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BACKGROUND: Raisins are one of the favorite dried fruit because of their high healthful and nutrimental values. Three white (Besni beyazi-BBR, Hatun parmagi-HPR and Sultaniye-SR) and two red (Antep karasi-AKR and Besni karasi-BKR) grape varieties were used in the present study. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of Turkish raisins. RESULTS: Four flavan-3-ols, six phenolic acids, four flavonols and 13 anthocyanins were identified and quantified in raisins. (+)-Catechin (range, 56.3-419 mg kg-1) was the mosst abundant flavanol, trans-caftaric acid (range, 20.48-114 mg kg-1) was the abundant dominannt phenol acid, quercetin-3-O-glucoside (range, 2.79-12.83 mg kg-1) was the dominant flavonoll and malvidin-3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)-glucoside (range, 16.75-22.59 mg kg-1) wass the major anthocyanin in all raisins. Antioxidant capacity were 22.69-63.66, 5.07-40.47, 7.00-17.69 and 40.d 40.74-77.41 mmol Trolox kg-1 as determined bby the ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 27 phenolic compounds from four phenolic families (i.e. flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, flavonols and anthocyanins) have been characterised in the raisins of three white and two red grapes. The total phenolic and anthocyanins content vary widely among different raisins. Strong correlations between antioxidative capacity and phenolic content and between antioxidative capacity and flavonol content were noticed. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bu çalışmanın ilk bölümünde, Manisa Bağcılık Araştırma İstasyonundan temin edilen yaş ve kuru üzüm örneklerinde pestisit kalıntı düzeyleri araştırılmıştır. Bu örneklerde kalıntısı araştırılan 360 adet pestisit, QuEChERS ekstraksiyonunu takiben GC-MS ve LC-MS/MS cihazları ile nitel olarak izlenmiştir. Söz konusu üzümlerde kullanıldığı tespit edilen, GC grubu pestisitlerinden boscalidin, üzümlerde kurutma öncesi uygulanan işleme [kurutma öncesi K2CO3 (%5, a/a) çözeltisine daldırma yapıldıktan sonra güneş altında kurutma ve daldırma yapılmadan kurutma] ve bekleme süresine bağlı olarak nicel tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, söz konusu pestisitin daldırılmış örneklerdeki bozunma hızının, daldırılmamış örneklerdekine göre daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.Çalışmanın ikinci bölümü ise, elde edilen daldırılmış ortamdaki yüksek bozunma hızının, ortamdaki K2CO3?ın sağladığı bazlık etkisiyle ilişkisinin araştırılması için, 3 farklı derişimde (2, 4 ve 6 mg/L), su ve 5 farklı pH?de (pH=7, 8, 9, 10, 11) tamponlanmış K2CO3 çözeltileri ile boscalid standardı kullanılarak hazırlanan pestisitlerin, bozunma hızlarının 30 gün boyunca incelenmesini içermektedir. Bu amaçla, boscalid standart çözeltileri (1, 2, 4, 6 ve 7 mg/L) ile söz konusu ortamlar için yapılan doğrusallık çalışmalarında, korelasyon katsayısı 0.9947 ile 0.9999 arasında değişen kalibrasyon eğrileri elde edilmiştir. Boscalid miktarındaki değişimler, su ve söz konusu tampon ortamlarında farklanmak üzere 234.66 ile 244.99 nm arasında değişen dalga boylarında, hazırlanan çözeltilerin, hazırlandığı gün (ilk gün), 3. gün, 7. gün, 15. gün ve 30. günlerdeki absorpsiyonlarının UV-Vis spektrofotometresi kullanılarak ölçülmesi ile hesaplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, boscalid?in bozunma hızının K2CO3 ile hazırlanan tampon ortamlarında daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Özellikle pH=8, 9 ve 10 tamponlarında pestisit miktarındaki azalma, pH=7 ve 11 tamponlarındakine göre daha yüksek oranda gerçekleşmiştir. In the first part of this study, pesticide residue levels in grape and raisin samples obtained from Manisa Viticulture Research Station were investigated. 360 pesticides monitored qualitatively with GC-MS and LC-MS/MS following the QuEChERS extraction to determine the types of pesticide residues in these samples. Quantitative determination of boscalid that determined as used on grapes was carried out depending on the process before drying [drying in the sun after immersion in K2CO3 (%5 w/w) solution before drying and without immersion] and for the future time. The results obtained showed that degradation rate of the pesticide in immersed samples is higher than those of not immersed.However, the second part of the study includes the analysis of pesticide degradation rates that prepared at 3 different concentrations (2, 4 ve 6 mg/L) using water and K2CO3 solutions buffered at 5 different pH (pH=7, 8, 9, 10, 11) with boscalid standart, during 30 days to investigate the relationship between the high degradation rate of the pesticide in immersed media and the effect of alkalinity provided by K2CO3. Correlation coefficients of the calibration curves obtained ranging from 0.9947 to 0.9999 in linearity studies with prepared boscalid standart solutions (1, 2, 4, 6 ve 7 mg/L) for this purpose. Changes in the amount of pesticide was calculated with measuring the absorptions of the prepared solutions ranging from at 234.66 nm to 244.99 nm wavelenghts for the different media using UV-Vis spectrophotometer in preparation day (first day), 3nd day, 7th day, 15th day and 30th day. The results showed that boscalid degradation rate is higher in buffer media. Decreases in the amount of pesticide occured higher especially at pH=8, 9 and 10 buffers than pH=7 and 11. 147

International audience; BACKGROUND: In grapevine, as in other fruit crops, fruit size and seed content are key components of yield and quality; however, very few Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for berry weight and seed content (number, weight, and dry matter percentage) have been discovered so far. To identify new stable QTLs for marker-assisted selection and candidate gene identification, we performed simultaneous QTL detection in four mapping populations (seeded or seedless) with various genetic backgrounds. RESULTS: For berry weight, we identified five new QTLs, on linkage groups (LGs) 1, 8, 11, 17 and 18, in addition to the known major QTL on LG 18. The QTL with the largest effect explained up to 31% of total variance and was found in two genetically distant populations on LG 17, where it colocalized with a published putative domestication locus. For seed traits, besides the major QTLs on LG 18 previously reported, we found four new QTLs explaining up to 51% of total variance, on LGs 4, 5, 12 and 14. The previously published QTL for seed number on LG 2 was found related in fact to sex. We found colocalizations between seed and berry weight QTLs only for the major QTL on LG 18 in a seedless background, and on LGs 1 and 13 in a seeded background. Candidate genes belonging to the cell number regulator CNR or cytochrome P450 families were found under the berry weight QTLs on LGs 1, 8, and 17. The involvement of these gene families in fruit weight was first described in tomato using a QTL-cloning approach. Several other interesting candidate genes related to cell wall modifications, water import, auxin and ethylene signalling, transcription control, or organ identity were also found under berry weight QTLs. CONCLUSION: We discovered a total of nine new QTLs for berry weight or seed traits in grapevine, thereby increasing more than twofold the number of reliable QTLs for these traits available for marker assisted selection or candidate gene studies. The lack of colocalization between berry and seed QTLs suggests that these traits may be partly dissociated.

Sourcing grapes from independent growers for use in top quality wines sold on the international market is a major organisational challenge for corporate wineries. Our paper adds to the small collection of existing literature addressing these coordination issues in the New World wine sector, by going deeper into the specifics of the contracts. Based on a case-study carried out in the Argentine province of Mendoza, this article presents an in-depth analysis of the technical process, in order to identify the contractual hazards posed by asset specificity, measurement costs, and non-contractible actions. Expanding Transaction Cost Economics to include contract completion and plural governance literature, this paper analyses the contractual and non-contractual mechanisms (price incentives, grower monitoring, allocation of decision rights to the winery, role of backward integration) used to govern such grape transactions. Through our analysis, we were able to arrive at four main conclusions. Firstly, most agreements are still verbal, with the exception of occasional written contracts, whose scope only encompasses minor legal points. It became clear to us that formal, rigid agreements are not always adequate in managing the inherently complex interactions between grape varieties, soil, farming practices and winemaking processes in high-end wine production. Secondly, extensive decision rights are allocated to wineries, to deal with incompleteness. These are key decisions to be taken during the cropping and harvesting process. Thirdly, pricing is generally kept flexible, with grape prices negotiated ex-post. This means that trade imbalances tend to be resolved in the long term. Winegrowers also benefit from financial rewards to compensate for the allocation of authority. Finally, any potential opportunistic behaviour by wineries with regard to asset specificity (in particular yield limitation) and allocation of rights is kept at bay by mechanisms such as winery reputations and credit third-party guarantee. This type of opportunistic behaviour by growers is similarly deterred through monitoring and vineyard ownership on the part of the wineries.

