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The origin of the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux observed by the IceCube experiment is still under debate. In recent years there have been associations of neutrino events with individual blazars, which are active galaxies with relativistic jets pointing toward Earth, such as the source TXS 0506+056. From a theoretical perspective, the properties of these sources as neutrino emitters are not yet well understood. In this work we model a sample of 324 blazars detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), most of which are flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). This amounts to 34% of all FSRQs in the latest Fermi catalog. By numerically modelling the interactions of cosmic-ray electrons and protons, we explain the emitted multi-wavelength fluxes from each source and self-consistently predict the emitted neutrino spectrum. We demonstrate that the optical and GeV gamma-ray broadband features are generally well described by electron emission. For 33% of the blazars in our sample, a description of the observed X-ray spectrum benefits from an additional component from proton interactions, in agreement with recent studies of individual IceCube candidate blazars. We conclude that blazars that are brighter in GeV gamma rays tend to have a higher neutrino production efficiency but a lower best-fit baryonic loading. The predicted neutrino luminosity shows a positive correlation with the observed GeV gamma-ray flux and with the predicted MeV gamma-ray flux. By extrapolating the results for this sample, we show that the diffuse neutrino flux from the population of gamma-ray-bright blazars may be at the level of about 20% of the IceCube flux, in agreement with current limits from stacking analyses. We discuss the implications of our results for future neutrino searches and suggest promising sources for potential detections with future experiments., Comment: Published in A&A. Model parameters and results available in full at https://github.com/xrod/lephad-blazars

We present a new, explicit and very geometric construction for the iterated clique graphs of the hexagonal lattice $\mathrm{Hex}$ which makes apparent its clique-divergence and sheds light on some previous observations, such as the boundedness of the degrees and clique sizes of $k^n \mathrm{Hex}$ as $n\to\infty$.

Asteroids have called the attention of researchers around the world. Its chemical and physical composition can give us important information about the formation of our Solar System. In addition, the hypothesis of mining some of these objects is considered, since they contain precious metals. However, some asteroids have their orbits close to the orbit of the Earth. These nearby objects can pose a danger to our life in the planet, since some of them are large enough to cause catastrophic damage to the Earth. We will pay attention to the theme of deflecting a potentially dangerous asteroid. There are currently two main forms of this deviation: i) the impact of an object at high velocity with the asteroid, which can be a space vehicle or a smaller asteroid; ii) the use of a gravitational "tractor", which consist in placing an object (another asteroid or part of an asteroid), close to the body that is approaching the Earth, such that this gravitational interference can deflect its trajectory. In this work, we will evaluate the influence of gravitational perturbations in the most commonly mentioned asteroid deflection model in the literature, the kinetic impact deflection technique. With the impact, it is intended to change the kinetic energy of the asteroid, changing its orbit enough so that it does not present risks of impacts with the Earth., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, ICSSA

In this work, we present the results of a set of numerical simulations carried out to obtain long-duration orbits for a probe around Titania, Uranus' largest satellite. We also propose orbital maneuvers to extend the lifetime of some orbits. Titania's $J_2$ and $C_{22}$ gravitational coefficients and Uranus' gravitational perturbation are considered. The analysis of lifetime sensitivity due to possible errors in $J_2$ and $C_{22}$ values is investigated using multiple regression models. Simulations were performed for eccentricity equal 10-4, and lifetime maps were constructed. The results show that low-altitude orbits have longer lifetimes due to the balance between the disturbance of Uranus and the gravitational coefficients of Titania. The results also show that non-zero values of periapsis longitude ($\omega$) and ascending node longitude ($\Omega$) are essential to increase lifespan. Furthermore, the results indicate that the most economical maneuver occurs for final orbits of radius equal to 1050 km, this is observed for all inclination values., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 1 table. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2203.14445

Didymos and Dimorphos are primary and secondary, respectively, asteroids who compose a binary system that make up the set of Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs). They are targets of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART), the first test mission dedicated to study of planetary defense, for which the main goal is to measure the changes caused after the secondary body is hit by a kinect impactor. The present work intends to conduct a study, through numerical integrations, on the dynamics of massless particles distributed in the vicinity of the two bodies. An approximate shape for the primary body was considered as a model of mass concentrations (mascons) and the secondary was considered as a massive point. Our results show the location and size of stable regions, and also their lifetime.

