of the CRD series tests differed in the observed parameters (UKT, MinT, UB, SB, ZB, BrPog) and the results of the O’Connor test. However, when we investigated gender and age correlations between CRD series tests and O’Connor tests, we found only a significant correlation between the tests in women in the D1 parameter of initial dissociation. Conclusion: Significant statistical correlation was found between the results of the CRD311 series test between men and women in the overall test time and minimum resolution time. This study showed that there was no statistically significant correlation between the dexterimetry measurement and the CRD series.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti obilježja intenzivirane i prolongirane hiperbilirubinemije terminske novorođenčadi. Ispitanici i metode: Ovo retrospektivno istraživanje obuhvatilo je 100 novorođenčadi, od kojih je 42 s dijagnozom novorođenačke hiperbilirubinemije hospitalizirano na Odjelu za gastroenterologiju Klinike za pedijatriju KBC-a "Sestre Milosrdnice" u Zagrebu, a 58 na Klinici za pedijatriju KBC-a Split, u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2017. do 10. svibnja 2019. godine. Rezultati: U ovo istraživanje uključeno je 100 novorođenčadi i mlađe dojenčadi s dijagnosticiranom intenziviranom (68%) i prolongiranom hiperbilirubinemijom (32%) u dobi od 2 do 45 dana. U obje skupine dob majke bila je u prosjeku 30 godina. Većina je djece rođena u 39. gestacijskom tjednu, a 63% djece rođeno je vaginalnim putem poroda. Novorođenčad u skupini intenzivirane hiperbilirubinemije češće je rođena u toplijim mjesecima, od ožujka do rujna, a novorođenčad s produljenom hiperbilirubinemijom u hladnijem dijelu godine, tijekom jeseni i zime. Većina djece liječena je intravenskom hidracijom, njih 89%, a 56% djece liječeno je i fototerapijom. Utjecaj infekcije urinarnog trakta na hiperbilirubinemiju novorođenčadi nije dokazan. Laboratorijski nalazi eritrocita, hemoglobina i hemtokrita bili su unutar referentnih vrijednosti, a mali broj djece imao je nesignifikantno povišene vrijednosti jetrenih enzima. Najveća vrijednost bilirubina bila je izmjerena u skupini djece s intenziviranom hiperbilirubinemijom i iznosila je 472 µmol / l. Tjelesna masa djece s intenziviranom hiperbilirubinemijom bila je značajno niža pri prijemu u usporedbi s porodnom masom, dok su u skupini s prolongiranom hiperbilirubinemijom djeca imala veću tjelesnu masu u trenutku hospitalizacije u odnosu na porodnu masu. 42 od 100 novorođenčadi imalo je učinjenu DNA-UGT analizu za UGT1A1*28 genotip. Učestalost nositelja polimorfizma za Gilbertov sindrom u ispitivanoj populaciji bila je veća od učestalosti u kontrolnoj skupini. Zaključak: Novorođenačka hiperbilirubinemija značajan je klinički entitet na koji mogu utjecati brojni nasljedni, okolišni i drugi čimbenici. Od svih ispitivanih obilježja hiperbilirubinemije novorođenčadi u ovom je istraživanju najjača povezanost utvrđena u razlici tjelesne mase pri prijemu i porodne mase, koja je bila negativna u skupini intenzivirane hiperbilirubinemije, a pozitivna u novorođenčadi s prolongiranom hiperbilirubinemijom. Polimorfizam GS je važan utjecajni čimbenik na pojavnost i trajanje hiperbilirubinemije novorođenčeta. Sva ispitivana obilježja trebalo bi uzeti u obzir pri procjeni ozbiljnosti novorođenačke hiperbilirubinemije prilikom otpusta iz rodilišta, kako se ne bi propustila klinički značajna hiperbilirubinemija koja zahtijeva daljnju obradu i praćenje., Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the features of newborns on the occurrence of intensified and prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates. Patients and methods: The retrospective research study included 100 term neonates, out of which 42 diagnosed with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology of the “Sestre Milosrdnice” University Hospital in Zagreb and 58 in the Department of Gastroenterology of the University Hospital in Split, in the period between the 1st January 2017 and 10th May 2019. Results: This study included 100 neonates and younger infants with diagnosed intensified (68%) and prolonged hyperbilirubinemia (32%) in the age of 2 to 45 days. In both groups the age of the mother was in the average 30 years. All the children were born in the 39th gestation week and 63% of children were born vaginal delivery. Newborns in the group of intensified hyperbilirubinemia were more often born during the warmer months, March – September, and newborns with prolonged hyperbilirubinemia in the colder part of the year. Most children were treated with intravenous fluid supplements, 89% of them, and 56% children were also treated with phototherapy. The influence of urinary infection on newborn hyperbilirubinemia is not proven. Laboratory findings of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hemtocrit were within the refining values, and a small number of children had insignificantly elevated liver enzymes. The highest value of bilirubin was measured in the group of intensified hyperbilirubinemia and it was 472 µmol/l. The body mass of the newborns and infants with intensified hyperbilirubinemia was significantly lower on admission compared to the birth weight, whereas in the group of prolonged hyperbilirubinemia children had higher body mass at the time of hospitalization than the birth weight. 42 out of 100 newborns and infants had DNA-UGT analysis at UGT1A1*28 genotype done. The frequency of the polymorphism carrier for Gilbert syndrome in the examined population was higher than the frequency in the control group. Conclusion: Newborn hyperbilirubinemia is a significant clinical entity to which many hereditary, environmental and other factors can be affected. Of all the examined features of newborn hyperbilirubinemia, the strongest correlation was found in the difference in body weight at admission and birth weight, which is negative in the group of intensified hyperbilirubinemia and positive in newborns with prolonged hyperbilirubinemia. GS polymorphism is an important factor influencing the appearance and duration of newborn hyperbilirubinemia. All tested features should be taken into account when assessing the severity of newborn hyperbilirubinemia when discharged from the maternity clinic, in order not to miss a clinically significant hyperbilirubinemia that requires further processing and monitoring.

Cilj istraživanja: Istražiti i prikazati raspodjelu ispitanika koji boluju samo od hipertenzije i ispitanika koji boluju od hipertenzije i pridruženih komorbiditeta po spolu. Usporediti te dvije skupine po dobi, ITM-u te broju antihipertenzivnih lijekova u terapiji. Usporediti skupine prema arterijskim tlakovima mjerenim u ordinaciji i KMAT-om. Prikazati učestalost pojedinih komorbiditeta u multimorbiditetnih bolesnika. Materijali i metode: Provedeno je retrospektivno presječno istraživanje u koje su uključene dvije skupine bolesnika s arterijskom hipertenzijom kao osnovnom bolešću. U prvoj skupini bili su ispitanici koji su bolovali samo od hipertenzije te ih je bilo 68, dok su u drugoj skupini bili ispitanici s hipertenzijom i pridruženim komorbiditetima (multimorbiditetni ispitanici) te ih je bilo 58. Podatci su prikupljeni iz elektronskih medicinskih kartona u osam specijalističkih ordinacija obiteljske medicine medicine Doma zdravlja Splitsko-dalmatinske županije s područja grada Splita. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo sve bolesnike kojima je u razdoblju od 1. rujna 2018. do 1. travnja 2019. godine napravljeno 24 - satno kontinuirano mjerenje arterijskog tlaka (KMAT). Rezultati: U skupini pacijenata koji su bolovali isključivo od arterijske hipertenzije udio žena iznosio je 64,7 %, dok je ispitanika muškog spola bilo tek 35,3 %. Nasuprot tome, u skupini hipertoničara s komorbiditetima udio žena bio je nešto manji (55,2 %). Pacijenata muškog spola u istoj skupini bilo je 44,8 %. Hipertoničari s komorbiditetima u prosjeku su 7,4 godine stariji od pacijenata koji boluju samo od arterijske hipertenzije (p = 0,05). U skupini hipertoničara s komorbiditetima 19 (32,8 %) ispitanika uzimalo je jedan, 28 (38,2 %) dva te 11 (19 %) tri ili više lijekova. Nasuprot tome, u skupini hipertoničara 43 (63,2 %) ispitanika uzimalo je jedan, 17 (25 %) dva, a 8 (11,8 %) tri ili više lijekova u kroničnoj antihipertenzivnoj terapiji (p = 0,003). U pacijenata koji boluju od arterijske hipertenzije najčešći komorbiditeti bili su: dislipidemija (23,8 %), šećerna bolest (17,5 %) i depresija (8,7 %). U ovom je istraživanju najrjeđi komorbiditet bilo kronično bubrežno zatajenje (0,8 %), dok CV incidenata uopće nije bilo (0 %). Zaključak: U ovoj studiji pokazano je kako hipertoničari s komorbiditetima imaju u prosjeku manji dijastolički tlak mjeren u ordinaciji od ispitanika koji boluju samo od hipertenzije te da su multimorbiditetni ispitanici u prosjeku stariji od ispitanika koji boluju samo od hipertenzije. Također, dokazano je da multimorbiditetni hipertoničari u prosjeku imaju više antihipertenzivnih lijekova u terapiji od ispitanika koji boluju samo od hipertenzije. Razlike ITM-a među ispitivanim skupinama nije bilo., Objectives: To investigate and present the distribution of subjects who are suffering from arterial hypertension and those with arterial hypertension and associated comorbidities by sex. Compare these two groups by age, ITM, and the number of antihypertensive drugs used in chronic therapy. Compare the groups according to the arterial pressure measured in the clinic and measured using ABPM. Finally, to show the frequency of individual comorbidities in multimerbidity patients. Patients and methods: Retrospective cross-sectional research was conducted involving two groups of patients with arterial hypertension as primary disease. In the first group, there were only patients with arterial hypertension (68 patients), while in the second group were patients with arterial hypertension and associated comorbidities (58 patients). Data was collected from electronic medical charts in eight specialist ordination of the family medicine of the Health Center of the Split – dalmatian County, City of Split. The study encompassed all patients with a 24 - hour continuous measurement of arterial pressure (ABPM) in the period from September 1st, 2018 to April 1st, 2019. Results: In a group of patients suffering from arterial hypertension alone, the proportion of women was 64.7 %, while the share of male subjects was only 35.3 %. In contrast, in the group of hypertension with comorbidities, the proportion of women was slightly smaller (55.2 %). The share of male patients in the same group was 44.8 %. Patients with hypertension and comorbidities are 7.4 years older than patients suffering only from arterial hypertension (p = 0.05). In the group of hypertensives with comorbidities 19 of the subjects (32.8 %) received one drug, 28 subjects (38.2 %) two drugs and 11 subjects (19 %) three or more drugs. In contrast, in the group of hypertensives 43 subjects recieved one drug (63.2 %), 17 subjects two drugs (25 %) and 8 subjects (11.8 %) three or more drugs in chronic antihypertensive therapy (p = 0.003). Among patients with arterial hypertension, the most common comorbidities were: dyslipidemia (23.8 %), diabetes mellitus type 2 (17.5 %) and depression (8.7 %). In this study, the rarest comorbidity was chronic kidney failure (0.8 %), while CV incidents were not seen at all (0 %). Conclusion: In this study it has been shown that patients with arterial hypertension and comorbidities have an average diastolic pressure lower than those with solely arterial hypertension and that multimorbidity patients are on average older than those who are suffering from hypertension alone. It has also been demonstrated that patients with multimorbidity and hypertension have on average more antihypertensive drugs in chronic therapy than subjects with arterial hypertension alone. There were no BMI (Body Mass Index) differences among the investigated groups.