The countries competing for the world Raisin Market are Chile, Greece, Iran, South Africa, Turkey, and the United States. Raisin is one of the top Turkish export products. Turkish raisin sector is facing an increasing competition in international markets. The aim of this work is to explain the magnitude of the trade flows for raisin from Turkey and other exporting countries to its main importing countries. This objective has been reached by establishing an appropriate econometric model derived from an extended form of the “Gravity Model”. To apply gravity model, a panel data with the most important six exporters of raisin and their importing countries between the years of 1999- 2008 were set up. Panel data models estimated with pooled ordinary least squares and fixed effects model under some diagnostic tests. Finally, some proposals and suggestions are developed for increasing the international competitiveness of the raisin production.

Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites synthesized by various filamentous fungi that grow on organic material frequently occurring in agricultural products, including grapes and dried vine fruits. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic compound produced mainly by the members of Aspergillus section Nigri and Circumdati in grape and grape derived products. Lower hygienic drying conditions may cause increase in microbiological contamination. Total mold counts were between 3.567 and 6.053 log10 CFU g-1 in unprocessed seedless raisin (Sultana) samples belonging to 20 different vineyards in Denizli region during 2011. Total of 330 strains of filamentous fungi were isolated and 301 isolates belonged to Aspergillus spp. (91.21%), while 29 (8.79%) isolates belonged to other genus such as Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Mucor, Ulocladium and Stachybotrys spp. Black aspergilli constituted 91.03% of the Aspergillus strains isolated, namely A. niger (77.58%) and A. aculeatus (5.98%). All Aspergillus isolates were tested for the ability to produce OTA. A. niger, A. aculeatus and A. ochraceus had highest OTA production ability with maximum production of 441.830±100.554, 975.460±9.294 and 10.450±1.914 ng g-1 50% grape juice extract (GJ50) agar, respectively. However, OTA was also produced by other Aspergillus isolates at lower levels compared to A. niger and A. ochraceus isolates in vitro. In a total of 20 samples, OTA was not detected in 13 samples (65%), OTA levels were 0.0-0.16 ?g kg-1 (LOQ) in 1 sample (5%), 0.05-1.0 ?g kg-1 in 5 samples (25%) and 1.0-2.0 ?g kg-1 in 1 sample (5%). None of the 20 samples (100%) contained OTA exceeding current the EC limit (10 ?g kg-1) set for dried vine fruits.

A prospection of Andalusian Mediterranean vineyards was carried out in search of the traditional Almuñécar grapevine, used to produce raisins of quality. An ampelographical description and a genetic characterization, using 20 nuclear microsatellite loci, showed that this cultivar constitutes a clone of Muscat of Alexandria. In reference to biotic stress, this cultivar has a high sensibility to powdery and downy mildews and medium sensibility to the grapevine pathogen Botrytis cinerea. At the present time, it constitutes a relic cultivar due to different sanitary and economical causes analyzed in the text., Se ha realizado una prospección del viñedo de la vertiente mediterránea de Andalucía para buscar la variedad tradicional Almuñécar, usada para la producción de pasas de calidad. La descripción ampelográfica y la caracterización genética, empleando 20 loci de microsatélites nucleares, han indicado que este vidueño constituye un clon de la variedad Moscatel de Alejandría. Respecto al estrés biótico, esta variedad se muestra muy sensible al oídio y mildiu, así como a Botrytis cinerea. En la actualidad, la variedad puede considerarse como relicta, debido a causas económicas y fitosanitarias referidas en el texto.

La vigne est sensible à de nombreuses maladies cryptogamiques qui vont altérer la qualité des raisins et des vins. Depuis plusieurs années, l’Esca est devenue un fléau pour la viticulture moderne, car elle est responsable de la mort des pieds de vigne lorsqu’elle se présente sous forme apoplectique. Sa forme chronique est liée à la présence d’un cortège de champignons pathogènes dans le tronc et les bras, qui vont provoquer le plus souvent des symptômes foliaires. L’altération de la photosynthèse que cela provoque, va avoir des conséquences sur la maturation du fruit. Cependant, peu de travaux de recherche ont été menés pour caractériser précisément l’impact de cette maladie sur le métabolisme et la composition chimique des baies de raisin. Notre étude avait pour but d’apprécier, grâce à une approche protéomique, les conséquences de cette maladie sur la qualité des raisins. Nos travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence que l’expression de symptômes foliaires d’Esca provoque une modification d’abondance des protéines liées aux mécanismes de défense et de stress oxydatif de la pellicule du raisin. Il est également observé un changement de capacité antioxydante par modulation des teneurs en peroxyde d’hydrogène, en glutathion ou en pyridoxine. Les concentrations en molécules d’intérêt œnologique comme les acides aminés, les amines biogènes ou les tannins sont également modifiées en présence de symptômes foliaires d’Esca., The vine is susceptible to many fungal diseases that will affect the quality of grapes and wines. For several years, Esca has become the bane of modern viticulture because it is responsible for the death of the vines when presented in the form apoplectic. Its chronic form is associated with the presence of a procession of pathogenic fungi in the trunk and arms that will most often cause leaf symptoms. The alteration of photosynthesis that this causes will affect fruit ripening. However, little research has been conducted to characterize precisely the impact of this disease on the metabolism and chemical composition of grape berries. Our study aimed to assess, using a proteomic approach the disease's impact on the quality of grapes and get specific markers. Our work allowed us to demonstrate that the expression of foliar symptoms of Esca causes a change in abundance of proteins related to defense mechanisms and oxidative stress in the grape skin. It is also observed a change in antioxidant capacity by modulating levels of hydrogen peroxide, glutathione or pyridoxine. The concentrations of molecules of oenological interest such as amino acids, biogenic amines or tannins are also modified in the presence of foliar symptoms of Esca.

UMR 1334 AGAP : Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces Méditerranéennes; absent

La présente invention se rapporte à un procédé d'extraction de composés phénoliques de faible masse moléculaire à partir d'eaux de végétation d'olive; elle se rapporte également à des compositions enrichies en composés phénoliques comprenant au moins 40% de matière sèche, ladite matière sèche étant composée d'au moins 30% d'hydroxytyrosol; l'invention se rapporte en outre à un procédé de séchage desdites compositions par atomisation en utilisant des extraits de polyphénols de raisin comme support de séchage ainsi qu'aux poudres titrées en composés phénoliques d'olives et de raisins obtenues après séchage.

International audience; La maîtrise de la diffusion des bactéries multirésistantes (BMR) dans les établissements de santé (ES) est une priorité du Programme national de lutte contre les infections nosocomiales depuis le milieu des années 1990. Depuis 2002, le Raisin coordonne la surveillance nationale des Staphylococcus aureus résistants à la méticilline (SARM) et des entérobactéries productrices de ²-lactamases à spectre étendu (EBLSE), isolés de prélèvements à visée diagnostique dans les ES français. En 2010, 933 ES ont participé à la surveillance, soit une augmentation de 91% par rapport à 2002. En 2010, la densité d'incidence (DI) globale des SARM était de 0,40 pour 1 000 journées d'hospitalisation (IC95% : [0,39-0,41]) et celle des EBLSE de 0,39 [0,38-0,40]. De 2002 à 2010, la DI des SARM a diminué globalement de 43%, passant de 0,72 [0,70-0,74] à 0,41 [0,39-0,42] (p

