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Copyright of Harran University Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bovine subclinical mastitis was one of the most important health problems facing dairy industry, its impact exceeded the economic aspects and extended to potential negative effects on human health. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of E. coli as an important mastitic pathogen and identify some of its most important virulence gene as well as their antimicrobial resistance profile. In the present study E. coli was isolated and biochemically identified whereas out of 100 subclinically mastitic milk samples was nine samples were positive for E. coli with 9% prevalence rate. Serotyping of these isolates declared that 3 isolates were serotype O26:H11, 2 isolates in serotype O91:H21 and 1 isolate in each of serotypes O55:H7, O128:H2, O146:H21 and O124. Antimicrobial resistance profile of the obtained isolates showing that all the isolates were 100% resistant to both erythromycin and streptomycin, while 88.9% (8/9) were sensitive to gentamicin. The presence of 3 important virulence factors including Shiga toxin1(Stx1), Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) and intimin (eae) genes, among the obtained isolates was reported using PCR. Molecular investigation revealing that 2 isolates contain all studied virulence genes (Stx1, Stx2 and eae), 3 isolates contain (Stx1 and Stx2), while Stx1 was detected solely in 2 isolates, also 1 isolate contain only Stx2 and lastly 1 isolate was negative for any of the studied virulence factors. In a conclusion, there was a 9% prevalence rate of E. coli in subclinically mastitic milk samples in the current study, indicating its importance as a mastitic pathogen. The Shiga toxin genes (Stx1 & Stx2) are widely distributed among E. coli isolates, while the intimin (eae) gene is less prevalent in comparison to Shiga toxin genes. Also the recorded high multidrug resistance rate among the isolates posing threat to human health though entrance of these strains into the human being food chain whereas the isolated E. coli strains had the highest resistance to erythromycin and Streptomycin (100%), followed by Clindamycin (77.8%), Nalidixic acid (66.7%), and Gentamicin (11.1%) was the lowest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Hydrolyzable tannins are an important group of secondary plant metabolites, which are known for antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to assess the efficiency with which a hydrolyzable tannin extract from sweet chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.) could inhibit mastitis-causing bacteria in vitro. Materials and Methods: The negative control used was sterile water, and the positive controls were penicillin and gentamicin. The treatments included five concentrations of hydrolyzable tannins (63, 190, 313, 630, and 940 mg/mL). In cows with subclinical mastitis, the bacteria causing the disease were isolated and identified. Then, the antibacterial activity of the hydrolyzable tannin extract was assessed by the disk diffusion method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and by determining the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: Penicillin inhibited (p0.05) the growth of Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, gentamicin and hydrolyzable tannins could inhibit (p

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a disease that frequently attacks lactating dairy cows and possibly decreases production, causing economic losses to farmers. This study aimed to define the prevalence of SCM and risk factor-associated related management practice by dairy farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The milk sample per quarter of individual lactating Friesian–Holstein cows (592 samples) was collected from 148 cows from 62 selected farms in the region with high dairy cattle populations in Malang, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Lumajang, Jember, and Banyuwangi. SCM determination was performed using the California mastitis test. A survey including field observation and interviews with farmers was conducted to find out the management practices of the selected farms. The analysis of risk factors was conducted by multinomial regression using the IBM SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, USA). Results: In addition, 68.18% and 66.72% at the cow and quarter levels, respectively, of the lactating dairy cows examined had SCM. In multinomial regression, four variables were significantly given impact in association with the SCM prevalence in identifying related lactation stage (odds ratio [OR]: 1-2 months=5.67, 2-6 months=9.435), teat wiping after milking (OR=42.197), house cleanliness (OR: dirty=0.120, moderate=0.527), and location (regencies) of raising the cows (OR: Sidoarjo=0.076, Mojokerto=0.165, Jember=1.210, Probolinggo=3.449, Lumajang=1.638, Malang=1.210, and Pasuruan=0.681). Conclusion: The SCM prevalence in East Java is relatively high and a threat to the dairy industry's performance. This study found a significant association with SCM that needs to be considered in the practice of management to prevent and control SCM. However, the finding also suggested that hygienic management practices performed by farmers need to be improved to reduce SCM incidents.

Abstract Purpose Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most important pathogen involved in bovine mastitis in dairy production. S. aureus produces a spectrum of extracellular protein toxins and virulence factors which are thought to contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism. The aim of this work was to isolate and molecular characterize S. aureus associated with bovine subclinical mastitis in the central part of Ethiopia. Methods A total of 265 lactating dairy cows from various dairy farms in four different geographical locations were screened by the California mastitis test (CMT) for bovine subclinical mastitis. One hundred thirty CMT-positive milk samples were collected and transported to the laboratory. Different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the identification of S. aureus isolates. Finally, PCR was performed for molecular detection of virulence genes. Results From a total of 265 lactating dairy cows screened, 49% (n = 130) were positive for bovine subclinical mastitis. One hundred thirty mastitic milk samples were subjected to bacterial culturing, and one hundred (76%) S. aureus isolates were identified based on phenotypic characters. Sixty-eight confirmed S. aureus isolates were obtained using PCR. The confirmed S. aureus isolates were tested for six virulence genes (tsst-1, hlb, eta, sea, clfA, and icaD) using PCR. Of the six virulence genes screened from all the isolates, only two (clfA and eta) were detected in the isolates. Out of 68 isolates, 25% and 22% were possessed the eta and clfA genes, respectively. Conclusion The presence of Staphylococcus aureus having virulence genes (eta and clfA) revealed that mastitis is a major concern nowadays affecting animal health, milk quality, and yield. Further genomic study of these isolates will provide broad new insights on virulence.

