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The subject of study and research in this article is the list of modern microcontrollers and technologies of the programming for creation elements of home automation, embedded systems, and components of Internet of Things. The goal is to analyze the product range and nomenclature of modern microcontrollers for creation of components of IoT systems and home automation considering an available resources and hardware implementation of interfaces. The tasks: to analyze a significant parameters of microcontroller for practical use; to analyze the product range and a modern manufacturers list of the most widely used microcontrollers; to analyze the main features of AVR microcontrollers; to perform an analysis of the advantages of STM32 microcontrollers; to analyze the capabilities of ESP32 microcontrollers; to perform the comparison of hardware resources of these three groups of microcontrollers. According to the tasks, the following results were obtained. Fourteen leading manufacturers of microcontrollers are analyzed with taking into account the bit length and a set of series and families of devices. The main characteristics and requirements for the practical application of microcontrollers for both the creation of embedded systems and for training and prototyping are highlighted. The reasons of the great popularity of the use of AVR microcontrollers by the community for training and learning of programming are identified. The capabilities of hardware resources and the advantages of using for embedded systems of the set of models of STM32 microcontrollers series are analyzed. The reasonability of the use of ESP32 microcontrollers for building of components of IoT systems and devices with Internet access is concluded. The comparison of the hardware resources of microcontrollers of three manufacturers is performed with taking into account the available size of program memory, the number of interfaces and pins. Conclusions. The main contribution and scientific novelty of the obtained results is that the performed analysis allows to simplify the process of a decision making about the selection of the required product range of modern microcontrollers for the creation of the components of the systems of home automation and Internet of Things with taking into account the available hardware resources, the number of pins, and the presence of hardware interfaces. This reduces the required efforts and costs at the initial stages of prototyping such systems, as well as during the porting to new microcontrollers and integrated environments of an already existing project.

ABSTRACT Wheel slipping and fuel consumption are variables influenced by tire pressure, speed, ballasting, and soil surface. Once the tractor is present in all agricultural operations, knowledge of these variables is essential to achieving the most operational efficiency. This study aimed to develop an embedded system to collect data and show tractor slipping and fuel consumption in real-time via smartphone. The system was developed using prototyping platforms and validated through randomized field tests under four speeds and two terrain conditions. Three methods for determining slippage under different conditions were compared. The developed embedded system determined an agricultural tractor's slipping and fuel consumption conditions. The slip and fuel consumption rates varied depending on the type of rolling surface (ground preparations) and the tractor's operating speeds. Conventional tillage surface increased fuel demand by 6% and slippage by 17% compared to no-till rates. The proposed embedded system found similar results and could present the slipping values in the developed Android to real-time operation compared to a conventional method. This application shows both slipping and fuel consumption values over time on graphs, which can be very useful during machine operation, helping to define better configuration and reduce environmental impacts.

A criação de montagens experimentais no âmbito didático, a partir de elementos de baixo custo, reaproveitados e reciclados, é uma realidade deste tempo. O destaque que atividades na abordagem da cultura maker têm tido, evidenciam o potencial de propostas e estímulos no âmbito educacional nesta linha. Este trabalho propõe a construção de um protótipo de um colorímetro de baixo custo, utilizando o sensor de luminosidade de um smartphone. O trabalho descreve a montagem do protótipo, os procedimentos realizados para os testes do equipamento e apresenta os dados obtidos através dos ensaios experimentais. Para os testes foram utilizados materiais de limpeza usuais, obtidos no âmbito doméstico. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível observar a diferença da absorção entre as amostras utilizadas em decorrência da cor de cada uma delas, como esperado na teoria. O material de limpeza com perfil de absorção mais bem definido foi adotado para uma diluição em água e o resultado da absorbância relativa versus concentração apresentou coerência com fator de correlação acima de 0,93. O protótipo apresentou excelente repetibilidade nas medições e isso, associado ao seu fácil manuseio, indicam que sua utilização pode ser viável em uma sala de aula típica.

To continue sleep research activities during the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, experiments that were previously conducted in laboratories were shifted to the homes of volunteers. Furthermore, for extensive data collection, it is necessary to use a large number of portable devices. Hence, to achieve these objectives, we developed a low-cost and open-source portable monitor (PM) device capable of acquiring electroencephalographic (EEG) signals using the popular ESP32 microcontroller. The device operates based on instrumentation amplifiers. It also has a connectivity microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth that can be used to stream EEG signals. This portable single-channel 3-electrode EEG device allowed us to record short naps and score different sleep stages, such as wakefulness, non rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), stage 1 (S1), stage 2 (S2), stage 3 (S3) and stage 4 (S4). We validated the device by comparing the obtained signals to those generated by a research-grade counterpart. The results showed a high level of accurate similarity between both devices, demonstrating the feasibility of using this approach for extensive and low-cost data collection of EEG sleep recordings.

In optical experiments, shutters are devices that open or close a path of light. They are often used to limit the duration of light exposure onto a target or onto a detector to reduce possible light-induced damage. Many commercial shutters are available for different applications – some provide very fast opening and closing times, some can handle large optical powers, and others allow for fail-safe operation. Many of these devices are costly and offer limited control options. Here we provide an open-source design for a low-cost, general purpose shutter system based on ubiquitous actuators (servo motors or solenoids) that are connected to an Arduino-based controller. Several shutters can be controlled by one controller, further reducing system cost. The state of the shutters can be controlled via a display built into the controller, by serial commands via USB, or by electrical control lines. The use of a microcontroller makes the shutter controller adaptable – only control options that are used need to be included, and the design accommodates a selection of display and actuator options. We provide designs for all required components, including 3D print files for the actuator holders and cases, the Arduino code, libraries for serial communication (C and python), and example graphical user interfaces for testing.