The wine industry needs to find solutions in the coming years to reduce its carbon footprint by 20% and quickly propose alternatives to sulphur dioxide usage. This work on pulsed electric fields offers wine professionals an eco-innovation that could help to address these two issues. Eco-innovation is increasingly seen as the key to future competitiveness in the context of sustainable development. However, before being integrated in wine production, eco-innovation must demonstrate its performance and efficiency without compromising product quality and consumers safety so that it could be approved by government authorities (OIV, EU ...). As such, this thesis has received a joint financial support from the CIVB and the ADEME. The principle of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) is to apply to a product; electrical pulses of a few kilovolts in a very short period time (a few microseconds) and then repeated n times. During treatment (grapes, grape must or wine) cells transmembrane potential increases till the induction of pores in the membranes. The irreversibility of the pores leads not only to the extraction of cellular components but also cell death. Thus, depending on the time of this technology application in winemaking and operating parameters, allows the extraction of sensory interests compounds such as polyphenols or the inactivation of microorganisms. PEF takes into account three important aspects to the sustainability of a technology: environment, economy and quality. This technique has a number of advantages for wine producers: clean, fast, inexpensive, efficient, industrializable and automated. Compared to other treatments such as pasteurization, sterile filtration, thermovinification, hot or cold maceration, cryoextraction or flash-release, its energy consumption is low (a few tens of kWh / tonne). PEF technology is environmentally friendly, as it requires little energy and no chemical inputs. It is fast and efficient because the processing time is only a few tens to hundreds of milliseconds. Finally, this technique is a non-thermal and therefore does not degrade the heat-sensitive molecules such as flavours. The objectives of this research work was to understand the effect of PEF on the cells, to determine the processing parameters during the extraction of compounds of interest grapes and to inactivate microorganisms in order to stop alcoholic fermentation of sweet wines and stabilize microbiologically red wines before bottling maintaining the quality of the processed product., La filière viti-vinicole se doit de trouver des solutions au cours des années à venir afin de réduire son impact carbone de 20% et de proposer rapidement des alternatives au dioxyde de soufre. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse sur les champs électriques pulsés propose aux professionnels du vin une éco-innovation qui pourrait aider à répondre à ces deux problématiques. L’éco-innovation est de plus en plus considérée comme la clé de la compétitivité future dans le cadre du développement durable. Toutefois, avant d’être intégrée dans la production du vin, l’éco-innovation doit démontrer sa performance et son efficacité sans nuire à la qualité du produit et à la sécurité des consommateurs et doit être approuvée par les instances gouvernementales (OIV, UE...). A ce titre, la thèse a reçu un soutien financier conjoint du CIVB et de l’ADEME. Le principe des Champs Electriques Pulsés (CEP) est d’appliquer à un produit des impulsions électriques de quelques kilovolts durant un temps très court (quelques microsecondes) et répétées n fois. Les cellules contenues dans le produit traité (raisins, moût ou vin) voient leur potentiel transmembranaire augmenter jusqu’à l’induction de pores dans les membranes. L’irréversibilité des pores aboutit à l’extraction des composés cellulaires mais aussi à la mort des cellules. Ainsi, cette technologie, suivant le moment de son application en vinification et les paramètres opératoires, permet l’extraction des composés d’intérêts organoleptiques tels que les polyphénols mais aussi l’inactivation des microorganismes. Les CEP prennent en compte trois aspects importants pour la durabilité d’une technologie: l'environnement, l'économie et la qualité. En effet, cette technique a une série d'avantages pour le producteur de vins: elle est propre, rapide, peu chère, efficace, industrialisable et automatisable. Comparée à d’autres traitements tels que la pasteurisation, la filtration stérilisante, la thermovinification, la macération à chaud ou à froid, la cryoextraction ou encore la flash-détente, la consommation d'énergie est faible (quelques dizaines de kWh/tonne). La technologie des CEP est respectueuse de l’environnement puisqu’elle nécessite peu d’énergie et aucun intrant chimique. Elle est rapide et efficace car la durée du traitement n’est que de quelques dizaines à centaines de millisecondes. Enfin, les CEP sont une technologie non thermique et donc ne dégradent pas les molécules thermosensibles telles que les arômes. Les objectifs de ce travail de recherche ont été de comprendre l’effet des CEP sur les cellules, de déterminer les paramètres de traitement des CEP à employer pour réaliser l’extraction de composés d’intérêt des raisins et pour inactiver des microorganismes afin de stopper la fermentation alcoolique des vins liquoreux et de stabiliser microbiologiquement les vins rouges avant leur mise en bouteille en conservant la qualité du produit traité.

National audience

National audience

Contact: valerie.laucou@supagro.inra.fr; Using 20 SSR markers well scattered across the 19 grape chromosomes, we analyzed 4,370 accessions of the INRA grape repository at Vassal, mostly cultivars of Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa (3,727), but also accessions of V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris (80), interspecific hybrids (364), and rootstocks (199). The analysis revealed 2,836 SSR single profiles: 2,323 sativa cultivars, 72 wild individuals (sylvestris), 306 interspecific hybrids, and 135 rootstocks, corresponding to 2,739 different cultivars in all. A total of 524 alleles were detected, with a mean of 26.20 alleles per locus. For the 2,323 cultivars of V. vinifera, 338 alleles were detected with a mean of 16.9 alleles per locus. The mean genetic diversity (GDI) was 0.797 and the level of heterozygosity was 0.76, with broad variation from 0.20 to 1. Interspecific hybrids and rootstocks were more heterozygous and more diverse (GDI = 0.839 and 0.865, respectively) than V. vinifera cultivars (GDI = 0.769), Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris being the least divergent with GDI = 0.708. Principal coordinates analysis distinguished the four groups. Slight clonal polymorphism was detected. The limit between clonal variation and cultivar polymorphism was set at four allelic differences out of 40. SSR markers were useful as a complementary tool to traditional ampelography for cultivar identification. Finally, a set of nine SSR markers was defined that was sufficient to distinguish 99.8% of the analyzed accessions. This set is suitable for routine characterization and will be valuable for germplasm management

Les thiols variétaux : précurseurs et devenir en cours de vinification

Equipe DAVEM = Diversité et Adaptation de la Vigne et des Espèces Méditerranéennes Contact : ai.oualkadi@gmail.com; Grape diversity present in Morocco and the part of this diversity used nowadays are poorly documented. In order to choose diversified genotypes, to select them so that their agronomic interest will be tested, a group of 21 autochthonous cultivars preserved in the germplasm collections of SODEA and 18 Moroccan cultivars from "Domaine de Vassal" INRA grape collection was compared to a group of cultivars from neighbouring countries (Algeria and Tunisia), and from a core collection optimizing simple sequence repeat (SSR) allelic diversity of grape. Data from 20 nuclear and 3 chloroplastic SSR markers were obtained for this set of 211 cultivars. A total of 156 alleles (mean of 7.8 alleles per locus) were detected for the nSSRs and 7 alleles for the cpSSR in the Moroccan group. Chlorotype diversity in Moroccan and Algerian group were similar, but slightly lower than in the Tunisian group and the core collection. Similarly, the nSSR diversity was high in the core collection and low in the Moroccan and the Algerian groups compared to the two other groups. Clustering of cultivars based on nSSR data reflected their geographical origin and, to a certain extent, the use of the cultivars. The specificity of the Moroccan plant material was attested by the Bayesian analysis using Structure, while differences of the core collection were clearly revealed both by the Bayesian and a multivariate analysis. These results confirm the differentiation of the material from Maghreb and more specifically of Moroccan material, having evolved independently from Europe.

Background The composition of grapevine berry at harvest is a major determinant of wine quality. Optimal oenological maturity of berries is characterized by a high sugar/acidity ratio, high anthocyanin content in the skin, and low astringency. However, harvest time is still mostly determined empirically, based on crude biochemical composition and berry tasting. In this context, it is interesting to identify genes that are expressed/repressed specifically at the late stages of ripening and which may be used as indicators of maturity. Results Whole bunches and berries sorted by density were collected in vineyard on Chardonnay (white cultivar) grapevines for two consecutive years at three stages of ripening (7-days before harvest (TH-7), harvest (TH), and 10-days after harvest (TH+10)). Microvinification and sensory analysis indicate that the quality of the wines made from the whole bunches collected at TH-7, TH and TH+10 differed, TH providing the highest quality wines. In parallel, gene expression was studied with Qiagen/Operon microarrays using two types of samples, i.e. whole bunches and berries sorted by density. Only 12 genes were consistently up- or down-regulated in whole bunches and density sorted berries for the two years studied in Chardonnay. 52 genes were differentially expressed between the TH-7 and TH samples. In order to determine whether these genes followed a similar pattern of expression during the late stages of berry ripening in a red cultivar, nine genes were selected for RT-PCR analysis with Cabernet Sauvignon grown under two different temperature regimes affecting the precocity of ripening. The expression profiles and their relationship to ripening were confirmed in Cabernet Sauvignon for seven genes, encoding a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase, a galactinol synthase, a late embryogenesis abundant protein, a dirigent-like protein, a histidine kinase receptor, a valencene synthase and a putative S-adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase. Conclusions This set of up- and down-regulated genes characterize the late stages of berry ripening in the two cultivars studied, and are indirectly linked to wine quality. They might be used directly or indirectly to design immunological, biochemical or molecular tools aimed at the determination of optimal ripening in these cultivars.

