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El artículo expone cómo a finales de la década de 1840, a raíz de la propuesta de proyectos de colonización que contemplaban la inmigración de extranjeros, se debatió la tolerancia religiosa en México y Nueva Granada. Planteamos que en esas propuestas de colonización se mostró de manera clara la relación existente entre tolerancia religiosa e inmigración. Esto significa que la primera era una condición fundamental para que se presentara la segunda, con lo cual la tolerancia religiosa adquiría una connotación práctica. Exponemos, analizamos e interpretamos los argumentos, a favor y en contra, con representaciones e imaginarios, que se construyeron sobre la relación tolerancia religiosa e inmigración. Las discusiones por la tolerancia religiosa relacionadas con la inmigración están inmersas en debates más amplios en donde la política y la religión jugaron papel importante en la delineación de formas de ver y vivir el mundo.

Cerotoma tingomariana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is one of the major pests that affect soybean crops, which can significantly reduce crop yield. The use of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), an alternative method of control, has come into the prominence. To contribute in the management of the pest, the objective of this study was to select and characterize an entomopathogenic fungus by high efficacy and tolerance to temperature, pH and UV-B radiation. Ten fungal isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium spp. were tested against C. tingomariana under laboratory conditions. Bv003 and Bv060 isolates were selected with mean values of LC50 were 5.6 x 104 and 5.8 x 105 conidia/mL, respectively. Bv003 was 10,4 times more virulent than Bv060. At greenhouse condition, efficacies 54.5 % and 79.5 % were obtained with the application of LC90 to adults of C. tingomariana, respectively. Both isolates had an optimal growth at pH range of 5-7, in contrast, the fungal growth was inhibited at temperatures above 30 °C and by exposure to UV-B radiation above 18,8 minutes. Finally, the isolate Bv003 was selected as a microorganism with the potential to be used as biopesticide for the control of C. tingomariana in soybean crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rose varieties (Rosa spp.; Rosaceae), widely used to decorate urban landscapes, are susceptible to attacks by arthropod pests. The twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most economically important pests in roses. The study proposed to evaluate the resistance mechanisms (antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance) of 4 rose varieties ('Ojo de Toro,' 'Samuray,' 'Virginia,' and 'Keiro') to twospotted spider mite under greenhouse conditions. The antixenosis was evaluated by non-preference of oviposition, and through the number of larvae, nymphs, and adults of twospotted spider mite; antibiosis by the growth rate (r); tolerance by chlorophyll loss and leaf damage index. Twospotted spider mite showed no preference to oviposit on plants of the Samuray variety (3 eggs per leaflet). Larvae, nymphs, and adults showed no preference to feed on Ojo de Toro and Samuray varieties. Twospotted spider mite recorded the lowest values in r (0.2047 d-1) and the percentage of chlorophyll loss (15.64%) in the Samuray variety. The damage caused by twospotted spider mite in the 4 rose varieties was similar. The Samuray variety was the most resistant to twospotted spider mite, whereas the most susceptible varieties were Keiro and Virginia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) are obligate symbionts present in rhizosphere of cocoa plants and their community diversity is modified depending on several factors, such as cadmium (Cd) presence in soil. AMF persistence on Cd natural enriched soils might be an indicator of their tolerance and their potential in biotechnological applications. In this research we characterized local AMF community structure present in cocoa rhizosphere soils with low (B-Cd: 0.1 mg kg-1) and high (A-Cd: 20.9 mg kg-1) natural Cd concentrations. AMF spore identification was carried out using taxonomic keys and their abundance, richness and diversity were determined in original samples and after multiplication process using onion trap cultures. AMF communities were compared using alpha and beta diversity indexes and principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicated that A-Cd presented significative lower values of abundance (21%), richness (20%) and diversity (11%) of AMF morphospecies in comparison with B-Cd. Both AMF communities presented five of seven genera in common, but only four of 23 morphospecies described were found in two communities. Low similarity and turnover were found among AMF communities throughout beta diversity analysis and PCA. Dominance of Diversispora