The article contains the experimental studies of the liposomal drug based on plant raw materials ― hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.) effect on the intensity of oxidative modification of proteins (OMP) in the blood and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis. Studies have shown that cows with signs of subclinical form of mastitis in the serum have an increase in the content of aldehyde-derived OMP370 and ketone-derived OMP430, respectively, 1.3 and 1.2 times relative to similar indicators in healthy animals. In the milk of sick cows, the content of derivatives OMP370 and OMP430 was1.99 and 2.29 times higher, respectively, than in animals of the control group. At the beginning of the study sick cows’ milk was recorded a significantly low value of the activity of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection ― superoxide dismutase. At the same time, a 2.6-fold (P

This study aims to investigate the eff ects of three single nucleotide (SNPs) polymorphisms of the MBL1 gene on subclinical mastitis for Holstein cows. For this study, a total of 151 Holstein cows were selected in their third lactation. The subclinical mastitis conditions were determined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Genotyping was carried out with the PCR-RFLP method. The results revealed that the wild-type allele frequencies were 0.72 (G allele), 0.40 (G allele), and 0.37 (T allele) for 1252 G>A, 2534 G>A, and 2569 T>C SNPs, respectively. Among the investigated SNPs, only the 1252 G>A SNP was not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The eff ects of SNPs on subclinical mastitis were modeled using Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. The established model can identify cows with subclinical mastitis with a separation efficiency of 62.3%. It was thought that 1252 G> A and 2534 G> A SNPs may aff ect subclinical mastitis rates.

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis is an udder infection devoid of clinical symptoms, and Staphylococcus aureus is one of the bacteria causing this disease. This study aimed to identify and determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-associated subclinical mastitis isolated from dairy cows in Bogor, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: S. aureus was isolated from subclinical mastitis milk specimens. All strains were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-based detection of staphylococcal nuc, and MRSA was confirmed by the presence of mecA. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disk diffusion method. Results: From 86 milk samples, 49 isolates (57%) were confirmed as S. aureus. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Nine isolates were identified as MRSA (10.5%). Conclusion: In this study, we reported MRSA-associated subclinical mastitis in Bogor, Indonesia.

Mastitis is a global production disease that needs an intelligent solution to tackle effectively. Infrared Thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive technology that could be incorporated into routine day-to-day farm activities to monitor the health status of the animals. In this study, the udder health status was routinely monitored for 30 days among 41 Murrah buffaloes via IRT and the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Further, somatic cell count (SCC), microbial identification, and milk quality parameters were also estimated for representative samples. The thermal imaging data obtained was tabulated and back propagated from the 0th day to the −10th day and front propagated from the 0th day to +10th day for all the udder quarters. Results revealed that on the 0th day, the mean of udder skin surface temperature (USST) and teat skin surface temperature (TSST) showed a difference (p < 0.05) in the sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) affected quarters to the healthy quarters, and their degree of difference was the highest. The indication of infection was signaled during the −9th to −5th day to the 0th day in SCM and CM cases. There was a steep increment in the temperature from −2nd and −1st day to the 0th day of infection. Sometimes, some quarters show an increment in temperature due to mastitis during morning hours but recover by evening milking due to the animal's innate immune system. Thus, the initiation period in which the udder gets assaulted is crucial in the early assessment of SCM by monitoring temperature change using IRT. • IRT is effective in SCM detection during the natural course of infection. • The indication point was observed from the −9th to −5th day to the 0th day in SCM quarters. • A steep increment in the USST and TSST was observed from −2nd and −1st day to the 0th day of SCM quarters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical intra-mammary infection is a very current disease in dairy females; several early tests exist for their detection: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductimetry of milk (CE), pH indicator papers. In this study, the milk of 104 cows (416 quarters) was tested using CMT (Raidex®) to first estimate the prevalence of the disease and to identify the effect of age, stage of lactation and position of neighborhoods on its prevalence; second, we looked for data related to camels from another study carried out on 57 camels (in Algiers (ENVH), starting with the hypothesis that the camel is more resistant. The prevalence rate (CMT > 1) is around 45% for cows and 15% for quarters. The study conducted in Algiers yielded a rate of 67% (for camels and 35% for quarters, i.e., an increase of 130% for quarters and 50% for animals. Our study emphasizes the impact of the last stage of lactation compared to the first (35% vs. 15%), which is in agreement with the other study; on the other hand, the effect of the posterior position of the teats and age was contradictory. The differences between the rates were not significant at p < 0.05 between neither the animals or quarters (Chi 2: 53.24 and 71.41).

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of subclinical mastitis treatment in dairy cattle on biomarkers registered with in-line sensors such as milk yield (MY), electric milk conductivity (EC), rumination time (RT), and somatic cell count (SCC). At the start of the experiment, all cows according to SCC level were divided into two groups: healthy cows (n = 30, with SCCs less than 200,000 per mL and without the growth of bacteria in the milk samples) and cows with subclinical mastitis (n = 32), with SCC levels greater than 200,000 per mL and with growth of bacteria. Streptococcus spp. was found in 15 samples, and Strep. uberis was found in 17 samples. Streptococcus spp. and Strep. uberis were sensitive to amoxicillin and calvulanic acid. According to these results, 32 cows with subclinical mastitis were treated with two treatment protocols: one 1 (n = 16) and two (n = 16). In the first protocol, we used SCC boluses and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SCCB and NSAID). The second protocol consists of intramammary antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications (Synulox LC and NSAIDs). All parameters (MY, EC, RT, and SCC) were recorded with Lely Astronaut® A3 milking robots on the day of mastitis diagnosis (0 day) and 14 days after treatment began. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee; the approval number is PK01696. On the basis of our findings, we may infer that SCC boluses and NSAIDs are effective in treating subclinical mastitis. After 14 days of treatment, the electrical conductivity of milk in cows treated with AB and NSAID was also higher in all quarters of the udder compared to cows treated with SCCB + NSAID. The RT of cows on disease diagnosis day of cows treated with AB and NSAID was 11.41% lower compared to cows treated with SCCB and NSAID, while the RT of cows after 14 days treated with AB and NSAID was 7.01% lower compared to cows treated with SCCB and NSAID. On the practical side, for treatment of subclinical mastitis, we recommend using a feed supplement SCC bolus (one per os) with a composition containing Meloxicam 20 mg with a single subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 2.5 mL per 100 kg body weight.