[EN] Sorption isotherms determination of apricots and raisins. Sorption isotherms are an important information source in order to establish the stability of food products and their storage conditions. This work addresses the sorption isotherms determination of apricots and raisins. In the case of apricots, the influence of the maturity index (acidity index) on isotherms has been analysed. GAB parameters have been determined from the experimental equilibrium isotherm data, showing a good correlation between experimental and predicted values. The isotherms obtained for the two maturity index studied are very similar. On the other hand, the isotherms of intermediate maturity apricots and raisins are almost superposable, [FR] Les isothermes de sorption constituent une source d'information importante pour établir la stabilité des produits alimentaires et ses conditions de conservation. Le but de ce travail est la détermination des isothermes de sorption des abricots et du raisin au cours de l'opération de séchage. Dans le cas des abricots, on a aussi analysé l'influence sur les isothermes de leur stade de maturité. À partir des données expérimentales des isothermes d'équilibre on a calculé les paramètres du modèle GAB, montrant une bonne concordance. Les isothermes obtenues pour les deux degrés de maturité d'abricot étudiés sont très similaires. D'autre part, les isothermes obtenues pour les abricots d'indice de maturité moyenne et les raisins sont pratiquement superposées.

International audience; All stakeholders, from consumers to regulators are beginning to demand that French viticulturists reduce their environmental impact, but not at the expense of the quality of the wine. This position paper presents the approach to evaluate the compatibility of grape quality and environmental objectives in Central Loire Valley PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) vineyards. The environmental quality of vineyard management strategies will be assessed using the LCA method. The adaptations and choices to be made for LCA implementation are discussed. The data handling necessary to build the typology of production strategies and confront both the product and environmental quality of wineyard management are exposed

UMR AGAP Equipe Diversité, adaptation et amélioration de la vigne (DAAV); DNA sequence diversity was investigated at two plastid regions (the trnH-psbA intergenic spacer and the rpl16 intron) in a geographically diverse group of 113 cultivated grape samples. This group included 40 samples from the Republic of Georgia, home to over 500 grape cultivars and the earliest archaeological evidence of grape domestication. The greater Caucasus region in which Georgia lies is widely believed to be the area in which grape domestication began, and the study of genetic diversity in this region is viewed as key to understanding grape domestication in general. Four plastid haplotypes are evident in the 113 samples, and are designated by their character-states at each of the 3 polymorphic positions: (AAA)–23 samples, (ATT)–29 samples, (GTA)–34 samples, and (ATA)–27 samples. The AAA haplotype was only observed in Georgian samples, and these 23 “Rkatsiteli” group cultivars originate mostly from eastern Georgia. Contrast this group with the nine Georgian cultivars (23%) of the “Chkhaveri-Pinot noir” group (GTA), most of which are cultivated in western Georgia near the Black Sea coast. The observation that the Georgian cultivars exhibited both unique plastid DNA variation (the AAA haplotype) and all other observed plastid haplotypes is consistent with previous studies that have observed both unique and high levels of genetic variation in wild grape (V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris) in the greater Caucasus region.

Depuis la mise en cuve du raisin jusqu'à la dégustation, les interactions entre tanins et protéines jouent un rôle prépondérant en Œnologie. Elles vont influencer de nombreuses caractéristiques du vin, notamment l'astringence. La cinétique et l'équilibre de l’interaction entre la BSA, une protéine modèle, et des tanins de raisin ont été étudiés. Différentes conditions de ratio initial, de pH et d'éthanol ont permis de mettre en évidence des propriétés essentielles du mécanisme. La non-stœchiométrie de la réaction et la dépendance linéaire du ratio initial tanin-protéine de la solution avec celui du précipité est un des points clefs. Les constantes cinétiques sont également dépendantes de ce ratio. La participation conjointe des forces hydrophobes et des liaisons hydrogènes a été montrée. En parallèle, le suivi des tanins et des protéines lors de la vinification et de la dégustation a été réalisé. La disparition des protéines dans le moût au début de vinification peut être corrélée au comportement des tanins. Une méthode HPLC permettant la titration de la salive par le vin montre un comportement classique des protéines salivaires dans l'interaction. La visualisation des protéines salivaires précipitant sous l'effet des tanins par gels 2D montre globalement une non-spécificité de l’interaction avec une précipitation non sélective des protéines salivaires par les tanins du vin., From wine making to wine tasting, interactions between tannin and protein detain a prominent role in Enology, influencing several wine characteristics like its astringency. Interaction kinetics and precipitation equilibrium between BSA, a model protein, and grape seed tannin have been studied. Variations of initial ratio, pH and ethanol conditions pointed out essential properties of the mechanism. Lack of stoichiometry of the interaction with a linear dependence between initial and final tannin/protein ratio are key points. Kinetic constants are also related to this ratio. Mutual participation of both hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonds has been shown. Along with these investigations in model solution, tannin and proteins have been followed during wine making and tasting. Disappearance of protein in the must and tannin behaviour can be linked. An HPLC method allowing the titration of saliva with wine indicates a classical behaviour of salivary proteins. Observation of salivary proteins precipitating with tannin thanks to 2D gels shows a non selective precipitation of salivary proteins by wine.

Dried fruits are susceptible products for mold contamination and growth, and consequent mycotoxin production. Numerous studies revealed high incidences or high levels of contamination of these products with mycotoxins. Once the product is contaminated, decontamination procedures are inevitable. Ozonation, a recently approved process in the food industry, has revealed promising results in detoxifying contaminated products. This review presents the results of recent studies conducted on mycotoxin contamination in economically important dried fruits and gives some information about contamination steps, mechanisms, and possible prevention methods for each product. The potential of ozone application in mycotoxin degradation was reviewed and finally data obtained from recent studies about the properties of degradation products after the reaction between ozone and mycotoxins was discussed. © 2010 Informa UK Ltd.

International audience; Au coeur des agricultures méditerranéennes depuis des siècles, l’olivier, le blé et la vigne restent les piliers essentiels des économies agricoles du bassin méditerranéen, au même titre que les fruits et légumes.

La surface des vignobles mondiaux représente environ 7,9 millions ha, ce qui correspond à une production annuelle de 67 millions de tonnes de baies. La production mondiale annuelle de vins est de l’ordre de 300 millions hl/an. La surface du vignoble français est de 843 000 ha. La viticulture moderne doit affronter trois défis majeurs interdépendants : réduire l’utilisation des produits phytosanitaires, s'adapter au changement climatique, maîtriser la qualité et la typicité pour garder ou conquérir de nouveaux marchés.En 2007, la vigne est devenue la première espèce fruitière pérenne dont le génome a été séquencé. Cette avancée scientifique ouvre de nombreuses perspectives en termes de génomique fonctionnelle (ensemble de méthodes permettant de caractériser la fonction des gènes) et de biologie intégrative (ensemble de méthodes visant à appréhender le fonctionnement global de la plante et ses réponses à l’environnement). Ces perspectives dépendent pour une bonne part de la maîtrise de quantités importantes de données qu’il convient d’organiser et de corréler grâce à des outils informatiques adaptés.Des approches fonctionnelles concernant des gènes candidats et des approches transcriptomiques à haut débit ont permis d’identifier certains gènes ou certaines familles de gènes impliqués dans le développement et la maturation de la baie de raisin, mais au moment où cette thèse a débuté, aucun travail de biologie intégrative n’avait été entrepris.Le travail présenté ici, qui décrit l’obtention et l’analyse de métadonnées transcriptomiques et biochimiques portant sur la réponse de la baie à l’environnement radiatif, s’inscrit dans ce contexte. En procédant à un effeuillage partiel après la véraison, nous avons modulé l’exposition des baies au rayonnement solaire. Ceci a permis d’étudier l’influence du rayonnement (baie exposée, non exposée), de la position de la grappe (est, ouest) et de la position de la baie (à l’extérieur ou à l’intérieur de la grappe). Des baies ont été récoltées à 5 moments différents après l’effeuillage et utilisées pour des analyses métabolomiques et transcriptomiques. Leur contenu en sucres, acides organiques, acides aminés, anthocyanes et flavonols a été analysé par des dosages enzymatiques et par chromatographie liquide à haute performance). L’expression des gènes a été étudiée avec des microarrays représentatifs de l’ensemble du génome de la vigne (29600 gènes) pour les conditions présentant les différences métaboliques les plus marquées (baies exposées, situées à l’ouest et à l’extérieur de la grappe vs baies non exposées, situées à l’est et à l’intérieur de la grappe). Des analyses statistiques et corrélatives ont été conduites pour (a) déterminer les métabolites qui répondent au traitement et les facteurs qui les influencent (b) déterminer les gènes qui répondent aux traitements et ceux qui semblent co-régulés (c) préciser les réseaux de gènes et de métabolites qui semblent reliés. L’effeuillage n’affecte pas la teneur en sucres ou en acide tartrique des baies, il affecte peu les acides aminés, mais il augmente la teneur en flavonols et diminue la teneur en acide malique. Il affecte plus particulièrement les gènes associés au stress abiotique, au métabolisme secondaire, au transport et au métabolisme hormonal. Des expériences complémentaires ont permis d’identifier divers gènes spécifiquement associés à la composante thermique de l’exposition au soleil, parmi lequels des gènes codant pour des HSP, des transporteurs ABC, et des enzymes du métabolisme flavonoïdique. Des réseaux reliant des gènes et des métabolites ont pu être construits, qui associent des métabolites secondaires à des gènes de fonctions connues, ou à de nouveaux gènes candidats dont il conviendra d’étudier la fonction précise., The total surface of vineyards worldwide is about 7.9 millions ha, which corresponds to an annual production of 67 millions tons berries. The annual world production of wines is about 300 millions hl/year. The French wineyard occupies 843 000 ha, among which 481 000 ha are dedicated to high quality wines (VQPRD) and 362 000 ha to table wines. Modern viticulture must deal with three major and related challenges : reduce the use of organic and inorganic phytochemicals, adapt the vineyard to climatic change and control the quality and the typicity in order to keep or gain new markets.In 2007, the grapevine became the first perennial fruit species whose genome was sequenced. This scientific breakthrough opens new pespectives in terms of functional genomics (set of methods allowing to characterize the function of genes) and integrative biology (set of methods allowing to study the global functioning of the plant and its response to the environment). These perspectives mainly depend on our ability to analyze large sets of data with adequate informatic tools.Functional approaches on candidate genes, and high throughput transcriptomic approaches have allowed to identify some genes or some gene families involved in the development and ripening of the grape berry, but when this Ph. D work started, no paper based on integrative biology was published on grapevine. The present work, which describes the collection and analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic metadata related to the response of the berry to sun exposure. The exposure of the berries to the sun was controlled through a partial defoliation after veraison. This allowed to study the effects of sun exposure (exposed or shaded berries), of the position of the cluster (east, west) and of the anatomical position of the berry (outside or inside the berry). Berries were collected at 5 different time points after defoliation and used for metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. Their content in sugars, amino acids, organic acids, anthocyanins and flavonols was analyzed by enzymatic assays and high performance liquid chromatography. For the berries whose metabolic content differed the most (exposed, west and outside berries vs shaded, east and inside berries), gene expression was studied with microarrays bearing a set of probes covering the whole genome of grapevine (29600 genes). Correlative and statistical analysis were conducted in order to (a) determine the metabolites that are the most responsive to the treatment, and the most important factors that control them (b) determine the genes that respond to the treatment and seem to be co-regulated (c) to precise the networks of genes and metabolites which seem related. Defoliation does not affect the sugar and tartaric acid contents, hardly affects amino acids, but it increases flavonol content and decreases malic acid content. It affects more specifically genes associated with abiotic stress, secondary metabolism, transport and hormonal metabolism. Additional experiments allowed us to identify genes that are specifically associated with the thermal component of sun exposure, among which genes encoding HSP, ABC transporters, and enzymes of flavonoid metabolism. Networks relating genes and metabolites could be constructed. These networks associate secondary metabolites with genes of known function and new candidate genes for which the function will have to be precised.

La qualité optimale des vendanges dépend étroitement du choix de la date des vendanges. Différents critères de qualité du raisin sont donc suivis au cours de sa maturation. La spectroscopie visible proche infrarouge (Vis-NIR) permet d'analyser rapidement la composition des produits de manière non-destructive. Cet article présente le développement d'un capteur basé sur l'utilisation de la spectroscopie Vis-NIR destiné au suivi de maturité, le Spectron. Il permet de connaître le taux de sucre, l'acidité totale, la teneur en eau et la concentration en anthocyanes du raisin, qui sont directement mesurés sur la parcelle. Il a été mis au point par la société Pellenc S.A.en partenariat avec l'équipe de l'UMR-ITAP du Cemagref de Montpellier.

La société, les marchés et l’état imposent à la viticulture française de réduire ses impacts environnementaux tout en produisant des vins de qualité. Ce document expose la démarche prévue pour l’évaluation de la compatibilité des objectifs qualitatifs et environnementaux de la production de raisins de cuve dans les vignobles AOC du centre Val de Loire. La méthode de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie a été choisie pour l’évaluation de la qualité environnementale des itinéraires techniques. La pertinence du choix de trois années de mesure est discutée, Social, economic and state increase their demand towards French viticulturists for reduction of their environmental impact, but not at the expense of the quality of the wine. This position paper presents the approach to evaluate the compatibility of grape quality and environmental objectives in Central Loire Valley PDO vineyards. The environmental quality of vineyard management will be assessed using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The relevance of replicating 3 years of measurements is explored

National audience

La connaissance de la composition phénolique du Cabernet-Sauvignon (CS) et du Merlot (M) dans la région vitivinicole du bordelais a un intérêt majeur pour définir la structure et la qualité tannique (astringence et amertume) des raisins et des vins. La composition en tanins et anthocyanes de raisins et de vins issus du Cabernet Sauvignon et du Merlot ainsi que leur perception tannique ont été recherchées. L’étude raisins a été réalisée pour cinq parcelles de la région bordelaise (Pauillac, Margaux, Saint Emilion (1), Saint Emilion (2) Côtes de Bourg) pour trois millésimes consécutifs : 2006, 2007 et 2008 et différents types de sol : Limoneux, Sableux, Limono-Sableux 1, Limono-Sableux 2, Limon argilo-sableux pour le M et Limono-argileux, Sablo-limoneux 1, Limono-sableux, Sablo-limoneux 2 et Limoneux pour le CS. Les monomères [(+)-catéchine (C), (-)-épicatéchine (EC), (-)-épicatéchine-O-gallate] et les oligomères (dimères: B1, B2, B3, B4 et trimère Cat-Cat-Epi) des procyanidines, ont été identifiées et quantifiées pour les extraits de raisins (pépins et pellicules) et pour les vins par CHLP-UV-Fluo. Le pourcentage de galloylation (%G), le pourcentage de prodelphinidines (%P) ainsi que le degré moyen de polymérisation (DPm) des tanins oligomères des raisins et des tannins de vin ont été déterminés par CHLP-UV-SM. L’intensité d’astringence et d’amertume des tanins oligomères des raisins (pépins et pellicules) et des vins ont été estimées par analyse sensorielle. Les anthocyanes monoglucosides [cyanidine-3-O-glucoside (Cy), delphinidine-3-O-glucoside (Dp), paeonidine-3-O-glucoside (Pn), malvidine-3-O-glucoside (Mv), petunidine-3-O-glucoside (Pt)] et les anthocyanes acétylées (paeonidine-3-O-glucoside, malvidine-3-O-glucoside) et coumaroylées (paeonidine-3-O-glucoside, malvidine-3-O-glucoside) ont été identifiées et quantifiées par CLHP-UV-SM dans les extraits de pellicules et dans les vins. L’influence du sol, du millésime, et du cépage (pour les raisins et les vins) ont été explorés. Le millésime, dans les deux cas (raisins et vins), a un effet très significatif et domine celui du cépage (raisins et vins) et celui du sol (raisins) sur la plupart des variables étudiées. Selon le type de sol et le millésime, la qualité tannique des raisins est évaluée. Les pépins de CS issus du sol Limono-sableux présentent une grande variabilité au niveau du DPm (3,8 à 7,2) et au niveau du % G (19,0 à 51,3). Ceux-ci sont plus astringents et amers que les pépins issus des autres types de sols. Les pépins (CS) du millésime 2006 sont plus astringents et amers que ceux des autres millésimes, même s’ils sont caractérisés par des valeurs de DPm et % G deux fois moins élevées que ceux de 2007. Pour les sols Limono-sableux, les pellicules (CS) possèdent les valeurs moyennes de DPm (30,89) et de % G (5,07) les plus élevées et sont perçues comme les plus astringentes. Les pépins de M issus du sol Limono-sableux 1 et du sol Limoneux présentent des DPm maximums de 3,20 et 3,03 ; avec des intensités moyennes d’astringence et d’amertume les plus élevées pour le sol Limono-sableux 1. Pour les pépins de M, les intensités d’astringence sont du même ordre pour les 3 millésimes. Les pépins (M) de 2007 possèdent le % G le plus élevé (33,34) et sont perçus plus amers par rapport aux autres millésimes. Les pellicules de M des sols sableux sont plus astringentes avec une variation forte du % P (3,8 à 14,0). Pour le M, les pellicules issues du sol Limoneux sont moins astringentes et se caractérisent par un DPm moins élevé (10,42) par rapport aux autres sols. Pour les pépins, le CS présente un DPm (4,15) et un % G (26,12) plus élevés que celui du M (2,74 et 21,22 %). Pour les pellicules, le CS se caractérise par un DPm (22,85), un % G (3,24 %) et un % P (14,99 %) plus élevés que ceux de M (DPm = 19,42, % G = 1,31 %, % P= 5,54). Pour les trois millésimes étudiés, le cépage n’a influencé ni l'amertume ni l'astringence pour les pépins et les pellicules. Les différences significatives et consécutives sur la composition en anthocyanes entre CS et M pour les trois millésimes portent sur : la Cy, la Pt, la Pn, la Mv et les anthocyanes acétylées et coumaroylées. Les teneurs en anthocyanes acétylées sont deux fois plus élevées pour le CS (6,99 mg/g), alors que le M présente des teneurs en anthocyanes coumaroylées (3,31 mg/g) plus élevées que celles du CS (1,99 mg/g). L’étude de la qualité tannique sur vins, a été réalisée pour 24 millésimes issus de CS et 7 millésimes issus de M. Les teneurs en composés phénoliques, en anthocyanes, en tanins totaux, en monomères des tanins (C+EC), la teinte, l’IC’ (intensité colorante), le % G, le % P et le DPm ainsi que l’intensité de l’astringence apparaissent comme des données pertinentes pour différencier les vins en fonction du millésime. Des corrélations entre l’âge des vins et : le DPm, la teinte, l’astringence, les teneurs en composés phénoliques totaux, en monomères de tanins (C+EC) et en tanins totaux ont pu être obtenues. La caractérisation qualitative des tanins et des vins est établie par corrélation entre l’astringence et le DPm (R2 = 0,509, p = 0,051, CS ; R2 = 0,780, p = 0,000, M). De plus, le DPm apparaît être un marqueur du millésime (R2 = 0,796, p = 0,000 ; CS et R2 = 0,946, p = 0,000 ; M). Nous proposons une échelle reliant le DPm des vins en fonction du millésime et de la perception tannique (astringence). Les vins issus du M sont caractérisés par une moindre richesse en composés phénoliques totaux, en tanins, en anthocyanes, en DPm, en % G, en % P ainsi que par une intensité d’astringence moins importante par rapport a ceux de CS. Le TAV (titre alcoométrique volumique, % vol) semble être positivement corrélé à l’amertume (r = 0,39, p < 0,05)., Cabernet-Sauvignon (CS) and Merlot (M) phenolic composition is of paramount importance to grapes and red wines structure and quality (astringency and bitterness) in Bordeaux winegrowing region. Tannins and anthocyanins composition as well as tannin perception have been studied for Cabernet-Sauvignon and Merlot grapes and wines. Grapes study was carried out with samples from five vineyards located in Bordeaux (Pauillac, Margaux, Saint Emilion (1), Saint Emilion (2)and Côtes de Bourg) for three consecutive vintages (2006, 2007 and 2008) and for different soil types (Silty, Sandy, Silty-sandy 1, Silty-sandy 2, Silty clay-sandy for M and Clay-loam, Sandy-silty 1, Silty-sandy, Sandy-silty 2 and Silty for CS). The proanthocyanidin monomers [(+)-catechin (C), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin-O-gallatte] and oligomers [dimers: B1, B2, B3, B4 and trimer Cat-Cat-Epi] from grape extracts (seed and skin) and wine were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV-Fluo. Percentage of galloylation (%G), percentage of prodelphinidins (%P) as well as mean degree of polymerization (mDP) of grape tannins oligomers and wine tannins were determined by HPLC-UV-MS. Sensory analysis concerning astringency and bitterness intensity of grape tannins oligomers (skins and seeds) and wines was also performed. The anthocyanic composition of glucosides [cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside (Dp), paeonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pn), malvidin-3-O-glucoside (Mv), petunidin-3-O-glucoside (Pt)] acetylated glucosides (paeonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside]) and coumarylic glucosides (paeonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside) of skins extracts and wines were analysed by HPLS-MS. Soil, vintage and grape variety influence on the above parameters are explored. The vintage in both cases (grapes and wines), has a significant effect and dominates that of grape variety (grape and wine) and soil (grape). Depending on soil type and vintage, tannins grapes quality is evaluated. CS seeds from Silty-sandy soil present a great variability on mDP (3.8 to 7.2) and on % G (19.0 to 51.3). The above seeds are more astringent and bitter than those from other soil types. The 2006 seeds (CS) are more astringent and bitter than these from the other vintages, even if they are characterized by G % and mDP values two times lower than these of 2007. Skins (CS) of Silty-sandy soils, have the highest mDP (30.89) and % G (5.07) average values and are perceived as more astringent. M seeds from Silty-sandy 1 and Silty soil have the maximum mDP values (3.20 and 3.03); Silty-sandy 1 M seeds present the highest astringency and bitterness intensities. For M seeds, astringency intensities present the same values for the 3 vintages. The 2007 seeds (M) have the highest % G (33.34) and are perceived bitter than those from the other vintages. M skins from Sandy soils are the most astringent with a strong variation on % P (3.8 to 14.0). M skins from Silty soils are less astringent and are characterized by lower mDP values (10.42) than these from other soils. In seeds, CS presents a mDP (4.15) and a % G (26.12) higher than M (2.74 and 21.22 %). CS skins are also characterized by higher mDP (22.85), % G (3.24 %) and % P (14.99 %) values than M (mDP = 19.42, % G = 1.31 % and %, P = 5.54 %). For all three vintages studied, the grape variety does not affect the astringency and bitterness intensity in both skin and seed tannins extracts. The consistent differences between CS and M for the three vintages on anthocyanin composition are on : Cy, Pt, Pn, Mv, acetylated and coumarylic anthocyanin levels. Acetylated anthocyanins values are two times highest for CS (6.99 mg/g), while M presents (3.31 mg/g) coumarylic anthocyanin levels higher than CS (1.99 mg/g). The study concerning wine tannin quality, was conducted for 24 vintages for CS and for 7 vintages for M. Total phenolic compounds, total anthocyanins, total tannins, tannin monomers (C+EC), hue, IC' (color intensity), % G, % P, mDP and astringency intensity differentiate wines according to vintage. The correlation between wine age and: mDP, hue, astringency, total phenolic compounds, tannin monomers (C+EC) and total tannin levels are obtained. The qualitative tannin and wine characterization is established by correlation between astringency and mDP (R 2 = 0.509, p = 0.051, CS; R2= 0.780, p = 0.000, M). In addition, the mDP appears to be vintage marker (R 2 = 0.796, p = 0.000; CS and R2 = 0.946, p = 0.000; M). Scale patterns between wine mDP and both ageing and tannin perception (astringency) are proposed. M wines are characterized by lower levels of total phenolic compounds, tannins, anthocyanins, mDP, % G, % P % levels as well as by lower astringency intensity than CS wines. Ethanol level seems to be positively correlated to bitterness (r = 0.39, p < 0.05).