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is considered the gold standard technique for flow visualization. However, its cost (at least tens of thousands of dollars) can prove inhibitive in its standard form. This article presents an alternative design, leveraging off-the-shelf and open-source options for each key component involved: camera, laser module, optical components, tracer particles, and analysis software. Flow visualization is a crucial technique to connect theory to practice in teaching and researching fluid mechanics. Despite the ubiquity of this field within engineering curricula, many undergraduate institutions globally forego utilizing such equipment, given the barriers to setting it up. The availability of this low-cost alternative (∼$500) that can be built in-house offers a path forward. Characterization was done by visualizing the rotational flow generated by a magnetic stirrer in a cylindrical beaker. The velocity magnitude around the stirrer bar measured by the low-cost PIV system was compared to expected values calculated analytically. The percent difference was between 1–2% when the flow stayed two-dimensional but increased as the flow began developing into more of a 3-D flow. Repeatability varied no more than 6% between experiments. This platform holds the potential for reliable replication across institutions broadly.

The construction of Yogyakarta International Airport has resulted in land use changes and increased the topography in the area by up to 9 m, which has led to potential flooding. A spatial analysis was conducted on the flow direction after the airport's construction, specifically in the West Carik watershed. It was discovered that the flow direction was uncertain and trapped upstream of the airport. A polder system with automation is proposed as a solution to the drainage problem. An automation system is designed for pump operation with the objective of improving efficiency. The system is expected to reduce the volume of water in the polder by reducing human involvement and providing ease in monitoring. The results of hydrological analysis with a 50-year return period flood resulted in a design flood discharge of 11.73 m3/s. The polder has a storage capacity of 63,312 m3, a depth of 4 m, and a surface area of 1.58 ha. It requires a total pump capacity of 8.4 m3/s, consisting of three pump units, with one unit having a capacity of 1.8 m3/s and two units with 3.3 m3/s. One additional pump with a capacity of 3.3 m3/s is also planned as a backup pump. The pump automation system simulation employs an Arduino UNO as the controller, water level sensor, and relay. This system successfully fulfills the desired operational system for the pump. In the actual implementation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is required as the controller, with water level sensors, relays, and contactors as inputs and outputs.

Machine learning and AI remain hot topics in research. However, most machine-learning models are trained and applied to big data. Major electronics parts manufacturers are actively working on simplifying the deployment of machine learning models to their chips. Software companies provide microcontroller code generation after the training data are uploaded to their platform. Unfortunately, most of the available open-source solutions do not support training models on the edge. The proposed TinyDecisionTreeClassifier is a standalone open-source C++ library that allows both training and deployment on the edge. This paper also covers the deployment and benchmark of the software performance and power consumption on some of the commonly used microcontrollers.

O presente artigo apresenta os resultados de uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura (RSL) sobre o Arduino no ensino de física, utilizando artigos científicos indexados nas plataformas CAPES, SciELO e Redalyc, no período de 2018 a 2023. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conduzir uma análise crítica da contribuição dos estudos na área acadêmica e científica no contexto nacional. Foram adotados procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa, fundamentados nos conceitos técnicos e científicos da RSL, com processos e dados apresentados em quadros e gráficos. Os estudos analisados evidenciaram contribuições significativas no uso de equipamentos digitais em abordagens experimentais, destacando-se pela utilização de materiais de baixo custo. No entanto, foi observada uma baixa incidência da robótica educacional como estratégia de ensino nesta amostra. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para o campo acadêmico e científico, auxiliando professores e pesquisadores acerca das estratégias de ensino envolvendo Arduino e o ensino de física.

This article presents a proposed architecture for a smart and secure home automation system that incorporates advanced Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The system under consideration has been developed with the objective of maximizing the efficiency of power consumption in domestic electrical appliances. By employing a continuous monitoring mechanism for the power consumption of individual devices, this system serves the twin purpose of mitigating the risk of short circuits resulting from excessive electrical loads and enabling users to monitor the energy consumption of each appliance. Consequently, it facilitates the efficient management of billing processes. The proposed model utilizes Internet of Things (IoT) technology to integrate video surveillance at the residential entry, enabling live monitoring of visitors. The fundamental elements of this novel design comprise an Arduino board and a collection of sensors encompassing fire, temperature, humidity, and other variables. The sensors establish a connection with the system via the Thingspeak application, facilitating users' ability to retrieve real-time power usage data from a range of devices. In the event that a device exceeds a pre-established power threshold, the user will be promptly notified through the delivery of timely warnings. These alerts will be presented in the form of graphical representations, which will effectively illustrate the patterns in power consumption. Moreover, the system's scalability enables the automation of many devices, making it a highly attractive solution for applications beyond residential settings. This includes industrial automation, notably within the framework of Industry 4.0.

This study presents a non-invasive and affordable monitoring system to estimate the electrical current demand during the milling of acrylic and expanded PVC, with and without the use of cutting fluid. The proposed system consists of an Arduino® board integrated with an SCT-013-000 electrical current sensor, an RTC-DS3231 shield, and an SC Card shield, which perform the measurement and storage of the electrical current, values collected directly from the power cable of the Router Spindle TVS.1ZM3.12. Data were collected in a machinability test, where different concentrations of cutting fluid and cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) were evaluated. Outputs included surface roughess, electrical current consumption, chip shape and tool wear. The results were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealing that the different factors have individual effects on electrical current consumption. It was observed that tool wear contributed to an increase in the main motor’s consumption. Additionally, the reduction in electrical current consumption with the use of cutting fluid indicates a decrease in friction between the tool and the workpiece.

This work presents a low-cost experiment to investigate heat conduction inside potato cubes, using thermistors as a thermometric instrument and Arduino as a data acquisition platform. In the theoretical framework, a heuristic argument was proposed to switch the 3D heat equation to an equivalent and simpler 1D equation, which is valid only along points on the cube’s symmetry axis. In the experimental domain, an empirical and realistic time-dependent temperature function was used as boundary conditions instead of assuming simple boundary conditions, i.e., the temperature of the cube surface in contact with the air is kept constant. An approximate solution of the one-dimensional heat equation with nonhomogeneous and time-dependent empirical and actual boundary conditions was provided. Adjusting the experimental data to the theoretical solution predicted by the heat equation provides the thermal diffusivity of the potato. The thermal diffusivity obtained agrees with the reference values found in the literature.