spurca, Rhizoglomus sp. and Claroideoglomus etunicatum in A-Cd suggests that these morphospecies are stresstolerant and they are potential candidates for the development of mitigation strategies in cocoa plants under Cd stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Millennia of human conflict with wildlife have built a culture of intolerance toward wildlife among some stakeholders. We explored 2 key obstacles to improved human–wildlife coexistence: coexistence inequality (how the costs and benefits of coexisting with wildlife are unequally shared) and intolerance. The costs of coexisting with wildlife are often disproportionately borne by the so‐called global south and rural communities, and the benefits often flow to the global north and urban dwellers. Attitudes and behaviors toward wildlife (tolerance versus intolerance) vary with social and cultural norms. We suggest more empathetic advocacy is needed that, for example, promotes conservation while appropriately considering those who bear the costs of conflict with wildlife. To achieve more equitable cost‐sharing, we suggest limiting the costs incurred by those most affected or by sharing those costs more widely. For example, we advocate for the development of improved wildlife compensation schemes, increasing the scale of rewilding efforts, and preventing wildlife‐derived revenue leaching out of the local communities bearing the costs of coexistence. Article Impact Statement: Reduce coexistence inequality and intolerance by prioritising local economies, smarter compensation schemes, rewilding and empathetic advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are expected to face novel challenges as consequence of human-driven global change. Outbreaks of pests and higher incidence of contaminants are increasing. Plants can improve tolerance to stress factors through associations with symbiotic microorganisms. Certain grasses establish persistent and asymptomatic symbioses with Epichloë fungal endophytes, which are known to confer protection against Herbivores and improve plant tolerance to abiotic stress factors. Nonetheless, accumulating evidence suggests the symbiosis outcome is context-dependent. We evaluated the capacity of the endophyte fungus E. occultans in protecting the annual grass Lolium multiflorum against a spontaneous larva attack of the generalist herbivore Agrotis ipsilon under episodic exposure of plants to ozone. Symbiotic and non-symbiotic plants were individually grown outdoors and exposed to ozone at different stages resulting in four treatments: control (plant never exposed to ozone), plant exposed to ozone at vegetative stage, plant exposed to ozone at reproductive stage, and plant exposed to ozone at both stages. After the last exposure, there was an outbreak of A. ipsilon larvae. We evaluated herbivore damage, seed production per plant, and endophyte transmission to the seeds. Frequency of attacked plants was irrespective of both the endophyte and ozone exposure. However, the damage level per plant was only reduced by the endophyte. Seed production was slightly lower in endophyte-symbiotic plants and not affected by ozone. Interestingly, herbivore damaged and undamaged endophyte-symbiotic plants contributed equally to seed production. However, in plants exposed to ozone once at vegetative or reproductive stage, endophyte-free undamaged plants had higher seed production than endophyte-free damaged plants. Ozone treatments did not affect the transmission efficiency of endophytes to the seeds. Mean endophyte transmission efficiency per plant was 95%. Medium doses of ozone seem to have undetectable effects on grass-endophyte symbiosis, not affecting the defensive mutualism nor the persistence of the symbiont across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the problem of forming a tolerant personality is justified by the conditions of coexistence of representatives of different cultures within the same state, as well as at the level of their interstate interaction. The research allowed us to establish that the process of forming tolerance as a necessary quality of personality consists in the development of students's interest in the problem of the multicultural world while relying on methods and technologies of theatre pedagogy allows them to form a holistic view of the world, establish a close connection with it and with themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having as main interest to cover the lexicon that composes the notion of tolerance, the present reflection focuses on a New Testament stretch where the expression "supporting one another in love" is found, namely: Ephesians 4,1-6. The proposed reading takes place in two general dimensions: one, more focused on the text and its structure; and another, more interested in content analysis, seeking to unfold occasional flirtations with the anthropology of Marcel