382 results on '"Mike Burton"'
Search Results
352. Origin, effects of Masaya Volcano's continued unrest probed in Nicaragua
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Peter J. Baxter, Wilfried Strauch, Lisa A. Horrocks, Martha Navarro, Julios Garcia-Alvarez, Peter Francis, Mike Burton, Clive Oppenheimer, John Stix, David A. Rothery, Pierre Delmelle, Hazel Rymer, Katie St Amand, Glyn Williams-Jones, and Alex Beaulieu more...
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Explosive eruption ,Volcano ,Earth science ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Unrest ,Geology - Abstract
An international team of researchers is hoping to pin down the origin and determine the effects of 6 years of continued unrest at Nicaragua's Masaya volcano. With the country's capital, Managua, close by, several million people are at risk if a large, explosive eruption were to occur. Masaya is distinctive not only for its explosive basaltic eruptions of the past, but also for its postcaldera activity. Combined geophysical and geochemical surveys are improving understanding of volcanic activity there, and new techniques are providing exciting inroads into deciphering the atmospheric chemistry in its plume dispersal, addressing the nature of relatively rapid variations in its gas emission rates, and monitoring its gas hazards. Many issues remain to be resolved, however. more...
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- 1999
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353. Faces retain attention.
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Markus Bindemann, A. Mike Burton, Ignace T. C. Hooge, Rob Jenkins, and Edward H. F. de Haan
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In the present study, we investigated whether faces have an advantage in retaining attention over other stimulus categories. In three experiments, subjects were asked to focus on a central go/no-go signal before classifying a concurrently presented peripheral line target. In Experiment 1, the go/no-go signal could be superimposed on photographs of upright famous faces, matching inverted faces, or meaningful objects. Experiments 2 and 3 tested upright and inverted unfamiliar faces, printed names, and another class of meaningful objects in an identical design. A fourth experiment provided a replication of Experiment 1, but with a 1,000-msec stimulus onset asynchrony between the onset of the central face/nonface stimuli and the peripheral targets. In all the experiments, the presence of an upright face significantly delayed target response times, in comparison with each of the other stimulus categories. These results suggest a general attentional bias, so that it is particularly difficult to disengage processing resources from faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2005
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354. Face processing: Human perception and principal components analysis.
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Hancock, Peter J.B. and Mike Burton, A.
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FACE perception , *PRINCIPAL components analysis - Abstract
Presents studies which analyzed the relationship between human face processing and structural properties of face images. Evidence for image-based face coding; Principal component analysis (PCA) approach and shape-free PCA; Face space and norm-based coding; Information that give rise to psychological properties of face perception. more...
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- 1996
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355. Testing the models? New data and commentary on Stanhope & Cohen (1993).
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Bruce, Vicki and Mike Burton, A.
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RECOGNITION (Psychology) - Abstract
Examines the specific prediction of A.M. Burton and V. Bruce's account on the retrieval of names or occupations of people. Links between name/occupations information and individual people/faces; Fan effect in the recall of information about people; Comments on N. Stanhope and G. Cohen's experiments contradicting Burton and Bruce's model. more...
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- 1994
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356. I recognize your face but I can't remember your name: A simple explanation?
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Mike Burton, A. and Bruce, Vicki
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FACE perception , *PERSONAL names - Abstract
Explains why subjects are typically slower to recall the names than to recognize the faces of familiar people. Proposal that names are stored separately from semantic information and that they may not be retrieved in the absence of other information; Role of the uniqueness of names; Accounts of naming. more...
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- 1992
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357. Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model.
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Mike Burton, A. and Bruce, Vicki
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FACE perception , *PRIMING (Psychology) - Abstract
Examines the semantic and identity priming effects in face recognition and effects of distinctiveness on face recognition. Evaluation of the microstructure of the Bruce and Young (1986) functional model of face recognition using an interactive activation implementation; Information processes involving the recognition of individual identity from faces. more...