Cilj istraživanja: odrediti demografske karakteristike i najčešće dijagnoze zastupljene među pacijentima koji su bili na pregledu u ambulanti fizikalne medicine i rehabilitacije s reumatologijom KBC Split, potom, odrediti kolika je zastupljenost neuropatske boli među bolesnicima s kroničnim nemalignim bolovima. Istražiti javlja li se neuropatska komponenta boli češće s određenim dijagnozama i je li uz nju češća anksioznost kao i bolovanje. Također smo utvrdili stupanj izraženosti trenutne, prosječne i maksimalne boli prema VAS (vizualno analognoj skali) uz procjenu koliki je stupanj zbrinjavanja boli kod bolesnika s obzirom na dosadašnje mjere liječenja, a u ovisnosti o izraženosti bolova prema VAS. Materijal i metode: Ispitanici su svi bolesnici koji su imali zakazani termin za pregled fizijatra u ambulanti na Zavodu fizikalne medicine i rehabilitacije s reumatologijom u razdoblju od 1. svibnja 2019. do 31. svibnja 2019. Kriteriji uključenja bili su odrasli, punoljetni bolesnici bez obzira na spol koji boluju od kronične nemaligne boli u trajanju duljem od mjesec dana. Bolesnici su potpisali informirani pristanak za sudjelovanje u istraživanju. Istraživanje je provedeno na Zavodu fizikalne medicine i rehabilitacije s reumatologijom Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split. Istraživanje je prema ustroju kvalitativno istraživanje, dok je po intervenciji i obradi podataka deskriptivnog odnosno opisnog tipa. Rezultati: Naše istraživanje obuhvatilo je 68 bolesnika od kojih je 23 (33,8%) bilo muškaraca i 45 (66,2%) žena pregledanih u Ambulanti za fizikalnu medicinu i rehabilitaciju s reumatologijom u KBC Split. Određene su demografske karakteristike i najčešće dijagnoze, 60% bolesnika je imalo srednju stručnu spremu, a najčešće zastupljena dijagnoza je lumbago s išijasom (MKB-10 M54.4), koju je imalo čak 20 pacijenata (29,4%). Sljedeća po zastupljenosti je grupa ozlijeda (MKB-10, najčešća S13.4) s 13,2%, cervikobrahijalni sindrom (MKB-10 M 53.1) s 11,8%, te kalcificirajući tendinitis (M 65.2) kojeg je imalo 10,3% bolesnika, ostale dijagnoze prema zastupljenosti su bile do 10%. Prema podacima u upitniku o boli kojeg su bolesnici ispunili aritmetička sredina boli koju pacijenti osjećaju u trenutku ispitivanja iznosi 4,84, dok je aritmetička sredina maksimalne boli i prosječne boli 6,85 i 5,72 respektivno. Medijan trenutačne boli iznosi 5,50, maksimalne boli 7,50, te prosječne boli 6,0. Veći stupanj anksioznosti prisutan je kod većeg stupnja neuropatske boli kao i učestalost bolovanja, koja nije bila statistički značajna s obzirom na veličinu i karakteristike uzorka. Bolesnici su prema modalitetu farmakoterapije a s obzirom na VAS izražaj boli bili hipodozirani u 75% slučajeva. Zaključak: Naše istraživanje pokazalo je da i kod nas postoje nedostaci u zbrinjavanju kronične nemaligne boli, usprkos tome što su danas dostupne brojne metode liječenja. Potrebno je poraditi na edukaciji i osviještenosti o tom problemu kako bi se adekvatnijim liječenjem i sveobuhvatnim pristupom postigla bolja kontrola boli i poboljšala kvaliteta života bolesnika., Objectives: To determine demographics and proportional representation of diagnosis among patients who were examined in Outpatient clinic of Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation KBC Split. Furthermore, to determine proportion of patients who suffer neuropathic pain and relate this with frequency of anxiety as with the frequency of sick-leave days among these patients. In addition, we established actual, average and maximal expression of pain according to VAS (visual analog scale) with the assessment of the degree of pain management considering provided therapy and with regard to expression of pain according to VAS. Patients and methods: The research included patients who were examined in Outpatient Clinic of Department of physical medicine and rehabilitation during May 2019. We included adult male and female patients age more than 18 who had chronic nonmalignant pain for at least one month. Patients signed informed consent for participating research. The research was conducted in Clinical hospital Split. Results: Our research included 68 patients, 23 males and 45 females, who were examined in Outpatient clinic of physical medicine and rehabilitation department. We established demographics and proportion of representation of diagnosis. Most frequent diagnosis was lumbago (lower back pain) with 20 (29, 4%) patients, followed by patients with injuries (13, 2%), cervicobrachial syndrome (11, 8%) and calcific tendonitis (10, 3%), other diagnosis were represented with less than 10%. According to questionnaire of pain which patients filled the arithmetic mean of pain which patients suffered during the examination was 4,84 while the arithmetic mean of maximum pain was 7,50, and average pain was 6,0. More anxiety was observed in patients with more neuropathic pain and these patients had more often sick – leave. According to pharmacotherapy for managing pain considering VAS expression of pain 75% of patients were not adequately treated. Conclusions: Our research showed deficiencies in treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain, although many treatment options are available nowadays. It is important to emphasize education and awareness of this problem aiming to overcome it. Doing so we can help patients dealing with pain and improve their quality of life.

Cilj: Crohnova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis su najčešći oblici upalnih bolesti crijeva. Oba stanja karakterizirana su kroničnom upalom gatrointestinalne sluznice, uz koju se u nekim slučajevima javljaju i izvancrijevne manifestacije. Oralne manifestacije Crohnove bolesti su: orofacijalni edemi, krpičaste promjene sluznice, kaldrmast izgled sluznice, hiperplastični gingivitis i aftozni stomatitis, a kod ulceroznog kolitisa najčešće se viđaju aftozni stomatitis i pyostomatitis vegetans. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove i navike o oralnom zdravlju u bolesnikas upalnim bolestima crijeva. Metode i materijali: U ovom presječnom anketnom istraživanju sudjelovao je 76 ispitanika od čega je 42 ispitanika bilo s Crohnovom bolesti, te 34 ispitanika s ulceroznim kolitisom. Istraživanje se provodilo na Zavodu za gastroenterologiju i hepatologiju KBC-a Split, te Katedri za patofiziologiju tijekom razdoblja od prosinca 2017. do svibnja 2018. godine. Ispitanici su ispunjavali specijalizirani upitnik koji se sastojao od ukupno 17 pitanja, podijeljenih u 3 glavne skupine koje su obuhvaćale opće podatke i navike pacijenata, značajke i subjektivni dojam bolesti, te navike o oralnom zdravlju. Rezultati:Najveći broj ispitanika (38,2% za ulcerozni kolitis te 40,5% za Crohnovu bolest) doktora dentalne medicine posjećuju tek prema potrebi, najčešće jer ne vide razlog za češće posjete. Više od polovine ispitanika (67,1%) pere zube dva do tri puta dnevno, i to uglavnom u trajanju od 1-3 minute (73,7%). Najčešći tipovi četkice koji pacijenti koriste su srednje tvrda (44,7%) i mekana (36,8%), dok ih većinom mijenjaju svaka 3 mjeseca (44,7%). U slučaju problema sa oralnim zdravljem 27 ispitanika sa ulceroznim kolitisom (79,4%) te 38 sa Crohnovom bolesti (90,5%) konzultira doktora dentalne medicine. Zaključci: Pacijenti s upalnom bolesti crijeva većinom nisu išli na preventivne preglede u doktora dentalne medicine, te je izrazito važno dodatne napore uložiti u podizanje svijesti o ovom važnom aspektu bolesti., Objectives: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are forms of inflammatory bowel disease. Both conditions are characterized by chronic inflammation of the gatrointestinal mucosa, in which in some cases extraintestinal manifestations also occur. Oral manifestations of Crohn's disease are: orofacial edema, patchy mucous membranes, cobblestone appearance of the mucosa, hyperplastic gingivitis and aphthous stomatitis, with aphthous stomatitis and pyostomatitis vegetans most commonly seen in ulcerative colitis. The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes and habits regarding oral health in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Subjects and methods:A total of 76 participants participated in this cross-sectional survey, of which 42 had Crohn's disease and 34 had ulcerative colitis. The study was conducted at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Split, and the Department of Pathophysiology during periods from December 2017 to May 2018. Subjects completed a specialized questionnaire consisting of 17 questions divided into 3 main groups, covering general data and patient habits, characteristics and subjective impression of the disease, and oral health habits. Results: The majority of patients (38.2% ulcerative colitis and 40.5% Crohn's disease) visit doctors of dental medicine only when needed, most often because they do not see a reason for more frequent visits. More than half of patients (67,1%) brush their teeth two to three times a day, mostly for 1-3 minutes.The most common types of brush used by patients are medium hard (44.7%) and soft (36.8%), while most are changed every 3 months (44.7%). In the case of oral health problems, 27 subjects with ulcerative colitis (79.4%) and 38 with Crohn's disease (90.5%) consult a dentist. Conclusions:Patients with inflammatory bowel disease mostly did not go to preventive examinations with a doctor of dental medicine, and it is extremely important that additional efforts be made to raise awareness of this important aspect of the disease