Compost-bedded pack barns (CB) are receiving increasing attention as a housing system that can potentially improve the welfare of dairy cows. This study characterized the frequency and profile of pathogens isolated from clinical (CM) and subclinical (SCM) mastitis in dairy cows housed in CB. It evaluated the association between mastitis occurrence and bedding characteristics in CB systems. Over six months, seven dairy herds were visited monthly for milk and bedding sample collections. Milk samples from mastitis cases were submitted to microbiological identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF MS). Bedding samples were submitted to physical-chemical (pH, organic matter, moisture, and carbon to nitrogen ratio) and microbiological counting (total bacterial counts, coliforms, streptococci, and staphylococci) analyses. Regression analysis was used to determine the association between mastitis occurrence and CB characteristics. Our results showed that Escherichia coli and environmental streptococci were the most frequently isolated pathogens from CM cases, while Staphylococcus chromogenes and contagious pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae) were the most commonly isolated from SCM cases. Bedding moisture content was positively associated with the incidence of CM. The bedding carbon to nitrogen ratio was negatively associated with the incidence of SCM, and the bedding total bacteria counts tended to be associated with the incidence of SCM. Bedding counts of coliforms positively associated with the prevalence of SCM. Our results can support decision-makers in the dairy industry seeking strategies for bedding management and mastitis control.

