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The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling Leptinotarsa decemlineataon potato was tested in a field experiment. A Slovenian strain of Steinernema feltiae(B30) was used with the commercial product Entonem and the insecticide thiametoxam. The application of the nematodes and thiametoxam was repeated twice. In the second application half of the first dose (250.000 infective juveniles m–2) was used. Observing the population dynamics of the pest, it has become apparent that entomopathogenic nematodes significantly decreased the number of larvae, while no effect on their eggs and adults was confirmed. In controlling larvae in both years thiametoxam showed the best results in general, meanwhile treatments with EPNs showed no differences. In both years the highest yield was obtained when thiametoxam was used (2008: 24.38 t ha–1; 2009: 21.60 t ha–1), while the lowest yield was in the control treatment (2008: 7.65 t ha–1; 2009: 6.94 t ha–1). Different treatments of EPNs showed differences, and yields ranged from 16.44 (S. feltiaeB30 low concentration) to 17.81 t ha–1(Entonem high concentration) in 2008, and between 11.06 (S. feltiaeB30 low concentration) and 14.88 t ha–1(Entonem high concentration) in 2009. Both strains of entomopathogenic nematodes showed sufficient activity when controlling larvae, but unfortunately the high price of these biological agents at the moment makes it difficult for their broader implementation in the systems of potato production. Die Wirksamkeit entomopathogener Nematoden bezüglich der Bekämpfung des Kartoffelkäfers (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) wurde im Feld an Kartoffeln untersucht. Ein slowenischer Stamm von Steinernema feltiae(B30) und das kommerzielle Produkt Entonem wurden mit dem Insektizid Thiametoxam in zweifacher Wiederholung verglichen. Bei der zweiten Anwendung wurde mit 250.000 Nematodenlarven m–2die halbe Dosis der ersten ausgebracht. Populationsdynamische Beobachtungen am Schadtier ergaben, dass die entomopathogenen Nematoden zwar die Anzahl der Käferlarven signifikant verminderten, die Anzahl der Eier und Adulten aber nicht beeinflussten. Gegenüber den Käferlarven zeigte Thiametoxam in beiden Jahren generell die stärkste Wirkung, während sich die Wirkung der Varianten mit entomopathogenen Nematoden nicht voneinander unterschied. Die höchsten Kartoffelerträge wurden in beiden Versuchsjahren mit Thiametoxam erzielt (2008: 24,38 t ha–1; 2009: 21,60 t ha–1), während die geringsten Mengen in der Kontrolle geerntet wurden (2008: 7,65 t ha–1; 2009: 6,94 t ha–1). Die verschiedenen Behandlungen mit Nematoden wirkten unterschiedlich; die Erträge variierten zwischen 16,44 (S. feltiaeB30 in geringer Dosierung) und 17,81 t ha–1(Entonem in hoher Dosierung) im Jahr 2008, sowie zwischen 11,06 (S. feltiaeB30 in geringer Dosierung) und 14,88 t ha–1(Entonem in hoher Dosierung) im Jahr 2009. Beide untersuchten Nematodenstämme zeigten gegenüber den Larven des Kartoffelkäfers ausreichende Wirksamkeit, aber ihr derzeitig hoher Preis beeinträchtigt noch ihre verbreitetere Anwendung im Kartoffelbau.

This study deals with the properties of PLA and PETG materials, which are important for gaining knowledge in biomedical applications. The process of obtaining an ideal implant from a material with suitable mechanical and physical properties is a complex process considered to be one of the most difficult in tissue engineering. PLA and PETG material properties were determined based on performed non-destructive and destructive materials testing methods. Destructive testing was performed on Hegewald and Peschke equipment and non-destructive testing was performed on Carl Zeiss Metrotome 1500 (Germany). Commercial filaments from various companies were selected, from which type 5A dogbone samples were printed on a TRILAB printer. Subsequently, after carrying out the tests on dogbone samples, the results were evaluated and compared with the help of graphs and tables.

The electronic transitions in 5H-dibenzo (a,d)-cycloheptene (1), 5H-dibenz(b,f)azepine (2), dibenz( b,f)oxepine (3), 5-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-one (4), dibenzo(b,f)thiepine (5) and dibenzo (b,f) selenepine (6) have been calculated by the SCF LCAO MO CI method for model conformations and compared with experimental uv absorption spectra. The spectral characteristics and conformations of the title compounds and their relationship to cis-stilbene and o-substituted cis-stilbenes are discussed.