Objectives: To compare the self-perceived health between immigrants and natives in different EU countries within the context of the type of health care system. Subjects and methods: We used EU-SILC data on self-perceived health of natives and immigrants, not born in the EU. Additionally, we selected data from the European Statistical System for population numbers on EU inhabitants and migrants who were born out-side of the EU and also grouped EU countries according to the type of health care system. We assessed between immigrants and EU-born individuals in their responses of bad/very bad, fair and good/very good according to their sex and age, within the type of health care system by comparing their mean percentages on health perception with Chi-Square of Independence. Results: In countries with social compulsory health care, there were significantly more female and male natives of all age groups perceiving their health as good/very good, compared to their migrant counterpart. More female immigrants below the age of 64 perceive their health as poor, while more native females above the age of 65 perceive their health as fair compared to immigrant females over 65 years of age. Regarding their male counterparts, more male immigrants of all age groups perceive their health as fair. We did not find a significant difference between native and immigrant females of age 16-44 who perceived their health as bad. However, we found that significantly more immigrant females, aged more than 45 and men of all age groups perceived their health as bad/very bad. In countries with the mixed type of health care system, more native females aged up to 64 years perceived their health as good/very good compared to their migrant counterpart, while more migrant females over the age of 65 perceived their health as good/very good. More native men in all age groups perceived their health as group as good/very good compared to migrant men of all age groups. In countries with tax-based health care, significantly more female immigrants perceived their health as good/very good in age group 16-44 and 45-64, while the opposite counted for females aged more than 65 years. More female migrants perceived their health as fair in age group 16-44 and females aged over 65 years, while more native females in the age group 45-64 perceived their health as fair. More male immigrants perceived their health as fair in age group 16-44 and 45-64, while more male natives in the age group 65 and over perceived their health as fair. There were more native females in age groups 16-44 and 45-64 who perceived their health as bad/very bad, while more migrant females perceived their health as “bad/very bad in the age group 65 and over. In all age groups native males perceived their health as bad/very bad compared to migrant males. Conclusion: We conclude from our results that there was a tendency to migrants perceiving their health as better compared to natives in EU countries with a tax-based health care system. Additionally, we conclude that there was a tendency towards natives perceiving their health as better compared to migrants in countries with a social compulsory health care system and countries with a mixed type of health care system. However, results have to be taken with caution. In fact, no link can be made between health of immigrants and different models of health care systems, thus more studies are needed to extend the results of our study which will incorporate cofounding factors., Ciljevi: Usporediti samoprocijenjeno zdravlje između migranata i domaćih ljudi u različitim državama Europske Unije unutar konteksta tipa zdravstvenoga sustava. Materijali i metode: Koristili smo EU-SILC podatke o samoprocijenjivom zdravlju migranata i domaćih stanovnika koji nisu rođeni u Europskoj Uniji. Osim toga, izabrali smo podatke iz europskoga statističkoga sustava za stanovnike Europske Unije i migranata rođenih izvan Europske Unije te smo grupirali države Europske Umije prema tipu zdravstvenoga sustava. Između migranata i pojednaca rođenih u Europskoj Uniji odredili smo njihove odgovore na loše i/ili jako loše, nepristrane i dobre i/ili vrlo dobre ovisno o njihovom spolu i dobi unutar tipa zdravstvenoga sustava te usporedbom njihovih srednjih postotaka na percepciji zdravlja s Chi-Square nezavisnosti. Rezultati: U državama s društvenom obvezom zdravstvenoga sustava značajno je više domaćih muškaraca i žena svih dobnih skupina koji su svoje zdravlje označili kao dobro i/ili vrlo dobro u usporedbi s migrantima. Više je ženskih migranata, mlađih od 64 godina, koje su svoje zdravlje označile kao loše dok su domaće žene iznad 65 godina označile svoje zdravlje kao nepristrano u usporedbi s ženskim migrantima. Što se tiče muških migranata, više je muškaraca koji su svoje zdravlje označili kao nepristrano. Nismo pronašli značajno razliku između domaćih stanovnika i imigranata u dobi izneđu 16. - 44. godine koji su označili svoje zdravstveno stanje kao loše. Ipak, ustanovili smo da je mnogo više ženskih imigranata iznad 45 godina i muškaraca svih dobnih skupina koji su označili svoje zdravlje kao loše i/ili vrlo loše. U državama s miješanim tipom zdravstvenoga sustava više je domaćih žena do 64 godine koje su označile svoje zdravlje kao dobro i/ili vrlo dobro u usporedbi sa migrantima. Dok je više ženskih migrata iznad 65 godina koje su svoje zdravlje označile kao dobro i/ili vrlo dobro. Više je domaćih muškaraca svih dobinih skupina koji su svoje zdravlje označiki kao dobro i/ili vrlo dobro u usporedbi s muškim migrantima svih dobnih skupina. U državama s zdravstevnim sustavom na temelju poreza značajno je više ženskih migranata koje su svoje zdravlje označile kao dobro i/ili vrlo dobro u dobi od 16. - 44. godine i 45. - 64. godine dok suprotno vrijedi za žene iznad 65 godina. Više je ženskih migranata koje su svoje zdravlje označile kao nepristrano u dobnoj skupini 16. - 44. godine te u dobnoj skupini preko 65 godina dok je više domaćih žena u dobnoj skupini 45. - 64. godine koje su označile svoje zdravlje kao nepristrano. U dobnoj skupini 16. - 44. godine i u dobnoj skupini 45. - 64. godine više je muškaraca koji su svoje zdravlje označili kao nepristrano dok su domaći muškarci iznad 65 godina označili svoje zdravlje kao nepristrano. U dobnoj skupini 16. - 44. godine više je domaćih žena koje su svoje zdravlje označile kao loše i/ili vrlo loše dok su ženski migranti iznad 65 godina označile svoje zdravlje kao loše i/ili vrlo loše. Domaći muškarci svih dobnih skupina označili su svoje zdravlje kao loše i/ili vrlo loše u usporedbi s muškim migranti. Zaključak: Iz provedenoga istraživanja i prikupljenih rezultata zaključujemo da migranti imaju tendenciju da svoje zdravlje označe kao dobro u usporedbi s domaćima unutar država Europske Unije sa zdravstevnim sustavom na temelju poreza. Osim toga, možemo zaključiti da postoji tendencija da domaći stanovnici naznače svoje zdravlje kao dobro u usporedbi s migrantima u državama s društvenim obaveznim zdravstvenim sustavom i u državama s miješanim tipom zdravstvenoga sustava. Rezultati se mogu uzeti u obzir, ali s velikom dozom opreza. Zapravo, nikakva veza se ne može napraviti između zdravlja migranata i različitih modela zdravstvenoga sustava tako da je potrebno mnogo više istraživanja da bi se produžili rezultati našega studija koji će sadržavati zajedničke čimbenike.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the paper were to establish the patients’ BP grading and disease staging, stratify the CV risk of the hypertensive population, determine if the BP treatment target ranges are achieved and assess their treatment parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study is a cross-sectional retrospective study including 168 patients with HTN from the 1 st of September 2018 to the 1 st of April 2019. The data was collected from eight different offices of family medicine specialists in Split. Following the gathering of materials from the specialist’s databases and archives, the patients’ medical records were then reviewed and inserted into Microsoft Excel program. RESULTS: Hypertension grading demonstrated that 35% of patients are normotensive, 30.3% have high-normal BP, grade 1 HTN population makes up 28.5% and grade 2 HTN comprises the remaining 5.3%, no patient belongs in grade 3 HTN. Staging of the disease was then evaluated, the results showed that 84.5% of patients are at stage 1 with an uncomplicated disease, 10% remain asymptomatic and are classified at stage 2 of the disease and stage 3 constitute 4.6% and defines patients with an established disease. CV risk was stratified, the outcome displayed that 49% of patients are at low-risk for CV disease, 28% at medium risk, 10% at high risk and the remaining 2.5% at very-high risk for CV event occurrence. Women (35.5% vs. 24.0%) and patients under 65 years old achieve both their systolic and diastolic BP target (≤130/70-79 mmHg) more consistently (39.8% vs. 22.5% and 48.75% vs. 40.0%, respectively). Antihypertensive monotherapy and dual therapy are prescribed equally in our study sample, nearly reaching 40% each. CCB and ACE are the two most commonly single drug prescribed (13.9% and 15.6% respectively) with a BP control rate of 58.8%. The most common combination dual therapy prescribed medications are CCB + ACE, prescribed to 13.1% of all patients and its control rate over BP reaches 31.3%. Triple therapy is used in 17% of our patients, it most often consists of ACE + CCB + BB, representing only 4.9% of all prescriptions. 62.3% of patients are taking a single pill, 29.5% of individuals are administered 2 pills and the remaining 8.2% get 3 or 4 pills. Efficacy in controlling BP was best achieved in patients under triple therapy with 55.6%, patients taking 1 or 3 pills both attain a BP success rate of about 52.7. CONCLUSIONS: Most patient of our study are normotensive, high-normal or exert grade 1 HTN. Majority of hypertensive individuals are at stage 1 of the disease and are at low to moderate risk for occurrence of CV disease. Demographically, women and younger individuals tend to achieve their treatment BP target more efficiently. Mono- and dual therapy represent 80% of all prescription, the most common drugs used are ACE and CCB taken in the form of one or two pills., CILJ: Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su odrediti stupanj i stadij bolesti, potom stratificirati hipertenzivne bolesnike prema ukupnom stupnju kardiovaskularnog rizika, te utvrditi da li su postignute ciljne vrijednosti arterijskog tlaka uz procjenu terapijskog pristupa. ISPITANICI I METODE: Provedeno je presječno, retrospektivno istraživanje u koje je uključeno 168 ispitanika sa dijagnozom arterijske hipertenzije kojima je u periodu od 01. rujna 2018. do 01. travnja 2019. urađeno 24 h monitoriranje arterijskog tlaka. Podatci su prikupljeni u osam specijalističkih ordinacija obiteljske medicine u Splitu. Za istraživanje je osmišljen upitnik temeljem kojeg su prikupljeni podatci iz elektronskih zdravstvenih kartona. Po prikupljanju podataka za sve ispitanike kreiran je skupni zapis u Microsoft Excel programu. REZULTATI: Temeljem izmjerenih vrijednosti arterijskog tlaka 35% ispitanika bilo je normotenzivno a 30,3% imalo je visoko normalan arterijski tlak. Prvi stupanj arterijske hipertenzije zabilježen je kod 28,5% a drugi stupanj kod 5,3% ispitanika. U prvom stadiju bolesti bez komplikacija bila je većina ispitanika, njih 84,5%, u stadiju dva sa asimptomatskom bolesti 10%, dok je u stadiju 3 bilo 4,6% ispitanika. Nakon stratifikacije prema ukupnom kardiovaskularnom riziku 49% ispitanika imalo je nizak, 28% umjeren, 10% visok i 2,5% vrlo visok rizik. Žene i ispitanici mlađi od 65 godina bolje su postizali ciljne vrijednosti arterijskog tlaka. Više od 80% ispitanika liječeno je s jednim ili dva lijeka a najčešće propisani lijekovi bili su ACEI i blokatori kalcijevih kanala. ZAKLJUČAK: Većina ispitanika je postigla ciljne vrijednosti tlaka (>60%) a kod trećine (28,5%) je zabilježen prvi stupanj arterijske hipertenzije. Većina ispitanika (84,5% ) je u prvom stadiju bolesti bez komplikacija, sa niskim i umjerenim ukupnim kardiovaskularnim rizikom. Žene i mlađi ispitanici su najčešće postizali ciljne vrijednosti arterijskog tlak. Više od 80% ispitanika liječeno je s jednim ili dva lijeka a najčešće propisani lijekovi bili su ACEI i blokatori kalcijevih kanala.

