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The need for clean and eco-friendly energy sources has increased enormously over the years due to adverse impacts caused by the detrimental fossil fuel energy sources on the environment. This work reports the safest and most efficient route for hydrogen generation using solar light receptive functionalized carbon nanotubes-titania quantum dots (FCNT-TQDs) as photocatalysts under the influence of solar light irradiation. Predominantly, dual capability of CNT as co-catalyst and photo-sensitizer reduced the recombination rate of charge carriers, and facilitated the efficient light harvesting. The bulk production of hydrogen via water harvesting is considered, wherein photocatalyst synthesized was tuned by the optimum addition of copper to achieve higher production rate of hydrogen up to 54.4 mmol h−1g−1, nearly 25-folds higher than that of pristine TiO2 quantum dots. Addition of copper has a crucial role in improving the rate of hydrogen generation. The ternary composite exhibited 5.4-times higher hydrogen production compared to FCNT-TQDs composite.

Salient experiences are often relived in the mind. Human neuroimaging studies suggest that such experiences drive activity patterns in visual association cortex that are subsequently reactivated during quiet waking. Nevertheless, the circuit-level consequences of such reactivations remain unclear. Here, we imaged hundreds of neurons in visual association cortex across days as mice learned a visual discrimination task. Distinct patterns of neurons were activated by different visual cues. These same patterns were subsequently reactivated during quiet waking in darkness, with higher reactivation rates during early learning and for food-predicting versus neutral cues. Reactivations involving ensembles of neurons encoding both the food cue and the reward predicted strengthening of next-day functional connectivity of participating neurons, while the converse was observed for reactivations involving ensembles encoding only the food cue. We propose that task-relevant neurons strengthen while task-irrelevant neurons weaken their dialog with the network via participation in distinct flavors of reactivation.

For a heavy vehicle, the chassis frame is a strong member responsible for carrying the utmost lead in a safe manner when considering all the designed working situations. This paper elaborates on the static structural examination concerning the heavy duty truck chassis frame to determine the response of a truck chassis under the influence of three different load considerations such as bending, torsion and combined bending and torsion load cases acting on the horizontal C-Channel. In this paper, the dimensions of a heavy vehicle chassis of a FAW dump truck vehicle is obtained from Bishoftu Automobile Industry to model and examine an heavy vehicle chassis and the conventional materials are substituted with composite materials made up of carbon-epoxy couple with E-glass epoxy with same geometry under similar pressure or load with a steel chassis. The software employed in this work is the CATIA V5 R19 to model and the ANSYS 14.5 for the finite element analysis. The result shows that composite materials mainly carbon epoxy have high load carrying capacity and higher factor of safety than to e-glass epoxy and mild steel, and the weight of the chassis is reduced by 4.8 times for carbon epoxy and 3 times for glass epoxy. Generally using composite materials for chassis frame is safe. Material substitution is the best way to reduce weight of the vehicle so as to reduce fuel consumption and atmospheric emission which is the global issue.Keywords: Chassis, composite materials, stress, deformation

Silver nanoparticles doped with FCNT-TiO2 heterogeneous catalyst was prepared via one-step chemical reduction process and their efficacy was tested for hydrogen production under solar simulator. Crystallinity, purity, optical properties, and morphologies of the catalysts were examined by X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The chemical states and interface interactions were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimized catalyst showed 19.2 mmol g−1 h−1 of hydrogen production, which is 28.5 and 7 times higher than the pristine TiO2 nanoparticles and FCNT-TiO2 nanocomposite, respectively. The optimized catalyst showed stability up to 50 h under the solar simulator irradiation. The natural solar light irradiated catalyst showed ~2.2 times higher hydrogen production rate than the solar simulator irradiation. A plausible reaction mechanism of Ag NPs/FCNT-TiO2 photocatalyst was elucidated by investigating the beneficial co-catalytic role of Ag NPs and FCNTs for enhanced hydrogen production.