Our project focused on developing a waste sorting machine for metal, plastic, and glass for educational purposes. We divided it into several parts, including waste types, sorting methods, and recycling processes. All processes were done highlighting the use of the Arduino Uno controller. Additionally, we outlined the tools required for an automated sorting system and go beyond simulations by creating a prototype. Our goal is to establish a waste sorting machine that promotes recycling and environmental protection, providing both financial returns and sustainability by diverting waste from burial or incineration, thus mitigating pollution.

Scales are widely used in many agricultural applications, ranging from weighing crops at harvest to determine crop yields to regularly weighing animals to determine growth rate. In agricultural research applications, there is a long history of measuring crop water use (evapotranspiration [ET]) using a particular type of scale called weighing lysimeters. Typically, weighing lysimeters require very accurate data logging systems that tend to be expensive. Recent developments in open-source technologies, such as micro-controllers and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, have created opportunities for developing effective and affordable ways to monitor crop water use and transmit the data to the Internet in near real-time. Therefore, this study aimed to create an affordable Internet of Things (IoT) scale system to measure crop ET. A scale system to monitor crop ET was developed using an Arduino-compatible microcontroller with cell phone communication, electronic load cells, an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) multiplexer, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The system was powered by a LiPo battery, charged by a small (6 W) solar panel. The IoT scale system was programmed to collect data from the load cells at regular time intervals and send the data to the ThingSpeak IoT platform. The system performed successfully during indoor and outdoor experiments conducted in 2023 at the Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Calibrations relating the measured output of the scale load cells to changes in mass resulted in excellent linear relationships during the indoor (r2 = 1.0) and outdoor experiments (r2 = 0.9994). The results of the outdoor experiments showed that the IoT scale system could accurately measure changes in lysimeter mass during several months (Feb to Jun) without failure in data collection or transmission. The changes in lysimeter mass measured during that period reflected the same trend as concurrent soil moisture data measured at a nearby weather station. The changes in lysimeter mass measured with the IoT scale system during the outdoor experiment were accurate enough to derive daily and hourly crop ET and even detect what appeared to be dew formation during the morning hours. The IoT scale system can be built using open-source, off-the-shelf electronic components which can be purchased online and easily replaced or substituted. The system can also be developed at a fraction of the cost of data logging, communication, and visualization systems typically used for lysimeter and scale applications.

Drip irrigation is a highly efficient method for watering crops, as it delivers water directly to the roots and minimises wastage due to evaporation or runoff. This paper presents the development and implementation of a low-cost drip irrigation control system that uses both time- and soil sensor-based approaches. The system's efficiency was compared through a field experiment of melon growing, divided into three categories and four replications using a completely randomised design. The treatments include: T1 [time-based irrigation (TBI)], T2 [soil moisture-based irrigation (SMI)], and T3 [hand watering irrigation system (HWI)]. Results indicated that the TBI technique resulted in faster plant growth compared to the other treatments, as evidenced by increased leaf widths, lengths, numbers, and stem diameter. All irrigation techniques showed significant differences in yield characteristics, with TBI and SMI producing no differences in the first flowering day of female fruit widths, lengths, and weight of melon. However, the HWI treatment resulted in lower fruit length and weight yields. Cost analysis showed that the system is beneficial as a very low-cost device that is affordable, precise, and useful for measuring and controlling irrigation-related parameters for melon cultivation.

DC motors are widely used as propulsions, including in electric bicycles. The problem faced by students in the DC motor control laboratory working using software simulation is that they do not have practical learning experience using digital instruments. This article aims to develop a DC motor speed control that can be used to learn practical Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control in the laboratory. The DC motor speed control was developed using a combination of Arduino UNO microcontroller and Matlab software. The PID method was used because it is still broadly studied and applied in industries. The test results showed that the developed trainer can work well with PID variable values that can be entered via the keypad, and DC motor transient responses can be displayed in Matlab. From the experimental results, it was found that the optimal PID variable values were Kp=0.04, Ki=0.05, and Kd=0.004, where the controller produced a low overshoot value, i.e., 0.73% of its set point and a settling time of 10.66 seconds. The test results of using the developed trainer in the Fundamental of Control Engineering laboratory work showed that the developed trainer gave students practical learning experience in designing PID control for DC motor speed by using digital equipment, i.e., microcontroller and actual DC motor as well as analyzing its corresponding transient response in Matlab software environment

Fire is a disaster whose arrival cannot be predicted or can occur at anytime and anywhere. The impact is in the form of material loss and loss of life, therefore, there is a need for early detection and early prevention of fire. Technological advances that can be used in early detection efforts are the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT can connect electronic devices that can connect via the internet so that they can quickly provide data and information. Fire incidents can occur in public places or in residential areas. Therefore, a tool was created which aims to be able to design and monitor a fire extinguishing system using telegram via NRF24L01, phototransistor sensor and MQ2 smoke sensor with relay driver output and DC pump via Arduino as well as LCD, buzzer and ESP2866. The fire extinguishing system method uses telegram via NRF24L01, phototransistor sensor and MQ2 smoke sensor with relay driver output and DC pump via Arduino. As well as LCD, buzzer and ESP2866 activated via Wi-Fi using condition output from the phototransistor sensor and MQ2 smoke sensor via NRF24L01 in the form of real-time data which is active and if the NRF24L01 receives data it will activate the relay driver to turn on and off the dc pump and buzzer, after which the data is sent to the Telegram application. After testing and analyzing the fire extinguishing system, it can be concluded that the fire extinguishing system has been able to work properly.