Cilj: U odabranom uzorku profesionalnih boksača, kickboksača i igrača ragbija odrediti zastupljenost opstrukcijske apneje tijekom spavanja, procijeniti rizik nastanka OSA-e te procijeniti sveukupnu kvalitetu spavanja i razinu prekomjerne dnevne pospanosti obzirom na sport i pretrpljenu ozljedu glave. Ispitanici i metode: U istraživanje je bilo uključeno ukupno 32 muškarca, 12 boksača, 5 kickboksača i 15 igrača ragbija. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine ovisno o pretrpljenoj ozljedi glave pri čemu se ozljeda glave odnosila na dijagnozu potresa mozga i/ili loma nosa. Istraživanje je po ustroju presječno i kliničko. Ispitanici su obrađivani u razdoblju od listopada 2017. godine do studenog 2018. godine u Centru za medicinu spavanja Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split i Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu. Svi ispitanici su ispunili jedan dio standardiziranih upitnika validiranih na hrvatski jezik (STOP i Pittsburgh upitnik, Epworthova ljestvica dnevne pospanosti). Potom je svim ispitanicima postavljen prenosivi uređaj Alice1 za cjelonoćno poligrafsko ispitivanje te su ispitanici noć proveli kod kuće. Rezultati: Skupina boksača i kickboksača je u odnosu na skupinu ragbijaša bila mlađa (28 vs. 43, P, Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of obstructive sleep apnoea in the selected sample of professional boxers, kickboxers and rugby players. Also, to determine the risk for OSA and evaluate general sleep quality and level of daytime sleepiness. Patients and methods: A total of 32 men, 12 boxers, 5 kickboxers and 15 rugby players were involved in the study. The respondents were divided into two groups depending on the head injury suffered, with head injury related to diagnosis of brain concussion and/or nasal fracture. Conducted study was cross-sectional and clinical with all respondents being treated in period from October 2017 to November 2018 in the Split Sleep Medicine Center. All respondents completed one part of the standardized questionnaires validated in Croatian (STOP and Pittsburgh Questionnaire, Epworth Sleepiness Scale). Then, all respondents were fitted with the Alice1 portable device for full-length polygraphic testing and they spent the night at home. Results: The respondents from the boxer and kickboxer group were younger (28 vs. 43, P

Cilj: Crohnova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis su najčešći oblici upalne bolesti crijeva, kronične autoimune bolesti koja može uzrokovati i brojne poremećaje oralne šupljine. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je procijeniti razinu znanja o oralnim manifestacijama upalne bolesti crijeva, te ispitati potencijalne razlike između pacijenata s ulceroznim kolitisom i Crohnovom bolesti. Metode: U ovo istraživanje uključeno je 60 ispitanika s upalnim bolestima crijeva (30 s ulceroznim kolitisom i 30 s Crohnovom bolesti), koji su bili uključivani u studiju na Zavodu za gastroenterologiju i hepatologiju KBC-a Split. Svi uključeni pacijenti su ispunjavali specijalizirani anketni upitnik od ukupno 11 čestica, kojim se procjenjivala razina znanja o oralnim bolestima u upalnim bolestima crijeva, uz demografske karakteristike pacijenata. Rezultati: Bolesnicima je najčešći izvor informacija o utjecaju upalne bolesti crijeva na oralno zdravlje Internet (58,3%), a slijede liječnik (50%), doktor dentalne medicine (33,3%) i medicinska sestra (16,6%), bez značajne razlike među skupinama. Bolesnici upalne bolesti crijeva najčešće povezuju s infekcijama u usnoj šupljini (48,3%), neugodnim zadahom (46,6%) i ranicama u ustima (40%), a najmanje smatraju da uzrokuju karijes (13,3%) ili naslage na zubima (6,6%). S obzirom na dodatne načine izvršavanja oralne higijene, ispitanici najčešće koriste zubni konac, i to statistički značajno više u pacijenata s Crohnovom bolesti u odnosu na skupinu s ulceroznim kolitisom (53,3 vs 26,7 %, P=0,037). Ispitanici u najvećem broju slučajeva nisu primili nikakve dodatne savjete o održavanju oralne higijene od strane zdravstvenih djelatnika (65%). U 19 (63,3%) bolesnika s ulceroznim kolitisom i u 20 (66,7%) bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti doktor dentalne medicine je upoznat s njihovom bolesti (P=0,962). Ispitanici svoje znanje o oralnom zdravlju uglavnom procjenjuju ocjenom 3 (50%). Zaključak: Razina znanja o oralnom zdravlju i higijeni u upalnim bolestima crijeva je izrazito niska u našoj populaciji pacijenata. Važno je da zdravstveni djelatnici dodatno naglašavaju značaj i potencijalne posljedice upalnih bolesti crijeva na oralno zdravlje, Objective: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease, a chronic autoimmune disease that can cause numerous disorders of oral cavitie. The aim of this study was to evaluate the spread of knowledge about the oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease and to examine the potential differences between patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Method: In this study, 60 subjects with inflammatory bowel disease were included (30 with ulcerative colitis and 30 with Crohn's disease), who were enrolled in the study at the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Split. All included patients completed a specialized questionnaire of a total of 11 particles assessing various knowledge of oral diseases in inflammatory bowel disease, including demographic characteristics of the patients. Results: Most common source of information for the patients about the impact of inflammatory bowel disease on oral health is the Internet (58.3%), followed by physicians (50%), dental medicine doctors (33.3%) and nurses (16.6%), without significant differences between groups. Patients are associating inflammatory bowel disease most commonly with infections in the oral cavity (48.3%), bad breath (46.6%), mouth sores (40%), and least commonly with caries (13.3%) or dental deposits (6.6%). Considering the additional ways of performing oral hygiene, the respondents most frequently used floss, statistically significantly more in patients with Crohn's disease compared to the group with ulcerative colitis (53.3 vs 26.7%, P=0.037). Participants in the majority of cases did not receive any additional advice on the maintenance of oral hygiene by healthcare professionals (65%). In 19 (63.3%) patients with ulcerative colitis and in 20 (66.7%) patients with Crohn's disease, a dental doctor was familiar with their disease (P=0.962). Respondents generally rate their knowledge of oral health with a grade of 3 (50%). Conclusion: The level of knowledge about oral health and hygiene in inflammatory bowel disease is extremely low in our patient population. It is important for healthcare professionals to further emphasize the importance and potential consequences of inflammatory bowel disease on oral health.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati povezanost između tjelesne aktivnosti i razine općeg stresa u studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Materijali i metode: Presječno istraživanje obuhvatilo je 902 studenta Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Split, s visokim postotkom odaziva od 79,7%. U istraživanje su uključeni studenti medicine na hrvatskom jeziku (N=380), studenti medicine na engleskom jeziku (N=123), studenti dentalne medicine (N=161) i studenti farmacije (N=106) tijekom svibnja i lipnja 2018. godine. Kako bismo ispitali tjelesnu aktivnost studenata, koristili smo Međunarodni upitnik o tjelesnoj aktivnosti, kratku verziju (engl. International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form, IPAQ-SF). Pitanja su se odnosila na tjelesnu aktivnost u posljednjih 7 dana u trajanju od najmanje 10 minuta, a cilj je bio procijeniti intenzivnu tjelesnu aktivnost, umjerenu tjelesnu aktivnost i hodanje. Za procjenu razine stresa koristili smo PSS upitnik (Perceived Stress Scale). Upitnik se sastoji od 10 pitanja i ispituju se osjećaji i misli ispitanika u posljednjih mjesec dana. Ispitanici su podijeljeni u skupine prema studijskom programu (medicina na hrvatskom jeziku, medicina na engleskom jeziku, dentalna medicina i farmacija), spolu (studenti i studentice) i prema godinama studija (pretkliničke i kliničke studijske godine). U analizi podataka korišten je hi-kvadrat test, Mann-Whitney U test i Kruskal-Wallis test te Spearman-ov test korelacije. Rezultati: Studenti koji su imali visoku razinu tjelesne aktivnosti imali su nižu razinu doživljenog stresa (69% nasuprot 51% u studenata s niskom razinom tjelesne aktivnosti). Statistički značajna negativna korelacija dobivena je za razinu percepcije stresa i MET-minute intenzivne (r=-0,144, P, Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the association between physical activity and the level of general stress in medical students, dental medicine and pharmacy students at the University of Split, School of Medicine. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 902 students at the University of Split Medical School, with a high response rate (79.7%). The study included 380 medical students in Croatian studies, 123 medical students in English studies, 161 dental medicine students and 106 pharmacy students during May and June 2018. In order to examine the physical activity of students, we used the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The questions related to physical activity in the last 7 days lasting for at least 10 minutes, separately assessing intense level of physical activity, moderate physical activity and walking. To assess stress levels, we used the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 10 questions and examines the feelings and thoughts in the last month. Subjects were divided into groups according to the study program (medicine in Croatian language, English medicine, dental medicine and pharmacy), sex and years of study (pre-clinical and clinical studies). We used chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman's correlation test in data analysis. Results: Students with a high level of physical activity more frequently reported lower level of stress (69% vs. 51% in low-level physical activity students). Statistically significant negative correlation was obtained for the level of stress perception and the MET-minutes for intensive physical activity (r=-0.144, P

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj dobi i spola na kognitivne i psihomotorne sposobnosti ispitane testovima CRD serije. Materijali i metode: U ovom istraživanju sudjelovao je ukupno 3421 ispitanik, od čega 1427 muškaraca (prosječne dobi 30, s rasponom od 18 do 88 godina) i 1994 žena (prosječne dobi 22, s rasponom od 18 do 84 godine). Ispitanici su rješavali tri reprezentativna testa CRD serije koji se temelje na kronometriji, i to od najjednostavnijih do najsloženijih: CRD311 (test diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnog signala), CRD411 (test kompleksne psihomotorne koordinacije) i CRD11 (test rješavanja jednostavnih aritmetičkih operacija). Od rezultata postignutim na testovima analizirani su ukupno vrijeme rješavanja testa (UKT), najkraće vrijeme rješavanja jednog zadatka (MinT), broj pogrešaka na testu, početna disocijacija (D1), te početni (SB), završni (ZB) i ukupni (UB) balasti koji su predstavljali izgubljeno vrijeme u prvoj i drugoj polovici testa te ukupno izgubljeno vrijeme. Rezultati: Na testu CRD11 muškarci su imali statistički značajno kraće UKT od žena (134,47 ± 56,43 vs. 139,17 ± 57,60 s, P = 0,021), kraći početni, završni i ukupni balast (P, Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of age and gender on cognitive and psychomotor abilities measured by tests of the CRD series. Material and methods: A total of 3421 subjects participated in this study, of which 1427 men (median age 30, ranging from 18 to 88 years) and 1994 women (median age 22, ranging from 18 to 84 years). Subjects solved three representative CRD series tests based on chronometry, from the simplest to the most complex one: CRD311 (discrimination of the light signal position), CRD411 (complex psychomotor coordination), and CRD11 (simple arithmetic operations). The total test solving time (UKT), the minimum single task solving time (MinT), the number of errors, initial dissociation (D1), and start (SB), end (ZB), and total (UB) ballasts that represented the lost time in the first and second half of the test, and the total lost time were analyzed. Results: On the CRD11 test, men had significantly shorter UKT than women (134.47 ± 56.43 vs. 139.17 ± 57.60 s, P = 0.021), shorter start, end and total ballasts (P