We present new key paleomagnetic pole at 13°S, 152°E (k = 21, A95 = 7.8°) for recently identified 1864.4 ± 2.7 Ma (weighted mean age of four Pb Pb ages) mafic magmatic event, based on a detailed paleomagnetic study of dolerite dykes and sills intruding Archean basement rocks and Tadipatri formation of the Cuddapah basin, Dharwar craton respectively. The Pb Pb baddeleyite geochronology yields a crystallisation age of 1867.1 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 1.02) for N77°E trending dyke in the southern region to Cuddapah basin. This new age obtained, confirms the presence of ~1864 Ma magmatic episode with a spatial extent of ~400 km in the Eastern Dharwar craton, within the brief period of ~5 Ma. The paleomagnetic results in these dykes revealed reverse polarity magnetisation direction with mean D = 107°, I = 24° (N = 13 sites, α95 = 10°). Here, we also update the normal polarity magnetic directions on ~1.89 Ga swarm, and the corresponding paleopole situated at 21°N, 336°E (N = 79 sites, A95 = 3.6°). The paleoposition of India is constrained around the equator during ~1.89–1.86 Ga time. The paleogeographic reconstructions were also been attempted at ~1.89 Ga and ~ 1.86 Ga with available key poles from other cratons, indicates the possibility of single plume acting as a source for two distinguishable radial emplacement of mafic dyke swarms across India (Dharwar and Bastar craton) and Western Australia (Yilgarn craton) within a time span of ~35 Ma. The individual movement of India, Baltica and Siberia with a drift rate of ~5.55 cm/yr towards the south, whereas Amazonia craton has moved rapidly to the north (~24.9 cm/yr), do not suggest the amalgamation of a supercontinent (Columbia/ Nuna) during ~1.88–1.86 Ga time.

Silver doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films have been synthesized by spray pyrolysis method on the substrate at a temperature of 450 °C. The aqueous Zinc acetylacetonate (ZnC10H14O5) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) dissolved in ethanol were used as a starting material. The effect of sliver doping on the structural, surface morphological, electrical as well as optical properties of Ag: Zno thin films were studied. It is confirmed by the X-ray diffractogram that the Ag: ZnO thin films was polycrystalline nature with the preferential orientation along (002) plane in wurtzite structure. The Scanning Electron Microscope exhibited the surface formation of nanoflower shaped grains with an addition of silver (Ag) and compositional analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Zinc (Zn), Oxigen (O) and silver (Ag). Atomic force microscopy revealed that surface roughness of the films was decreased with the increase of silver concentration. The films were found to exhibit high transmittance and low absorbance in the visible /new infrared region.

Adsorption of indigo carmine dye onto calcium hydroxide was investigated in this work. The variation in the pH, adsorbent dose, dye concentration, duration and the temperature was evaluated. Adsorption of indigo carmine dye onto calcium hydroxide was effective at pH 12 (50 min) and follows Langmuir-type isotherm behaviour. The adsorption process follows pseudo-second order rate kinetics. Enthalpy, entropy, free energy and the activation energy parameters have been reported.

In this paper, a radial basis function network-based single maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control algorithm for a hybrid solar and wind energy system is designed and analyzed for standalone and grid connected applications. The extraction of maximum power from the intermittent and erratic nature renewable energy sources is the main target in the hybrid renewable energy system. In the literature, many researchers developed an individual MPPT control algorithm for solar and wind energy system, which in turn increases the number of control algorithms in a hybrid system. In this paper, a single MPPT controller is proposed to extract maximum power from both the sources simultaneously. The performance of the proposed MPPT control algorithm is analyzed in both standalone and grid connected modes, under different weather conditions. The hybrid renewable energy system is designed by considering 560-W photovoltaic system and 500-W wind system with the conventional boost converter, and it is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment to analyze the performance of the proposed MPPT controller.

Renewable energy technique is gaining more interest due to increasing demand and threat zero carbon foot prints. The energy from wind has a high potential as a source of energy. The growing demand of wind energy tends to produce a quality output power in terms of grid integration. An appropriate controller is required to control the power produce by the wind energy. A decent number of research publications reports had reviewed maximum power point tracking (MPPT), grid side controller (GSC) and machine side controller (MSC) associated with wind energy conversion system (WECS). However survey on pitch angle based control has not been focused exclusively in any such reviews. A concise review of pitch angle controller, maximum power extraction control and grid synchronisation controller is analysed in this paper. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive review of overall control strategies for wind energy conversion control. The review paper is intended to provide a suitable reference for further research in the field of wind energy.

A high voltage gain dc-dc converter with improved efficiency is proposed in this article for Photovoltaic (PV) based grid application. This converter topology provides high voltage gain with fewer components. The efficient power conversion is achieved with reduced voltage stress across the semiconductor devices. The working principle and analysis of the converter is described in this article. The converter design is made for 250 W power rating and connected to the grid through an inverter. Performance of the proposed converter is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink.