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- 1990
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358. Inter–and intra–sectoral effects of milk quotas in the U.K. milk industry
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Pam Bingley, Mike Burton, and John Strak
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Economics and Econometrics ,Business ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) - Published
- 1985
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359. The empirical study of knowledge elicitation techniques
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A. Mike Burton and Nigel Shadbolt
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Empirical research ,Knowledge management ,Work (electrical) ,Computer science ,Management science ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Expert elicitation ,business ,Knowledge elicitation ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
This article reports on work conducted at Nottingham University to investigate the utility and efficacy of selected knowledge elicitation (KE) techniques. The experimental approach taken to this research is advanced as a necessary and essential part of the process of coming to understand how to make acquisition more tractable. We discuss the results of our work and possible implications for programmes of acquisition. We also describe the assumptions implicit in our work and the attendant caveats that have to be borne in mind. more...
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- 1989
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360. Lighting direction affects recognition of untextured faces in photographic positive and negative
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Charles A. Collin, Avi Chaudhuri, A. Mike Burton, and Chang Hong Liu
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Adult ,Male ,Facial recognition system ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Photography ,Psychophysics ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Untextured faces ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Computer vision ,Lighting ,Photoghaphic positive and negative ,Mathematics ,A determinant ,Communication ,business.industry ,Lasers ,05 social sciences ,Middle Aged ,Sensory Systems ,Ophthalmology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Face ,Face (geometry) ,Female ,Lighting direction ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Face recognition in photographic positive and negative was examined in a same/different matching task in five lighting direction conditions using untextured 3-D laser-scanned faces. The lighting directions were +60, +30, 0, -30 and -60 degrees, where negative values represent bottom lighting and positive values represent top lighting. Recognition performance was better for faces in positive than in negative when lighting directions were at +60 degrees. In one experiment, the same effect was also found at +30 degrees. However, faces in negative were recognized better than positive when the direction was -60 degrees. There was no difference in recognition performance when the lighting direction was 0 and -30 degrees. These results confirm that the effect of lighting direction can be a determinant of the photographic negative effect. Positive faces, which normally appear to be top-lit, may be difficult to recognize in negative partly because of the accompanying change in apparent lighting direction to bottom-lit. more...
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361. The role of view in human face detection
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Markus Bindemann and A. Mike Burton
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Male ,genetic structures ,Visual Physiology ,Face detection ,Eye ,Scenes ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Orientation ,Frontal ,Psychophysics ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Computer vision ,Temporal cortex ,Analysis of Variance ,Communication ,Orientation (computer vision) ,business.industry ,Gaze ,Sensory Systems ,eye diseases ,3/4 View ,Ophthalmology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,View ,Face ,Face (geometry) ,Pattern recognition (psychology) ,Eyes ,Female ,Profile ,Artificial intelligence ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
The ability to detect faces in visual scenes is little understood. Across three experiments we examined whether particular facial views (for example those revealing a pair of eyes) facilitate detection while observers are searching for faces in complex visual scenes. Viewers’ performance was equivalent for faces shown in frontal and mid-profile pose, but declined in profile (Experiment 1). These differences persisted when only half the face was shown, so that one eye was visible in frontal and profile view but both eyes were preserved in mid-frontal faces (Experiment 2). The same pattern was found when only the upper region of a face appeared in visual scenes, but the presentation of lower half faces eliminated all differences (Experiment 3). These findings demonstrate that the upper face mediates detection across different views, but ‘a pair of eyes’ cannot explain differences in detectability. more...