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Glavni cilj istraživanja je bio odrediti stavove i znanja studenata medicine o HPV infekciji i cijepljenju te uvrditi njihovu povezanost s spolom,godinom studija te studijskim programom (engleski ili hrvatski studij medicine). ISPITANICI I METODE: Diplomski rad je temeljen na anonimnoj i dobrovoljnoj anketi koja je provedena među studentima medicine Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu. Napravljen je upitnik odobren od strane Etičkog povjerenstva Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu koji je distribuiran radi boljeg odaziva u papirnatom obliku te internetski putem upitnika napravljenog u programu Google Forms. Ispitanici su svi studenti medicine. Upitnik je ispunilo 492 studenta medicine (59.7%) od ukupnog broja studenata medicine (n=824). REZULTATI: Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da većina studenata medicine nije cijepljena (69,1%) Veću procijepljenost protiv HPV-a imaju djevojke (37%) i studenti engleskog programa studija medicine (52,3%). Istraživanje je pokazalo da studenti imaju izrazito pozitivne stavove prema cijepljenju protiv HPV-a što pokazuje podatak da skoro 90% studenata medicine bi preporučilo cijepljenje svojoj kćeri. Studenti su pokazali da imaju nedovoljno znanja o HPV infekciji i cijepljenju te da stariji studenti i studenti hrvatskog programa studija medicine imaju bolje znanje. Glavni izvor informacija (49,2%) za studente medicine o HPV infekciji i cijepljenju predstavlja internet. ZAKLJUČCI: Studenti medicine u Splitu imaju pozitivne stavove o cijepljenju protiv HPV-a što je važno za njihovu buduću ulogu liječnika. Provedeno istraživanje ukazuje na potrebu izmjene Nastavnog plana studija medicine i bolju edukaciju studenata o HPV infekciji i cijepljenju., OBJECTIVES: The main aim of this research was to determine the attitudes and knowledge of medical students about HPV infection and vaccination and to determine their association with gender, year of study and study program (English or Croatian Medicine Study). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The graduate thesis is based on an anonymous and voluntary survey conducted among students of medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Split. A questionnaire approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical School in Split,was distributed for better responsiveness in paper form and online via a questionnaire made in Google Forms. The sample was made on the basis of the total number of students (n = 824), of which 492 students (59.7%) completed the survey. RESULTS: Results of the research show that most of the medical students have not been vaccinated (69.1%). Girls (37%) and students of English program of medicine studies (52.3%) are more vaccinated against HPV. Research has shown that students have very positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination, indicating that almost 90% of medical students would recommend vaccination to their daughter. Students have shown insufficient knowledge about HPV infection and vaccination and that older students and students of the Croatian program of medicine studies have better knowledge. The main source of information (49.2%) for HPV infection and vaccination is the Internet. CONCLUSION: Medical students in Split have positive attitudes about HPV vaccination, which is important for their future role as docotors. The conducted research suggests the need to change the curriculum of medicine studies and to improve education¨of students on HPV infection and vaccination.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati postoji li povezanost između mediteranske prehrane i razine krajnjih produkata glikacije u studenata Sveučilišta u Splitu. Materijali i metode: U ovom presječnom istraživanjem uključeno je 759 studenata koji pohađaju tri fakulteta Sveučilišta u Splitu. Istraživanje je provedeno na Medicinskom fakultetu na 5. i 6. godini studija (N=134), studiju sestrinstva i primaljstva pri Sveučilišnom odjelu zdravstvenih studija (N=125), te na Pomorskom fakultetu (N=500). Studenti su ispunjavali upitnik o životnim navikama. Prilikom ispunjavanja upitnika izmjerena im je krajnjih produkata glikacije (engl. Advanced Glycation End-products, AGEs) u koži podlaktice pomoću neinvazivnog uređaja AGE Reader (DiagnOptics, Groningen, Nizozemska). U kojoj mjeri se studenti pridržavaju principa mediteranske prehrane procijenili smo korištenjem indeksa mediteranske prehrane (engl. Mediterranean Diet Serving Score, MDSS). U analizi podataka korišten je hi-kvadrat test, Mann-whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis-ov test i Spearman-ov test rang korelacije. Rezultati: U ovom istraživanju nismo pokazali povezanost između izmjerene vrijednosti krajnjih produkata glikacije i mediteranske prehrane. Od 759 ispitanika, samo se 60 studenata pridržavalo principa mediteranske prehrane (7,9%). Pronašli smo statistički značajno nižu vrijednost AGEs-a u nepušača u odnosu na studente koji su bivši ili aktivni pušači (P, Non communicable diseases, which are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the 21st century, are mainly caused by unhealthy lifestyles. Mediterranean diet has been associated with lower all-cause mortality, and has a lot of health benefits, specifically in the prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between advanced glycation end products measured in skin and adherence to the principals of the Mediterranean diet in students of the University of Split. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate over a person’s lifetime, but this process occurs more rapidly in people with unhealthy lifestyle habits and especially in patients with conditions such as diabetes, renal failure and cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involved 759 students of the University of Split, including 134 medical students, 125 nursing and midwifery students and 500 maritime students. Students were asked to fill out a questionnaire on their habits, followed by non-invasive measurement of AGEs using the device AGE Reader, (Diagnoptics, Groningen, Netherlands). In order to examine the dietary habits of students, we used a score which estimates Mediterranean diet compliance (Mediterranean Diet Serving Score, MDSS). Results: In this study, we didn’t find a statistically significant association between the Mediterranean diet and level of advanced glycation end products in the skin. Of 759 students who participated in this study only 7.9% of students were following principals of the Mediterranean diet. Level of AGEs was statistically significantly lower in students who never smoked compared to students who are active smokers or who used to smoke before (P

Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati prisutnost sindroma sagorijevanja te radni i društveni angažman studenata na Medicinskom fakultetu u Splitu na studijskim programima medicine, medicine na engleskom jeziku, dentalne medicine i farmacije. Materijali i metode: U ovom radu napravljeno je transverzalno istraživanje metodom upitnika. Upitnik je bio u potpunosti anoniman i podijeljen je studentima studijskih programa koji su pohađali nastavu u travnju, svibnju i lipnju 2019. godine. Podaci su obrađeni u programu Microsoft Office Excel 2016 i JASP 0.9.2.0. Napravljena je deskriptivna analiza uzoraka, a rezultati su prikazani u postocima, te kao medijan ili srednja vrijednost ± standardna devijacija (SD) za kontinuirane varijable. Neparametrijski χ 2 test je korišten za procjenu razlike između skupina i korelaciju između varijabli. Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 938 studenata. Sa tvrdnjama o emocionalnoj iscrpljenosti najviše se slažu studenti farmacije (61%), a najmanje studenti medicine na engleskom jeziku, svega 38,8%. Dvije petine studenata medicine, dentalne medicine i farmacije pokazali su znakove cinizma i manjka entuzijazma, za razliku od svega jedne petine studenata medicine na engleskom jeziku. Postoje značajne razlike među studentima različitih godina na studiju dentalne medicine u vezi ispunjavanja očekivanja na fakultetu. U kategoriji predanosti prema fakultetu, studenti medicine na engleskom jeziku pokazuju najveće slaganje sa tvrdnjama. Najviše volontiraju studenti farmacije, te postotak raste prema višim godinama studija. Gotovo polovica studenata redovito vježba, i to više studenti nego studentice. Vremena za studentske poslove najviše imaju studenti dentalne medicine, a sveukupno češće rade studenti viših godina. Gotovo dvije trećine studenata bi voljelo da imaju na fakultetu osobu kojoj se mogu obratiti u vezi emocionalnih poteškoća tijekom studija. Zaključak: Emocionalna iscrpljenost i cinizam prisutni su među studentima, sa većom pojavnosti na studijima medicine, farmacije i dentalne medicine nego na studiju medicine na engleskom jeziku, a cinizam studenata povećavao se prema višim godinama studija. Za budućnost nakon završetka fakulteta najveću zabrinutost su pokazali studenti medicine i dentalne medicine i u značajnoj većoj mjeri kod studentica u odnosu na studente. Akademska efikasnost nije narušena među ispitanim studentima, ali je predanost i energija uložena za studiranje ipak u većoj mjeri smanjena. Studenti medicine na engleskom jeziku pokazali su visoku razinu i akademske efikasnosti i predanosti te energije prema obvezama na fakultetu., Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the presence of burnout syndrome along with work and social engagement of students attending the study programs of medicine, medicine in English, dental medicine and pharmacy at University of Split School of Medicine. Material and Methods: A transversal study was conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous and distributed to students at University of Split School of Medicine who attended classes in April, May and June of 2019. The data were analyzed in Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and JASP 0.9.2.0. Descriptive analysis was performed, and the results are presented in percentages, and median or mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Non-parametric χ 2 test was used to estimate the difference between the groups and the correlation between the variables. Results: 938 students participated in the study. Emotional exhaustion was mostly seen in pharmacy students (61%), the least in medical studies in English students, 38.8%. Two-fifths of medical, dental and pharmacy students have shown signs of cynicism and lack of enthusiasm, as opposed to just one fifth of medical studies in English students. There are significant differences between students of different years in dental medicine regarding meeting their expectations at the studies. Students of medicine in English showed the greatest consistency with the statements on devotion to their studies. Pharmacy students volunteer in highest percentage, with percentage growing toward the higher years of study. Almost half of the students exercise regularly, more male than female students. Dental students have the most time for working, and students are more often employed in their final study years. Almost two-thirds of students would like to have a person at their studies to address with their emotional difficulties during their studies. Conclusion: Emotional exhaustion and cynicism are present among the students, with a greater presence in medical, dental, and pharmacy students than with studies in English students, and cynicism has increased towards higher years of study. For their future after graduation, the biggest concerns were seen in medical and dental students, significantly higher in female compared to male students. Academic efficiency is present among the students, but devotion and energy invested in studying have been greatly reduced. Medical students in English have demonstrated a high level of academic effectiveness and commitment along with the energy for their study responsibilities.