Mauss. On the one hand, attention will be paid to the establishment of the text, as well as to a proposal for exegesis. On the other hand, certain themes will be related to some Maussian motives: the credentials of the speaker; the defended moral aspects; the foundation of reciprocity; and the confession of faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze two argumentation methods that can be used when engaged in arguments with people whose opinions are radically opposed and which tend to take place amidst heightened emotions, or in which one of the interlocutors is very likely to, as in the case of an argument with a religious or political fanatic, resort to verbal or physical violence. The first method, proposed by Philippe Breton, is based on a protocol that includes three actions: distancing, active listening and reasoning. The second method, proposed by Hubert Schleichert, entails what he calls "subversive reasoning". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutrition of the plant has an important function in the appearance and susceptibility of the crop. The present work intends an analysis of the state of the art regarding of the effect of the mineral nutrition, in particular the primary macroelements about the susceptibility to diseases. The revision behaved by means of the study of original scientific articles and bibliographical revisions, published in Cuban and foreigners; as well as the works carried out as thesis in universities of the region and of the world. Although there are some contradictions, the primary macroelements can affect tolerance and / or resistance to plant diseases caused by various pathogens. The most observed effect is the decrease in the symptoms of the disease except for the nitrogen, the one which in excess or deficit leads to higher incidence in the increase of susceptibility. An appropriate supply of the fertilization that promotes the good growth of the plants is an element to consider for the resistance to diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest genetic variability loss has taken importance not only the production but also because it may have negative effect on the epidemiology of animal diseases. Livestock activity can present considerable periodic economic losses due to animal disposal, reduced productivity, failure to express the genetic potential of animals, treatment costs, labour and professional assistance, closing of trade due to sanitary barriers and competition with foreign markets. Thus, disease resistance is a desired attribute in livestock production and animal health may be limiting in cattle production systems. Some confusion in terminology exist: resistance is defined as the ability of the host to exert some degree of control over the pathogen's life cycle, while tolerance defines the impact of infection on animal performance. A concept very close to tolerance is resilience, which can be defined as maintaining the animal's productive capacity in the face of infection. There are numerous reports indicating local breeds as an important reservoir of naturally genetics resistance to disease as a process of adaptability to the environment. Referring to the main diseases of domestic animals (tuberculosis, brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, etc.), numerous genes have been identified and studied as biomarkers for resistance and tolerance like the BOLA complex, CD, NOD and SLC11A1 genes among the most important. Although the limiting factor for breeding programs to include genetic disease resistance is the need to quantify resistance phenotypes. This can be expensive and logistically difficult, and is a significant barrier to selection for disease resistance. For this reason, disease resistance characteristics are an attractive target for genomic studies and are generally the subject of these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Metafísica y Persona. Revista Sobre Filosofía, Conocimiento y Vida is the property of Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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One of the phytosanitary problems in the cultivation of pepper is the whitefly, begomovirus transmitter. Given the need for alternatives, the objective was to evaluate graft tolerance of Capsicum chinense-Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum to begomovirus under field conditions. Two creole materials were used for rootstock (amashito and muela) and habanero pepper as graft (criollo and jaguar). The "terminal plectrum" graft was used and six treatments were generated. The whitefly populations, the incidence and severity of the disease were recorded every 10 days, with the latter AUDPC were calculated and apparent infection rate Yfinal. In the production stage, yield, length and diameter of fruits it was determined. At 130 days after transplantation, the population under