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362. COMPUTER RECOGNITION OF FACES
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Vicki Bruce and Mike Burton
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Computer science ,business.industry ,Three-dimensional face recognition ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Face detection - Published
- 1989
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363. Further experiments on the perception of growth in three dimensions
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Mike Burton, Vicki Bruce, Tony Doyle, and Neal Dench
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Adult ,Male ,Visual perception ,Head (linguistics) ,Cephalometry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Three-dimensional space ,Perception ,Orientation ,Statistics ,Computer Graphics ,Humans ,Attention ,Computer Simulation ,Maxillofacial Development ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Communication ,Depth Perception ,business.industry ,Sensory Systems ,Form Perception ,Face (geometry) ,Female ,Psychology ,business - Abstract
Mark and Todd (1983) reported an experiment in which the cardioidal strain transformation was extended to three dimensions and applied to a three-dimensional (3-D) representation of the head of a 15-year-old girl in a direction that made the transformed head appear younger to the vast majority of their subjects. The experiments reported here extend this research in order to examine whether subjects are indeed detecting cardioidal strain in three dimensions, rather than detecting changes in head slant or making 2-D comparisons of the shape of the occluding contour. Three-dimensional surfaces were obtained by measuring a real head manually (Experiment 1) and with a laser scanner (Experiment 2), and transformed to different age levels using the 3-D strain transformation described by Mark and Todd (1983). There were no statistically significant differences in the accuracy with which relative age judgments could be made in response, to pairs of profiles, pairs of 3/4 views, or pairs of mixed views (profile plus 3/4 view), suggesting that subjects can indeed extract the cardioidal strain level of the head in three dimensions. However, an additional effect that emerged in these studies was that judgments were crucially affected by the instructions given to subjects, which suggests that factors other than cardioidal strain are important in making judgments about rich data structures. more...
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- 1989
364. Departmental recital hour : Voice
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Whitcomb, Karol; Kenney, Laura; Waters, Mike; Burton, Dina; Chapman, Jennifer; Smith, Valerie, Ball State University. School of Music, Whitcomb, Karol; Kenney, Laura; Waters, Mike; Burton, Dina; Chapman, Jennifer; Smith, Valerie, and Ball State University. School of Music more...
- Abstract
With Karol Whitcomb, voice and piano, Laura Kenney, voice and piano, Mike Waters, tenor, Dina Burton, voice, Jennifer Chapman, mezzo-soprano, and Valerie Smith, piano., Series XXXV, Number 108., This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about more...
- Published
- 1981
365. N250 ERP Correlates of the Acquisition of Face Representations across Different Images
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Stefan R. Schweinberger, A. Mike Burton, and Jürgen M. Kaufmann
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Repetition priming ,Brain mapping ,Functional Laterality ,Discrimination Learning ,Young Adult ,Event-related potential ,Perception ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Evoked Potentials ,media_common ,Temporal cortex ,Neural correlates of consciousness ,Analysis of Variance ,Brain Mapping ,Fusiform gyrus ,Cognition ,Electroencephalography ,Recognition, Psychology ,Semantics ,Acoustic Stimulation ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Face ,Female ,Psychology ,Photic Stimulation ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
We used ERPs to investigate neural correlates of face learning. At learning, participants viewed video clips of unfamiliar people, which were presented either with or without voices providing semantic information. In a subsequent face-recognition task (four trial blocks), learned faces were repeated once per block and presented interspersed with novel faces. To disentangle face from image learning, we used different images for face repetitions. Block effects demonstrated that engaging in the face-recognition task modulated ERPs between 170 and 900 msec poststimulus onset for learned and novel faces. In addition, multiple repetitions of different exemplars of learned faces elicited an increased bilateral N250. Source localizations of this N250 for learned faces suggested activity in fusiform gyrus, similar to that found previously for N250r in repetition priming paradigms [Schweinberger, S. R., Pickering, E. C., Jentzsch, I., Burton, A. M., & Kaufmann, J. M. Event-related brain potential evidence for a response of inferior temporal cortex to familiar face repetitions. Cognitive Brain Research, 14, 398–409, 2002]. Multiple repetitions of learned faces also elicited increased central–parietal positivity between 400 and 600 msec and caused a bilateral increase of inferior–temporal negativity (>300 msec) compared with novel faces. Semantic information at learning enhanced recognition rates. Faces that had been learned with semantic information elicited somewhat less negative amplitudes between 700 and 900 msec over left inferior–temporal sites. Overall, the findings demonstrate a role of the temporal N250 ERP in the acquisition of new face representations across different images. They also suggest that, compared with visual presentation alone, additional semantic information at learning facilitates postperceptual processing in recognition but does not facilitate perceptual analysis of learned faces. more...