Background:Technical systems are growing in complexity with more components and functions across various disciplines. Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) helps manage this complexity by using models as key artifacts. Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) supported by MDE facilitate modeling. As data generation in product development increases, there's a growing demand for AI algorithms, which can be challenging to implement. Integrating AI algorithms with DSL and MDE can streamline this process. Objective:This study aims to investigate the existing model-driven approaches relying on DSL in support of the engineering of AI software systems to sharpen future research further and define the current state of the art. Method:We conducted a Systemic Literature Review (SLR), collecting papers from five major databases resulting in 1335 candidate studies, eventually retaining 18 primary studies. Each primary study will be evaluated and discussed with respect to the adoption of MDE principles and practices and the phases of AI development support aligned with the stages of the CRISP-DM methodology. Results:The study's findings show that language workbenches are of paramount importance in dealing with all aspects of modeling language development and are leveraged to define DSL explicitly addressing AI concerns. The most prominent AI-related concerns are training and modeling of the AI algorithm, while minor emphasis is given to the time-consuming preparation of the data. Early project phases that support interdisciplinary communication of requirements, e.g., CRISP-DM Business Understanding phase, are rarely reflected. Conclusion:The study found that the use of MDE for AI is still in its early stages, and there is no single tool or method that is widely used. Additionally, current approaches tend to focus on specific stages of development rather than providing support for the entire development process., Comment: 57 pages, 2 figures, 8 tables

Next-generation ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrino telescopes, presently under planning, will have the potential to probe the decay of heavy dark matter (DM) into UHE neutrinos, with energies in excess of $10^7$~GeV. Yet, this potential may be deteriorated by the presence of an unknown background of UHE neutrinos, cosmogenic or from astrophysical sources, not of DM origin and seemingly large enough to obscure the DM signature. We show that leveraging the angular and energy distributions of detected events safeguards future searches for DM decay against such backgrounds. We focus on the radio-detection of UHE neutrinos in the planned IceCube-Gen2 neutrino telescope, which we model in state-of-the-art detail. We report promising prospects for the discovery potential of DM decay into UHE neutrinos, the measurement of DM mass and lifetime, and limits on the DM lifetime, despite the presence of a large background, without prior knowledge of its size and shape., Comment: Version accepted for publication in PRD; 19 pages, 13 figures, plus 4 figures in appendix

While many natural language inference (NLI) datasets target certain semantic phenomena, e.g., negation, tense & aspect, monotonicity, and presupposition, to the best of our knowledge, there is no NLI dataset that involves diverse types of spatial expressions and reasoning. We fill this gap by semi-automatically creating an NLI dataset for spatial reasoning, called SpaceNLI. The data samples are automatically generated from a curated set of reasoning patterns, where the patterns are annotated with inference labels by experts. We test several SOTA NLI systems on SpaceNLI to gauge the complexity of the dataset and the system's capacity for spatial reasoning. Moreover, we introduce a Pattern Accuracy and argue that it is a more reliable and stricter measure than the accuracy for evaluating a system's performance on pattern-based generated data samples. Based on the evaluation results we find that the systems obtain moderate results on the spatial NLI problems but lack consistency per inference pattern. The results also reveal that non-projective spatial inferences (especially due to the "between" preposition) are the most challenging ones., Comment: Accepted and presented at the NALOMA (Natural Logic Meets Machine Learning) workshop. The paper repository is at https://github.com/kovvalsky/SpaceNLI