In the 21st century, people migrated from rural to urban areas for several reasons. As a result, the populations of Indian cities are increasing day by day. On one hand, the country is developing in the field of science and technology and on the other hand, it is encountering a serious problem called 'Environmental degradation'. Due to increase in population, the generation of solid waste is also increased and is being disposed in open dumps and landfills which lead to air and land pollution. This study is attempted to generate energy out of organic solid waste by the bio- fermentation process. The study was conducted for a period of 7 months at Erode, Tamilnadu and the reading on various parameters like Hydraulic retention time, organic loading rate, sludge loading rate, influent pH, effluent pH, inlet volatile acids, out let volatile fatty acids, inlet VSS/TS ratio, outlet VSS/TS ratio, influent COD, effluent COD and % of COD removal are recorded for every 10 days. The aim of the present study is to develop a model through multiple linear regression analysis with COD as dependent variable and various parameters like HRT, OLR, SLR, influent, effluent, VSS/TS ratio, influent COD, effluent COD, etc as independent variables and to analyze the impact of these parameters on COD. The results of the model developed through step-wise regression method revealed that only four parameters Influent COD, effluent COD, VSS/TS and Influent/pH were main influencers of COD removal. The parameters influent COD and VSS/TS have positive impact on COD removal and the parameters effluent COD and Influent/pH have negative impact. The parameter Influent COD has the highest order of impact, followed by effluent COD, VSS/TS and influent pH. The other parameters HRT, OLR, SLR, INLET VFA and OUTLET VFA were not significantly contributing to the removal of COD. The implementation of the process suggested through this study might bring in dual benefit to the community, viz treatment of solid waste and creation of energy.

Kerf profile generated by abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining process has always been an interesting area as it dictates the quality of the part. However, due to the non-deterministic nature of the process, it is a challenging task to predict it. On the other hand, understanding and controlling the kerf profile in multi-layered structures (MLSs) is a further difficult task as various layers made of different materials respond to erosion in a different manner and results in a completely different kerf shape (barrel or x-shaped kerf profile) due to the material removal mechanisms dependency on the material property of the specific layers, jet divergence and position of specific layer. Therefore, it is important to understand and develop predictive models of resulting kerf profile in MLSs so that they can be used in controlling the accuracy of the resulting kerf which in turn dictates the final part accuracy. The attempts in this direction are very limited although some modeling efforts are reported in homogeneous materials (metals, ceramics). For the first time, an analytical model for predicting the kerf profile generated in MLS machining with AWJ was presented in this research work. Discretized form of Hashish model was used for determining depth of cut. The effect of jet divergence from the experimentally obtained values, upon passing through the upper layer has been considered. The developed predictive model was validated by the kerf shapes obtained from the experimental trials on metal-adhesive-rubber MLS. Kerf profiles obtained from the simulations have captured the resulted convergent-divergent (X-shaped) profile, while cutting metal-rubber laminate composite, effectively. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed analytical model was demonstrated by generating the various kerf shapes generated at various jet traverse rates.

The needs of the body can direct behavioral and neural processing towards motivationally relevant sensory cues. For example, human imaging studies have consistently found specific cortical areas with biased responses to food-associated visual cues in hungry subjects, but not in sated subjects. To obtain a cellular-level understanding of these hunger-dependent cortical response biases, we performed chronic two-photon calcium imaging in postrhinal association cortex (POR) and primary visual cortex (V1) of behaving mice. As in humans, neurons in mouse POR, but not V1, exhibited biases towards food-associated cues that were abolished by satiety. This emergent bias was mirrored by the innervation pattern of amygdalo-cortical feedback axons. Strikingly, these axons exhibited even stronger food cue biases and sensitivity to hunger state and trial history. These findings highlight a direct pathway by which the lateral amygdala may contribute to state-dependent cortical processing of motivationally relevant sensory cues.

The α-oxoketene dithioacetals and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol a dimer of mercapto acetaldehyde, react in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate in boiling ethanol to yield the corresponding 2-(methylthio)-3-aroyl/heteroaroyl thiophenes in 55–70% overall yields.