A total of 100 halves milk samples from 50 apparently healthy goats were collected and subjected to culture examination. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity of 71 isolates against 11 antimicrobials revealed more than 90 % sensitivity for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and amoxicillin/sulbactum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis (SCM), the asymptomatic inflammation of breast tissue, is the most common form of mastitis in livestock. SCM prevalence and risk factors in dairy animals in Western Chitwan, Bagmati Province, Nepal, were the primary objectives of this study. Out of 243 dairy animals, 104 representing 42.8% were positive for SCM in the California mastitis test (CMT) in the study area. At the quarter level, out of 972 active quarters tested for SCM, 188 (19.3%) were positive to CMT test. The prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM was 39.92% (97/243) and 18.21% (177/972) at animal level and quarter level, respectively. Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (46.33%) was the most prevalent Staphylococcus to cause SCM at quarter level. While at animal level, SCM due to occurrence of both S. aureus and CNS (36.08%) in an individual was more common. High susceptibility towards Amikacin, Ceftriaxone and Gentamicin was seen against both isolates. Low resistance against Amikacin and Ceftriaxone was seen against both isolates. Ciprofloxacin (41.2% vs 27.4%) and Gentamicin (37.8% vs 23.2%) were more resistance towards CNS whereas Enrofloxacin (41.1% vs 25.2%) and Tetracycline (36.8% vs 15.1%) were more resistant towards S. aureus. Older aged, multiparous and late lactating animals had the highest prevalence of staphylococcal SCM i.e., 58.1%, 56% and 52.6%, respectively. The study concludes that there is a high prevalence of Staphylococcal SCM in Western Chitwan, Nepal. CNS is the most common mastitis pathogen. Increased antimicrobial resistance to S. aureus and CNS could be the result of the indiscriminate use of antibiotic drugs without an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST). This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing antibiotic surveillance, excellent farm and animal hygiene, and suitable housing and feeding management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary & Life Sciences is the property of Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the known benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother, clinical support for problems such as benign inflammation of the lactating breast remain a research frontier. Breast pain associated with inflammation is a common reason for premature weaning. Multiple diagnoses are used for benign inflammatory conditions of the lactating breast which lack agreed or evidence-based aetiology, definitions, and treatment. This article is the second in a three-part series. This second review analyses the heterogeneous research literature concerning benign lactation-related breast inflammation from the perspectives of the mechanobiological model and complexity science, to re-think classification, prevention, and management of lactation-related breast inflammation. Benign lactation-related breast inflammation is a spectrum condition, either localized or generalized. Acute benign lactation-related breast inflammation includes engorgement and the commonly used but poorly defined diagnoses of blocked ducts, phlegmon, mammary candidiasis, subacute mastitis, and mastitis. End-stage (non-malignant) lactation-related breast inflammation presents as the active inflammations of abscess, fistula, and septicaemia, and the inactive condition of a galactocoele. The first preventive or management principle of breast inflammation is avoidance of excessively high intra-alveolar and intra-ductal pressures, which prevents strain and rupture of a critical mass of lactocyte tight junctions. This is achieved by frequent and flexible milk removal. The second preventive or management principle is elimination of the mechanical forces which result in high intra-alveolar pressures. This requires elimination of conflicting vectors of force upon the nipple and breast tissue during milk removal; avoidance of focussed external pressure applied to the breast, including avoidance of lump massage or vibration; and avoidance of other prolonged external pressures upon the breast. Three other key preventive or management principles are discussed. Conservative management is expected to be effective for most, once recommendations to massage or vibrate out lumps, which worsen micro-vascular trauma and inflammation, are ceased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and development of mastitis is linked to dysbiostic gastrointestinal microbiota. Inulin is a dietary prebiotic that improves the profile of intestinal flora. Our previous study showed that inulin supplementation could improve the ruminal microbes of subclinical mastitis (SCM) cows. The current study attempted to further investigate the response of hindgut (fecal) microbiome and metabolites, serum metabolism, and protein expression to inulin in the in SCM cows. Different levels of inulin (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/day per cow) were supplemented in SCM cows. Compared with control group, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria were increased, and Paeniclostridium, Ruminococcaceae, Coprococcus, and Clostridia were decreased in the feces of inulin groups, and accompanied with elevated propionate and butyrate concentrations, while secondary bile acid (SBA) metabolites were increased and proinflammatory lipid oxidation products were dropped in both feces and serum. In serum, inulin intake suppressed the levels of triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Serum proteome analysis found that CD44 antigen, phosphatidylinositol-glycanspecific phospholipase D, apolipoprotein A-II, and superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] were upregulated, while cathelicidin-1, haptoglobin, serpin A3, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4 were downregulated in inulin groups. These findings suggested further evidence for inulin supplementation in amelioration of inflammatory symptoms in SCM cows, which might provide alternative treatment for mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated associations among subclinical intra-mammary infection (IMI) and quarter-level milk composition, udder health indicators, and cheesemaking traits. The dataset included records from 450 Holstein cows belonging to three dairy herds. After an initial screening (T0) to identify animals infected by Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus uberis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Prototheca spp., 613 quarter milk samples for 2 different sampling times (T1 and T2, 1 mo after T1) were used for analysis. Milk traits were analyzed using a hierarchical linear mixed model including the effects of days in milk, parity and herd, and bacteriological and inflammatory category [culture negative with somatic cell count (SCC) <200,000 cells/mL; culture negative with SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL; or culture positive]. All udder health indicators were associated with increased SCC and IMI at both sampling times. The largest effects were detected at T2 for milk lactose (−7% and −5%) and milk conductivity (+9% and +8%). In contrast, the increase in differential SCC (DSCC) in samples with elevated SCC was larger at T1 (+17%). Culture-negative samples with SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL had the highest SCC and greatest numbers of polymorphonuclear-neutrophils-lymphocytes and macrophages at both T1 and T2. Regarding milk cheesemaking ability, samples with elevated SCC showed the worst pattern of curd firmness at T1 and T2. At T2, increased SCC and IMI induced large decreases in recoveries of nutrients into the curd, in particular recovered protein (−14% and −16%) and recovered fat (−12% and −14%). Different behaviors were observed between Strep. agalactiae and Prototheca spp., especially at T2. In particular, samples that were positive for Strep. agalactiae had higher proportions of DSCC (+19%) compared with negative samples with low SCC, whereas samples that were positive for Prototheca spp. had lower DSCC (−11%). Intramammary infection with Prototheca spp. increased milk pH compared with culture-negative samples (+3%) and negative samples that had increased SCC (+2%). The greatest impairment in curd firmness at 30 min from rennet addition was observed for samples that were positive for Prototheca spp. (−99% compared with negative samples, and −98% compared with negative samples with high SCC). These results suggest that IMI caused by Prototheca spp. have detrimental effects on milk technological traits that deserve further investigation of the mechanisms underlying animals' responses to infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study to determine the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in milk according to the bacterial species that cause subclinical mastitis in cows. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) was applied to the selected cows. The cows were divided into four groups: cows with negative CMT (n = 45); Escherichia coli (E. coli) group included only cows with E. coli growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45); Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) group included cows with only S. agalactiae growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45); Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) group included cows with only S. aureus growing in CMT-positive milk samples (n = 45). Somatic cell count (SCC) in fresh milk samples was measured using the DeLaval Cell Counter device. Also, cytokine analyses were performed using Species-specific commercial ELISA kits. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentrations were relatively high in the E. coli group, but the interleukin (IL)-2 concentration was low. The lowest concentration of IL-4 was found in the CMT-negative group. The highest IL-5 concentration was found in the S. agalactiae group, while the highest milk IL-10 concentration was found in the S. aureus group. Also, T helper (Th1/Th2) polarization shifted towards Th1 in milk with mastitis caused by E. coli. Th1/Th2 polarization was shifted to Th2 in milk with mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. agalactiae. Based on our findings, cellular immunity should be maintained in mastitis cases due to E. coli, and humoral immunity should be supported in mastitis caused by S. aureus and S. agalactiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of SCM on selected blood biochemical parameters, with particular emphasis on inflammatory responses and biomarkers of oxidative and antioxidant states. The study was conducted on 50 Holstein Frisian cows classified as 40 SCM and 10 healthy controls depend on California Mastitis Test and somatic cell count in milk. Blood and milk samples were taken for the selected hematological and biochemical analyses. The results showed that the SCM cows demonstrated significant decrease in RBC parameters. Total leukocytic and neutrophilic counts showed significant increase, however lymphocyte count was significantly decreased. Biochemical estimation revealed significantly lower serum values of TP, Alb, Glob A/G ratio and prolactin in SCM cows. However, significant elevations were reported in serum glucose, cortisol, and enzymatic activities of ALP and LDH. Serum values of MDA and NO showed significant increases in SCM cows while, GSH and TAC levels were markedly decreased. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines implicated significant increases in IL-6 and IL-8 with significant decreases in IL-10 in the affected group compared to controls. The average values of Haptoglobin, Amyloid-A and ceruloplasmin demonstrated significant increases in both milk and serum of SCM cows. All measured acute phase proteins yielded the same sensitivity and specificity. Ceruloplasmin had the highest rate of increase in milk while amyloid-A had the rate of increase in serum. The present study can conclude that APPs, proinflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress indicators may serve as valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis of SCM in cows. Among APPS, milk ceruloplasmin can be considered the most reliable for detection of SCM, while in serum, amyloid A appeared to be a reliable protein for diagnosing of the disease in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Medik Veterinar is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Mastitis is an important disease that affects dairy herds worldwide. The Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the causative pathogen for mastitis. This pathogen has the tendency to biofilm forming, and may happen to antibiotic resistance. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the biofilm formation of different genotypes and antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus isolated from the subclinical bovine mastitis in Tehran province. METHODS: The lactating dairy cows were screened for the subclinical mastitis. The isolates were identified by phenotypic method and the presence of the nuc gene. The biofilm forming and quantification was characterized using colorimetric assay. The S. aureus biofilm gene was evaluated using PCR assay. The antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using DAD method. The lowest antimicrobial concentration preventing the visible growth was construed by MIC50. The antibiotic susceptibility and MBECs for the bacteria embedded in the biofilms were determined by XTT method. RESULTS: The antimicrobials susceptibility test showed penicillin and ceftiofur to be less and more effective in vitro, respectively. The genotypic characterization showed that the highest and the lowest frequencies for icaD (75%) and fnbB (31.2%) genes, respectively. The biofilm formation was also characterized. The MBEC results for the bacterial biofilm showed resistance to ceftiofur in the biofilm state; however, these strains were susceptible to this agent in the planktonic state. CONCLUSIONS: The biofilm formation is a significant virulence factor that was detected at a high rate. It is antibiotic-resistant and responsible for the subclinical bovine mastitis that does not respond to the routine treatments. In order to control the infection achieve the effective treatment, and prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, it is necessary to isolate the causative agent and determine the antimicrobial susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A treatment containing Zataria multiflora essential oil was compared with antibiotic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in a field trial. Treatment outcomes in response to ointment were monitored using microbiological culture. Intramammary ointment of a Z. multiflora essential oil (Group 1; IOZM) was compared with placebo ointment (Group 2; PO), cefquinome intramammary lactating cow ointment (Group 3; CFQ) and a negative control group (Group 4) in 18 dairy cows with Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis each group. Effects on bacteriological cure rate in response to ointment treatment were monitored by culture. Results from this field trials demonstrated that IOZM treatment had the potential to be as effective at eliminating Staphylococcus aureus subclinical mastitis as treatment. Following a 14-d and 28-d experimental period, bacteriological responses were observed in 9 out of 18 IOZM treated cows compared with 10 out of 18 CFQ treated cows. Also, the California Mastitis Test grade had no significant effect on treatment. The results of this trial suggest that S. aureus subclinical mastitis treatment with Z. multiflora essential oil, which indicates that this treatment could be used as an alternative treatment. We successfully treated the S. aureus subclinical mastitis in bovine with Z. multiflora essential oil and can suggest it's used instead of antibiotic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science is the property of Chinese Society of Animal Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: E. coli O157 is considered as one of the important pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. This study was undertaken to isolate E. coli O157 from the milk samples collected from subclinical mastitic cows using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Materials and Methods: 50 California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive milk samples were collected from apparently healthy crossbreed dairy cows in Baghabari, Sirajganj. For the enrichment and isolation of the organism, nutrient broth, MacConkey agar, and EMB agar were used. Later on, observing the biochemical tests result, all the isolates of E. coli were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific 16SrRNA primers. PCR-positive samples were then screened for the presence of the rfbO157 gene using gene-specific primers. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli was assessed by the disk diffusion method against seven commonly used antibiotics. Results: Altogether, 8 (16%) isolates of E. coli were obtained, among which 5 (10%) were rfbO157 PCR positive. From the antibiotic sensitivity test, Gentamicin was the highest (75%) sensitive to the isolates, followed by Levofloxacin (62.5%), Cefixime (50%), Tetracycline (50%), and Ceftriaxone (25%). The highest resistance pattern was found against Ampicillin (100%) and Amoxycillin (87.5%). Conclusion: Raw milk containing E. coli O157 does not only reflect the status of the dairy herd. Additionally, it poses a serious threat to human health if it is consumed raw or used to make any type of value-added food product. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 6-11]