366. What computers have shown us about the mind
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Padraic Monaghan, James Keidel, Mike Burton, and Gert Westermann
367. Constructing sonified haptic line graphs for the blind student: First steps
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Wai Yu, Beate Riedel, Gisela Dimigen, Mike Burton, Rameshsharma Ramloll, and Stephen Brewster
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QA75 ,T1 ,Computer science ,business.industry ,Visual impairment ,law.invention ,Visualization ,Haptic display ,Information visualization ,Human–computer interaction ,law ,Line graph ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Design space ,Haptic technology - Abstract
Line graphs stand as an established information visualisation and analysis technique taught at various levels of difficulty according to standard Mathematics curricula. It has been argued that blind individuals cannot use line graphs as a visualisation and analytic tool because they currently primarily exist in the visual medium. The research described in this paper aims at making line graphs accessible to blind students through auditory and haptic media. We describe (1) our design space for representing line graphs, (2) the technology we use to develop our prototypes and (3) the insights from our preliminary work. more...
368. Improved retrieval of SO2 plume height from TROPOMI using an iterative Covariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm
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Nicolas Theys, Christophe Lerot, Hugues Brenot, Jeroen van Gent, Isabelle De Smedt, Lieven Clarisse, Mike Burton, Matthew Varnam, and Michel Van Roozendael
- Abstract
Knowledge of sulfur dioxide layer height (SO2 LH) is important to understand volcanic eruption processes, the climate impact of SO2 emissions and to mitigate volcanic risk for civil aviation. However, the estimation of SO2 LH from ground-based instruments is challenging in particular for rapidly evolving and sustained eruptions. Satellite wide-swath nadir observations have the advantage to cover large-scale plumes and the potential to provide key information on SO2 LH. In the ultraviolet, SO2 LH retrievals leverage the fact that, for large SO2 columns, the light path and its associated air mass factor (AMF) depends on the SO2 absorption (and therefore on the vertical distribution of SO2), and SO2 LH information can be obtained from the analysis of measured back-scattered radiances coupled with radiative transfer simulations. However, existing algorithms are mainly sensitive to SO2 LH for SO2 vertical columns of at least 20 DU. Here we develop a new SO2 LH algorithm and apply it to observations from the high spatial resolution TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). It is based on an SO2 optical depth look-up-table and an iterative approach. The strength of this scheme lies in the fact that it is a Covariance-Based Retrieval Algorithm (COBRA; Theys et al., 2021). This means that the SO2-free contribution of the measured optical depth is treated in an optimal way, resulting in an improvement of the SO2 LH sensitivity to SO2 columns as low as 5 DU, with a precision better than 2 km. We demonstrate the value of this new data through a number of examples and comparison with satellite plume height estimates (from IASI and CALIOP), and back trajectory analyses. The comparisons indicates an SO2 LH accuracy of 1–2 km, expect for some difficult observation conditions. more...
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369. Face learning via brief real-world social interactions includes changes in face-selective brain areas and hippocampus
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Magdalena W. Sliwinska, Lydia R. Searle, Megan Earl, Daniel O’Gorman, Giusi Pollicina, A. Mike Burton, and David Pitcher
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Ophthalmology ,Brain Mapping ,Artificial Intelligence ,Social Interaction ,RC0321 ,Brain ,Humans ,BF ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Facial Recognition ,Hippocampus ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Sensory Systems - Abstract
Making new acquaintances requires learning to recognise previously unfamiliar faces. In the current study, we investigated this process by staging real-world social interactions between actors and the participants. Participants completed a face-matching behavioural task in which they matched photographs of the actors (whom they had yet to meet), or faces similar to the actors (henceforth called foils). Participants were then scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing photographs of actors and foils. Immediately after exiting the scanner, participants met the actors for the first time and interacted with them for 10 min. On subsequent days, participants completed a second behavioural experiment and then a second fMRI scan. Prior to each session, actors again interacted with the participants for 10 min. Behavioural results showed that social interactions improved performance accuracy when matching actor photographs, but not foil photographs. The fMRI analysis revealed a difference in the neural response to actor photographs and foil photographs across all regions of interest (ROIs) only after social interactions had occurred. Our results demonstrate that short social interactions were sufficient to learn and discriminate previously unfamiliar individuals. Moreover, these learning effects were present in brain areas involved in face processing and memory. more...