This paper proposes a neural network (NN) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) system with a high step–up converter design. The proposed methodology uses Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) in NN algorithm for MPPT and the results are compared with classical perturb and observe (P&O) method and incremental conductance (INC) method. Also, to improve the voltage rating, a new modified Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) is proposed and the results are validated with boost and SEPIC converter. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified for various irradiance and temperature conditions.

The α-fluoro-α-oxoketenedithioacetals 3a–l have been synthesized by two routes. In Route 1 the pre-constructed α-oxoketenedithioacetals 1a–l are subjected to fluorination using selectfluor 2 to yield the corresponding stable α-fluoro-α-oxoketenedithioacetals 3a–l in 61–75% overall yields. In Route 2 a four-component one-pot protocol was followed involving addition of a mixture of active methylene ketone and carbon disulfide to sodium tert-butoxide suspended in tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide followed by addition of dimethyl sulfate and selectfluor sequentially to yield the corresponding 3a–l in an improved 79–87% overall yields.

β-oxodithioates react with bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate in dimethyl formamide at 80 °C to yield the corresponding mixed acetals. These acetals undergo smooth cyclization in the presence of ethanolic orthophosphoric acid to afford the corresponding 2-methylthio-3-acyl/aroyl/heteroaroyl thiophenes in 64–85% high overall yields.

This paper provides a comprehensive review on various maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms based on Perturb and Observe, Incremental Conductance, Soft Computing and other techniques along with the real time hardware implementation of photovoltaic (PV) system. In this review, the complete procedure, the implementation methodology and their effects in the PV output were discussed in detail for each algorithm. Further, MPPT algorithms for PV systems with partial shading condition were reviewed and reported. This paper is intended to serve as a suitable reference for future work in PV based power generation and its related research.

In this research, efficient and novel catalysts based on hierarchical carbon nanohorns-titanium nanoflowers have been prepared by one-pot solvothermal process. Hydrogen generation from dye-contaminated water and dye degradation along with electrochemical supercapacitance performance have been investigated using the synthesized hierarchical catalyst to produce 4500 μmol g−1 h−1 of hydrogen from the photocatalytically generated aqueous methylene blue and methyl orange dyes, which were degraded up to 90% under natural solar light irradiation. These results offer a new path to generate hydrogen from the aqueous dyes. The catalysts electrode showed 164.6 F g−1 supercapacitance at 5 mV s−1 scan rate, which is nearly 1.3 and 1.65-times higher than that of pristine titanium nanoflower and carbon nanohorns electrodes, respectively. Such superior results were achieved due to good crystallinity, improved optical absorption strength, strong chemical composition between the two components, and hierarchical morphology as demonstrated from XRD, UV-DRS, TEM, XPS, and Raman spectral characterizations.

This research article discusses the effect of different chemical matrices used for the immobilization of microalgae cells of Chlorella vulgaris on oil extraction in terms of oil yield, kinetic values, and thermodynamic values. The experimental procedures began with microalgae cultivation, immobilization of microalgae, microalgae harvesting, and oil extraction. For the immobilization method, the matrix systems involved were sodium alginate (SA), calcium alginate (CA), and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). For the oil extraction process, heptane was used as an only solvent at different temperature and extraction time. The amount of oil extracted from the SA system was found to be the highest compared to other chemical matrix systems, which is 25.11 % at 348 K. The values of the reaction rate constants were found to increase with temperature and extraction time for SA and the activation energy was determined to be 39.6636 kJ/mol, which is lowest among the systems. Moreover, with the enthalpy value of 0.115 kJ/mol, the extraction process using the SA system is endothermic and was found to be industrially more feasible process compared to other matrix systems. Hence, the results proved that the immobilization of microalgae for biodiesel production is considerable for the future biofuel industry.

Ice bonded abrasive polishing (IBAP) is a novel polishing method that employs a frozen slurry of water and abrasives as a polishing tool. This process is capable of producing ultra-fine finish on metallic as well as on non-metallic (ceramic) surfaces. The enhancement of productivity and efficiency of the process depends on the characteristics of the IBAP tool. During polishing, the IBAP tool melts due to frictional heat generated at the tool and workpiece interface. The melting rate influences the tool life and is one of the crucial aspects of the IBAP tool design. The present study aims to develop an analytical model to predict the melting rate of the tool as a function of abrasive properties, applied pressure, the relative velocity between the tool, and the workpiece surface. This model considered Jaeger's moving heat source method (1942) to determine the rise in temperature of tool and workpiece interface at steady-state and Blok's postulation (1963) to determine the fraction of heat conducted into the tool. The estimated melting rate of the IBAP tool is compared with the experimental data obtained from the reduction in the height of the IBAP tool at the polishing zone.