The case of a 12-year-old girl dying of renal insufficiency is described. At autopsy granulomatous glomerulonephritis was found without any systemic disease. The glomerular light-, immunofluorescent- and electron microscopic changes were studied. Four hundred glomeruli were analyzed by light microscopic investigation and graded (I–IV). By immunofluorescent investigation, intraglomerular and in the more severely affected glomeruli, periglomerular immunoglobulin deposition was detected. Electron microscopic investigation revealed mononuclear cells and fibroblasts in the glomerular and periglomerular cellular infiltrate, resulting in fragmentation and rupture of Bowman's capsule and loss of the glomerular structure.

The major reason for prenatal diagnosis lies in the detection of trisomies, particularly trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome). Current techniques require lengthy laboratory procedures and high costs. Furthermore, diagnosis is often not possible if the sample is of small size or is contaminated. An alternative method, quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of short tandem repeats (STRs), can also be used to diagnose trisomies and it has the advantage that a result is obtained within five to eight hours. However, this method is currently limited to relatively large amounts of sample, which restricts diagnostic confidence and value. Recently, genetic diagnosis using fluorescent PCR has been applied at the single cell level but is limited to sex or single gene defect diagnosis. This study, using quantitative multiplex fluorescent PCR, provides for the first time simultaneous diagnosis and confirmation of sex and trisomy in single cells. Two markers for chromosome 21 increase diagnostic confidence, informativeness, and confirmation. This system is rapid (five hours), reliable, and accurate and we believe that it will be more cost effective than alternative methods. The technique has direct application to preimplantation genetic diagnosis, early prenatal diagnosis, and other diagnostic systems where sample size is limited.

It is expedient to study up-to-date theoretical means and practical resources of the automation of mechanical engineering through the structure, functions, environment interrelations and the most important features of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) systems because the highest level of dual unity of automation for material- and data processing can be realized by them. Classification of CIM systems and their subsystems is generally based on the automation levels and functional roles, i.e. on the external features of the systems and subsystems. In this paper the authors will prove that there is another classification method well-established from the theoretical point of view, which determines the internal hierarchy of part manufacturing systems on the basis of objective features. Starting from a uniformable model of these systems the process optimization principles of discrete manufacturing will also be generalized.

An 3207 männlichen Individuen (6414 Hände) von 26 verschiedenen ungarischen Populationen werden seltene Hautleistenmerkmale der Finger und Handflächen untersucht und mit den an verschiedenen Populationen der UdSSR (Buriaten, Tschuktschen, Kasaken, Mansi und Komi), an Khalkha-Mongolen sowie Äthiopiern gewonnenen verglichen. Insgesamt umfaßt dieses Material 838 männliche Individuen mit 1676 Händen. Bei diesen seltenen Merkmalen handelt es sich um: Radialschleifen auf den Fingern IV und V, Fehlen des "d"-Triradius auf den Handflächen, Ar-, Lu- und W+S-Muster auf den Hypothenaren, LcLr- (Bettmann-Figur) und W+S-Muster auf den Thenaren/Interdigitalraum I sowie Wirbelmuster in den Interdigitalräumen II, III und IV. Es wird betont, daß diese seltenen Musterbildungen nicht nur bei Populationsuntersuchungen, sondern auch bei genetischen Studien (Zwillingsuntersuchungen) sowie in der Vaterschaftsbegutachtung berücksichtigt werden sollten.

The gene responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) has recently been mapped, identified and this makes the presymptomatic molecular diagnosis of the disease possible. It can be performed by direct mutation analysis or indirect haplotype analysis. In families where several affected individuals are available the indirect haplotype analysis is the easiest way for performing presymptomatic diagnosis of persons at risk. Among Hungarian families we have performed haplotype analysis using D5S346, a highly polymoprhic dinucleotide CA repeat marker located 30–70 kb downstream from APC gene with the combination of restriction endonuclease Rsal site polymorphism. Marker regions were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and basen on the above-mentioned polymorphic systems, the haplotype at the APC locus was determined. We believe that haplotype analysis of individuals at risk in large FAP families containing several affected members is a rapid, efficient, and highly valuable method for presymptomatic diagnosis of familial colon polyposis.