370. Mileva_OnlineAppendix – Supplemental material for The Role of Face and Voice Cues in Predicting the Outcome of Student Representative Elections
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Mileva, Mila, Tompkinson, James, Watt, Dominic, and A. Mike Burton
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FOS: Psychology ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified ,16. Peace & justice - Abstract
Supplemental material, Mileva_OnlineAppendix for The Role of Face and Voice Cues in Predicting the Outcome of Student Representative Elections by Mila Mileva, James Tompkinson, Dominic Watt and A. Mike Burton in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin more...
371. On the use of HF as a reference for the comparison of stratospheric observations and models
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Bo Galle, James W. Hannigan, Johan Mellqvist, Bhaswar Sen, C. Paton Walsh, Mike Burton, William G. Mankin, Emmanuel Mahieu, William Bell, T. Blumenstock, Rodolphe Zander, Martyn P. Chipperfield, M. T. Coffey, Justus Notholt, and G. C. Toon more...
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Atmospheric Science ,Soil Science ,Mineralogy ,Aquatic Science ,Oceanography ,Atmospheric sciences ,Latitude ,Atmosphere ,Troposphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Stratosphere ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology ,Ecology ,Northern Hemisphere ,Paleontology ,Forestry ,Hydrogen fluoride ,Trace gas ,Geophysics ,chemistry ,Space and Planetary Science ,Middle latitudes ,Environmental science - Abstract
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is often used as a simple reference for other column observations of chemically active stratospheric species. However, seasonal and shorter timescale variations in column HF make its use as a reference more complicated. In this paper we characterize the expected magnitude of these variations in HF, and variations of ratio quantities involving HF, using a two-dimensional (2-D) photochemical model and two versions of a three-dimensional (3-D) transport model. The 2-D model predicts that the column ratios HNO3/HF and HCl/HF increase from midlatitudes to the tropics, although this is very sensitive to HCl and HNO3 abundances in the tropical upper troposphere. Seasonal variations in vertical motion modifys the predicted ratios; for example, wintertime descent at high latitudes decreases HCl/HF. The ratio HNO3/HF at high latitudes is strongly modified by seasonal variations in the chemical partitioning of the odd nitrogen (NOy) species. We compare these model predictions with ground-based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) observations of HF along with HCl, ClONO2 and HNO3 obtained at eight northern hemisphere sites between October 1994 and July 1995. We investigate quantitatively how HF can be used as a tracer to follow the evolution of observations at a single station and to intercompare results from different stations or with photochemical models. The magnitude of the 3-D model HF column agrees well with the observations, except on some occasions at high latitudes, giving indirect support for the important role of COF2 in the stratospheric inorganic fluorine budget. The observed day-to-day variability in the column ratios HCl/HF and HNO3/HF is much larger at high latitudes. This variability is reproduced in the 3-D models and is due to horizontal motion. Short timescale vertical displacement of the species profiles is estimated to have a small effect on the column ratios. In particular, we analyze the usefulness of the observed column ratio (ClONO2 + HCl)/HF as an indicator for chlorine activation. Current measurement uncertainties limit the degree of activation which can be unambiguously detected using this observed quantity, but we can determine that chlorine-activated air was observed above Aberdeen (58°N) on 6 days in late January 1995. more...
372. Mileva_OnlineAppendix – Supplemental material for The Role of Face and Voice Cues in Predicting the Outcome of Student Representative Elections
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Mileva, Mila, Tompkinson, James, Watt, Dominic, and A. Mike Burton
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FOS: Psychology ,170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified ,16. Peace & justice - Abstract
Supplemental material, Mileva_OnlineAppendix for The Role of Face and Voice Cues in Predicting the Outcome of Student Representative Elections by Mila Mileva, James Tompkinson, Dominic Watt and A. Mike Burton in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin more...