Cilj: Cilj istraživanja je detaljno analizirati poginule sudionike prometnih nesreća, te pri tome utvrditi opće karakteristike ispitanika, uzrok smrti i obrazac, zastupljenost i značajnost ozljeda po regijama tijela među različitim sudionicima prometnih nesreća. Materijali i metode: Studija je organizirana kao retrospektivno istraživanje. Materijali su dobiveni s jedne strane od Policijske uprave Splitsko-dalmatinske županije i Prometne policije grada Splita, a s druge strane iz obdukcijskih nalaza Kliničkog zavodu za patologiju, sudsku medicinu i citologiju KBC-a Split. Podatci obuhvaćaju datum prometne nesreće, dob, spol, ulogu sudionika u prometnoj nesreći, tip vozila, patoanatomske dijagnoze i uzrok smrti nastradalih osoba. U istraživanje su uključeni svi smrtno stradali obducirani sudionici prometnih nesreća na području grada Splita u desetogodišnjem razdoblju od 2008. do 2017. godine. Podatci su obrađeni metodom deskriptivne statistike. Korišten je Paersonov χ2 test, Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test i Kruskal-Wallisov test uz odabranu razinu statističke značajnosti P, Objectives: The aim of the research is to analyze in detail the killed participants in road accidents, and to determine the general characteristics of the respondents, the cause of death and the pattern, prevalence and significance of injuries by region of the body among different participants in road accidents. Materials and methods: The study was organized as a retrospective study. The materials were obtained on the one hand by the Split-Dalmatia county Police Department and the Traffic Police of the City of Split, and on the other from the autopsy findings of the Clinical Institute of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Cytology of the Clinical Hospital Center Split. The data include the date of the accident, age, gender, role of participants in the accident, vehicle type, pathoanatomical diagnoses and cause of death of the injured person. The research included all those autopsied cases of fatal traffic accidents victims in the city of Split over a 10-year period from 2008 to 2017. The data were processed using the descriptive statistics method. The Paerson χ2 test, the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and the Kruskal-Wallis test were used with the selected statistical significance level P 65 years). Multiple injuries, with 36 cases, are the leading cause of death in road traffic accident victims. No statistically significant difference was found between multiple injuries and other fatal injuries among pedestrians (divided according to the vehicle they were hit by), neither among motorists and motorcycle drivers, nor among drivers and passengers of passenger vehicles. The most common injuries in road accidents are superficial (4.8 injuries per participant), followed by bone injuries (4.0 injuries per participant) and ultimately visceral injuries (3.3 injuries per participant). Surface injuries are most prevalent among motorcyclist deaths (107 injuries, 47.3%), and bone and visceral injuries among pedestrian injuries. (76 injuries, 40.4% and 76 injuries, 49.7%). All three categories of injuries are the most prevalent in the head area, only with different road accident participants. Specifically, bone and superficial injuries are most common in the head area (28.2% and 19.0%) of motorcycle injuries (45.2% and 39.5%), while visceral injuries are primarily present in the head area (37.9 %) of pedestrians killed (43.1%). The research indicates that in the observed regions of the body, as a rule, the same injuries always stand out in number, regardless of the participant of the traffic accident. Pedestrians suffer significantly more frequent injuries to the head, chest, upper and lower extremities, and spine and pelvis, while pedestrians killed by a motorcycle have significant injuries to the head and upper extremities. In motorcycle riders, injuries in all observed regions of the body are statistically significant, and in motorcycle passengers, injuries to the head, chest, abdomen and upper extremities are significantly common. Passenger car drivers suffered significantly more frequent injuries to the chest, upper and lower extremities, and spinal and pelvic injuries, while occupants of the passenger vehicle were susceptible to significant upper and lower extremity injuries. Conclusion: Knowing the general characteristics of injured road accident participants can help create national programs targeting vulnerable road users. Knowledge of the patterns, prevalence and significance of injuries among different participants will shorten the time of diagnosis and treatment of injuries, thereby helping physicians to reduce road accident deaths.

Objectives: Diabetes mellitus has been associated with increased risk of cognitive decline, dementia, depression and anxiety. The aims of this study were to determine the influence of aging and long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) on the rate of adult neurogenesis in subventricular zone of rats, as well as to determine the possible role of DSTYK protein in the adult neurogenesis in subventricular zone of rats as a possible disease mechanism. Material and Methods: Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into two groups: control or diabetic. DM1 was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). DM1 was confirmed by measuring of plasma glucose 4 days after induction. Rats were sacrificed 2 weeks, 6 months and 1 year after induction of the DM1. Tissues of brain were processed for the immunohistochemistry for doublecortin (DCX) alone, or in combination with DSTYK. Results: For the thick part of the subependymal layer of the SVZ, the percentage of DCX area in the sections from a control group significantly decreased 6 months in comparison to the 2 weeks after the beginning of the experiment (P, Ciljevi: Šećerna bolest povezana je s povećanim rizikom slabljenja kognitivnih sposobnosti, demencija, depresije i anksioznosti. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su odrediti utjecaj starenja i šećerne bolesti tipa 1 (DM1) na neurogenezu u subventrikularnoj zoni (SVZ) mozga štakora, kao i odrediti moguću ulogu DSTYK u adultnoj neurogenezi u subventrikularnoj zoni, kao moguće mehanizme u nastanku ove bolesti. Materiali i methode: Trideset pet štakora muškog spola soja Sprague-Dawley podijeljeni su nasumično u dvije skupine: kontrolne i dijabetične životinje. DM1 je izazvan intraperitonealnom aplikacijom streptozotocina (55 mg/kg). DM1 potvrđen je mjerenjem glukoze u plazmi 4 dana nakon indukcije. Štakori su žrtvovani 2 tjedna, 6 mjeseci ili 1 godinu nakon indukcije DM1. Tkiva mozga pripremljena su te obojena imunohistokemijski na doublecortin (DCX) samostalno, ili u kombinaciji s DSTYK. Rezultati: U debljem području subependimskog sloja SVZ, postotak površine pod DCX u rezovima mozga kontrolnih štakora značajno se smanjio 6 mjeseci, u usporedbi s 2 tjedna nakon početka pokusa (P

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj je ovog istraživanje utvrditi uspješnost medicinski potpomognute oplodnje u pacijentica s endometriozom. Drugi cilj je utvrditi medijan prikupljenih oocita i dobivenih zametaka, medijan ukupne doze stimulirajućih hormon te otkriti utjecaj dobi pacijentica i serumske razine FSH i AMH na stopu implantacije. Materijali i metode: Ovo retrospektivno istraživanje provedeno je u Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode KBC-a Split u razdoblju od 1. siječnja 2016. do 1. srpnja 2018. godine. Podatci su prikupljeni iz povijesti bolesti pacijentica te iz baze podataka MPO Zavoda za ginekološku endokrinologiju i humanu reprodukciju. U istraživanje je uključeno 28 pacijentica u dobi od 25 do 47 godina. Prikupljeni su podatci o vrsti protokola i gonadotropinima koji su korišteni u liječenju, jajnim stanicama dobivenim aspiracijom, zamecima, provedenim embriotransferima, HCG-u te serumskim razinama FSH i AMH. Pacijentice s dijagnozom endometrioze koje su se podvrgnule MPO uključene su u istraživanje. Kriteriji isključenja bili su hiperprolaktinemija i bolesti štitnjače. Rezultati: Ukupna stopa implantacije IVF/ICSI po ET-u, FET po ET-u i AIH-a u pacijentica s endometriozom iznosila je 19,6%, dok je u ostalih neplodnih pacijentica iznosila 30,1%. Stopa implantacije IVF/ICSI metode po ET-u u pacijentica s endometriozom iznosi 18,8%, a u neplodnih pacijentica bez endometrioze iznosi 37,5% (95% CI: 34-41,2%). Analizom 88 protokola MPO provedenih u 28 pacijentica s endometriozom dobiveni medijan jajnih stanica iznosi 2 (1-6; 0-20), medijan zametaka 2 (0-2; 0-5), medijan ampula gonadotropina 13,5 (7-23; 0-60) te medijan ampula agonista/antagonista GnRH 5 (0-7; 0-28). Broj prikupljenih jajnih stanica (P=0,215), danih ampula gonadotropina (P=0,828) i danih ampula agonista/antagonista GnRH (P=0,312) ne korelira sa stopom implantacije. Medijan broja zametaka za 1 je veći kod pacijentica s uspješnom implantacijom (P=0,033). Dob (P=0,521), serumska razini FSH (P=0,888) i AMH (P=0.972) ne utječe na stopu implantacije. Zaključci: IVF/ICSI metoda MPO se najčešće koristi u liječenju neplodnosti pacijentica s endometriozom. Pacijentice s dijagnozom endometrioze koje su pristupile IVF/ICSI metodi imaju smanjenu stopu implantacije po embriotransferu u usporedbi s ostalim neplodnim pacijenticama koje su se podvrgnule ovoj istoj metodi MPO. Dokazana je smanjena učinkovitost svih metoda MPO u pacijentica s endometriozom., Objectives: This thesis aims to evaluate the implantation rate in patients with endometriosis. Furthermore, its goal is to establish the median of retrived oocytes and embryos, median of total dosage of stimulating hormones as well as to discover the impact of age and serum levels of FSH and AMH on implantation rate. Patients and methods: This retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Gynecology and Obstretrics in University Hospital of Split from January 1st 2016 till July 1st 2018. The data on the protocol type and gonadotropins used in the treatment, number of retrived oocytes, embryos and embriotransfers, serum levels of HCG, FSH and AMH were collected from patients' medical histories and from an ART database at the Institute for Gynecological Endocrinology and Human Reproduction. A total of 28 women, aged 25-47, participated in the study. Patients with endometriosis undergoing assisted reproductive tehnologies were included, while patients with thyroid disease and hyperprolactinemia were excluded from the study. Results: Total implantation rate of IVF/ICSI per ET, FET per ET and AIH in patients with endometriosis was 19.6%, while the implantation rate in infertile patients without endometriosis was 30.1%. The implantation rate of IVF/ICSI method per embriotransfer in patients with endometriosis was 18.8%, while the implantation rate in infertile women without endometriosis was 37.5%. 88 protocols in 28 patients were analysed. Median of retrived oocytes was 2 (1-6; 0-20), median of embryos was 2 (0-2; 0-5), median of gonadotropin ampules was 13.5 (7-23; 0-60) and the median of agonist/antagonist GnRH ampules was 5 (0-7; 0-28). The number of retrived oocytes (P=0.215), ampules of gonadotropin (P=0.828) and ampules of agonist/antagonist GnRH did not have an impact on implantation rate. The number of embryos did have an impact on implantation rate (P=0.033). Age (P=0.521), serum level of FSH (P=0.888) and AMH (P=0.972) did not have an impact on implantation rate. Conclusions: IVF/ICSI is the first choice method of ART in threatening infertility in women with endometriosis. Patients with endometriosis undergoing IVF/ICSI have a lower implantation rate per embriotransfer than other infertile women. The efficacy of ART is lower in women with endometriosis.