Soft robotics is an emerging technology in which engineers create flexible devices for use in a variety of applications. In order to advance the wide adoption of soft robots, ensuring their trustworthiness is essential; if soft robots are not trusted, they will not be used to their full potential. In order to demonstrate trustworthiness, a specification needs to be formulated to define what is trustworthy. However, even for soft robotic grippers, which is one of the most mature areas in soft robotics, the soft robotics community has so far given very little attention to formulating specifications. In this work, we discuss the importance of developing specifications during development of soft robotic systems, and present an extensive example specification for a soft gripper for pick-and-place tasks for grocery items. The proposed specification covers both functional and non-functional requirements, such as reliability, safety, adaptability, predictability, ethics, and regulations. We also highlight the need to promote verifiability as a first-class objective in the design of a soft gripper., Comment: Updated the Standards subsection of paper. 9 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, 34 references

The potential association between Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) and high-energy astrophysical neutrinos implies the acceleration of cosmic rays. These accelerated particles will initiate electromagnetic (EM) cascades spanning from keV to GeV energies by the processes related to neutrino production. We model the EM cascade and neutrino emissions by numerically solving the time-dependent transport equations and discuss the implications for AT2019dsg and AT2019fdr in the X-ray and $\gamma$-ray bands. We show that the $\gamma$-ray constraints from \emph{Fermi} can constrain the size of the radiation zone and the maximum energy of injected protons, and that the corresponding expected neutrino event numbers in follow-up searches are limited to be less than about 0.1. Depending on the efficiency of $p\gamma$ interactions, the X-ray and $\gamma$-ray signals can be expected closer to the peak of the optical-ultraviolet (OUV) luminosity, or to the time of the neutrino production., Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. Revised version. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We propose a quantum soft-covering problem for a given general quantum channel and one of its output states, which consists in finding the minimum rank of an input state needed to approximate the given channel output. We then prove a one-shot quantum covering lemma in terms of smooth min-entropies by leveraging decoupling techniques from quantum Shannon theory. This covering result is shown to be equivalent to a coding theorem for rate distortion under a posterior (reverse) channel distortion criterion by two of the present authors. Both one-shot results directly yield corollaries about the i.i.d. asymptotics, in terms of the coherent information of the channel. The power of our quantum covering lemma is demonstrated by two additional applications: first, we formulate a quantum channel resolvability problem, and provide one-shot as well as asymptotic upper and lower bounds. Secondly, we provide new upper bounds on the unrestricted and simultaneous identification capacities of quantum channels, in particular separating for the first time the simultaneous identification capacity from the unrestricted one, proving a long-standing conjecture of the last author., Comment: 30 pages, 3 figures; v2 fixes an error in Definition 36 and various typos and minor issues throughout; v3 fixes some further minor points and provides a proof of Lemma 11 due to F. Dupuis, it is the version accepted by IJQI (special issue in honour of Alexander S. Holevo)

Despite multiple previous searches, no transiting planets have yet been identified within a globular cluster. This is believed to be due to a combination of factors: the low metallicities of most globular clusters suggests that there is significantly less planet-forming material per star in most globular clusters relative to the solar neighborhood, the high likelihood of dynamical interactions can also disrupt planetary orbits, and the data available for globular clusters is limited. However, transiting planets have been identified in open clusters, indicating that there may be planets in more massive clusters that have simply gone undetected, or that more massive clusters inhibit planet formation. Less than two degrees away from the nominal Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey footprint, two globular clusters, NGC 6522 and NGC 6528, can be simultaneously observed by the Roman telescope during the Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey. These clusters are comparable in mass (1-2 x 10$^5$ solar masses) and age (12 Gyr), but feature drastically different average metallicities: NGC 6522 has an average [Fe/H] $\sim$ -1.3, while NGC 6528 has an average [Fe/H] $\sim$ -0.1. If no transiting planets are detected in one season of time domain observations of these clusters, this would indicate a difference in planet occurrence among field stars and globular clusters at >3-$\sigma$ significance even after accounting for metallicity, which could be enhanced to >5-$\sigma$ significance with similar observations of another nearby field hosting a metal-rich globular cluster. Additionally, time domain observations of NGC 6522 and NGC 6528 will detect variable stars in both clusters, testing the connection between stellar variability and binary fraction to metallicity and cluster environment, as well as testing the dependence of exoplanet yields on stellar density and distance from the Galactic midplane., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