Turmeric and commercial curcumin contains curcumin, desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin as major components and they exhibit potential biological applications. Controlled crystallization of curcuminioids could lead to formation of new polymorphs/with different morphological features. In this report the structure and morphological changes taking place during the crystallization of curcuminoid mixture as well as individual curcuminoid polymorphs at different temperatures have been reported. The samples have been characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that curcumin exhibit polymorphs of which curcumin form 1 (monoclinic crystal system) has rod like morphology while curcumin form 2 (orthorhombic crystal system) shows sheet like morphology. Desmethoxycurcumin and bisdesmethoxycurcumin does not exhibit polymorphism and possess spherical shape and irregular morphology respectively.

Polycrystalline MnxZn1–xFe2O4 (x = 0.5, 0.6, 0.7) were prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion and co-precipitation techniques. The microstructural, dielectric and gas sensing properties of obtained ferrite powders were investigated. The FE-SEM pictures revealed the polycrystalline nature of synthesized ferrite samples. The usual dielectric dispersion of spinel ferrites was observed in the ferrite samples. The ferrite sample Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 prepared by the two methods possessed high dielectric constant at low frequencies. The surface charge polarization is showing predominant influence on the variation of dielectric constant with the composition. The hopping mechanism in differently prepared ferrite systems is interesting and is aroused from the different metal ions located at B–site in the spinel structure. The optimum temperature (OT) of the samples prepared by sol-gel auto-combustion method is 300 °C and co-precipitation technique is 250 °C. The sensor response is exceptionally high for Mn0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4. It is 1.74 and 1.88 in case of sol-gel auto combustion method and co-precipitation method. The ferrite sample Mn0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 prepared by co-precipitation method is more suitable for the fabrication of gas sensor.

Micro electrical Discharge Machining Drilling (MEDM Drill) technology has recently come into existence. The MEDM Drill process is an amalgamation of electromagnetic, thermodynamic and hydrodynamic behaviour and stochastic in nature. Optimize the course of action parametric combination, modelling the method, employ Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as well as to characterize the MEDM Drill external from end to end time progression technique. Therefore feed—forward reverse dissemination neural network base on top of very important composite rotatable investigational drawing mechanism, developed to model machining procedure. The best possible parametric combination is particular for development.

The majority of the available industrial enzymes are derived from microorganisms because they are capable of producing large amounts of extracellular enzymes by regulating their growth parameters. Cellulase is among the most studied and explored enzyme that acts on “cellulose,” one of the abundant biopolymers available on earth. Various microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, actinobacteria, and even archaeon have been found to have the ability to produce copious amounts of extracellular cellulases. Exploration and advancements in technology have ensured the availability of cellulases from diverse environmental habitats like soil, water, animal gut, plant endophytic tissues, and even from extremophilic conditions. Recombinant technologies, metagenomics, proteomics, and nanotechnologies combined with consolidated bioprocessing techniques have helped to enhance the efficiency of the microbial cellulases in their actions and applications. This chapter discusses the current scenario of microbial cellulases and their availability, diversity, and efficiency for sustainable development.

The need for fuel generated by renewable resources has become important in the global scenario. Solar energy is an abundantly available renewable resource for the earth. There is a huge potential for H2 derived from clean energy resources for commercial applications such as generation of electricity, fuel for transportation, domestic usage, rocket propulsion, etc. With H2 as a fuel, a zero-emission process using fuel cells produces electricity with only water as the by-product. Global demand for hydrogen (H2) as an energy carrier is steadily increasing. Researchers are therefore working towards the development of efficient materials for hydrogen (H2) production by solar photocatalysis. For efficient H2 fuel production, development of novel/modified photocatalysts that are efficient, stable and recyclable remains a challenge.