Objectives: The goal of this study was to isolate, molecularly identify, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to investigate risk factors for subclinical mastitis in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy goats at various farms in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To detect samples with subclinical mastitis (SCM), the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was done. S. aureus was isolated and identified from milk samples that tested positive for CMT using a combination of standard bacteriological examinations, biochemical tests, and PCR confirmation. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antibiogram status of the isolates. The risk factors for SCM in goats were analyzed using a semi-structured questionnaire with thirteen variables. Results: Some characteristics were significantly associated with goat mastitis, including farm, breed, shed construction, floor surface condition, and farm adviser. The CMT identified 52 positive samples for SCM, with 73.07% (n = 38/52) suggesting the presence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the isolated S. aureus was totally resistant to the antibiotics Penicillin, Oxacillin, and Vancomycin (21%). On the other hand, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin were all susceptible to all isolates. Conclusion: SCM is a severe problem in goats in Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To minimize the risk of SCM infection in goats, hygiene precautions can be followed, and education among goat farm owners and farmers can be improved. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 17-22]

The present study was envisaged for the detection of subclinical mastitis in 108 apparently healthy dairy cows of University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy and Livestock Research Station, Thiruvazhamkunnu. The quarter milk samples collected under sterile conditions were screened using California mastitis test, somatic cell counting and electrical conductivity. A high prevalence of 54 per cent was recorded in the present study. The results indicated the importance of maintaining proper hygienic practices inside farm and good udder health management to enhance quality milk production.

Recycled manure solids (RMS) are increasingly used as bedding for dairy cows. However, potential impact of RMS bedding on animal health is not well described. The objective of this study was to evaluate subclinical mastitis incidence in cows housed on RMS bedding. Twenty RMS farms and a comparative group of 60 straw-bedded farms were enrolled in a 1-year longitudinal study (2018–2019). Data from 11,031 dairy cows were collected. Variations of individual somatic cell count were evaluated using three different methods. First, we compared the cow's mean lactation linear score between cows housed on the two bedding types. Then, we compared across bedding types the risk for a given cow of having a milk test with a linear score ≥ 4. Finally, we evaluated the dynamics of somatic cell count using pairs of tests within a cow. More specifically, we considered that only pairs of DHI tests where the first test yielded a linear score < 4 were at risk of an incident subclinical mastitis event. Then, we defined a newly acquired subclinical mastitis when the second test was ≥ 4. All models were adjusted for putative confounders. We could not highlight a significant association between bedding type and cow's mean lactational linear score (least square mean of 2.47 in cows from RMS farms vs. 2.37 in straw farms; 95%CI for linear score's difference: −0.20, 0.40). Furthermore, we could not find an association between bedding type and the risk of a high linear score (≥ 4). For the latter, cows housed on RMS had 0.93 times the risk of having a high linear score than straw-bedded cows (%95 CI: 0.68, 1.28). Moreover, cows on recycled manure solids farms had 0.73 time the risk of acquiring subclinical mastitis when compared to straw-bedded farms. Again, this risk was not statistically significant (%95 CI: 0.54, 1.00). In our study, RMS bedding was not associated with subclinical mastitis, as measured by somatic cell count, when compared to cows housed on a more conventional bedding, straw bedding.