whitefly, it was quantified in the grafted treatments (muela + habanero jaguar, amashito + habanero jaguar, muela + habanero criollo y amashito + habanero criollo) that ranged from 5.5 to 14.5 insects per plant. The increased incidence and severity of virus was average in habanero jaguar with 100 and 62%. The lowest AUDPC, apparent infection rate and Yfinal were estimated in muela + habanero criollo with 746.6 (% per day), 0.0050 (% per day) and 23.4%, in their order; associated with the genetic strength of the rootstock. The grafts amashito + habanero jaguar, amashito + habanero criollo y muela + habanero criollo showed better agronomic performance and productivity of the crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Theoretical research on Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), whose aim is to demonstrate that his ideas are fruitful in the reflection on education for religious tolerance. The justification of this investigation is supported by the fact that religions have strongly influenced the way of thinking, feeling and acting of large portions of humanity throughout its history; although not necessarily its purpose, religions inevitably become excuses for some of their adherents to develop intolerant positions towards those who do not share their beliefs. In Emily or On Education (Rousseau, 2004), there is a pamphlet ('Profession of faith of the Savoyard vicar'); in it, one discusses difficulties raised by conceptions about divinity and some of its correlates; in view of the indissolubility of these problems, there remains the practice of tolerance, and it is up to individuals to respect each other as regards what each one on religion; the Savoyard vicar is the allegory by which Rousseau expresses his ideas about tolerance in religious matters. Here is the question in order to be answered: What propositions made by the Savoyard vicar allow to support education for tolerance in matters of beliefs, on which religions are based? It was verified that the education based on that profession of faith propitiates the religious tolerance, since it confers to each human being the freedom of the internal conviction in relation to beliefs to be adhered, instead of the external imposition; the Savoy vicar is the personification of the point of balance between such extremes, which, whether by lack or by excess, do not contribute to the cultivation of personal spirituality, whose core must be conscience. What underlies beliefs is the conviction that each individual carries within his inner forum, not his coercion, made by secular or religious authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of pre-emergent herbicides to eucalyptus plants and weed control efficiency when applied via irrigation water in crop implementation. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, using the experimental randomized block design for each herbicide, in a 5 x 2 bifactorial scheme, with four replications, considering the five evaluated herbicide doses as factors (isoxaflutole - 0; 75; 105; 135 and 165 g i.a. ha-1; flumioxazin - 0; 70; 90; 110 and 130 g i.a. ha-1; sulfentrazone - 0; 400; 600; 800 and 1000 g i.a. ha-1), besides two forms of application (directly on the plant and only on the soil). The treatments were applied manually 20 days after the seedlings were planted, using a watering can. Eucalyptus intoxication percentage, plant height, stem diameter, Falker chlorophyll index, leaf number, leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. Weeds present in the useful area around the planting holes were identified and quantified to determine the plant density in the area sampled per treatment. It was found that only sulfentrazone caused plant intoxication symptoms, despite not influencing eucalyptus development. Isoxaflutole, regardless of application form, and flumioxazin, applied directly on the plants, were selective to the crop, providing at the highest doses (165 and 130 i.a. ha-1, respectively) efficient weed control and increment in initial eucalyptus growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human rights education is paramount for a plain development of personality, for the consolidation of citizenship and to promote a culture of solidarity. So, it constitutes one of the most significant challenges nowadays. Public and private institutions are then expected to play a role in creating, promoting and strengthening the culture of human rights. The methodology developed is based on the analysis of specialized bibliography. This way, aiming to draw some implications for religious praxis, the current text investigates the main normative and guideline instruments in Brazilian society, such as the Federal Constitution, the Law for guidelines and basis of Education, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other documents that deal with education and human rights. The analysis