373. Prime time advertisements: Repetition priming from faces seen on subject recruitment posters
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Steve Kelly, Derek Carson, Vicki Bruce, and A. Mike Burton
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Adult ,Male ,Repetition priming ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Context (language use) ,Discrimination Learning ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Face perception ,Advertising ,Explicit memory ,Humans ,Attention ,Habituation, Psychophysiologic ,Recognition memory ,Repetition (rhetorical device) ,Retention, Psychology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Face ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Implicit memory ,Psychology ,Priming (psychology) ,Social psychology - Abstract
Repetition priming is defined as a gain in item recognition after previous exposure. Repetition priming of face recognition has been shown to last for several months, despite contamination by everyday exposure to both experimental and control faces in the interval. Here we show that gains in face recognition in the laboratory are found from faces initially seen in a rather different context— on subject recruitment posters, even when the advertisements make no specific mention of experiments involving face recognition. The priming was greatest when identical pictures were shown in the posters and in the test phase, although different views of faces did give significant priming in one study. Follow-up studies revealed poor explicit memory for the faces shown on the posters. The results of these experiments are used to develop a model in which repetition priming reflects the process of updating representations of familiar faces. more...
374. Perception of threat and intent to harm from vocal and facial cues.
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Tompkinson, James, Mileva, Mila, Watt, Dominic, and Mike Burton, A
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SOCIAL integration , *ABSOLUTE pitch , *AUDITORY perception , *EMOTION recognition - Abstract
What constitutes a "threatening tone of voice"? There is currently little research exploring how listeners infer threat, or the intention to cause harm, from speakers' voices. Here, we investigated the influence of key linguistic variables on these evaluations (Study 1). Results showed a trend for voices perceived to be lower in pitch, particularly those of male speakers, to be evaluated as sounding more threatening and conveying greater intent to harm. We next investigated the evaluation of multimodal stimuli comprising voices and faces varying in perceived dominance (Study 2). Visual information about the speaker's face had a significant effect on threat and intent ratings. In both experiments, we observed a relatively low level of agreement among individual listeners' evaluations, emphasising idiosyncrasy in the ways in which threat and intent-to-harm are perceived. This research provides a basis for the perceptual experience of a "threatening tone of voice," along with an exploration of vocal and facial cue integration in social evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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375. Face search in CCTV surveillance
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Mila Mileva and A. Mike Burton
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Face search ,Visual search ,Face recognition ,CCTV ,Consciousness. Cognition ,BF309-499 - Abstract
Abstract Background We present a series of experiments on visual search in a highly complex environment, security closed-circuit television (CCTV). Using real surveillance footage from a large city transport hub, we ask viewers to search for target individuals. Search targets are presented in a number of ways, using naturally occurring images including their passports and photo ID, social media and custody images/videos. Our aim is to establish general principles for search efficiency within this realistic context. Results Across four studies we find that providing multiple photos of the search target consistently improves performance. Three different photos of the target, taken at different times, give substantial performance improvements by comparison to a single target. By contrast, providing targets in moving videos or with biographical context does not lead to improvements in search accuracy. Conclusions We discuss the multiple-image advantage in relation to a growing understanding of the importance of within-person variability in face recognition. more...
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- 2019
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376. Individual differences in face identity processing
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Jennifer M. McCaffery, David J. Robertson, Andrew W. Young, and A. Mike Burton
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Face recognition ,Face perception ,Unfamiliar faces ,Familiar faces ,Individual differences ,Consciousness. Cognition ,BF309-499 - Abstract
Abstract We investigated the relationships between individual differences in different aspects of face-identity processing, using the Glasgow Face Matching Test (GFMT) as a measure of unfamiliar face perception, the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) as a measure of new face learning, and the Before They Were Famous task (BTWF) as a measure of familiar face recognition. These measures were integrated into two separate studies examining the relationship between face processing and other tasks. For Study 1 we gathered participants’ subjective ratings of their own face perception abilities. In Study 2 we used additional measures of perceptual and cognitive abilities, and personality factors to place individual differences in a broader context. Performance was significantly correlated across the three face-identity tasks in both studies, suggesting some degree of commonality of underlying mechanisms. For Study 1 the participants’ self-ratings correlated poorly with performance, reaching significance only for judgements of familiar face recognition. In Study 2 there were few associations between face tasks and other measures, with task-level influences seeming to account for the small number of associations present. In general, face tasks correlated with each other, but did not show an overall relation with other perceptual, cognitive or personality tests. Our findings are consistent with the existence of a general face-perception factor, able to account for around 25% of the variance in scores. However, other relatively task-specific influences are also clearly operating. more...