Subclinical intra-mammary infection is a very current disease in dairy females; several early tests exist for their detection: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductimetry of milk (CE), pH indicator papers. In this study, the milk of 104 cows (416 quarters) was tested using CMT (Raidex®) to first estimate the prevalence of the disease and to identify the effect of age, stage of lactation and position of neighborhoods on its prevalence; second, we looked for data related to camels from another study carried out on 57 camels (in Algiers (ENVH), starting with the hypothesis that the camel is more resistant. The prevalence rate (CMT > 1) is around 45% for cows and 15% for quarters. The study conducted in Algiers yielded a rate of 67% (for camels and 35% for quarters, i.e., an increase of 130% for quarters and 50% for animals. Our study emphasizes the impact of the last stage of lactation compared to the first (35% vs. 15%), which is in agreement with the other study; on the other hand, the effect of the posterior position of the teats and age was contradictory. The differences between the rates were not significant at p < 0.05 between neither the animals or quarters (Chi 2: 53.24 and 71.41). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffalo is one of the most challenging paradoxes for the dairy sector with very significant milk production losses and poses an imminent danger to milch animal's milk-producing ability. We present here the genome-wide methylation specific to SCM in water buffalo and its consequential effect on the gene expression landscape for the first time. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiles from peripheral blood lymphocytes and gene expression profiles from milk somatic cells of healthy and SCM cases were catalogued from the MeDIP-Seq and RNA-Seq data. The average methylation in healthy buffaloes was found to be higher than that in the SCM-infected buffaloes. DNA methylation was abundant in the intergenic region followed by the intronic region in both healthy control and SCM groups. A total of 3,950 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified and annotated to 370 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), most of which were enriched in the promoter region. Several important pathways were activated due to hypomethylation and belonged to the Staphylococcus aureus infection, Th17 cell differentiation, and antigen processing and presentation pathways along with others of defense responses. DNA methylome was compared with transcriptome to understand the regulatory role of DNA methylation on gene expression specific to SCM in buffaloes. A total of 4,778 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted in response to SCM, out of which 67 DMGs were also found to be differentially expressed, suggesting that during SCM, DNA methylation could be one of the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. Genes like CSF2RB, LOC102408349, C3 and PZP like, and CPAMD8 were found to be downregulated in our study, which are known to be involved in the immune response to SCM. Association of DNA methylation with transposable elements, miRNAs, and lncRNAs was also studied. The present study reports a buffalo SCM web resource (BSCM2TDb) available at http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/BSCM2TDb that catalogues all the mastitis-related information of the analyses results of this study in a single place. This will be of immense use to buffalo researchers to understand the host–pathogen interaction involving SCM, which is required in endeavors of mastitis control and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subclinical mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland lacking clinical symptoms, is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in dairy farming worldwide. Milk microRNAs (miRNAs) encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed as potential biomarkers of different mammary gland conditions, including subclinical mastitis. However, little is known about the robustness of EVs analysis regarding sampling time-point and natural infections. To estimate the reliability of EVs measurements in raw bovine milk, we first evaluated changes in EVs size and concentration using Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) during three consecutive days of sampling. Then, we analysed daily differences in miRNA cargo using small RNA-seq. Finally, we compared milk EVs differences from naturally infected udder quarters with their healthy adjacent quarters and quarters from uninfected udders, respectively. Results: We found that the milk EV miRNA cargo was very stable over the course of three days regardless of the health status of the quarter, and that infected quarters did not induce relevant changes in milk EVs of adjacent healthy quarters. Chronic subclinical mastitis induced changes in milk EV miRNA cargo, but neither in EVs size nor concentration. We observed that the changes in immunoregulatory miRNAs in quarters with chronic subclinical mastitis were cow-individual, however, the most upregulated miRNA was bta-miR-223-3p across all individuals. Conclusions: Our results showed that the miRNA profile and particle size characteristics remained constant throughout consecutive days, suggesting that miRNAs packed in EVs are physiological state-specific. In addition, infected quarters were solely affected while adjacent healthy quarters remained unaffected. Finally, the cow-individual miRNA changes pointed towards infection-specific alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a very common disease of dairy cows. Currently, somatic cell count (SCC) is used for SCM diagnoses. There are no prognostic tests to detect which cows may develop SCM during the dry-off period. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify metabolic alterations in the serum of pre-SCM cows during the dry-off period, at −8 and −4 weeks before calving, through a targeted mass spectrometry (MS) assay. Fifteen cows, free of any disease, and 10 cows affected only by SCM postpartum served as controls (CON) and the SCM group, respectively. Results showed 59 and 47 metabolites that differentiated (p ≤ 0.05) CON and pre-SCM cows at –8 and −4 weeks prior to the expected date of parturition, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that a panel of four serum metabolites (AUC = 0.92, p < 0.001) at −8 weeks and another four metabolites (AUC = 0.92, p < 0.01) at −4 weeks prior to parturition might serve as predictive biomarkers for SCM. Early identification of susceptible cows can enable development of better preventive measurements ahead of disease occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tropical Animal & Veterinary Sciences / Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis is the property of Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Papua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, somatic cell count (SCCs) and bacterial culture are considered as the golden standard of detecting bovine subclinical mastitis. However, the above-mentioned tests have a low diagnostic accuracy. For identification of infected animals, new biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy are needed. The activities of antioxidant enzymes change during mastitis. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the milk GSH-PX and SOD for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 90 clinically healthy cows were randomly selected from dairy farms in Kohgiloye and Boyr Ahmad province, Yasouj. Of these, 55 cows were considered to be affected by subclinical mastitis based on a SCC higher than 130×103 cells/mL of milk and positive CMT results of milk samples obtained from at least one of the quarters. Milk GSH-PX and SOD activites were measured using commercial kits (Randox Laboratories). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and cutoff points for each test were determined via receiver-operating characteristics curve (ROC) analysis. Significant increase and decrease in the mean activites of GSH-PX (P<0.0001) and SOD (P<0.05) were found in the milk samples collected from cows with subclinical mastitis respectively. Milk GSHPX was the most accurate test with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity at cutoff point of > 37 IUl/ml. The results of present study showed that the measurement of oxidative stress indexes such as GSH-PX activity in milk sample can be as reliable biomarker for detection of bovine subclinical mastitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The milk microbiota and mediated metabolites directly affect the health of the udder in dairy cows. Inulin, a dietary prebiotic, can modulate the profile of gastrointestinal microbiota. However, whether the inulin intake affects the milk microbial population and metabolites remains unknown. In this study, 40 subclinical mastitis (SCM) cows were randomly divided into 5 groups. Five inulin addition doses, 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/day per cow, based on the same basal diet, were supplemented. The experiments lasted for 8 weeks. The results showed lower relative abundance of mastitis-causing and proinflammation microbes in milk (i.e., Escherichia-Shigella, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, etc.) and higher abundances of probiotics and commensal bacteria, such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, etc., in the cows fed 300 g/day inulin compared to that in the control group. Meanwhile, the levels of arachidonic acid proinflammatory mediators (leukotriene E3, 20-carboxy-leukotriene B4, and 12-Oxoc-LTB3) and phospholipid metabolites were reduced, and the levels of compounds with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potential (prostaglandin A1, 8-iso-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 [PGE2], etc.) and participating energy metabolism (citric acid, L-carnitine, etc.) were elevated. These data suggested that inulin intake might modulate the microflora and metabolite level in extraintestinal tissue, such as mammary gland, which provided an alternative for the regulation and mitigation of SCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of efficient methods for the early diagnosis of subclinical mastitis is of great importance in the process of safe milk production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of indirect mastitis tests for diagnosis of the subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in Tiaret Region (western Algeria). California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Electrical conductivity method was determined by comparing the results with Ultrasonic milk Analyser (lactoscanSP) instrument to detect the subclinical mastitis and to improve milk quality. A total of 203 quarter milk samples collected from 52 apparently healthy lactating cows at different dairy cattle farms were examined and overall prevalence of 48.07 % and 27.58% was observed for subclinical mastitis in cow and quarter level, respectively. Results showed that the physicochemical components of milk samples such as Solid Not Fat (8.57± 0.10), Total solids (11.31 ± 0.21), Protein (3.17 ± 0.04%), salts (0.70 ± 0.01), density (1.0299± 0.57), freezing point (0.54± 0.01), PH (6.74± 0.06) and Lactose (4.72± 0.06) contents of the subclinical mastitis milk was less than the normal milk. Electrical conductivity (6.33 ± 0.11 mS/cm) of affected milk was significantly higher than normal milk. However, measuring resistance using Draminski mastitis detector was not effective in our study. Further, it was observed that all breeds are susceptible to mastitis and the incidence of subclinical mastitis increased with age and lactation number of the animal. Our results indicate that early cow subclinical mastitis detection may improve treatment strategies and milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus species are the main cause of small ruminant's intramammary infections. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis associated with Staphylococcus in goat milk and their resistance to antibiotics in Nsukka Agricultural area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Eighty-four milk samples were collected from goats randomly. White slide mastitis test was performed on the milk. Catalase production, coagulase production and haemolytic testing was done on the staphylococci isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out using disc diffusion method. Eleven antibiotics were used. Eighty-four (100%) isolates were recovered. They were catalase positive and non-haemolytic. Forty-five (53.6%) were coagulase positive while 39 (46.4%) were coagulase negative. The isolates showed high resistance to ampicillin, cefoxitin, oxacillin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, kanamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. This study shows that there is high prevalence of Staphylococcus species in goat milk in Nsukka Agricultural zone of Enugu State. The high resistance to antibiotics shown by the isolates could make it difficult to treat mastitis in that area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Biológico Agropecuaria Tuxpan is the property of Revista Biologico Agropecuaria Tuxpan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the different factors affecting the costs of mastitis in cattle, to quantify the annual and monthly financial losses attributed to mastitis, and to estimate production losses using average linear scores found on The Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell count (SCC) sheets and bulk tank SCC per lactation number. Materials and Methods: All data (bovine mastitis-associated costs and expenditures in Egyptian dairy herds) were analyzed using SPSS/PCT, 2001. A partial budget technique using spreadsheet software and the general linear model procedure was used to analyze the productive and financial measures. Results: Mastitis was present in 57.1% of cows (240/420), while clinical mastitis (CM) was present in 19% of them (80/420). The geometric mean of SCC/ml in bulk tank milk samples of 150 cattle dairy farms was 556.3×103. The annual subclinical mastitis (SCM)-related economic loss was 21,933,258.6 LE, and the two most important cost components were the subsequent decrease in milk production and quality premium losses (93% and 7% of SCM costs, respectively). The quality premium loss was 1,369,602.1 LE. On the other hand, the annual economic loss due to decreased milk production as a result of SCM was 20,563,656.5 LE. The total cost of 80 CM cases, including the failure and preventive costs, was 1,196,871.4 LE, including 1,169,150.4 LE failure costs (106,336.0 LE in direct costs and 1,062,814.4 LE in indirect costs) and 27,721.0 LE preventive costs. The average cost per CM case was 28,760.9 LE, including veterinary time and consultation fees of 250.0 LE (1%), labor 562.5 LE (2%), premature culling 736,000.0 LE (77%), decreased milk production 4085.18 LE (13.7%), discarded milk 185.3 LE (1%), and drugs and treatments 328.9 LE (1%). The total costs of CM (expenditures) extra control and preventive measures, including the diagnosis of CM for 80 cows annually in 20 Egyptian dairy farms were 27,721.0 LE, representing 346.5 LE or 1% of the total cost of CM cases. The cost of monitoring and diagnostic measures was 8635.2 LE, representing 107.9 LE or 1% of the total cost of a case of CM. Conclusion: The method used for cost estimation, in this study, is highly adaptable to individual cattle farms and had a major role in assessing specific control and management measures. The concepts described in this paper help to improve our understanding of the full economic impact of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cattle in Egypt. Assessing the economic losses from mastitis to determine the economic costs and losses occurring in Egyptian dairy farms is critical for encouraging farmers to acknowledge the scale of the problem and implement effective management practices aimed at improving mastitis control and reducing the associated costs.