Vegetation is crucial for sustainable and resilient cities providing various ecosystem services and well-being of humans. However, vegetation is under critical stress with rapid urbanization and expanding infrastructure footprints. Consequently, mapping of this vegetation is essential in the urban environment. Recently, deep learning for point cloud semantic segmentation has shown significant progress. Advanced models attempt to obtain state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets, comprising multiple classes and representing real world scenarios. However, class specific segmentation with respect to vegetation points has not been explored. Therefore, selection of a deep learning model for vegetation points segmentation is ambiguous. To address this problem, we provide a comprehensive assessment of point-based deep learning models for semantic segmentation of vegetation class. We have selected seven representative point-based models, namely PointCNN, KPConv (omni-supervised), RandLANet, SCFNet, PointNeXt, SPoTr and PointMetaBase. These models are investigated on three different datasets, specifically Chandigarh, Toronto3D and Kerala, which are characterized by diverse nature of vegetation and varying scene complexity combined with changing per-point features and class-wise composition. PointMetaBase and KPConv (omni-supervised) achieve the highest mIoU on the Chandigarh (95.24%) and Toronto3D datasets (91.26%), respectively while PointCNN provides the highest mIoU on the Kerala dataset (85.68%). The paper develops a deeper insight, hitherto not reported, into the working of these models for vegetation segmentation and outlines the ingredients that should be included in a model specifically for vegetation segmentation. This paper is a step towards the development of a novel architecture for vegetation points segmentation., Comment: The paper has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3381976

We provide a general expression of the Haar measure $-$ that is, the essentially unique translation-invariant measure $-$ on a $p$-adic Lie group. We then argue that this measure can be regarded as the measure naturally induced by the invariant volume form on the group, as it happens for a standard Lie group over the reals. As an important application, we next consider the problem of determining the Haar measure on the $p$-adic special orthogonal groups in dimension two, three and four (for every prime number $p$). In particular, the Haar measure on $\mathrm{SO}(2,\mathbb{Q}_p)$ is obtained by a direct application of our general formula. As for $\mathrm{SO}(3,\mathbb{Q}_p)$ and $\mathrm{SO}(4,\mathbb{Q}_p)$, instead, we show that Haar integrals on these two groups can conveniently be lifted to Haar integrals on certain $p$-adic Lie groups from which the special orthogonal groups are obtained as quotients. This construction involves a suitable quaternion algebra over the field $\mathbb{Q}_p$ and is reminiscent of the quaternionic realization of the real rotation groups. Our results should pave the way to the development of harmonic analysis on the $p$-adic special orthogonal groups, with potential applications in $p$-adic quantum mechanics and in the recently proposed $p$-adic quantum information theory., Comment: 49 pages, minor changes

Site-specific information on how adenosine triphosphate in the aqueous phase (ATP$_{(aq)}$) interacts with magnesium (Mg$^{2+}_{(aq)}$) is a prerequisite to understanding its complex biochemistry. To gather such information, we apply liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy (LJ-PES) assisted by electronic-structure calculations to study ATP$_{(aq)}$ solutions with and without dissolved Mg$^{2+}$. Valence photoemission data reveal spectral changes in the phosphate and adenine features of ATP$_{(aq)}$ due to interactions with the divalent cation. Chemical shifts in Mg 2p, Mg 2s, P 2p, and P 2s core-level spectra as a function of the Mg$^{2+}$/ATP concentration ratio are correlated to the formation of [MgATP]$^{-2}_{(aq)}$ and Mg$_2$ATP$_{(aq)}$ complexes, demonstrating the element-sensitivity of the technique to Mg$^{2+}$-phosphate interactions. In addition, we report and compare P 2s data from ATP$_{(aq)}$ and adenosine mono- and di-phosphate (AMP$_{(aq)}$ and ADP$_{(aq)}$, respectively) solutions, probing the electronic structure of the phosphate chain and the local environment of individual phosphate units in ATP$_{(aq)}$. Finally, we have recorded intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) spectra initiated by ionization of Mg 1s electrons to probe ligand exchange in the Mg$^{2+}$-ATP$_{(aq)}$ coordination environment, demonstrating the unique capabilities of ICD for revealing structural information. Our results provide an overview of the electronic structure of ATP$_{(aq)}$ and Mg$^{2+}$-ATP$_{(aq)}$ moieties relevant to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions that are central to bioenergetics in living organisms., Comment: Main manuscript: 16 pages, 8 figures. Supporting information: 31 pages, 7 figures