- Published
- 2018
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377. Do professional facial image comparison training courses work?
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Alice Towler, Richard I Kemp, A Mike Burton, James D Dunn, Tanya Wayne, Reuben Moreton, and David White
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Facial image comparison practitioners compare images of unfamiliar faces and decide whether or not they show the same person. Given the importance of these decisions for national security and criminal investigations, practitioners attend training courses to improve their face identification ability. However, these courses have not been empirically validated so it is unknown if they improve accuracy. Here, we review the content of eleven professional training courses offered to staff at national security, police, intelligence, passport issuance, immigration and border control agencies around the world. All reviewed courses include basic training in facial anatomy and prescribe facial feature (or 'morphological') comparison. Next, we evaluate the effectiveness of four representative courses by comparing face identification accuracy before and after training in novices (n = 152) and practitioners (n = 236). We find very strong evidence that short (1-hour and half-day) professional training courses do not improve identification accuracy, despite 93% of trainees believing their performance had improved. We find some evidence of improvement in a 3-day training course designed to introduce trainees to the unique feature-by-feature comparison strategy used by facial examiners in forensic settings. However, observed improvements are small, inconsistent across tests, and training did not produce the qualitative changes associated with examiners' expertise. Future research should test the benefits of longer examination-focussed training courses and incorporate longitudinal approaches to track improvements caused by mentoring and deliberate practice. In the absence of evidence that training is effective, we advise agencies to explore alternative evidence-based strategies for improving the accuracy of face identification decisions. more...
- Published
- 2019
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378. Fraudulent ID using face morphs: Experiments on human and automatic recognition.
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David J Robertson, Robin S S Kramer, and A Mike Burton
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Matching unfamiliar faces is known to be difficult, and this can give an opportunity to those engaged in identity fraud. Here we examine a relatively new form of fraud, the use of photo-ID containing a graphical morph between two faces. Such a document may look sufficiently like two people to serve as ID for both. We present two experiments with human viewers, and a third with a smartphone face recognition system. In Experiment 1, viewers were asked to match pairs of faces, without being warned that one of the pair could be a morph. They very commonly accepted a morphed face as a match. However, in Experiment 2, following very short training on morph detection, their acceptance rate fell considerably. Nevertheless, there remained large individual differences in people's ability to detect a morph. In Experiment 3 we show that a smartphone makes errors at a similar rate to 'trained' human viewers-i.e. accepting a small number of morphs as genuine ID. We discuss these results in reference to the use of face photos for security. more...
- Published
- 2017
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379. Face Recognition by Metropolitan Police Super-Recognisers.
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David J Robertson, Eilidh Noyes, Andrew J Dowsett, Rob Jenkins, and A Mike Burton
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Face recognition is used to prove identity across a wide variety of settings. Despite this, research consistently shows that people are typically rather poor at matching faces to photos. Some professional groups, such as police and passport officers, have been shown to perform just as poorly as the general public on standard tests of face recognition. However, face recognition skills are subject to wide individual variation, with some people showing exceptional ability-a group that has come to be known as 'super-recognisers'. The Metropolitan Police Force (London) recruits 'super-recognisers' from within its ranks, for deployment on various identification tasks. Here we test four working super-recognisers from within this police force, and ask whether they are really able to perform at levels above control groups. We consistently find that the police 'super-recognisers' perform at well above normal levels on tests of unfamiliar and familiar face matching, with degraded as well as high quality images. Recruiting employees with high levels of skill in these areas, and allocating them to relevant tasks, is an efficient way to overcome some of the known difficulties associated with unfamiliar face recognition. more...