CILJ ISTRAŽIVANJA: Mjerenje brzine protoka i izračun indeksa otpora u arteriji oftalmici, koristeći se ultrazvukom kao dijagnostičkim sredstvom. Istražiti utjecaj vaskularne komponente u pseudoeksfolijativnom glaukomu te obratiti pozornost na ulogu ultrazvuka kod ispitivanja prognoze i progresije glaukoma u usporedbi sa primarnim glaukomom otvorenog kuta. ISPITANICI I METODE: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 80 ispitanika podijeljeno u dvije skupine po 40. Ispitanici su bili uključeni u ispitivanje iz ambulante za glaukom, na Klinici za očne bolesti Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split. Prva skupina je imala 40 bolesnika s bilateralnim primarnim glaukomom otvorenog kuta. Druga skupina je imala 40 bolesnika s pseudoeksfolijativnim glaukomom,od kojih je 13 bolesnika imalo bilateralni glaukom, 16 bolesnika na lijevom oku i 11 bolesnika na desnom oku ( ukupno 53 bolesna oka). Ultrazvučno su izmjerene brzine protoka u sistoli i dijastoli u arteriji oftalmici. Na temelju tih ultrazvučnih parametara izračunat je indeks otpora arterije oftalmike kod bolesnih očiju. U statističkoj je obradi korišten Mann-Whitney test. Rezultati su interpretirani na nivou značajnosi p < 0,05. REZULTATI: Izmjeren je veći otpor u arteriji oftalmici u skupini ispitanika s pseudoeksfolijativnim glaukomom spram skupine ispitanika s primarnim glaukomom otvorenog kuta uz p=0,029. ZAKLJUČAK: Povećani otpor u arteriji oftalmici upućuje na utjecaj cirkulacijskih promjena u nastanku i progresiji pseudoeksfolijativnog glaukoma. Ultrazvuk se pokazao kao pouzdano i optimalno sredstvo u procjeni vaskularnog statusa glaukoma., OBJECTIVE: Measurement of velocity flow and calculation of the resistance indexin ophthalmic artery using ultrasound as a diagnostic tool. To investigate the impact of the vascular component in the pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, pay attention to the role of ultrasound in predicting prognosis and progression of glaucoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The survey included 80 respondents divided into two groups per 40. The subjects were included in the study from the glaucoma clinicat the Department of Ophtalmology in the University Hospital of Split.The first group had 40 patients with bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma. The second group had 40 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma patients, 13 of whom had bilateral glaucoma, 16 left-eye patients, and 11 patients on the right eye (53 sick eyes in total). Ultrasound measurements were made of systolic and diastolic flow rates ophthalmic artery. Based on these ultrasound parameters, the index of resistance of the ophthalmic artery in the diseased eyes was calculated. The Mann-Whitney test was used in statistical analysis. The results are interpreted at the level of significance p

Cilj istraživanja: Odrediti uspješnost kissing tehnike u odnosu na rizične faktore u pacijenata liječenih zbog obostrane stnenoze zajedničkih ilijakalnih arterija na Odjelu za radiologiju KBC-a Split u razdoblju od 1.1.2009 do 1.1.2017. Materijali metode: Radi se o retrospektivnom istraživanju. Ispitanici su svi pacijenti podvrgnuti interventnom radiološkom zahvatu kissing stentiranja. Pacijentima je određena dob, spol, TASC klasifikacija, tip suženja arterije (okluzija ili stenoza), širina stenta, dužina stenta, pušenje, komorbidfiteti (hipertenzija i dijabetes), simptomatologija, daljnje steno-okluzivne promjene, rane komplikacije, primarna prohodnost nakon jedne, dvije i tri godine te sekundarna prohodnost. Rezultati: Ispitanike je činilo 17 (50%) muškaraca i 17 (50%) žena. Medijan dobi muških pacijenata je bio 63 a ženskih pacijentica 67 godina. Učestalost ranih komplikacija je bila 14% bez statistički značajne povezanosti sa rizičnim čimbenicima. Primarna prohodnost je bila 88,2%, 79,4%, te 73,6% nakon jedne dvije i tri godine. 6 (17,6%) pacijenata je podvrgnuto restentiranju a 3 (8,8%) operacijskom zahvatu aortobifemoralnog bypassa. Nije dokazana statistički značajna poveznaost rizičnih čimbenika sa primarnom prohodnosti nakon jedne dvije i tri godine. Zaključak: Nema razlike između muškaraca i žena, dobnih skupina, oboljelih od dijabetesa i hipertenzije i pušača i nepušača u odnosu na rane komplikacije i primarnu prohodnost nakon jedne, dvije i tri godine. Također nema razlike u širini stenta, dužini lezije, prisutnosti daljnjih stenotičnih promjena na nogama i kritične ishemije u odnosu na rane komplikacije i primarnu prohodnost nakon jedne, dvije i tri godine., Purpose: Determine the success of kissing technique in relation to the risk factors in patients treated for significant stenosis of common iliac arteries at KBC Split radiology department from 1.1.2009. to 1.1.2017. Methods: This is a retrospective study. All patients were subjected to the intervention operation of kissing stenting. Patients were assigned age, gender, TASC classification, arterial narrowing type (occlusion or stenosis), stent width, stent length, smoking, comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes), symptomatology, early complications, primary patency after one, two and three years following surgery. Results: The patients were 17 (50%) male and 17 (50%) women. The median age of male patients was 63 and female 67 years. The incidence of early complications was 14% without statistically significant association with risk factors. The primary patency was 88.2%, 79.4%, and 73.6% after one, two and three years. 6 (17.6%) patients were tretated because of restenosis by applying more stents and 3 (8.8%) were treated with aortic bifemoral bypass surgery. No statistically significant correlation of risk factors with primary patnecy after one, two and three years has been demonstrated. Conclusion: There is no difference between men and women, age groups, diabetes and hypertension, smokers and non-smokers compared to early complications and primary fluctuations after one, two and three years. There is also no difference in the width of the stent, the length of the lesion, the presence of further stenois in the legs and critical ischemia compared to the early complications and the primary patency after one, two, and three years.

Cilj istraživanja: Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti kvalitetu života i kvalitetu spavanja u bolesnika s dijagnosticiranim srčanim zatajivanjem. Materijali i metode: U ovo presječno anketno istraživanje je uključeno ukupno 32 ispitanika s dijagnosticiranim zatajivanjem srca (17 muškaraca i 15 žena). Svi uključeni ispitanici su bili liječeni na Klinici za bolesti srca i krvnih žila KBC-a Split tijekom razdoblja od 1. siječnja 2018. do 1. svibnja 2018. godine. Ispitanici su ispunjavali upitnik koji je procjenjivao kvalitetu života u bolesnika sa zatajivanjem srca (engl. Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire - MLHFQ), te upitnik koji je procjenjivao kvalitetu spavanja u posljednjih mjesec dana (engl. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Indeks - PSQI). Rezultati: Najveći broj ispitanika je klasificiran kao NYHA stupanj 3 (N=21; 65,6%), dok ih je nešto manje klasificirano kao NYHA stupanj 4 (N=9; 28,1%) i NYHA stupanj 2 (N=2; 6,3%). Najveći udio ispitanika ima pridruženu arterijsku hipertenziju (N=30), dok ih manji broj ima pridruženu atrijsku fibrilaciju (N=21), šećernu bolest (N=10) i povijest akutnog koronarnog sindroma (N=13). U pacijenata s ishemijskim tipom je prisutan značajno viši NYHA stadij srčanog zatajenja (3,44 ± 0,51 vs. 3,00 ± 0,51; P=0,023), te značajno više muškaraca je ima naspram žena (N=12, 70,6% vs. N=4, 26,7%; P=0,032). Prosječni rezultat na PSQI upitniku je bio 13,62 ± 4,81, te je većina pacijenata klasificirana u skupinu onih koji imaju lošu kvalitetu spavanja (N=31; 96,88%). Prosječan zbroj bodova postignut na MLFHQ upitniku je iznosio 63,66 ± 22,2, te se pokazalo da ispitanici s većim NYHA stupnjem zatajenja imaju značajno veći MLHFQ zbroj (20,05 ± 13,43 vs. 64,01 ± 22,24 vs. 79,05 ± 17,01; P=0,001). Nema statistički značajne razlike u MLFHQ i PSQI prosječnom zbroju bodova u odnosu na spol i vrstu kardiomiopatije. Statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija je pronađena između MLHFQ zbroja bodova i globalnog PSQI zbroja bodova (r=0,387; P=0,029). Zaključci: Većina pacijenata sa srčanim zatajivanjem ima lošu kvalitetu spavanja, dok veći stupanj zatajenja prema NYHA klasifikaciji uzrokuje značajno lošiju kvalitetu života., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and sleep in patients with diagnosed cardiac failure. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional survey, a total of 32 subjects with diagnosed heart failure (17 males and 15 females) were included. All involved subjects were treated at the Clinic for Heart and Blood Diseases, University Hospital of Split during the period from January to May 2018. The respondents completed a questionnaire that evaluated the quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire – MLHFQ), and a questionnaire that evaluated sleep quality in the past month (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Indeks - PSQI). Results: The highest number of subjects was classified as NYHA level 3 (N = 21, 65.6%), while smaller number was classified as NYHA grade 4 (N = 9, 28.1%) and NYHA grade 2 (N = 2; 6,3%). The largest proportion of subjects had associated arterial hypertension (N=30), while other patients had associated atrial fibrillation (N=21), diabetes mellitus (N=10) and history of acute coronary syndrome (N=13). Significantly higher NYHA heart failure degree was present in patients with ischemic disease (3.44 ± 0.51 vs. 3.00 ± 0.51, P=0.023), and significantly more males had ischemic type when compared to women (N=12, 70.6% vs. N=4, 26.7%, P=0.032). The average score for the PSQI test was 13.62 ± 4.81, and most patients were classified in the group with low sleep quality (N=31, 96.88%). The average score of the MLFHQ questionnaire was 63.66 ± 22.2 and it was shown that subjects with a higher NYHA degree of failure had a significantly higher MLHFQ score (20.05 ± 13.43 versus 64.01 ± 22.24 vs. 79.0 ± 17.01; P=0.001). There are no statistically significant differences in MLFHQ and PSQI average scores in relation to gender and type of cardiomyopathy. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the MLHFQ score and the global PSQI score (r = 0.387; P=0.029). Conclusions: Most patients with heart failure have poor sleep quality, while a higher degree of failure according to the NYHA classification results in significantly lower quality of life.