Shedi soil (Lithomargic clay) is the name given to the locally available whitish, pinkish or yellowish silty soil underlying lateritic soil densely deposited along west coast of India. Lithomargic soil is considered as weaker soil as it does not possess any desirable engineering property, so strength behaviour of Shedi soil under varying moisture content is major problem for construction projects in this region. This paper brings out the effect of lime and sodium on various geotechnical properties such as the index properties, compaction characteristics and strength characteristics of Shedi soil admixture with bagasse ash. The tests on index properties, compaction characteristics and strength have been carried out for Shedi soil replaced with various percentages of bagasse ash (BA), lime and sodium salts for different moulding water contents and curing period. It has shown that the plasticity index of soil increases with increase in BA-lime concentration and maximum dry density decreases with increase in Optimum Moisture Content (OMC). Though the plasticity index of soil increases and Maximum Dry Density decreases (MDD), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of Shedi soil increases significantly from 227 to 2311 kPa when treated with bagasse ash-lime and sodium salt with curing period and moulding water content.

Curcumin, a major bioactive component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), is known for its multiple health benefits. Curcumin as such is a mixture of its analogs: bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC)-3%, and demethoxycurcumin (DMC)-17%. Although the effect of curcumin on platelets is documented, the effect of BDMC and DMC on platelets is less studied. Considering the indispensable role played by platelets in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and immunity, the present study evaluates the effect of curcumin, DMC and BDMC on platelet apoptosis. The components of curcumin were purified by silica-gel column chromatography. The purity and mass analysis of the purified curcuminoids was determined by RP-HPLC and LC-MS respectively. When analyzed for platelet apoptotic markers, only BDMC demonstrated increased incidence of platelet apoptotic markers including increase in intracellular Ca2+, decrease in ∆ψm, alteration in BCl-2 family proteins, the release of cytochrome c, caspase activation, and PS externalization via activation of ERK activation. ERK inhibitor PD98059 significantly alleviated BDMC induced decrease in ∆ψm, alteration in BCl-2, caspase-8 activation and PS externalization. Our results demonstrate that curcumin, DMC and BDMC differentially act on platelet in inducing apoptosis and the study highlights that the toxicity associated with curcumin therapy might be attributed to BDMC in the mammalian system.

Breakwaters are massive structures constructed to provide the required tranquility within the ports. They are also used for safeguarding the beaches from eroding due to the severe action of waves, especially during inclement weather. In recent years, innovative structures such as Semi-circular and Quarter-circular Breakwaters (QBW) are being evolved to fulfill the ever-increasing demand from the coastal sector. QBW is a caisson with quarter circular surface towards incident waves, with horizontal bottom and a vertical wall on its rear side placed on a rubble mound foundation. In this paper, the experimental data collected at National Institute of Technology, Surathkal is used. The data collected is analysed by plotting the non-dimensional graphs of reflection coefficient, reflected wave height and incident wave height for various values of wave steepness. The values are used for prediction of QBW adopting Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks. Goodness-of-Fit (GoF) test using Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test statistic is applied for checking the adequacy of MLP and RBF networks to the experimental data. The performance of these networks is evaluated by using Model Performance Indicators (MPIs), viz. correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and model efficiency. The GoF test results and values of MPIs indicated the MLP is better suited amongst two networks adopted for evaluation of hydrodynamic performance of QBW.

The important health problems in the world are mainly caused due to chest diseases. A comparative chest disease diagnosis has been realized in this study by using the following neural networks such as multi-layer, probabilistic, learning vector quantization, constructive fuzzy, focused time delay, and generalized regression neural networks [1]. The back-propagation algorithm (It is a method used to calculate the error contribution of each neuron after a batch of data has been processed. It is the workhorse of learning in neural networks.) is the most popular algorithm in feed-forward neural network [1] with a multi-layer system. By adjusting the weights of artificial neural network while moving along the descending gradient direction is applicable to calculate the output error as well as the gradient of the error. The theme is to propose the implementation of back-propagation algorithm to compute and compare the percentage of the output accuracy, which is used for medical diagnosis on various chest diseases (i.e., asthma [2], tuberculosis [1, 3], lung cancer [4]; it is an iterative procedure that generates pneumonia).

In this paper, a DC/DC converter strategy is employed for solar water-pumping application. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategy is incorporated in order to extract maximum available power from the solar irradiation. In rural areas, the fields will be normally located far from the village, so it will not be able to extend the connection from the grid to such places. Thus, here standalone PV systems will be appropriate for powering pumps and other loads on the fields. In this paper, the performance of various DC–DC converters like boost, CUK, and SEPIC with MPPT techniques like P and O, fuzzy and NN (RBFN) is studied to identify the more suitable converter for the pumping application.