Okratoksin A (OTA), Penicillium ve Aspergillus türü küfler tarafından üretilen ve çeşitli tahıl ürünleri, kuru meyveler, yer fıstığı, kahve, kakao, baharat, şarap, bira ve bazı hayvansal ürünlerde rastlanan bir mikotoksindir. Bütün memelilerde nefrotoksik, hepatotoksik, karsinojenik, teratojenik ve immünotoksik etkileri kanıtlanmış olan OTA, Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Enstitüsüsü (IARC) tarafından olası insan kanserojeni (Grup 2B) sınıfına alınmıştır. Aynı zamanda Güneydoğu Avrupa Ülkelerinde görülen Balkan Endemik Nefropatisi (BEN), idrar yolları tümörleri ile Mısır ve Tunus'ta görülen ve etyolojisi tanımlanamayan nefropatilerin sorumlusu olarak da görülmektedir.OTA, gıda maddelerinde ve hayvan yemlerinde bulunabilen en tehlikeli bulaşıcılardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle gıdalarda ve yemlerde OTA düzeylerinin araştırılması ve insanların bu toksine maruziyetlerinin belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.Bu çalışmada; İstanbul'da satışa sunulan üzüm ve üzüm ürünlerinde OTA varlığı, ekstraksiyon ve immunoaffinite kolon ile temizlemenin ardından ters faz yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi yöntemi ile tayin edilmiştir. Analizler fluoresans dedektörü ile eksitasyon dalga boyu 333 nm ve emisyon dalga boyu 460 nm'de, mobil faz olarak su: asetonitril: asetik asit (99:99:2, v:v:v) karışımı kullanılarak, 1mL/dak akış hızında izokratik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.Çalışılan 50 kuru üzüm ve 10 üzüm suyu örneğinin 6 tanesinde 0,19-2,59 ppb aralığında OTA'ya rastlanmıştır. 25 adet pekmez örneğinin 21 tanesinde (%84) 0,55 ppb-4,90 ppb aralığında değişen değerlerde, bir örnekte ise tayin sınırının altında OTA tespit edilmiştir. 12 pekmez örneğinde saptanan OTA değerleri, Türk Gıda Kodeksi ve Avrupa Birliği Gıda Bilimsel Komitesi tarafından izin verilen maksimum değerlerin üzerindedir. Saptanan en yüksek OTA değeri 4,90 ppb, ortalama değer ise 1,83 ppb'dir. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by toxigenic mould species (Penicillium and Aspergillus), which occurs in a variety of products, including cereals, spices, wine, dried fruit, cocoa, coffee beans, peanuts, beer and fruit juices. OTA has been shown to be nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic to several species of animal and cause kidney and liver tumors in all mammals. As far as humans concerned, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) classified OTA as a possible carcinogen to humans (Group 2B). With regard to nephrotoxicity, OTA is considered to be involved in the Balkan Endemic Nephropaty (BEN), a severe kidney pathology, generally occurring in some areas of South-Eastern Europe and linked to urinary tract tumors in Agypt and Tunisia.OTA has been dedected in diverse food and feed commodities and so it has an increasing attention world-wide because of the hazard it poses to human and animal health.In this study, the quantity of OTA in grape and grape products sold in İstanbul was studied on using HPLC. The method based on immunoaffinity column for clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water:acetic acid (99:99:2) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection was with a fluorescence dedector with excitation 333 nm and emission 460 nm.According to the analyses results of 50 dried grapes and 10 grape juice samples, OTA was found in 6 samples between 0.19 to 2.59 ppb. Also, in 21 (%84) of 25 pekmez samples it was dedected between 0.47 ppb to 4.90 ppb. The OTA contamination in 12 samples is much higher than the limit value of 2 ppb as defined in the Turkish Food Codex and EU Scıentıfıc Committee on Food. 1 sample had no dedectable OTA contamination. The maximum concentration of OTA in samples was found 4.90 ppb and the mean concentration was found 1.83 ppb. 83

Au Domaine Expérimental La Tapy, une parcelle de raisin de table est conduite selon les principes de l’agriculture biologique afin d’étudier les éventuels verrous techniques de ce mode de culture et ce, en comparaison avec une autre parcelle, conduite en agriculture raisonnée. La variété Muscat de Hambourg, commune aux deux parcelles, sert de référence pour les différentes observations. Les résultats concernent essentiellement la qualité phytosanitaire des vignes. L’exigence qualitative d’absence d’oïdium en raisin de table est difficilement atteinte en production biologique, même avec des passages répétés à cadences resserrées en cas de forte pression. La gestion du Botrytis est liée à la climatologie, la prophylaxie est donc de rigueur. Les faibles populations d’Eudémis et l’absence de Cochylis sur les parcelles et la bonne efficacité des traitements spécifiques, même en lutte biologique, à l’aide de produits à base de Bacillus thuringiensis, ont entrainé des dégâts nuls à négligeables sur les deux parcelles observées. Un suivi des populations de cicadelles vertes (Empoasca vitis) montre qu’il n’y a pas eu de remontée de population de larves. La présence régulière d’auxiliaires dans cette parcelle explique en partie la faible présence de cicadelles vertes., At the La Tapy Experimental Station in southeastern France, a plot of table grapes is managed according to the principles of organic farming in order to study potential technical impediments of this growing system compared to another plot that is managed according to the principles of sustainable agriculture. Muscat de Hambourg, the variety common to these two plots, is used as a reference for the different observations. Results are primarily related to the impact of pest management efficiency on vine quality. The qualitative requirement that powdery mildew be absent on table grapes is difficult to fulfil in the case of organic farming, even with several different treatments and frequent applications. Botrytis management is related to climatic conditions; disease prevention is therefore essential. Small populations of grapeberry moths (Lobesia botrana) and the absence of grape bud moths (Eupoecilia ambiguella) on those plots, as well as the efficacy of specific treatments, even in the context of biological control, using products containing Bacillus thuringiensis, led to either none or negligible damage on the two observed plots. Monitoring of grape leaf hopper populations (Empoasca vitis) revealed that there was no increase in the larva population. The stable level of auxiliaries on this plot partially explains the low incidence of Empoasca vitis.

Colloque Dinabio mai 2008 à Montpellier. 1. Défis techniques de la production à la transformation; National audience; At the La Tapy Experimental Station in southeastern France, a plot of table grapes is managed according to the principles of organic farming in order to study potential technical impediments of this growing system compared to another plot that is managed according to the principles of sustainable agriculture. Muscat de Hambourg, the variety common to these two plots, is used as a reference for the different observations. Results are primarily related to the impact of pest management efficiency on vine quality. The qualitative requirement that powdery mildew be absent on table grapes is difficult to fulfil in the case of organic farming, even with several different treatments and frequent applications. Botrytis management is related to climatic conditions; disease prevention is therefore essential. Small populations of grapeberry moths (Lobesia botrana) and the absence of grape bud moths (Eupoecilia ambiguella) on those plots, as well as the efficacy of specific treatments, even in the context of biological control, using products containing Bacillus thuringiensis, led to either none or negligible damage on the two observed plots. Monitoring of grape leaf hopper populations (Empoasca vitis) revealed that there was no increase in the larva population. The stable level of auxiliaries on this plot partially explains the low incidence of Empoasca vitis.; Au Domaine Expérimental La Tapy, une parcelle de raisin de table est conduite selon les principes de l’agriculture biologique afin d’étudier les éventuels verrous techniques de ce mode de culture et ce, en comparaison avec une autre parcelle, conduite en agriculture raisonnée. La variété Muscat de Hambourg, commune aux deux parcelles, sert de référence pour les différentes observations. Les résultats concernent essentiellement la qualité phytosanitaire des vignes. L’exigence qualitative d’absence d’oïdium en raisin de table est difficilement atteinte en production biologique, même avec des passages répétés à cadences resserrées en cas de forte pression. La gestion du Botrytis est liée à la climatologie, la prophylaxie est donc de rigueur. Les faibles populations d’Eudémis et l’absence de Cochylis sur les parcelles et la bonne efficacité des traitements spécifiques, même en lutte biologique, à l’aide de produits à base de Bacillus thuringiensis, ont entrainé des dégâts nuls à négligeables sur les deux parcelles observées. Un suivi des populations de cicadelles vertes (Empoasca vitis) montre qu’il n’y a pas eu de remontée de population de larves. La présence régulière d’auxiliaires dans cette parcelle explique en partie la faible présence de cicadelles vertes.

Kurutulmuş meyve üretimi ve ticareti açısından önemli bir yere sahip olan ülkemiz, özellikle güneşte kurutulmuş incir, kayısı ve üzüm bakımından Dünya'da lider konumdadır. Araştırma, bu ürünlerde kaliteyi özellikle depolama sırasında ortaya çıkabilecek bozulmaları ve mikotoksin oluşumunu etkileyen önemli bir faktör olan su aktivitesinin (aw), meyvenin su içeriği ve sıcaklıkla olan ilişkilerini incelemekte ve farklı işlem görmüş kuru meyvelerde uygulanan işlemlerin etkilerini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada her birinden 30 örnek olmak üzere farklı nem düzeyine sahip natürel (işlenmemiş) (%11.959-26.051) ve işlenmiş (%13.931-27.712) incir, kükürtlü (%23.127-32.845) ve natürel (kükürtlenmemiş) (%19.113-25.587) kayısı ve potasyum karbonat (potasa) eriyiğine bandırılarak (%9.389-19.641) ve bandırılmadan kurutulan natürel (bandırılmamış) (%11.743-19.393) çekirdeksiz üzüm örnekleri alınarak 15, 25 ve 35 oC deki su aktivitesi değerleri ve üründeki su miktarı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen nem ve su aktivitesi değerleri incelenen kuru meyveler açısından kuru incirin ve natürel kuru kayısının daha riskli ürünler olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.Anahtar Sözcükler: Kuru incir, kuru kayısı, kuru üzüm, su aktivitesi, sıcaklık. Turkey posess a significant place in the world dried fruit production and trade and is a leader especially in respect to sun-dried figs, apricot and raisins. The research aims to investigate the relationship between water activity (aw), a parameter that affects quality lossess especially during storage and mycotoxin formation, fruit moisture content and temperature and to asses the effect of different processes that dried fruit undergo on these relationships. The experiment is designed to determine the water content (%) and water activity levels in 30 samples with different moisture contents at 15, 25 and 35 oC in each variable: natural (unprocessed) (11.959 % - 26.051 %) or processed (13.931 % - 27.712 %) figs, sulphur treated (23.127 % - 32.845 %) or natural (untreated) (19.113 % - 25.587 %) apricots and raisins dipped in potassium carbonate (9.389% - 19.641 %) or undipped (11.743 % - 19.393 %) raisins. Obtained result display increased risks in respect to dried figs and naturally dried apricots.Keywords: Dried fig, dried apricot, raisin, water activity, temperature. 82