starts with the constitutional text that establishes education as a right for everyone, as well as its respective objectives; afterwards based on the 1948 Universal Declaration it reflects on education in human rights and its importance to the consolidation of citizenship; at the end, the author shows human rights education implications to Brazilian religious context: human rights education promotes liberty and equality; it promotes an education that is committed with human development and with a culture of solidarity; and it promotes friendship among different religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the proposition to look at the relationships that can be classified as passing between the legal-illegal axis from a perspective of the interests of the actors in society and how they possibly get involved with the interests of actors in street vending regulation agencies in Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Assuming that it is about different "legal sensibilities", in Geertz's terms, what is poses is also to look at the police as subjects who are at the two poles of the equation, although with the advantage of the exercise of violence. This situation enables, in many cases - in front of the configurations between interests, trusts and reputations shared - to carry out different ways of earning a living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic is a metalloid naturally distributed in the lithosphere. However, anthropogenic factors, such as mining, increase pollution in soils. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of gibberellins (GA3) on the early development of Alnus acuminata, and determine if this treatment offers pre-acclimation under arsenic concentrations similar to those of coal mining soils of Boyacá (Colombia). Certified seeds of A. acuminata were pre-embedded in water at 4 ℃ for 24 hours and planted in boxes with 16 combined treatments of gibberellins (0, 80, 160 and 240 mg L-1) and arsenic (0, 3, 6 and 9 mg L-1). Germination, morphometry of germinants, early development and final seedling biomass were evaluated 30 days after sowing. The germination kinetics of A. acuminata was affected by GA3 and arsenic. GA3 increased germination by 44 %, nonetheless arsenic increased the average germination time by 10 %. Arsenic concentrations of 3 mg L-1 and 6 mg L-1 had negative effects on germination and root length; however, these effects were not observed at 9 mg L-1 of arsenic. In fact, the arsenic in this concentration combined with gibberellin increased the biomass and vigor of A. acuminata. The combined treatment of 9As + 160GA3 is recommended to produce pre-acclimatized seedlings that could be tested in planning of post-mining recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Este artículo afronta la pregunta de cómo puede existir la religión en una democracia liberal. En el arranque está la idea de «razón pública» del filósofo liberal más importante del siglo XX, el norteamericano John Rawls y su Political Liberalism. Ante su potente discurso pondremos el no menos influyente de los últimos trabajos de Jürgen Habermas, con su reivindicación de las tradiciones religiosas como fuentes prepolíticas para cultivar la ciudadanía democrática. También va en esa dirección el Papa Ratzinger que en los últimos años ha dedicado significativas referencias tanto a Rawls como a Habermas, entrando en diálogo fructífero con ambos.

The present study had as objective to evaluate in vitro the resistance of endophytic bacteria and rizospheric bacteria to different concentrations of Cadmium.This bacteria were isolated fron different tissues of commercial rice varieties and from bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere in rice plantations of the Nechí (Antioquía) and Achí (Bolivar). Plant growth promotion was evaluated in vitro by nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and siderophores production of endophytic bacteria. Of each tissue isolated from rice plants was carried out isolation in culture medium for endophytic bacteria, and the soil samples were serially diluted in peptone water. Each sample was determined the population density by counting in CFU / g of tissue and morphotypes were separated by shape, color, size and appearance in culture media. Significant differences were observed for density population of bacteria with respect to tissue, with higher values in root (4x1011 g/root), followed of the stem (3x1010g/etem), leaf (5x109 g/ leaf), flag leaf (3x109 g/ flag leaf) and with less density in panicle (4x108 g/panicle). The results of the identification with kit API were confirmed the presence of endophytic bacteria Burkholderia cepaceae and rizospheric bacteria Pseudomona fluorescens With the ability to tolerate different concentrations of Cd, fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphates and produce siderophores.