Aim: This study determined the resistance pattern to β-lactam antibiotics of bacteria isolated from goats with subclinical mastitis in Thika subcounty, Kenya. We also administered a questionnaire to assess the risk factors associated with the occurrence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Materials and Methods: We collected milk samples from 110 lactating dairy goats in Thika subcounty to screen for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed according to colony morphology, the hemolytic pattern on sheep blood agar, lactose fermentation on MacConkey plates, Gram staining, and standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the agar disk diffusion method using penicillin G, cephalexin, cefoxitin, and cefotaxime antibiotic disks. The double-disk synergy test using amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was employed as a confirmatory test for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance (p≤0.05 was considered significant). Results: Of the 110 dairy goats sampled, 72.7% (80) were positive for subclinical mastitis. Isolation and identification of the bacteria from the positive samples yielded 149 bacteria isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Yersinia spp., coagulase-negative staphylococci, and Escherichia coli. A high percentage (76.5%, 114/149) of the bacterial isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. At least 56/106 isolates (52.8%) showing cross-resistance to the β-lactam antibiotics were resistant to all four of the tested antibiotics, while only one isolate was resistant to three antibiotics (penicillin G, cephalexin, and cefoxitin). The double-disk synergy test confirmed that none of the isolates possessed ESBLs. Pre- and post-milking practices (p=0.0336) were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. Conclusion: A large proportion of the goats in our study cohort were infected with β-lactam-resistant bacteria associated with subclinical mastitis. Because the identified bacteria are of zoonotic importance, further studies should be undertaken to determine the transmission dynamics between humans and livestock and to identify novel intervention strategies.