The effect of the trace metals Cu, K, Na, and Ca, separately or in mixture, on fermentation time, ethanol production rate, and cell growth in the fermentation of synthetic media containing sucrose is discussed. The results are related to the range of contents found in raw materials, molasses and raisins, in order to determine their optimum concentrations for alcohol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) proanthocyanidins contribute to plant defense mechanisms against biotic stress and also play a critical role in organoleptic properties of wine. In grapevine berry, these compounds are mainly accumulated in exocarps and seeds in the very early stages of development. A previous study has already identified VvMybPA1 as the first transcription factor involved in the regulation of the proanthocyanidin pathway during seed development in grapevine. A novel Myb factor, VvMybPA2, which is described in this study, is in contrast mainly expressed in the exocarp of young berries and in the leaves. This transcription factor shows very high protein sequence homology with other plant Myb factors, which regulate flavonoid biosynthesis. Ectopic expression of either VvMybPA1 or VvMybPA2 in grapevine hairy roots induced qualitative and quantitative changes of the proanthocyanidin profiles. High-throughput transcriptomic analyses of transformed grapevine organs identified a large set of putative targets of the VvMybPA1 and VvMybPA2 transcription factors. Both genes significantly activated enzymes of the flavonoid pathway, including anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1, the specific terminal steps in the biosynthesis of epicatechin and catechin, respectively, but not leucoanthocyanidin reductase 2. The functional annotation of the genes whose expression was modified revealed putative new actors of the proanthocyanidin pathway, such as glucosyltransferases and transporters.

Contacts: silvia.vezzulli@iasma.it, diego.micheletti@iasma.it, snriaz@ucdavis.edu, massimo.pindo@iasma.it, roberto.viola@iasma.it, patrice.this@supagro.inra.fr, awalker@ucdavis.edu, michela.troggio@iasma.it, riccardo.velasco@iasma.it; International audience; Background: Efforts to sequence the genomes of different organisms continue to increase. The DNA sequence is usually decoded for one individual and its application is for the whole species. The recent sequencing of the highly heterozygous Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Pinot Noir (clone ENTAV 115) genome gave rise to several thousand polymorphisms and offers a good model to study the transferability of its degree of polymorphism to other individuals of the same species and within the genus. Results: This study was performed by genotyping 137 SNPs through the SNPlex (TM) Genotyping System (Applied Biosystems Inc.) and by comparing the SNPlex sequencing results across 35 (of the 137) regions from 69 grape accessions. A heterozygous state transferability of 31.5% across the unrelated cultivars of V. vinifera, of 18.8% across the wild forms of V. vinifera, of 2.3% among nonvinifera Vitis species, and of 0% with Muscadinia rotundifolia was found. In addition, mean allele frequencies were used to evaluate SNP informativeness and develop useful subsets of markers. Conclusion: Using SNPlex application and corroboration from the sequencing analysis, the informativeness of SNP markers from the heterozygous grape cultivar Pinot Noir was validated in V. vinifera (including cultivars and wild forms), but had a limited application for non-vinifera Vitis species where a resequencing strategy may be preferred, knowing that homology at priming sites is sufficient. This work will allow future applications such as mapping and diversity studies, accession identification and genomic-research assisted breeding within V. vinifera

D'après les travaux de Xavier Choné, Olivier Tregoat, Marie-Eve Jaeck, Sébastien Rabusseau et Jean-Pierre Gaudillère; National audience; Le développement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin sont fortement influences par le régime hydrique. Ce dernier dépend a la fois des réserves en eau du sol, de paramètres climatiques (précipitations, ETP) et de l’architecture de la végétation. Pour une conduite raisonnée de la vigne, il est important de connaitre son niveau d’alimentation en eau. Pendant longtemps celle-ci a été suivie au niveau du sol, soit a l’aide de tensiomètres pour connaitre la disponibilité de l’eau dans le sol, soit à l’aide d’humidimètres a neutrons pour évaluer les quantités d’eau prélevées dans le sol par la vigne dans le but d’établir des bilans hydriques. Des bilans hydriques peuvent également être obtenus par modélisation. De plus en plus on évalue l’état hydrique de la vigne à partir d’indicateurs physiologiques. Parmi celles-ci on peut citer les potentiels hydriques et la discrimination isotopique mesurée sur les sucres du mout a maturité. La contrainte hydrique réduit la photosynthèse, favorise l’arrêt de croissance, limite la taille des baies et stimule la synthèse des composés phénoliques. Une contrainte hydrique modérée augmente la vitesse de maturation malgré la limitation de la photosynthèse, a cause d’une moindre compétition pour le carbone (arrêt de croissance) et d’un volume plus faible de raisin à remplir. Elle est ainsi un facteur important de précocité. Une forte contrainte hydrique peut rester favorable au potentiel œnologique des cépages noirs, surtout si le niveau de rendement est faible, alors qu’elle est presque toujours pénalisante pour les cépages blancs. Le viticulteur peut agir sur le régime hydrique a travers le choix du matériel végétal (cépage et porte-greffe), le système de conduite (notamment la surface foliaire) et l’entretien du sol. Dans des conditions pédoclimatiques particulièrement sèches, et lorsque la législation le permet, il peut avoir recours à l’irrigation. Cette technique est avant tout un facteur d’augmentation du rendement. Dans certaines situations, lorsqu’elle permet d’éviter un stress hydrique sévère tout en maintenant un déficit hydrique modéré, elle peut également être un facteur de qualité.

International audience

La levure du genre Dekkera/Brettanomyces est désormais reconnue comme un agent problématique dans le monde vinicole (Loureiro et al. 2003, Henick-Kling 2003). Responsable, lors de développement sur moûts, sur vins en cours ou vins finis, de déviations organoleptiques marquées (animal, pharmaceutique, acidité volatile),cette levure engendre une diminution non négligeable de la qualité des produits (Licker et al.1999) et des pertes économiques conséquentes. Dès lors bon nombre d’études et de travaux sont effectués pour comprendre le développement et le comportement de cette levure indésirable. Il est un point primordial à la compréhension de cette contamination,susceptible de frapper toute cave en toute région de production: l’origine du contaminant. Et là, le mystère n’est que très partiellementélucidé. Brettanomyces,ou « Brett » comme l’appellent souvent les acteurs du monde oenologique est présentée par certains comme un élément quasi intrinsèque des caves et chais. Pour d’autres, elle est associée à des défauts d’hygiène et profiterait des mauvaises conditions de nettoyage et d’entretien pour se répandre et s’installer dans les unités de production d’année en année (Chatonnet 2000). Néanmoins, on ne peut pas ignorer une origine éventuelle directement liée à la matière première, le raisin.

Si les prévisions sont exactes, le réchauffement de la planète devrait modifier les activités viticoles dans un futur proche. Curieusement, c’est en étudiant les retards de maturité en zones fraîches du piémont pyrénéen, que nous avons peut-être découvert un traitement palliatif de certaines déviations métaboliques en période caniculaire. Les tanins des vins de 2003, issus de raisins traités à la véraison avec de l’éthanol, ont été significativement mieux appréciés que ceux des vins témoins et des vins issus de vignes traitées avec de l’éthéphon (précurseur de l’éthylène). Nous avons observé que le traitement avec de l’éthanol était associé à une baisse de la teneur en tanins des pellicules, ainsi qu’une baisse du degré de polymérisation moyen, ce qui rend les vins correspondants moins astringents. La pulvérisation d’éthanol entraîne également une augmentation du volume de la baie, ce qui pourrait avoir un effet de dilution des matières solides, intéressant les années caniculaires. Lors des deux années suivantes, non caniculaires, la pulvérisation d’éthanol n’a pas donné de différences appréciables par rapport aux vins témoins, voire une légère diminution de l’appréciation des vins par analyse sensorielle. Ces deux années là, c’est l’éthylène qui a donné les vins les mieux appréciés surtout grâce à une couleur plus soutenue. Ces études nécessitent des validations en zones chaudes ou lors d’autres périodes caniculaires. Des études d’adaptation à la canicule sur un plus long terme (variétés, méthodes culturales) restent primordiales.

National audience

National audience

National audience

National audience