Cilj istraživanja: Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između kognitivnih i psihomotornih sposobnosti ispitanih testovima CRD serije i akademskog uspjeha u studenata medicine, te procijeniti razlike u akademskom uspjehu i kognitivnim sposobnostima muškaraca i žena. Materijali i metode: U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 270 ispitanika, 89 muškaraca i 181 žena, dobi između 20 i 25 godina. Ispitanici su rješavali tri reprezentativna testa CRD serije koji se temelje na kronometriji, i to od najjednostavnijih do najsloženijih: CRD311 (test diskriminacije položaja svjetlosnog signala), CRD411 (test kompleksne psihomotorne koordinacije) i CRD11 (test rješavanja jednostavnih aritmetičkih operacija). Od rezultata postignutim na testovima analizirani su ukupno vrijeme rješavanja testa (UKT), najkraće vrijeme rješavanja jednog zadatka (MinT), medijan vremena za rješavanje zadataka (MedT), ukupni balast (UB), početni balast (SB; izgubljeno vrijeme u prvoj polovici testa), završni balast (EB; izgubljeno vrijeme u drugoj polovici testa), te broj pogrešaka na testu (BrPog). Ispisi ocjena temeljem kojih je računat akademski uspjeh studenata prikupljeni su iz studentske referade. Rezultati: Postoji korelacija između akademskog uspjeha i rezultata postignutih na testu CRD11 na način da je bolji akademski uspjeh povezan s kraćim UKT-om (r = -0,13, P = 0,037), kraćim izgubljenim vremenom tijekom rješavanja testa (UB: r = -0,15, P = 0,017 i SB: r = -0,16, P = 0,011) i manjim BrPog-a (r = -0,2, P = 0,001). Na testu CRD411, postojala je statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija između akademskog uspjeha i MinT-a (r = 0,13, P = 0,026). Muškarci su imali bolje rezultate na svim korištenim testovima CRD serije: bili su brži i manje su vremena gubili tijekom rješavanja testova, te su imali manje pogrešaka. S druge strane, žene su imale bolji sveukupni prosjek ocjena na kraju studija nego muškarci (4,20 ± 0,33 s vs. 4,11 ± 0,35 s, P = 0,047), te bolje akademske uspjehe u ukupno 2 pretklinička i 13 kliničkih predmeta. Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje pokazalo je da postoji povezanost između akademskog uspjeha i kognitivnih sposobnosti studenata medicine. Studenti koji su imali veću mentalnu izdržljivost, veću stabilnost i bolju pozornost tijekom rješavanja zadataka testa CRD11, koji mjeri konvergentno razmišljanje i opću sposobnost djelovanja u problemskim situacijama, su imali bolji akademski uspjeh., Objective: The objective of this study was to examine correlation between cognitive and psychomotor performance on CRD test series and academic ahievement in medical students, as well as, to assess differences in academic achievement and cognitive abilities between men and women. Material and methods: In this research there were 270 subjects, of which 89 men and 181 women, 20 to 25 years old. The subjects solved three representative tests of the CRD series, from the simplest to the most complex: CRD311 (light signal location discrimination test), CRD411 (complex psychomotor coordination test) and CRD11 (test of solving simple arithmetic operations). Analyzed variables were total test solving time (UKT), shortest time for solving a single task (MinT), median of test solving time (MedT), total ballast (UB), starting ballast (SB; time lost during the first half of the test), ending ballast (EB; time lost during the secod half of the test) and number of errors (BrPog). The data of students' academic achievement were collected from the student office. Results: There was a correlation between academic achievement and the results achieved on CRD11 test, showing that higher academic acchievement is correlated to shorter UKT (r = -0.13, P = 0.037), shorter time lost during test solving (UB: r = -0.15, P = 0.017 and SB: r = -0.16, P = 0.011), and less BrPog (r = -0.2, P = 0.001). In the CRD411 test, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between academic achievement and MinT (r = 0.13, P = 0.026). Men achieved better results on all CRD tests: they were faster and they lost less time during test solving, and had less mistakes. On the other hand, women had better overall grade upon finishing the medical school then men (4.20 ± 0.33 s vs. 4.11 ± 0.35 s, P = 0.047), and better academic achievement in 2 preclinical and 13 clinical courses. Conclusion: This study showed that there is a connection between academic achievement and cognitive abilities in medical students. Students that had better mental endurance, more stability and better attention during solving CRD11 test, that measures convergent thinking and general ability to act in problem situations, had better academic achievement.

Cilj istraživanja: Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je usporediti serumske koncentracije adropina i biokemijskih parametara u bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti i kontrolnih ispitanika. Materijali i metode: Ovo presječno kliničko istraživanje provedeno je u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Split i Medicinskom fakultetu u Splitu tijekom razdoblja od 1. prosinca 2017. do 1. lipnja 2018. godine, a obuhvatilo je ukupno 30 odraslih bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti i 30 kontrolnih ispitanika, usklađenih prema dobi i spolu. Svim ispitanicima uzeti su detaljni anamnestički podatci te izvršen fizikalni pregled i mjerenja antropometrijskih obilježja. Serum je dobiven centrifugom iz uzoraka venske krvi ispitanika te su iz njega određene koncentracije adropina i drugih biokemijskih parametara. Serumske koncentracije adropina određene su koristeći dvostruki enzim-imunoadsorpcijski test (ELISA) humanog adropina (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, CA, SAD), prema uputama proizvođača. Rezultati: Pronađeno je da su serumske koncentracije adropina statistički značajno niže u bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu (2,66±0,53 vs. 3,22±0,61 ng/mL; P=0,002), ali nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika kod usporedbe bolesnika s aktivnom i bolesnika s inaktivnom Crohnovom bolesti (2,66±0,31 vs. 2,67±0,72 ng/mL; P=0,969). Također, nisu pronađene statistički značajne razlike u promatranim biokemijskim parametrima između bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti i kontrolne skupine, osim u vrijednostima CRP-a koji je bio značajno viši u bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti (18,86±38,19 vs. 1,39±1,36 mg/L; P=0,017). Nadalje, pronađena je statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija serumske koncentracije adropina s koncentracijom HDL-a (r=0,311; P=0,038) i LDL-a (r=0,322; P=0,031) te negativna korelacija s koncentracijom CRP-a (r=-0,303; P=0,041). Zaključci: Naše istraživanje pokazalo je da su serumske koncentracije adropina značajno niže u bolesnika s Crohnovom bolesti u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom, što upućuje da adropin sudjeluje u složenoj patofiziologiji Crohnove bolesti., Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to compare serum concentrations of adropin and biochemical parameters in patients with Crohn's disease and control subjects. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional clinical study was conducted at the University Hospital of Split and University of Split School of Medicine during the period from 1st of December 2017 to 1st of June 2018, and included a total of 30 adult patients with Crohn's disease and 30 control subjects, matched with age and sex. All subjects underwent detailed anamnestic data, physical examination and measurement of anthropometric characteristics. The serum was obtained by centrifugation from the sample of venous blood of the subjects and from it concentrations of adropin and other biochemical parameters were determined. Serum concentrations of adropin were determined using a double enzyme-immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) of human adropin (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: Serum concentrations of adropin were statistically significantly lower in patients with Crohn's disease compared to the control group (2.66 ± 0.53 vs. 3.22 ± 0.61 ng / mL; P = 0.002) but a statistically significant difference wasn't found in the comparison of patients with active and patients with inactive Crohn's disease (2.66 ± 0.31 vs. 2.67 ± 0.72 ng / mL; P = 0.969). Also, no statistically significant difference was observed in the biochemical parameters between patients with Crohn's disease and control group, except in CRP values which were significantly higher in patients with Crohn's disease (18.86 ± 38.19 versus 1.39 ± 1.36 mg / L; P = 0.017). Furthermore, a statistically significant positive correlation was found between serum concentrations of adropin with HDL (r = 0.311; P = 0.038) and LDL concentrations (r = 0.322; P = 0.031), and a negative correlation with CRP concentration (r = 0.303; P = 0.041). Conclusion: Our study showed that serum concentrations of adropin were significantly lower in patients with Crohn's disease compared to the control group, indicating that adropin may be involved in the complicated pathophysiology of Crohn's disease.

Cilj: Cilj našeg istraživanja je utvrditi povezanost položaja tijela tijekom spavanja sa stupnjem OSA-e u pacijenata s novodijagnosticiranom OSA-om nakon cjelonoćne polisomnografije. Ispitanici i metode: Proveli smo presječno i kliničko istraživanje koje je uključivalo 414 ispitanika (281 muškarac i 133 žene) starijih od 18 godina čiji je medijan starosti bio 55 godina. Ispitanici su 2017. godine došli na dijagnostičku obradu u Centar za medicinu spavanja KBC-a Split i Medicinskog fakulteta u Splitu te su njihovi podatci uzeti iz arhive istog centra. Svim pacijentima napravljena je cjelonoćna polisomnografija nakon koje je s pomoću AHI-ja procijenjena težina OSA-e u skladu sa smjernicama za dijagnostiku OSA-e koje su propisane od strane Američke akademije za medicinu spavanja (engl. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, AASM) i Europskog društva za istraživanje spavanja (engl. European Sleep Research Society, ESRS). Prekomjerna dnevna pospanost procijenjena je Epworthovom ljestvicom pospanosti (engl. Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ESS). Rezultati: Statistička analiza pokazala je da su pacijenti prosječno više vremena proveli spavajući na leđima (189.9±118.4min) nego na lijevom (113.3±90.9min) ili desnom boku (80.6±90.6min) te da su imali najviše apneja tijekom spavanja na leđima (AHI=31.1±31.9). Pacijenti s dijagnosticiranom OSA-om (AHI≥5) također su imali veću AHI vrijednost na leđima (39.1±31.9) nego na lijevom (23.8±25.2) ili desnom boku (18.5±25.6). Pacijenti s dijagnosticiranom OSA-om u odnosu na pacijente bez dijagnoze OSA-e imali su statistički značajno veći ITM (29.5±4.6kg/m2 vs 25.3±4.1kg/m2, P, Aim: The aim of our study was to determine the association between body position during sleep and OSA severity in patients with newly diagnosed OSA after full-length polysomnography. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional and clinical study involving 414 subjects (281 men and 133 women) older than 18 whose median age was 55 years. In 2017, subjects came to the Center for Sleep Medicine at KBC Split and the Split School of Medicine and their data was taken from the archives of the same center. All patients did a full-night polysomnography after which the severity of OSA was estimated with the help of AHI in accordance with the OSA diagnosis guidelines prescribed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) and European Sleep Research Society (ESRS). Excessive daily sleepiness has been estimated by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results: Statistical analysis showed that patients had spent more time on the back (189.9±118.4min) than on the left (113.3±90.9min) or right side (80.6±90.6min) during sleep and had the most sleep apneas on their back (AHI = 31.1±31.9). Patients with diagnosed OSA (AHI≥5) also had higher AHI values on the back (39.1±31.9) than on the left (23.8±25.2) or right side (18.5±25.6) during sleep. Patients with diagnosed OSA in comparison to patients without OSA diagnosis had statistically significantly higher BMI (29.5±4.6kg/m2 vs. 25.3±4.1kg/m2, P