Virtual social networks allow an individual to share connections with other and establish strong and weak social bonds. In this scenario, its abusive use takes place under the influence of Information and Communication Technologies. The purpose of the text is to reflect on the use of virtual social networks, and ignorance of the other; and gestaltic connections for the careful use. The method was theoretical and critical analysis of texts, examining the search for the affirmation of diversity and difference in contexts of deterritorialization, biotechnologies, post-truth, reduced empathy, psychic fragility that affects the subjectivation of people, causing psychological distress. We consider that, caring is imperative, involves preventive and interventional strategies around people and institutions to face physical and psychological inequities, to which we are exposed. It is a guiding thread of health. We point out that Gestalt-therapists converge with the heideggerian's thinking that postulates care as the essence of human existence. Caring is the counterpoint to the sickness that is performed as a spectacle that regulates social relations mediated by the use of the internet. It is also tolerance, deep respect for the other, it is solidarity between all men and all women, justice, democracy and respect for human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: El síndrome de abstinencia al etanol (SAE) es el conjunto de signos y síntomas desagradables que aparecen cuando una persona, que ha desarrollado dependencia física al etanol, suspende abruptamente o disminuye considerablemente su consumo y representa un estado neurofisiológico desadaptativo. El uso de modelos animales permite la evaluación experimental del SAE. Objetivo: Estandarizar el modelo de 4-días binge-like (4dBL) (Majchrowicz, 1975) para inducir dependencia al etanol y evaluar los signos del SAE en la rata. No. registro protocolo: 111/21 Método: Se utilizaron ratas macho Wistar (250 - 350 g). Se realizó la administración repetida (3 veces al día), cada 6 horas por 4 días, de etanol al 25% disuelto en un suplemento alimenticio por vía oral con ayuda de una sonda intragástrica (previa habituación). Diez horas antes de la 1er administración se retiró el alimento sólido mismo que estuvo disponible nuevamente después de la última administración. El agua estuvo accesible todo el tiempo. Se usaron 4 grupos independientes (n=8) de ratas. El grupo control (A), recibió únicamente el suplemento alimenticio. La dosis inicial de la solución de etanol para todos los grupos experimentales fue de 5 mg/kg. Los grupos experimentales fueron: Grupo B: ratas a las que se les administró la solución de etanol a una dosis constante; Grupo C: ratas a las que se les ajustó la dosis para mantener un nivel de intoxicación bajo y Grupo D: ratas a las que se les ajustó la dosis para mantener un nivel de intoxicación alto. Se evalúo el puntaje de intoxicación posterior a todas las administraciones, utilizando la siguiente escala: 0=rata normal; 1=hipoactiva; 2=atáxica; 3=atáxica, arrastra abdomen; 4=perdida de reflejo de enderezamiento y 5=perdida de reflejo de parpadeo. Posteriormente, se obtuvo el porcentaje de los 10 signos del SAE observados por grupo. Resultados: Diez horas después de la última administración (5to día) las ratas de los grupos experimentales presentaron de forma espontánea el SAE. El grupo D presentó el mayor porcentaje de signos del SAE (Gráfica 1). Conclusiones: La administración de etanol al 25% con el modelo 4dBL permitió inducir y analizar el SAE en ratas. El modelo será de utilidad para probar posibles compuestos farmacológicos capaces de disminuir la severidad de los signos del SAE, lo que resultaría relevante para la terapéutica del alcoholismo. La tolerancia farmacológica es un factor crucial en el modelo 4dBL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artigo refletirá teórico-normativamente sobre a família dentro de uma concepção feminista da justiça, da tolerância e dos direitos humanos, que reivindica liberdades básicas e direitos de saída efetivos para as mulheres.

El artículo expone los primeros debates que se presentaron en el México independiente sobre la tolerancia religiosa, específicamente en la época de la redacción de la constitución política de 1824 y los surgidos por la obra de Vicente Rocafuerte, Ensayo sobre tolerancia religiosa, hacia 1831. En esos debates buscamos confrontar los argumentos expuestos a favor y en contra de la tolerancia religiosa, en una época en la cual parecía cuestionarse la tradicional e histórica intolerancia religiosa por parte de las ideas liberales proclives a derechos y garantías individuales como lo sería la tolerancia religiosa. En medio de estos debates pueden observarse las imágenes que se tenían sobre la Reforma protestante y el protestantismo, y cómo ellas podían afectar, positiva o negativamente, a México.