Abstract: Various observations suggest that sympathetic ganglia act as local integrative centers redistributing preganglionic excitation (i.e. the information issued by the central nervous system) to the postganglionic fibers (and effector organs). In order to support this concept a simple mathematical model of the elementary integration process, treating the case of a single preganglionic compound action potential, has been developed. This quantitative description, based on a few elementary assumptions, shows a possible way of processing preganglionic excitation in the ganglion. It is shown that on a particular ganglion cell the probability distribution of the number of activated synapses obeys hypergeometric distribution and hence, the postganglionic compound action potential is built up of several compound action potentials occurring at different times. The former correspond to different groups of firing cells. The model discloses modes of structural and temporal pattern generation performed by the sympathetic ganglion.

Four mucoepidermoid carcinomas have been found by the authors in 1624 malignant tumours. On account of the dubious radio sensitivity they recommend early surgical exstirpation.

Abstract: For the selective removal of the matrix activity (24Na,32P and42K) in the neutron activation analysis of biomedical samples the inorganic separators “hydrated antimony pentoxide”, zirconium phosphate, and titanium phosphate were prepared. The sorption parameters of the samples were determined via elution chromatography techniques, with appropriate tracers. The basic principles of the sorption processes were investigated, and the experimental conditions were optimized. These inorganic separators were then applied, combined with a distillation procedure and an ion-exchange separation, for the determination of the following trace elements in animal blood samples: Mn, Co, Cu, Fe and Zn.

Three species of entomopathogenic nematodes from Slovenia (Steinernema feltiaeB30, S. carpocapsaeC101, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraD54) and commercial product Entonem (S. feltiaeas active ingredient) were tested under laboratory conditions for their ability to kill adult cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). The nematode strains were tested at 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 infective juveniles/adult and at 15, 20, and 25°C. The numbers of beetles killed were recorded 2, 4, and 6 days after treatment. S. carpocapsaestrain C101 was the most effective and showed itself to be a good alternative to chemical insecticides (at 2 DAT 100% mortality was recorded), and appears to have the highest potential for controlling overwintered cereal leaf beetles under field conditions. The temperature had the greatest influence on the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes; both S. feltiaestrains proved to work better at the lowest temperature, however the strain H. bacteriophoraD54 had its best efficacy at the highest temperature. S. feltiaeand S. carpocapsaehave been efficient at lower suspension concentrations, which enables their more economical usage against the cereal leaf beetle in integrated agriculture practice in the future. Drei entomopathogene Nematodenstämme aus Slowenien (Steinernema feltiaeB30, S. carpocapsaeC101 und Heterorhabditis bacteriophoraD54) sowie das S. feltiaeenthaltende kommerzielle Produkt Entonem wurden im Labor hinsichtlich ihrer mortalen Wirkung auf adulte Stadien des Rothalsigen Getreidehähnchens (Oulema melanopus) überprüft. Die Nematoden wurden in Dichten von 250, 500, 100 und 2000 Infektionslarven pro adultem Käfer bei 15, 20 und 25°C getestet. Die Anzahl getöteter Getreidehähnchen wurde 2, 4 und Tage nach der Behandlung bestimmt. S. carpocapsaeC101 war mit einer 100%igen Mortalität nach 2 Tagen der wirksamste Nematodenstamm und stellt damit eine praktikable Alternative zu chemischen Insektiziden dar. Er scheint das höchste Potential der untersuchten Stämme zur Bekämpfung überwinternder Getreidehähnchen im Feld zu besitzen. Die Temperatur besaß den größten Einfluss auf die Wirksamkeit der entomopathogenen Nematoden; die Wirkung der beiden Stämme von S. feltiaewar bei 15°C, die von H. bacteriophoraD54 dagegen bei 25°C am höchsten. S. feltiaeund S. carpocapsaewirkten auch bei geringeren und damit kostengünstigeren Suspensionsdichten, was ihre zukünftigen Anwendungs-chancen gegenüber Getreidehähnchen im integrierten Pflanzenbau erhöhen könnte.