Background and Aim: Milk production is one of the main props for the national economy. One of the crucial problems in this industry is subclinical mastitis, which harms this industry that considered the backbone of the economy. It is an infectious and zoonotic disease; the infection can spread between dairy animals through milkers' hands, and milking machines, while the human infection occurs due to the consumption of apparently hygienic milk. Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causative agents of clinical and subclinical mastitis. It is also considered one of the bacteria incriminated in food intoxication of humans due to its virulence factors as enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome. The current study was designed to assess the prevalence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins, as well as, its other virulence factors in milk collected from cows that suffer from subclinical mastitis. Materials and Methods: Sixty cows were collected from different dairy farms located in Assiut Governorate, Egypt. These cows were subjected to the clinical examination of the udder and its lymph nodes before sampling. Milk samples were collected from clinically healthy udders. All the milk samples were examined by California mastitis test (CMT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for confirmation subclinical mastitis, presence of S. aureus and its enterotoxins genes and other virulence factors in the examined milk samples. Results: The cows included in the current study had healthy udders. The sixty collected milk samples were tested by CMT. 48/60 (80.0%) were positive samples; from the 48 positive samples, 46 (95.83%) samples were confirmed positive by S. aureus 16s rRNA PCR assay. Multiplex PCRs confirmed the presence of staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) in one sample, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) in 23 samples, while ELISA assay confirmed the presence of the same enterotoxin in only two samples. On the other hand, other groups of genes responsible for some other virulence factors of S. aureus like the extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene were found in 33 samples, while toxic shock syndrome (tsst) gene and methicillin restraint S. aureus (mecA) gene were not detected in this study. Conclusion: Subclinical mastitis is one of the hidden factors that adversely affect the health of both animals and humans. The milk is usually appeared good and may be consumed by humans especially children; however, it causes severe public health problems. In addition, the infected animals with this form of mastitis can spread the infection to other dairy animals and may be turned to a clinical case of contagious mastitis that may be ended by animal culling or death. S. aureus is one of the main causes of subclinical mastitis in cattle. In addition to extracellular thermostable nuclease (nuc) gene, staphylococcus enterotoxin gene C (sec) and staphylococcus enterotoxin gene D (sed) are the most common virulence genes confirmed in subclinical mastitis milk. These results highlighted the need to apply more hygienic measures in the dairy farms to avoid spreading the infection between animals to ensure the production of safe and healthy food to humans.

Resident in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta Province has another income sector, that is dairy goat (Etawah Crossbreed) farming and they have been joining into farm group, which is called Kelompok Ternak. There are many bacteria that causing dairy goat intra mamary infection, thus the milk production will be contaminated. Two hundred and four (204) milk samples from 103 lactation goat in four farm groups in Kokap, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta is used in this study. Out of these, 21 samples (10,29%) were detected strong positive (++ and +++) for subclinical mastitis by using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Among this positive result, the next step was bacteria detection. This tests were held in Preclinic Laboratory Animal Health Study Program, Vocational School, UGM. The samples were inoculated in blood agar, then colony was identify by Gram staining. The next steph is biochemical tests using McConkey Agar (MCA) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) as a selective media for Gram negative bacteria, manitol salt agar (MSA) as selective media for Staphylococcus, sugar fermented broth (glucose, lactose, mannitol, maltose, and sacharose), Kigler iron agar (KIA), lysine iron agar (LIA), motility indole ornithin (MIO), and Simmon’s citrate. The result was Staphylococcus aureus (80%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20%), Escherichia coli (10%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%).

Subclinical mastitis is an asymptomatic udder infection distributed worldwide with enormous losses in the dairy industry. The study’s objective was to determine the presence of this pathological condition in small dairy farms in the R. of N. Macedonia and to identify the most common associated bacteria. Milk samples were obtained from 96 dairy cows (378 udder quarters) in seven dairy farms, in 3 consecutive samplings 24-72 hours apart. The samples were cultured on routine bacteriological growth media and incubated for 24-48 hours. The isolates were identified by AximaiD Plus MALDITOF MS Platform. Subclinical mastitis was found in 49 animals (51%) and 104 infected quarters (27%). The most frequent isolated bacteria on cow level were Streptococcus uberis (19.4%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13.4%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.4%) and Staphylococcu ssimulans (7.4%). On quarter level, the most isolated pathogen was Streptococcus uberis (35.6%) followed by Staphylococcu shaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus (10.3% and 9.2% respectively). Subclinical mastitis was found to be highly present in the selected small dairy farms. The most prevalent bacteria identified in the dairy farms (Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase–negative staphylococci) indicate that poor management and udder health practices, inadequate milking procedures and lack of mastitis control strategies greatly contribute to occurrence and persistence of subclinical mastitis.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) in buffalo is one of the most challenging paradoxes for the dairy sector with very significant milk production losses and poses an imminent danger to milch animal’s milk-producing ability. We present here the genome-wide methylation specific to SCM in water buffalo and its consequential effect on the gene expression landscape for the first time. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiles from peripheral blood lymphocytes and gene expression profiles from milk somatic cells of healthy and SCM cases were catalogued from the MeDIP-Seq and RNA-Seq data. The average methylation in healthy buffaloes was found to be higher than that in the SCM-infected buffaloes. DNA methylation was abundant in the intergenic region followed by the intronic region in both healthy control and SCM groups. A total of 3,950 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified and annotated to 370 differentially methylated genes (DMGs), most of which were enriched in the promoter region. Several important pathways were activated due to hypomethylation and belonged to the Staphylococcus aureus infection, Th17 cell differentiation, and antigen processing and presentation pathways along with others of defense responses. DNA methylome was compared with transcriptome to understand the regulatory role of DNA methylation on gene expression specific to SCM in buffaloes. A total of 4,778 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were extracted in response to SCM, out of which 67 DMGs were also found to be differentially expressed, suggesting that during SCM, DNA methylation could be one of the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of gene expression. Genes like CSF2RB, LOC102408349, C3 and PZP like, and CPAMD8 were found to be downregulated in our study, which are known to be involved in the immune response to SCM. Association of DNA methylation with transposable elements, miRNAs, and lncRNAs was also studied. The present study reports a buffalo SCM web resource (BSCM2TDb) available at http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/BSCM2TDb that catalogues all the mastitis-related information of the analyses results of this study in a single place. This will be of immense use to buffalo researchers to understand the host–pathogen interaction involving SCM, which is required in endeavors of mastitis control and management.