The sorting or separation process is crucial in the delivery of goods or packages, especially when viewed from the many regions in Indonesia. From the management system of separating goods which is generally still done manually, causing some goods to experience destination errors and delivery delays or commonly called Criss-Cross (CC). Delivery delays are also influenced by human error factors, so special tools are needed to separate goods based on the destination city of the goods, one of which uses a conveyor with a GM65 QR Code Scanner sensor. This sensor works based on commands from Arduino which has been programmed in such a way that it can control all inputs and outputs used in the system. In this system, the goods to be separated are made in the form of 3D mode boxes, where each box is affixed with a different QR code, namely A, B, and C. Each QR code represents the destination city of the goods to be separated, namely city A and city B, but for QR code C indicates data other than city A and city B which will be separated as foreign goods so that in this case it does not match any separation. After testing, the tool can work properly and obtain the results of separating goods in the form of a type of QR code that is read with the destination city of each item that has been separated.

In recent years, the development of robotic vehicles in agriculture has made it possible to reduce human intervention and fatigue in carrying out arduous or repetitive tasks, as well as helping to promote sustainable agriculture to address climate change. However, the great diversity of agricultural tasks and the varied production systems and crops demand a wide range of solutions that can be adapted to robotic vehicles as a power source. These alternatives must be affordable and user-friendly for some users, although more sophisticated solutions must also be developed for others, depending on their specific needs. For this, the present work focuses on the development of two maize seeders with different metering systems coupled to an agricultural robot. The first seeder has a conventional mechanically driven seed metering system with a drive wheel and chain gear, while the second one has an electronically driven metering system based on a DC motor and a digital encoder controlled by a microcontroller. Both seeders were coupled to a remote-controlled robotic vehicle and evaluated on real farmland. Seed distribution in the seed rows was contrasting; the results indicated that the mechanical system performed better in the field than the electronic system. For both seeders, the working capacity was approximately 0.135 ha/h at an average speed of 2.0 km/h. The proposed robot–seeder assembly could help farmers automate and reduce the workload associated with planting, as well as attract young people to the field.

Accurate hydrological data with high spatial resolution is important for flood risk and water resource management, particularly under the context of climate change. The cost of monitoring networks, as well as the characteristics of the hydrological environment itself, can be a barrier to meeting these data requirements, however. This study covers the design and testing of a low-cost, "build-it-yourself", instream water depth sensor providing an assessment of its potential in future hydrological monitoring projects. The low-cost sensor was built using an Arduino microcontroller, a differential pressure sensor and a thermistor, a real-time clock, and an SD card module. The low-cost logger was deployed in tandem with a factory-calibrated Solinst®LevelLogger® 5 Junior for 6 months in the River Wissey, UK. We found the mean absolute error of the Arduino-based logger relative to the commercial setup to be ±0.69 cm for water depth and ±0.415 °C for water temperature. Economically, the Arduino-based logger offers an advantage, costing a total of £133.35 (USD 168.26 at time of publication) comparative to the industrial comparison's cost of £408 (USD 514.83 at time of publication). This study concludes that the low cost of the Arduino-based logger gives a strong advantage to its incorporation in hydrological data collection, if the trade-offs (i.e., time investment and accuracy) are considered acceptable and appropriate for a project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground coal mining of gas-bearing coal seams is accompanied by the emission of large amounts of methane, which increases with depth. Coal seam methane is not only a major cause of major accidents in coal mines, but is also a greenhouse gas that has a significant negative impact on the Earth's atmosphere. Analysis of the efficiency of underground coal mining suggests that as the depth of mining increases, the productivity of a longwall decreases by a factor of 3–5 or more, while the specific volume of methane emitted increases manifold and the efficiency of methane management decreases. Effective management of coal seam methane can only be achieved by monitoring its content at key points in a system of workings. Monitoring of methane not only eliminates the risk of explosions, but also lets us assess the effectiveness of using methane management techniques and their parameters to improve efficiency and reduce the cost of methane management (including a methane drainage) for ensuring sustainable underground coal mining. The aim of this article is to develop a software and hardware complex for monitoring methane in a coal mine by creating a simulation model for monitoring methane. The Arduino Uno board and the methane sensor MQ-4 were used for this purpose. In this article, the causes of methane emissions in coal mines, gas control systems, the structure of the mine monitoring system, and the causes of risks and occurrence of accidents in coal mines are considered. As a result of the work, the mathematical model of the methane measurement sensor was developed; the Arduino Uno board developed a simulation system for methane monitoring; and the numerical results of the research are presented in the graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite its obvious relevance to computer science, computational thinking (CT) is transdisciplinary with the potential of impacting one's analytical ability. Although countless efforts have been invested across K‐12 education, there is a paucity of research at the postsecondary level about the extent to which CT can contribute to sustainable learning outcomes. Objectives: The current study examines how a series of Arduino‐based robotics learning activities capture the fuller essence of concepts related to CT. Methods: College students (n = 50) completed a series of six robotics learning activities. Think‐alouds, student reflections and performance scores were used to assess students' CT through a robotics challenge in virtual and physical learning environments. Results and Conclusions: Students verbalized CT concepts related to algorithmic thinking much more than abstraction, problem decomposition and testing and debugging. Students exposed to active learning performed better in a virtual robotics challenge compared to their peers in a traditional‐oriented classroom. Students' scores on the physical robotics challenge increased as a function of the number of references they made to CT concepts during the think‐alouds. It is possible to design pedagogical experiences that tap into various dimensions of CT at incremental levels of complexity through a series of Arduino‐based robotics activities. With the integration of an online simulation, students can visualize and transfer their CT skills between a virtual and physical learning environment, thus leading to more sustainable learning outcomes. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Computational thinking (CT) is the conceptual foundation for problem‐solving.CT shifted from unplugged to plugged activities.CT concepts can be fostered through educational robotics. What this paper adds: A multi‐dimensional approach to assessing CT.Applications of CT provide insights into skill transfer.An integrative theoretical approach to study the 'how' and the 'what' of CT. Implications for practice: Educational robotics activities can cater to a fuller range of CT skills.Virtual simulations with constructive feedback are beneficial for students in traditional settings.Mixed learning environments contribute to making links between lectures and labs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data acquisition from the freeze-drying process is important for obtaining freeze-dried samples with the desired final moisture content under various operating conditions. The current study extensively presents a simple and low-cost methodology for implementing a data acquisition system in a laboratory-scale freeze dryer. The results showed that higher drying temperatures (40 °C) increased the errors involved in measuring the mass of material; nevertheless, the application of correction blank curves statistically significantly reduced those errors. In general, the system developed provided precise and accurate measurements of the temporal changes in the sample mass and temperature, and chamber pressure variations, allowing monitoring of the production process of freeze-dried samples with low final moisture contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mathematics, Mechanics & Computer Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The application of interactive electronic picture books can strengthen young children's reading comprehension skills. Interactive electronic picture books that involve interaction with sensors, with the interact ion integrated into the story, should be developed to enhance children's reading experience and improve their oral expression skills. Interactive electronic picture books that involved children manipulating stuffed animals containing sensors that provided feedback were developed for this study. Visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli can be used to create an interactive feedback system. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with teachers, who gave their opinions regarding the curriculum of their preschool. The results indicate that the intuitiveness of the system helped improve the children's reading experience, strengthened their motivation to read, and improved their cognitive abilities. In addition, interactive electronic picture books were found to improve the children's oral expression skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Height and weight measuring devices simultaneously provide ideal weight information that will be handy for users. This study aims to provide an instrument that can be used as a measuring instrument for height and weight and whether or not a person's body is ideal. Therefore, in research, measuring instruments that can simultaneously measure height and weight and provide ideal information or not measured weight. This measuring instrument uses Arduino Uno as its brain, ultrasonic sensors to measure height, and strain gauge/load cell sensors to measure weight. Arduino processes data from both sensors to get the ideal body weight (BBI). The height, weight, and ideal body criteria values will be displayed on the LCD. Furthermore, the speaker will issue sound information regarding the condition of body weight, namely ideal, fat, or thin. Based on the testing and data analysis results, the average error percentage value in height measurement is 0.45%, and in weight measurement is 1.65%. At the same time, the success rate of the appearance of voice information is 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is one of the famous low-cost sensors. It is measured distance from 2 to 400 cm. It depends on ultrasonic sound waves that are sent by an electronic device to determine the distance of the object, and the reflected sound is converted into an electronic signal. This paper proposed a flowchart of the modern optimization method Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA) to enhance the distance measurement of ultrasonic sensor kind HCSR04. In addition, the experimental system designed and interfacing between MATLAB with Ardunio is implemented to easily save the measured and desired distances and enter these distances into the POA as pelicans. The error comparison between two methods implemented, one method called the classical method, and another method is proposed named POA. The results show the minimum distance error between ultrasonic and object in POA is less than the error without POA. The best-measured distance results were achieved and approximately equal to the desired distances. The proposed method of POA for ultrasonic distance sensor enhanced by 99.97%. This sensor accurately detects objects from 2 to 400 cm which can be used in a robotic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dramatic increase in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education studies has resulted in more authors promoting the use of Arduino in STEM education. Although there are educational research studies utilizing bibliometric procedures for the exploration of Arduino and STEM separately, there is a further need for research on their relationship. The current study utilizes several software tools (Vosviewer, Biblioshiny) and bibliometric procedures for this research domain. The documents were retrieved from the Scopus database from 2013 to 2022. Performance analysis was used to reveal publications and citation trends with the top contributors. Moreover, bibliographic mapping was used to comprehend the conceptual (co-occurrences), intellectual (bibliographic coupling), and social (collaboration network) structures of the retrieved data. The results revealed that the most prolific authors and institutes were addressed in Turkey. Besides, the most cited authors and institutes were from the USA. However, it seems this situation will change soon to the advantage of Turkey because of its highest annual growth rate and smallest document average age. This research also shows that there is a sign of the risk of monopolization in this area soon. Moreover, little cooperation was found within the dataset implying the importance and necessity of encouraging the mobility of researchers as well as increasing the collaboration between universities at both national and international levels. Overall, the study reveals that Arduino has great potential in using STEM activities in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulse Detonation Engine has been a point of interest in the propulsion industry for some time and the interest has been rising due to its better output and results. But any system can perform its task efficiently based on the efficiency of its control system. In this paper we have presented a comparative study between multiple control systems- one based on Bluetooth technology, the other based on infrared sensor technology and one based on wired electrical system. For the wireless system, the signal received from either of the media is passed to the various sensors and systems connected through an Arduino board that further controls the solenoid valves and ignition system. Primarily, a control system circuit is developed using Arduino board and different sensors to connect the fuel supply and ignition system. In the next stage, Bluetooth sensors are connected using an android app and then an infrared sensor based system is integrated with the Arduino to control the engine and the performance of the two systems are compared. Whereas for wired system, every sub system is controlled through optical wires including the solenoid valves, the injection system and the sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Era 4.0 is often called the technological era, where technology has penetrated various fields. One application of technology in the industrial sector is the creation of 4-armed robots. However, in this case, 4-armed robots are rarely operated automatically. Therefore, a 4-arm robot simulation was designed using servo motors via Bluetooth. This research aims to design a 4-arm robot that is controlled using Bluetooth. The methodology used is the simulation method and literature study. Simulation results of a 4-arm robot controlled by Bluetooth that can rotate at angles of 45° and 90° and move automatically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering / Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção is the property of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering / Revista Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção is the property of Brazilian Journal of Production Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental screening is essential due to the increased occurrence of harmful substances in the environment. Open Meter Duo (OMD) is an open-source field photo/fluorimeter that uses an RGB diode that imitates a color according to the selected wavelength and uses a UV LED from the security kit diode as an excitation light source. The prepared PCB shield with a 3D-printed aperture was connected to Arduino UNO R4 WiFi. This system was used for the fluorescent detection of cholinesterase activity with the indoxyl acetate method. Carbofuran—a toxic pesticide—and donepezil—a drug used to treat Alzheimer’s disease—were tested as model inhibitors of cholinesterase activity. The limit of detection of indoxyl acetate was 11.6 μmol/L, and the IC50 values of the inhibitors were evaluated. This system is optimized for wireless use in field analysis with added cloud support and power source. The time of analysis was 5 min for the fluorimetric assay and 20 min for the optional photometric assay. The time of field operation was approximately 4 h of continuous measurement. This system is ready to be used as a cheap and easy control platform for portable use in drug control and point-of-care testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases present significant challenges in terms of mobility and autonomy for patients. In the current context of technological advances, brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) emerge as a promising tool to improve the quality of life of these patients. Therefore, in this study, we explore the feasibility of using low-cost commercial EEG headsets, such as Neurosky and Brainlink, for the control of robotic arms integrated into autonomous wheelchairs. These headbands, which offer attention and meditation values, have been adapted to provide intuitive control based on the eight EEG signal values read from Delta to Gamma (high and low/medium Gamma) collected from the users' prefrontal area, using only two non-invasive electrodes. To ensure precise and adaptive control, we have incorporated a neural network that interprets these values in real time so that the response of the robotic arm matches the user's intentions. The results suggest that this combination of BCIs, robotics, and machine learning techniques, such as neural networks, is not only technically feasible but also has the potential to radically transform the interaction of patients with neurodegenerative diseases with their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presented introduces an innovative accident prevention system that employs deep learning models and sensors to identify and alert drivers who lose concentration while driving for a variety of reasons. The system targets drowsiness, cell phone use, and alcohol consumption, which are among the leading causes of automobile accidents. The proposed solution employs neural networks to identify specific patterns associated with driver inattention and generates an audible alert to refocus the driver's attention on the road. In addition, the system utilizes alcohol-detection sensors, as alcohol consumption is another significant cause of accidents. This system seeks to reduce the number of casualties by enhancing road safety considering the high number of daily collisions, which are primarily caused by speeding. The paper describes the design, architecture, and implementation of the system on a modest scale to provide a lifesaving, cost-effective solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have designed a simple Arduino-based device, which runs as magnetic polarity detector and field intensity display. It uses an analog Hall sensor together with the Arduino electronic board. The sign of the magnetic flux density allows us to identify the pole of a magnet or electromagnet, while the absolute value allows us to build an intensity display. This device allows us to visualize, among other topics, the basic functional dependences included into the Biot–Savart law, and particularly the changes in magnetic flux density with distance and current for a current-carrying coil or electromagnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetostrictive alloys hold great promise for Energy Harvesting applications due to their inherent durability. However, their implementation often results in usable voltage ranges that fall significantly below common electronic standards like 1.6, 3.3, and 5 volts. Consequently, the utilization of electronic circuits becomes essential to amplify the voltage and enhance energy conversion efficiency. Over the past few decades, numerous conversion techniques have been devised for other intelligent materials, such as piezoelectrics, some of which have even made their way into commercial products. Surprisingly, there is a dearth of specialized techniques, if not a complete absence, tailored to magnetostrictive devices. Among potential solutions, a suitable AC–DC Boost converter stands out as a highly promising candidate for addressing this challenge, but this solution has never been fully characterized. Then, this paper presents thorough experimental validations of such a converter, driven by a real-time Arduino board equipped to measure source time periods and operate under various conditions. We present several cases demonstrating the circuit's substantial potential for enhancing energy harvesting from magnetostrictive materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses MATLAB/Simulink and Proteus so as to emulate solar photovoltaic (PV) for a model Jarrett 60 W – 17.2 V. Our objectives are to identify the nonlinear characteristics of the current-versusvoltage (I-V) and power-versus-voltage (P-V), then compare the results with the manufacturer’s data sheet, therefore using all data obtained from Matlab/Simulink on Proteus Simulation. The Proteus used a SPICE model for a PV cell that depends on mathematical equations and is explained using an equivalent circuit that includes a current source Iph, a diode D, and two resistors Rs and Rsh. The Proteus is utilized to simulate a PV module/Array under varying conditions, such as irradiation, temperature, series and shunt resistances effects, and shading effects. To reach the greatest power output, it is required to understand the location of the maximum power point (MPP). Using Arduino, an algorithm is applied to determine the voltage Vmp and current Imp of PV cells. The paper is highly useful for describing the basis and characteristics of a PV module and Array in straightforward terms. This research can also be applied as an instructional methodology for teaching PV panels at different levels of study, which demonstrates how to use the prototyping and modeling/simulation software at a reduced cost (Proteus and Matlab/Simulink) to be able to approximately achieve the formation objective for students. This is especially helpful for schools that have difficulty with a lack of materials or don't have the resources to buy them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology (Natural Science Edition) is the property of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work presents a low-cost transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) instrument for nucleic acid detection, employing an Arduino Nano microcontroller. The cooling system includes customized printed circuit boards (PCBs) that serve as electrical resistors and incorporate fans. An aluminum block is designed to accommodate eight vials. The system also includes two PCB heaters—one for sample heating and the other for vial lid heating to prevent condensation. The color detection system comprises a TCS3200 color 8-sensor array coupled to one side of the aluminum heater body and a white 8-LED array coupled to the other side, controlled by two Multiplexer/Demultiplexer devices. LED light passes through the sample, reaching the color sensor and conveying color information crucial for detection. The top board is maintained at 110 ± 2 °C, while the bottom board is held at 65 ± 0.5 °C throughout the RT-LAMP assay. Validation tests successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the colorimetric RT-LAMP reactions using SARS-CoV-2 RNA amplification as a sample viability test, achieving 100% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity with 66 clinical samples. Our instrument offers a cost-effective (USD 100) solution with automated result interpretation and superior sensitivity compared to visual inspection. While the prototype was tested with SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples, its versatility extends to detecting other pathogens using alternative primers, showcasing its potential for broader applications in biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world of growing user-generated content on social media, this study addresses the challenge of producing high-quality content, be it for social engagement or educational purposes. Conventionally, using a cameraman has been an effective yet expensive way to enhance video quality. In this context, our research introduces an innovative AI-driven camera robot that autonomously tracks the content creator, thereby improving video production quality. The robot uses an object detection model composed of YOLOv3 and Kalman filter algorithms to identify the content creators and create a bounding box around them within the frame. Using motion detection control, the robot adjusts its position to keep the bounding box centered in the frame, ensuring a continuous focus on the content creator. As a result, the system consistently captures excellent images through precise pan-tilt movements, promising improved visual storytelling. The initial results confirm the system's effectiveness in content detection, camera control, and content tracking. This advancement has the potential to impact user-generated content across various domains, providing an accessible way to enhance content quality without the high costs associated with traditional cameraman services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the degradation of water resources and the increase in human population, desalination seems to be a promising method for meeting the global water demand, from potable water to plant irrigation needs. The contribution of desalination to the agricultural sector, through the supply of water for plants or animals, is critical because this sector represents 70% of the global water demand. Unfortunately, the desalination process is energy-intensive and subjected to several factors that result in undesirable fluctuations on quality/quantity of product water, and/or energy waste. Renewable energy sources can supply the necessary power, but they amplify these challenges because their availability varies over time. A simple and efficient way to tackle this issue is to control the pressure of the feed water before feeding it to the membrane. Typically, the pairing control systems are quite expensive or lack the necessary customization freedom that could improve their operation. Therefore, this study highlights the feasibility of enhancing a typical desalination control equipment via the incorporation of modern low-cost microcontrollers and flexible open-source software; the potential of these tools has not yet been fully explored. The microcontroller executes customized PID logic, driving an industrial inverter module. Our results indicate that the proposed system can keep pace with the desalination process setpoints, reducing the stress of the electromechanical components and periods of out-of-specification freshwater production. This low-level control function implementation minimizes the need for human intervention while providing a promising foundation for further extensions and customizations in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scales are widely used in many agricultural applications, ranging from weighing crops at harvest to determine crop yields to regularly weighing animals to determine growth rate. In agricultural research applications, there is a long history of measuring crop water use (evapotranspiration [ET]) using a particular type of scale called weighing lysimeters. Typically, weighing lysimeters require very accurate data logging systems that tend to be expensive. Recent developments in open-source technologies, such as micro-controllers and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, have created opportunities for developing effective and affordable ways to monitor crop water use and transmit the data to the Internet in near real-time. Therefore, this study aimed to create an affordable Internet of Things (IoT) scale system to measure crop ET. A scale system to monitor crop ET was developed using an Arduino-compatible microcontroller with cell phone communication, electronic load cells, an Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) multiplexer, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The system was powered by a LiPo battery, charged by a small (6 W) solar panel. The IoT scale system was programmed to collect data from the load cells at regular time intervals and send the data to the ThingSpeak IoT platform. The system performed successfully during indoor and outdoor experiments conducted in 2023 at the Clemson University Edisto Research and Education Center, Blackville, SC. Calibrations relating the measured output of the scale load cells to changes in mass resulted in excellent linear relationships during the indoor (r2 = 1.0) and outdoor experiments (r2 = 0.9994). The results of the outdoor experiments showed that the IoT scale system could accurately measure changes in lysimeter mass during several months (Feb to Jun) without failure in data collection or transmission. The changes in lysimeter mass measured during that period reflected the same trend as concurrent soil moisture data measured at a nearby weather station. The changes in lysimeter mass measured with the IoT scale system during the outdoor experiment were accurate enough to derive daily and hourly crop ET and even detect what appeared to be dew formation during the morning hours. The IoT scale system can be built using open-source, off-the-shelf electronic components which can be purchased online and easily replaced or substituted. The system can also be developed at a fraction of the cost of data logging, communication, and visualization systems typically used for lysimeter and scale applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a shortcoming distance finder model for an underground power link utilizing an Arduino Uno microcontroller. The utilization of underground links presents an issue of distinguishing the shortcoming area and the distance of the link issue as it isn't accessible to see as in the event of an above-ground link. Hence, the underground link shortcoming distance finder is created to distinguish the specific shortcoming area and the distance of the underground link issue from the base station in kilometers. The framework will recognize the blamed link underground and will send the data to the control room by utilizing IoT cloud. A 16x2 LCD display is associated with the microcontroller to show the data. In the event of a shortcoming, the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is then fed to a microcontroller ADC pin to foster accurate digital information to a programmed Arduino microcontroller that further displays the exact shortcoming area from the base station in kilometers. The same data will be updated on the IoT cloud. Incidences of underground link deficiencies in the delivery and power transmission framework are inevitable due to several reasons; thus, a rapid