O presente trabalho aborda o problema da compreensão e justificação do conceito habermasiano de tolerância (Toleranz) nas sociedades marcadas por diferentes e incompatíveis (conflitantes) imagens de mundo (verschiedene und unverträgliche Weltbildern), onde se elaboram e articulam os contextos da justificação (Kontexte der Rechtfertigung) e o contexto da tolerância (Kontext der Toleranz). A meu ver, Habermas estabelece uma distinção ambivalente entre tolerância e não discriminação, baseada em uma dissonância cognitiva (kognitive Uneinheitlichkeit) aplicável às imagens de mundo (Weltbildern) concorrentes e mutuamente excludentes, resultando em uma diferenciação das expectativas normativas referente à resolução de dilemas que envolvem formas de vida culturalmente diferenciadas. Nas situações em que as objeções a crenças e práticas de uma forma de vida particular não se encontram baseadas em razões públicas (öffentliche Gründe), não caberia falar em tolerância, mas na luta pela igualdade de direitos de cidadania e reconhecimento de direitos culturais. A dificuldade consiste em declarar quais crenças e práticas seriam “eticamente objetáveis ou erradas”, mas que não poderiam ser igualmente julgadas, com base em “razões públicas”, como “moralmente rejeitáveis”, dada a existência de razões de aceitação (que não eliminam, mas superam as razões de objeção) e, portanto, objeto da tolerância, bem como aquelas crenças e práticas que não poderiam ser toleradas sob qualquer justificação moral baseada em “razões públicas” (crenças e práticas igualmente “eticamente objetáveis ou erradas” e “moralmente rejeitáveis”). Além disso, como ressalta Forst, nem sempre é possível estabelecer quais razões são “públicas” e podem constituir o fundamento de objeções razoáveis às crenças e práticas de alguém considerado “eticamente diferente” de “nós” ou ainda, como assevera Lafont, se estas mesmas razões estariam “disponíveis”.

Neste ensaio refletiremos sobre algumas estratégias que utilizamos em nossas relações sociais contemporâneas. Entendemos que, vivendo num universo violento, quando não estamos assumindo uma postura de distanciamento, descambamos para a dominação do outro. Argumentaremos que a dominação se manifesta tanto nas formas de interpretação e tradução das diferenças, quanto nas tentativas de extermínio da alteridade. Reconheceremos que quando não é possível interpretar, traduzir ou eliminar o outro, nos quedamos num distanciamento indiferente, aceitando a ambígua e autoritária, não menos problemática, tolerância. Por fim, defenderemos a busca do diálogo, da compreensão e do respeito ao outro como o caminho para a superação desta situação.

La siguiente investigación pertenece al proyecto Beneficios de la Cultura de Paz aplicada a las relaciones paterno filiales, de la Facultad de Derecho y Criminología de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, auspiciado por el Concejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT). En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un preexperimento aplicado a una muestra de padres de familia con hijos en edad preescolar, los cuales participaron de manera voluntaria en un curso para formarlos como capacitadores de sus hijos en la Cultura de Paz en el municipio de San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México. Debido a que el respeto y la tolerancia son valores fundamentales para la convivencia pacífica, la presente investigación se centra en los resultados obtenidos respecto al aumento o disminución de manifestaciones de dichos valores en los participantes del curso.

El presente estudio evaluó la variación en la actividad eléctrica de la corteza cerebral prefrontal, frontal y temporal en registros electroencefalográficos de estudiantes universitarios consumidores y residentes en la ciudad de Bogotá, durante y en ausencia de consumo de Cannabis, contrastado con una población control de no consumidores. Se evidenció que los efectos de Cannabis en la actividad eléctrica cerebral durante el consumo, ocasionan la presencia de una mayor actividad alfa, indicando estados de relajación y poca concentración; a su vez, un incremento en la actividad beta, vinculada a la captación de diversos estímulos y la disminución de la actividad delta tras la recompensa generada con el consumo. En ausencia de consumo, se manifiesta el aumento de las ondas delta con respecto a la población control, ondas asociadas con estados de ansiedad. Adicionalmente, se evidenció que el uso prolongado y frecuente de esta sustancia genera una tolerancia, al no variar la actividad cerebral durante y en ausencia del consumo de Cannabis, del mismo modo, la presencia en mayor proporción de ondas theta en ausencia de consumo frente a no consumidores, sugiere que tras el uso prologado de la sustancia los consumidores tienden a manifestar estados de somnolencia y adormecimiento constantes.