The objective of this paper is to investigate a more efficient cross-border payment and document handling process for the export of Indian goods to Brazil. The paper is structured into two sections: first, to explain the problems unique to the India-Brazil international trade corridor by highlighting the obstacles of compliance, speed, and payments; and second, to propose a digital solution for India-brazil trade utilizing Supernets, focusing on the use case of Indian exports. The solution assumes that stakeholders will be onboarded as permissioned actors (i.e. nodes) on a Polygon Supernet. By engaging trade and banking stakeholders, we ensure that the digital solution results in export benefits for Indian exporters, and a lawful channel to receive hard currency payments. The involvement of Brazilian and Indian banks ensures that Letter of Credit (LC) processing time and document handling occur at the speed of blockchain technology. The ultimate goal is to achieve faster settlement and negotiation period while maintaining a regulatory-compliant outcome, so that the end result is faster and easier, yet otherwise identical to the real-world process in terms of export benefits and compliance., Comment: 22 pages

We compare games under delayed control and delay games, two types of infinite games modelling asynchronicity in reactive synthesis. In games under delayed control both players suffer from partial informedness due to symmetrically delayed communication, while in delay games, the protagonist has to grant lookahead to the alter player. Our first main result, the interreducibility of the existence of sure winning strategies for the protagonist, allows to transfer known complexity results and bounds on the delay from delay games to games under delayed control, for which no such results had been known. We furthermore analyse existence of randomized strategies that win almost surely, where this correspondence between the two types of games breaks down. In this setting, some games surely won by the alter player in delay games can now be won almost surely by the protagonist in the corresponding game under delayed control, showing that it indeed makes a difference whether the protagonist has to grant lookahead or both players suffer from partial informedness. These results get even more pronounced when we finally address the quantitative goal of winning with a probability in $[0,1]$. We show that for any rational threshold $\theta \in [0,1]$ there is a game that can be won by the protagonist with exactly probability $\theta$ under delayed control, while being surely won by alter in the delay game setting. All these findings refine our original result that games under delayed control are not determined., Comment: Full version of arXiv:2310.01010, contains all proofs omitted in the conference version as well as a new section on winning games under delayed control with mixed strategies with respect to a fixed threshold

Using optical magneto-spectroscopy, we investigate the magnetic excitations of Na$_2$Co$_2$TeO$_6$ in a broad magnetic field range ($0\ \rm{T}\leq B\leq 17.5\ \rm{T}$) at low temperature. Our measurements reveal rich spectra of in-plane magnetic excitations with a surprisingly large number of modes, even in the high-field spin-polarized state. Theoretical calculations find that the Na-occupation disorder in \NCTO plays a crucial role in generating these modes. Our work demonstrates the necessity to consider disorder in the spin environment in the search for Kitaev quantum spin liquid states in practicable materials.

A $k$-graph $\mathcal{G}$ is asymmetric if there does not exist an automorphism on $\mathcal{G}$ other than the identity, and $\mathcal{G}$ is called minimal asymmetric if it is asymmetric but every non-trivial induced sub-hypergraph of $\mathcal{G}$ is non-asymmetric. Extending a result of Jiang and Ne\v{s}et\v{r}il, we show that for every $k$-graph, $k\ge3$, there exist infinitely many minimal asymmetric $k$-graphs which have maximum degree $2$ and are linear. Further, we show that there are infinitely many $2$-regular asymmetric $k$-graphs for $k\ge3$., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures