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Background The shoulder is the most commonly injured joint among competitive swimmers, and there are suggestions that sex, swimming stroke and level or training/competition are risk factors, but previous studies are inconclusive and have used small cohorts and/or relatively low level competitors. Objectiv To document the incidence, nature, severity and location of shoulder injuries in competitive highly trained swimmers, and whether these factors were influenced by sex, swimming stroke and level of competition. Design Retrospective study. Setting Swimming competitions and clubs. Participants 132 young competitive adult swimmers (61 females, 71 males; age, 21±2 yrs; body mass: 73±11kg; current training volume, 16±4 hrs/wk; competitive history 9±3 years). Risk factor assessment Participants completed a retrospective questionnaire concerning their age, sex, competitive standard, primary stroke, recent training volume. Main outcome measurements They also recorded their experience of shoulder injury incidence (new injury, recurrence), time loss severity (mild, moderate, severe), nature of injury onset (acute/chronic) and location (left, right, both). Results 99 swimmers (74%) had experienced shoulder injury, collectively reporting 124 unique injuries, and >50% of these injuries had recurred at least once. 22% of swimmers were currently experiencing shoulder pain, and 10% were currently receiving treatment for shoulder injury. Injury incidence was not influenced by sex (P=.223) or competitive standard (P=.415). There were more chronic than acute injuries (86 vs 38; P=.001). There were tendencies for more injuries to the right than left shoulder (65 vs 43, P=.066), and for a higher incidence of severe injuries than expected (P=.053). Shoulder injury was 50% lower for breaststroke swimmers, but this difference was not significant P=.245). Conclusions Injury incidence was not influenced by sex or level of competition, but was 50% lower for breaststroke swimmers. Despite the symmetrical nature of swimming the right shoulder seems to be at greater risk of injury.

Background The efficacy of the FIFA 11+ program in collegiate soccer. Objective Can the FIFA 11+ effectively reduce injury in the competitive male soccer player?. Design Prospective randomized controlled trial conducted in the NCAA. Every institution (N=411) was contacted via a formal letter, email and phone call. Sixty-one institutions consented to participate. Human ethics approval was acquired through Quorum IRB, Seattle, WA, USA. The intervention group received an instructional DVD, manual and placards. A injury surveillance database was utilized (HealtheAthlete TM , Kansas) for data collection. Every exposure, injury, and compliance data was entered weekly. Setting NCAA institutions playing competitive soccer. Participants 61 institutions completed the study: 34 control (N=850 athletes) and 27 intervention (N=675 athletes). Intervention The FIFA 11+ injury prevention program served as the intervention program. It was utilized three times per week for the duration of the season. Main outcome measurements Specific injuries, athletic exposures, program compliance and time loss were recorded. Results In the intervention Group (IG), 285 injuries were reported (mean=10.56 injuries/team+/− 3.64) compared to 665 injuries (mean=20.15 +/− 11.01) in the control group (CG). The number of athletic exposures was 35,226 (Games: 10 935 AE, Practice: 24 291AE) for the IG and 44 212 (Games: 13 624 AE, Practice: 30 588 AE) in the CG). The incidence rate (IR) was 8.09/1000 AE (95% CI) in the IG compared to 15.04/1000 AE (95% CI) in the CG (P=.00117). Total days missed due to injury was 2 824 (mean=9.94) in the IG compared to 8776 days (mean=13.20) in the CG. Conclusions: The FIFA 11+ was shown to reduce injury rates and time loss in the male collegiate soccer player in a statistically significant manner.

Information management is essential in construction projects. Existing research has identified and discussed problems in communication and information transfer among different stakeholders, such as the loss of information caused by fragmentation and information islands. However, there are few statistics about the direct time waste caused by information loss arising from poor communication and information management. Existing surveys relying on self-reporting questionnaires and interviews often contain various biases. This paper presents a direct observation of two construction sites in China in relation to wasted time and the information flows in these time-wasting events. Analysis of the observation data provides objective and comprehensive statistics on time wasted due to inconsistent information, dislocation and ambiguity. This research also analyses the correlation between participants, information carriers, information loss and the amount of time wasted. Finally, the wasting of time is analysed from the perspective of information flows and problems that cannot be addressed by information technologies are discussed.

This paper proves the non-existence of an optimal solution under the Liljas [Liljas, B. (1998). The demand for health with uncertainty and insurance. J. Health Econ., 17, 153–170] type of insurance. The reason for the non-existence is that the insurance induces the individual to increase his time input, relative to medical expenditure in the household production of health investment. Hence, it distorts the balance of inputs in the production of health investment. Moreover, it also distorts the household production for consumption goods through time constraints. Therefore, this paper proposes an alternative insurance that covers the time loss due to illness and has an optimal solution.

We present a simple technique to avoid time loss and potential dangerous maneuvers for catheterization of the radial artery in endovascular interventions. If any difficulties are encountered when advancing the guide wire after the arterial puncture using standard transradial kits, we found it useful to routinely use a 60-mm polyethylene radial pressure line catheter like the Leader Cath (Vygon, Ecquen, France), which is more flexible and less traumatic than short catheters and are usually available in the standard hydrophilic transradial kit. With the 20-gauge needle within the arterial lumen, it is sufficient to advance the guide wire 3 or 4 cm, followed by the insertion of the radial pressure line catheter for administering a vasodilator cocktail. The contrast injection through the catheter is safer than through the needle, and visualization of the underling problems may avoid any time loss and complications. The standard sheath insertion is facilitated by the pressure line catheter that acts as a dilator. This technique, especially when performing coronary or peripheral interventions in which large introducers are needed, may avoid potentially dangerous vascular complications and improve the success rate.

A review of workers' compensation board (WCB) claims in Manitoba, Canada identified an estimated 382 upper limb repetitive strain injury (RSI) claims or 9.3% of all upper limb WCB claims accepted in 1991. Tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were the most frequent diagnoses (27.5% and 19.3%, respectively). Rates of RSI were not significantly different by gender and age. RSI claimants had been experiencing symptoms for an average of 8 months prior to filing a compensation claim. While clerical occupations accounted for 13.6% of all upper limb RSI claims, the rates for RSIs in these occupations were low (0.67/1,000 workers), in contrast to occupations with the highest RSI rates: food, beverage, and related processing occupations (14.68/1,000 workers) and fabricating, assembling, and repairing of metal products (9.32/1,000). The highest risk industries were meat and poultry processing-related (23.48/1,000) and the manufacturing of airplanes (9.06/1,000). RSI claims were significantly more costly (+5,569 vs. +2,480, p < 0.0001) and required more time loss (71.4 vs. 33.6 d, p < 0.0001) than similar musculoskeletal non-RSI claims. Similarly, RSI claimants were less likely to return to the same job (67.3% vs. 81.0%, p < 0.0001) than non-RSI claimants. It was concluded that the cost and severity of RSI claims militate for intensified preventive measures.

The lost/restricted workday severity rate posted in CY 1994 of 45.50 was a significant improvement over the prior years and, remarkably, this rate has been reduced to 16.40 thus far in CY 1995 (Table 2--2). The indications from this sustained reduction are that employee, management, HEHF, and accident investigator efforts to manage injuries are becoming stronger (page 2--8). Congratulations to the Human Resources Department for working over 835,000 hours without a lost workday away injury/illness! The last lost workday away case occurred on 12/17/92. The Workers Compensation Report shows significant reduction in the amount of money expended for medical treatments and time loss due to industrial injuries. The cost of insurance continues to decrease. Continued savings can be attributed to aggressive claims and safety case management, an enhanced attitude by management creating a positive and proactive safety awareness culture, and a more aggressive return-to-work philosophy.

Os autores relatam sua experiência com a avaliação da força muscular pela utilização do miômetro manual em 16 pacientes com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). Observaram rápida diminuição da força de extensão da perna entre 6 e 8 anos de idade, analisando pacientes de diferentes faixas etárias. Paralelamente, ocorreu perda da deambulação. Verificaram aumentos de força em dois pacientes avaliados evolutivamente num período de 6 meses, sem explicação até o momento. Revêem a literatura e concluem no sentido da importância da difusão do método. An account of the authors' experience in strength measurement using a hand-held dynamometer in 16 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is given. A rapid decrease of knee extension strength was observed, between 6 and 8 years of age, analysing among patients of different ages. At the same time loss of the ability to walk has occurred. An unexplainable increase in strength was observed in two patients examined in a six month interval. A short review of the literature is given and the conclusion of the importance on the wider use of the instrument.

Telework and mobile work have been the object of much interest, but there has been little research on who practices it and what are the advantages. We evaluated the advantages and disadvantages for individuals in a large multinational in Belgium. In this organisation, telework is called ‘mobile work’, and includes not only telework at home but also work done at the client’s office, in satellite offices, TeleCenters, etc. We observe that the technical possibility to do telework and gender are significantly related to the practice of mobile work, while age is not, contrarily to expectations. Also, while women are often associated with telework, it is men who are relatively more numerous in mobile work. They mention advantages such as less interference by colleagues, a gain in flexibility, personal and professional development, fewer trips and reduced time loss, better organisation of working hours and opportunities for a better allocation of time.

Background Shoulder injuries are a significant risk in rugby union football. However, the aetiology and the risk factors associated with shoulder injuries are not well understood. Objective To analyse the incidence and risk factors for shoulder injuries in rugby union football. Design A prospective shoulder injury study was carried out in 2009 using a recursive injury model framework. Setting Community level adult male rugby union players. Participants 75 players at the start and 54 players at the end. Assessment of risk factors The effects of player size, age, injury history and usage of shoulder padding were assessed. Main outcome measurements Shoulder injury incidence rate (IIR). Performance on shoulder assessments using the Constant Score Protocol was measured pre-, mid- and end-season. Weekly training and shoulder impairment was measured. Results A total of 1138.1 player participation hours (pph) were recorded. The overall shoulder IIR was 4.4 injuries per 1000 pph with an average severity of 1.0 missed game. Previous injury and shoulder pads were the main observed intrinsic and extrinsic injury risk factors, respectively. An IIR of 3.5/1000 pph were recorded in players with no history of shoulder injury in the last 3 years (80%). There was a non-significant reduction in injury incidence for players wearing shoulder pads during a match. The tackle has been identified as the intrinsic factor that contributed to 67% of the total time loss to injury. Shoulder pain and impairment were reported by 41% of the players throughout the season but none caused the players to miss any games. Conclusion A recursive injury model was applied however shoulder pain and impairment did not appear to be correlated with injury risk. Recursiveness may not be relevant to the shoulder injuries observed in this cohort. Pre-season screening and appropriate rehabilitation may prevent repeat shoulder injury.

Covers the reasons why planning consultants are employed and gives some indication of what and who is involved in the buying decision. Examines the risks perceived by local authority officers and details the many ways in which these officers attempt to reduce the risk of an unsatisfactory appointment. An unsatisfactory appointment may cause psycho‐social loss, financial loss and time loss to the purchasers, as well as financial, time and possible psycho‐social loss to the organization. The information is taken mainly from secondary sources and a series of 20 in‐depth interviews.

occurred in players with no history of shoulder injury in the last 3 years (injury incidence rate of 3.5/1000 pph). Extrinsic risk factors were shoulder pads and player position. 36% players used shoulder pads during games. An injury incidence rate of 3.5/1000 pph was recorded for players not wearing shoulder pads during a match compared to 0.8/1000 pph for wearers. Back Five positions had the highest injury incidence rate of 7.9/1000 pph. Being tackled and tackling were the two mechanisms of injury that contributed to 67% of the total time loss. During the season, 41% of participants reported experiencing shoulder pain but that did not stop them from participating in matches and did not appear to be correlated with injury risk. Discussion: A recursive injury model was applied to the study design and analysis. Shoulder pain or impairment did not appear to be associated with injury. Tackling, either as a tackler or being tackled is the main inciting event for shoulder injuries, which is consistent with other studies on injury in rugby union. Recursiveness may not be relevant to shoulder injury risk.

While relatively well protected and padded, ice-hockey goaltenders are at risk for impact injuries. There is little information regarding the incidence and mechanism of intercollegiate ice-hockey goaltender injuries. We prospectively studied all NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries through the Injury Surveillance System. We analyzed the seasons prospectively starting in 2000–2001 and through 2006–2007. Injury rates were calculated per 1000 player games. The overall rate of NCAA men’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.5/1000 player games. Fifty-six men’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries resulted in further time loss from practices or games. Thirteen injuries resulted in time loss of 1 to 2 days, 18 resulted in time loss of 3–5 days, 10 injuries resulted in time loss of 6–9 days, and 10 injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss from competition. The overall rate of NCAA women’s ice-hockey goaltender injuries was 0.72/1000 player games. The most common injuries were nine knee ligament injuries, five on-ice concussions, and four shoulder injuries. Overall, women sustained 23 time-loss game injuries. Five of these resulted in further loss of on-ice practice/game times of 1 day, eight resulted in 3–5 days of time loss, two resulted in 6–9 days of time loss, and seven injuries resulted in 10 or more days of time loss. Further understanding of the etiology of these on-ice goaltender-player contact injuries should assist in the development of possible interventions to reduce the incidence of NCAA ice-hockey goaltender injuries. The current Injury Surveillance System has shortcomings and does not provide us with enough information to evaluate the effectiveness of goalie equipment and the impact that possible rule changes would have on the game. This paper is the first step in analyzing all participants in hockey with anticipation for future rule and equipment optimization and subsequent injury reduction.

Hypnotic experiences are frequently associated with alteration in temporal perception. 24 male and 24 female Ss were asked to estimate the interval associated with hypnotic, relaxation, or control procedures. Only the group that received the hypnotic condition displayed significant distortions in time estimations. These were primarily underestimations (temporal constriction or “time loss”) compared to the more normal distributions of estimations for the other 2 groups of Ss. The hypnotic treatment explained about 35% of the variance in the absolute distortion of time estimates. The present study demonstrates that subjective distortions of time experience during a hypnotic procedure are more than an artifact of deep relaxation or instruction.

In a prospective study of injuries in the 1987 United States Volleyball Association's national tournament, we found 154 injuries in 1520 participants during 7812 hours of play. The injury rate in this study was 1.97/ 100 hours of play. Before the tournament, the participants' history was taken, and during the week of participation, records were kept of every player who presented with an injury. Players ranged in age from 17 to 60 and competed in five age/gender groups. Females had an injury rate of 2.3 and males had an injury rate of 1.7. The highest injury rate was seen in the men's open division, ages 17 to 35 (2.7), and the lowest rate was seen in the men's Golden Masters, ages 46 and up (1.5). Seventy- nine percent of the injuries occurred during the tour nament and 21 % were considered to be chronic injuries with an acute exacerbation. The upper extremities accounted for 20% of the injuries. The ankle (17.6%), low back (14.2%), and knee (11%) were the most common injury sites. Strains (36%) and sprains (28%) were the most frequent types of injury. Only eight (5.2%) injuries resulted in more than 5 days of time loss. Two of these injuries involved the knee and two others required surgery. It is likely that in studies relying upon retrospective methods, fewer of the less severe injuries are found, thereby leading to an overestimation of the percentages of knee and ankle injuries and the proportion of severe injuries. The clinician contemplating providing care for a high-level tournament should expect a preponderance of minor injuries occurring in a variety of anatomical locations. Major injuries were seen but were rare in our study.

Study Design. A 2-year prospective inception cohort study of back injury in nurses. Objectives. To determine the extent to which characteristics of nurses, of the injury, and of the workplace predict occurrence and duration of time loss from work after back injury. Summary of Background Data. During 2 years. 320 nurses incurred 416 back injuries at a large teaching hospital in Winnipeg, Canada. Nurses injured on preselected wards were targeted for early intervention, including provision of modified work, whereas nurses injured on other wards received the usual care. Methods. Time loss attributable to the back injury during the 6 months after injury was analyzed. Three statistical models were used to examine occurrence of time loss (logistic regression), duration of time loss (Tobit regression), and duration of time loss once an injury incurring time loss had been documented (least-squares regression). Results. In 218 of the 416 injuries, the injured nurse consented to interview. Whereas perceived disability was related to whether a time loss injury would ensue, self-reported pain was strongly related to the duration of time loss once an injury had become a time loss injury. Duration of time loss was reduced by participation in the return-to-work program. Mechanism of injury, specifically injury occurring while lifting patients, resulted in greater time loss. Conclusions. Focusing on reducing the perception of disability at the time of injury is critical to preventing time loss, but once time loss has occurred, offer of modified work and attention to pain reduction are warranted. The findings add to the evidence that workplace-based intervention programs can be effective in reducing the morbidity resulting from back injury.

An approach to the determination of methane content of coal seams is proposed. The method utilizes the transformed Airey's empirical equation on desorption of methane from coals. The methane content values estimated by this method correspond well with actual values from laboratory experiments. In the case of Indian coals, the applicability of the $$\sqrt t$$ relationship for the calculation of the gas lost from coal lumps during long periods of time loss appears to be limited due to poor agreement with the experimental values.

Transient and localized plasma-like luminosities associated with intense electromagnetic fields appear to be systematically associated with tectonic strain within the earth's crust. Although contact proximity to these UFO-like luminosities is fatal, less terminal encounters have generated many religious and cosmic references. Unfortunately, the biobehavioral effects produced by these hazardous exposures have not been considered seriously. One hypothesis is that close-encounter experiences displayed near a luminosity are evoked by direct stimulation through current induction within the observer's brain. Because of the architectural and electrical characteristics of temporal lobe structures, their functions should dominate clinical profiles. Whereas the immediate experience would involve dream-like sequences, terror, perceptual changes, depersonalization, vestibular alterations, auditory sensations, and profound meaningfulness, post-episodic effects would include amnesia, time loss, confabulation, crisis suggestibility, and electroconvulsive shock symptoms. Progressive personality deterioration could be characterized by enhanced religiosity, “sense of the personal,” a compulsion to proselytize, affective disorders and modifications of memory from before the event.

We investigated an appropriate “Index of Harm” for expressing risk of the public from viewpoints of radiation protection and acceptability of radiation risks of members of public. “Time loss of life” was selected as quantitative expression of Indices of Harm of radiation and other agents in environment. The “time loss of life” was able to express all objective health detriments of both radiation and other agents, and almost all members of public can easily understand this index. In this study, we estimated the “time loss of life” from radiation, trihalomethane in drinking-water and asbestos exposures at level of each dose limit. The “time loss of life” from radiation, trihalomethane and asbestos were estimated 7 days, 4 days and 0.1 day in male, and 13 days, 5 days and 0.1 day in female, respectively. An intercomparison of these three harms found that radiation had a slight higher “time loss of life” than other two agents. There are many uncertainties in the assessment of indices of harm of other agents, then, further investigations are needed.

Musculo-skeletal complaints account for 30% of time loss through sick leave. A study was made at a small manufacturing plant in Norway among workers subjected to static muscle load, with particular reference to the relationship between such illness and muscle strain due to working conditions. The paper covers old working standards and ergonomic improvements made in 1975. The results show an increase in musculo-skeletal illness with increased length of employment and increased age.

SummarySeventy-three male alcoholics permitted information to be obtained from official sources about time recorded as lost from work in receipt of sickness or unemployment benefits and about their weekly state insurance contributions. The average yearly time loss was 121.7 working days per person, comprising an average yearly loss through sickness of 86.1 and through unemployment of 35.6 working days respectively. By contrast the recorded national sickness loss for men in a comparable twelve months period averaged 15.9 working days per person.Thirteen alcoholics showed over five years, prolonged deficiency in work attendance. State benefits to the subjects, over twelve months during the early 1970s, totalled £18,434.80. Diagnoses on their medical certificates underestimated incapacity from alcoholism.

In brief: Using data on 1,091 North Carolina high school wrestlers during 49 team-seasons, the authors attempted to relate the number, type, and severity of wrestling injuries to factors such as mat surfaces, endurance exercises, weight- reducing methods, protective equipment, and coaching experience. Most of the 248 injuries were minor, causing little time loss, but 57 (23%) were so severe that athletes missed an entire season. Possible contributory factors were inappropriate endurance training shoes, infrequent headgear use during practice, less than optimum wrestler-to-coach ratios, and potentially dangerous weight-reduction methods.

We consider parallel computers (PC's) with fixed communication network and bounded degree. We deal with the following question: How efficiently can one PC, a so-called universal PC, simulate each PC with n processors? This question is asked in [1] where a universal PC with O(n) processors and time loss O(log(n)) is constructed. We improve this result in two ways by construction two universal PC's which many users can efficiently work with at the same time. The first has the same number of processors and the same time loss as that one above. The second has O(O 1 + �) processors for an arbitrary �>0 but only time loss O(loglog(n)). Finally we define three types of simulations the most general of which includes all known simulations. We prove non-linear time-processor tradeoffs for universal PC's associated with the above types.

with the wooden tool. However, the hardwood tool would only cut a single block before requiring resharpen ing, which was done with the machete. Limestone veins in the travertine were difficult to cut and quickly dulled the wooden tool. Sharpening activity with stone tools available to the prehistoric and poorer Colonial in habitants would have increased the cutting time. Fire hardening the tip of the wooden tool might decrease the time loss due to sharpening, but we did not test this. An additional problem with the wooden tool was the necessity of using a wide, somewhat dull point to give the cutting edge strength. Thin, finely sharpened points dulled immediately. The impact of the broad, dull pointed tool was responsible for the high incidence of breakage. Impact frequently produced a percussion break rather than the smooth cut characteristic of the machete. However, it should be noted that neither of the workmen had ever cut travertine with wooden tools before. We can assume that they could improve their breakage factor and cut the blocks at a faster rate with practice. Experimentation has proved that travertine building blocks can be shaped with cutting tools made of tropical hardwoods. Preliminary comparison of the relative utili ty of using wooden tools over metal tools indicates that cutting travertine blocks with wooden tools takes over twice as long as with metal ones. In addition, the wooden tools must be frequently resharpened, which significant ly decreases their utility as cutting tools. Additional ex perimentation is planned to test the cutting etticiency ot tools made from a range of different tropical hardwoods We will also experiment with different blade shapes and test the effect of fire hardening.

Heydenia unica Cook and Davis, Eurytoma spp., and 5 other hymenopterous parasites of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, interact in varying degrees, both inter- and intraspecifically. In the field this interaction, which we will term aggressivenes, is displayed by female H. unica and Eurytoma spp. during surveying and probing. Inter- and intraspecific aggressiveness are similar but differ in intensity. The activity, size, and species of both the attacking and attacked female parasite determine the degree of aggressiveness that the attacking parasites uses. This type of interference may lower the reproductive efficiency of both the attacked and attacking insect through time loss in surveying, probing, drilling, oviposition, and reduced parasitism.

A prospective study of injuries affecting 50 highly com petitive young female gymnasts was conducted over a period of 1 year. Many of the findings of this investi gation were consistent with previous studies and sug gest particular injury trends in women's gymnastics. These results included injury location, injury severity, nature of onset, event, and activity at the time of injury. Some of the descriptive results, however, provided information that was heretofore unreported or incon sistent with previous investigations. These findings in volved injury rate, reinjury rate, time loss, injury type, hours of practice, and incidence of physician-seen in juries. Some of these findings were disturbing and echo concerns registered in the professional literature. In particular, the reinjury rate is alarming and points to the need for complete rehabilitation before return to full participation. The results of the analytic component of the study alluded to the potential role of competitive level and maturation rate in the profile of the injury- prone gymnast. Specifically, rapid periods of growth and advanced levels of training and competition ap peared to be related to injury proneness. Pursuant to the descriptive and analytic results of the investigation, recommendations for injury prevention and continued research are made.

In brief: Track and field is popular with both sexes. In this two-year study of track-and-field injuries in four high schools, 308 boys and 208 girls participated, and they sustained 101 and 73 injuries, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the injuries occurred during practice. Musculotendinous injuries were the most common, and 85% of the injuries involved the lower extremities. Time loss of more than five days occurred more often with track-and-field injuries than those in other sports. The difference in boys' and girls' injury patterns can not be explained by the variety of events alone.

Summary The handling of large-diameter piling has not changed since the inception of the offshore construction industry. The hazards, as well as the time loss, associated with conventional techniques never have been questioned until recently. A newly developed set of automatic gripping and holding tools has transformed pile handling from a brute force, manual, labor-intensive operation to a remotely controlled automatic grip or release operation. Introduction As well depths increase, steel platform structures increase in height and in base dimensions. Concurrently, pin piles basically have become larger in diameter and longer, resulting in heavier strings of piling. This in turn has necessitated larger shackles to support the hoisting load and corresponding pad eyes welded to the piles for attaching the shackles. As a result, handling piles from the material barge to the platform under construction has become harder to accomplish and has required a longer time to accomplish. For each add-on section of piling, it is not uncommon to spend several hours removing the pad eyes once the pile connection has been made. This time-consuming task, which has to be repeated for each section of add-on piling, has become a significant part of the construction cost, particularly as more piles are required on deep structures to pin the jacket to the ocean floor.In 1973, the first North Sea structure containing large numbers of skirt piles was being designed for the Forties field. It was felt by the designers that conventional pile-handling methods would result in prohibitive construction costs, and they sought an alternative, more economical, way of gripping and holding on to the pile. Field operators approached us to develop a method for handling large-diameter piling. We were able to take basic casing handling equipment, which required no pad eyes or external protuberances on the pipe, and adapt it to the larger-diameter piles. The largest previously manufactured casing handling tools could handle a maximum diameter of 20 in.The first set of pile-handling tools was designed to grip 54-in. OD piling. These large-diameter tools, or spiders as they are called, borrowing nomenclature from similar casing-handling equipment, were used on the Forties field platform and then on what was then the world's deepest platform constructed in the Santa Barbara Channel in the Hondo field.The development of these tools and their subsequent improvements, as well as their uses, are the subjects of this paper. Description of Previous Methods When platforms were constructed in shallow water, it was generally possible to pick up the intended pin piles in one section and lower them to the ocean floor through the jacket legs. Since there were no known methods of gripping the OD of a smooth round pipe of this size, it was natural for early construction contractors simply to weld pads onto the outside of the piling and to attach slings and shackles to it so that it could be picked up by the crane on the derrick barge. Since these smaller, shorter sections of piling were fairly light, the shackles and stings posed no particular handling problem, and it was quite expedient once the pile had reached the mudline to cut off those pad eyes with a cutting torch. Similarly, if additional sections of piling had to be added to the string as it was driven into the mud of the ocean floor, these add-on sections would be picked up and stabbed into the initial pile, and then would be welded together.As construction jobs became more complex, it was desirable to use the derrick barge came for other tasks while this welding process was performed. JPT P. 2455^

The arthroscopic stabilization of the shoulder is in its infancy. Soon, improvements in technique and equipment may make it the standard, thus reducing morbidity and time loss from full function.