- Published
- 2016
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380. Face-selective regions show invariance to linear, but not to non-linear, changes in facial images.
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Baseler, Heidi A., Young, Andrew W., Jenkins, Rob, Mike Burton, A., and Andrews, Timothy J.
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HUMAN facial recognition software , *STIMULUS & response (Psychology) , *FACE perception , *ADAPTABILITY (Personality) , *COMPARATIVE studies - Abstract
Familiar face recognition is remarkably invariant across huge image differences, yet little is understood concerning how image-invariant recognition is achieved. To investigate the neural correlates of invariance, we localized the core face-responsive regions and then compared the pattern of fMR-adaptation to different stimulus transformations in each region to behavioural data demonstrating the impact of the same transformations on familiar face recognition. In Experiment 1, we compared linear transformations of size and aspect ratio to a non-linear transformation affecting only part of the face. We found that adaptation to facial identity in face-selective regions showed invariance to linear changes, but there was no invariance to non-linear changes. In Experiment 2, we measured the sensitivity to non-linear changes that fell within the normal range of variation across face images. We found no adaptation to facial identity for any of the non-linear changes in the image, including to faces that varied in different levels of caricature. These results show a compelling difference in the sensitivity to linear compared to non-linear image changes in face-selective regions of the human brain that is only partially consistent with their effect on behavioural judgements of identity. We conclude that while regions such as the FFA may well be involved in the recognition of face identity, they are more likely to contribute to some form of normalisation that underpins subsequent recognition than to form the neural substrate of recognition per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2016
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381. Face averages enhance user recognition for smartphone security.
- Author
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David J Robertson, Robin S S Kramer, and A Mike Burton
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Our recognition of familiar faces is excellent, and generalises across viewing conditions. However, unfamiliar face recognition is much poorer. For this reason, automatic face recognition systems might benefit from incorporating the advantages of familiarity. Here we put this to the test using the face verification system available on a popular smartphone (the Samsung Galaxy). In two experiments we tested the recognition performance of the smartphone when it was encoded with an individual's 'face-average'--a representation derived from theories of human face perception. This technique significantly improved performance for both unconstrained celebrity images (Experiment 1) and for real faces (Experiment 2): users could unlock their phones more reliably when the device stored an average of the user's face than when they stored a single image. This advantage was consistent across a wide variety of everyday viewing conditions. Furthermore, the benefit did not reduce the rejection of imposter faces. This benefit is brought about solely by consideration of suitable representations for automatic face recognition, and we argue that this is just as important as development of matching algorithms themselves. We propose that this representation could significantly improve recognition rates in everyday settings. more...
- Published
- 2015
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382. Facial identity recognition in the broader autism phenotype.
- Author
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C Ellie Wilson, Phillipa Freeman, Jon Brock, A Mike Burton, and Romina Palermo
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundThe 'broader autism phenotype' (BAP) refers to the mild expression of autistic-like traits in the relatives of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Establishing the presence of ASD traits provides insight into which traits are heritable in ASD. Here, the ability to recognise facial identity was tested in 33 parents of ASD children.Methodology and resultsIn experiment 1, parents of ASD children completed the Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT), and a questionnaire assessing the presence of autistic personality traits. The parents, particularly the fathers, were impaired on the CFMT, but there were no associations between face recognition ability and autistic personality traits. In experiment 2, parents and probands completed equivalent versions of a simple test of face matching. On this task, the parents were not impaired relative to typically developing controls, however the proband group was impaired. Crucially, the mothers' face matching scores correlated with the probands', even when performance on an equivalent test of matching non-face stimuli was controlled for.Conclusions and significanceComponents of face recognition ability are impaired in some relatives of ASD individuals. Results suggest that face recognition skills are heritable in ASD, and genetic and environmental factors accounting for the pattern of heritability are discussed. In general, results demonstrate the importance of assessing the skill level in the proband when investigating particular characteristics of the BAP. more...
- Published
- 2010
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