correction and, therefore, automatic shortcoming location are utilized to minimize the time to rectify flaws to make the framework reliable by identifying weak areas quickly, resulting in reduced restoration time and interruption. Proper shortcoming finding and identifying approaches are needed to reduce the intervention time issue and improve reliability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental setup of HVAC testing requires easy but accurate instrumentation, and recent analyses focus on the control based on the mean radiant temperature in order to better perform respect to the users satisfaction. Indeed, the research contribution of this work is the use of Arduino to develop a PID control for an electric heater. As a main feature, this control system can operate by maintaining the set-point on the air temperature or on the mean radiant temperature of the environment where it is placed. The paper describes the design and development of the PID control, as well as the testing of the control system applied to an electric heater, to heat a room in a laboratory in Bologna (Italy). In an Appendix the Matlab script employed to store data on the local pc an to send data to Google Sheets is reported, together with the Google script code employed to write the data from Matlab to the online sheet. As result, the developed PID is accurate in maintaining the required set-point temperature, with minimal deviations from the set-point, in the interval ± 0.2 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary world, science and technology are advancing swiftly to meet the growing human need for electricity. Within this framework, street lighting, serving as the most vital and ubiquitous element of urban lighting infrastructure, contributes significantly to public electricity consumption. Hence, enhancing the operational efficiency of street lamps becomes imperative to conserve energy. Nonetheless, traditional street lighting systems, being manually controlled, consuming excessive power, and entailing high installation expenses, present notable drawbacks and concerns. Leveraging the internet of things (IoT), advanced innovations automate various areas, including health monitoring, traffic management, agricultural irrigation, street lights, and classrooms. The current manual operation of street lights leads to substantial global energy waste. To address this, an integrated hardware and software solution is proposed. Practical implementation of the hardware devices employs a wireless sensor network, while the software focuses on developing an IoT application for data storage, analysis, and visualization. The proposed system enables effective monitoring of parameters such as ambient temperature, current, voltage, and energy consumption of photovoltaic street lights, which are used as an indicator of the lamp status. Using Xbee modules, a configuration by the X-CTU software is necessary to communicate between all street lights wirelessly. These Xbee modules are used as a leading technology for wireless sensor networks due to its low power and low cost. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is energy-efficient and cost-effective, and further can be implemented in real street light systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), it is imperative to ensure the safety of drinking water. The characteristics of each drinkable water, encompassing taste, aroma, and appearance, are unique. Inadequate water infrastructure and treatment can affect these features and may also threaten public health. This study utilizes the Internet of Things (IoT) in developing a monitoring system, particularly for water quality, to reduce the risk of contracting diseases. Water quality components data, such as water temperature, alkalinity or acidity, and contaminants, were obtained through a series of linked sensors. An Arduino microcontroller board acquired all the data and the Narrow Band-IoT (NB-IoT) transmitted them to the web server. Due to limited human resources to observe the water quality physically, the monitoring was complemented by real-time notifications alerts via a telephone text messaging application. The water quality data were monitored using Grafana in web mode, and the binary classifiers of machine learning techniques were applied to predict whether the water was drinkable or not based on the data collected, which were stored in a database. The non-decision tree, as well as the decision tree, were evaluated based on the improvements of the artificial intelligence framework. With a ratio of 60% for data training: at 20% for data validation, and 10% for data testing, the performance of the decision tree (DT) model was more prominent in comparison with the Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), Neural Network (NN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) modeling approaches. Through the monitoring and prediction of results, the authorities can sample the water sources every two weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Icebergs and ice islands (large, tabular icebergs) present a significant hazard to marine vessels and infrastructure at a time when demand for access to Arctic waters is increasing. There is a growing demand for in situ iceberg tracking data to monitor their drift trajectories and improve models used for operational forecasting of ice hazards, yet the high cost of commercial tracking devices often prevents monitoring at optimal spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we provide a detailed description of the Cryologger Ice Tracking Beacon (ITB), a low-cost, robust, and user-friendly data logger and telemeter for tracking icebergs and ice islands based on the Arduino open-source electronics platform. Designed for deployments of at least 2 years with an hourly sampling interval that is remotely modifiable by the end user, the Cryologger ITB provides long-term measurements of position, temperature, pressure, pitch, roll, heading, and battery voltage. Data are transmitted via the Iridium satellite network at user-specified intervals. We present the results of field campaigns in 2018 and 2019, which saw the deployment of 16 ITBs along the coasts of Greenland and Ellesmere and Baffin islands. The overall success of these ITB deployments has demonstrated that inexpensive, open-source hardware and software can provide a reliable and cost-effective method of monitoring icebergs and ice islands in the polar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family entertainment center serves as the primary entertainment intermediary, catering especially to young people and adults through various games, such as virtual reality and the latest entertainment revolution of 3D technology. In order to sustain growth, family entertainment centers must regularly invest in new machines. The process of financing these investments must be precise to streamline company costs and ensure visitor satisfaction. The leadership's decision-making factors for investments can be effectively supported through technology. Therefore, the objective of this research is to create a prototype modeling system that simplifies the ongoing installation process and integrates Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) figures through Arduino, displaying them on a website. The end result of this research is a game prototype model for a family center that effectively assists managers in decision-making, particularly in evaluating machine ratings based on visitor transactions and revenue for each machine using the CAGR metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological paradigm that has gained significant momentum the last decade and, among other features, enables the development of intelligent and interoperable device networks. In this respect, it has triggered the creation and evolution of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), which are initially implemented in order to guarantee the safety of drivers and the avoidance of traffic accidents. The drawback is that this fast evolution comes with serious concerns in terms of the privacy of users, while the population of attackers or entities that try to eavesdrop and intercept information has significantly increased. This imposes a serious risk for drivers moving across a Smart City. The research presented in this paper aims to evaluate privacy protection mechanisms in VANET environments, based on the efficiency and security level they ensure, considering the fact that VANETs provide limited resources to users/drivers. Moreover, the usage of elliptic curve cryptography in reduced resources environments is discussed. Finally, this paper compares the performance of three cryptographic algorithms, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), hyperelliptic curve cryptography genus 2 (HECC-2) and HECC genus 3 (HECC-3), employed for an efficient authentication and safe message transmission mechanism in VANETs, aimed at reaching conclusions related to the implementation of each cryptographic scheme in this specific application area. The evaluation results indicate that ECC supersedes HECC-2 and HECC-3 in most metrics. However, HECC-2 and HECC-3 demonstrate better responses than ECC does in selected energy metrics. Overall, it is observed that HECC algorithms are not yet mature enough to compete with ECC. This is due to the fact that the research community has not sufficiently progressed toward the optimization of HECC, and moreover, HECC builds on quite complex mathematics. There are indications, however, that once HECC curves are indeed optimized, HECC will outperform ECC in speed as well as in other metrics, sinceHECC-2 and HECC-3 use a significantly smaller key size with the same level of security as that of ECC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]