Only the dentist is trained capably to provide scientific dentures for his patients. Transitional dentures offer a type of service to patients which involves a minimal time loss and fulfills a great need for business and socially active persons. Only the dentist can provide a service such as the transitional denture, which helps to preserve maximal ridge contour. Stress and poor nutrition destroy ridge contour. Stress and poor nutrition result in severe periodontal problems. If teeth are extracted and these mouths are left alone to heal, the resorption is great. Transitional dentures are ideally suited for solving the periodontal problem because maximal alevolar contour can be maintained. Because of the nontraumatic surgery without flaps and sutures, there is minimal swelling and discomfort. The patient is never without teeth, even during the construction of the second set of dentures or subsequent repair on the dentures, and the dentist can be more certain of the vertical dimension of occlusion, jaw positioning, tissue response, and the psychologic attitude of the patient toward dentures during this early period. Transitional dentures provide a fine springboard from which to construct the second set of dentures. They are the best solution of modern dentistry for one of our greatest problems, the too busy individual with the too loose teeth!

In the design of grades it is frequently necessary to ascertain the delay to traffic resulting from the decrease in speed of heavily loaded trucks on adverse grades. On routes involving heavy traff...

1. 1. In analyses of the acid-base status by the Astrup equipment the p CO 2 , total CO 2 , standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate values are commonly determined graphically using the Singer-Hastings curve nomogram. 2. 2. A method is described to determine the data of the acid-base status arithmetically . By this it becomes possible to use an electronic computer for calculating. 3. 3. This method is recommended: 1. for the calculation of a large quantity of values, 2. when no urgent therapy depends on early results. 4. 4. The electronically calculated values are comparable with those determined from the nomogram. The differences for the single parameters are at the utmost between 0.8 and 2.4% of the normal data for adults; so they lie within the limits of accuracy for the values determined by nomogram. 5. 5. The use of an electronic computer saves time when handling large numbers of blood samples; it involves less sources of error. 6. 6. The calculated data may be evaluated statistically by the computer and may be transmitted to punched cards or tabulated mechanically without additional time loss.

A substantial amount of time is lost in the routine processing of roentgenograms in a busy endodontic practice. This time loss can be sharply reduced, however, by using enriched developer and fixer or by increasing the temperature of the processing solutions. The generally recommended temperature of the solutions for the processing of dental roentgenograms has been 68O F. It is claimed that this temperature produces optimum roentgenographic results. Unfortunately, about 6 minutes of darkroom time is required to achieve this result, even when only a single film is processed. The busy endodontist can ill afford this recurrent loss of time. In order to evaluate the effect of heated solutions upon processing time and film quality, the following project was undertaken. Every effort was made to keep all conditions constant with the exception of developing temperature and t.ime, which were varied.

A technic is proposed whereby the effusion and other signs and symptoms of subacute and chronic traumatic bursitis can be relieved. The operation consists of a simple paracentesis and internal bursotomy of the bursal sac creating a new communication between the sac and the adjacent subcutaneous tissues. The technic is simple, without significant danger and involves no time loss or disability for workmen. It has been used successfully in fourteen cases of traumatic prepatellar and olecranon bursitis.

Slips and falls have been recognized as a critical reason of leading injures. The occupational injuries caused by the slip and falls endanger the health and safety of employee, as well as leads to the cost and time loss of the companies. Suitable slip resistance footwear could help the worker preventing the slips and falls. The knowledge and guidelines to shed some lights on how to judge the slip resistance and choose the footwear suit to applications and purposes were summarized. Also, the challenges and open problems of anti-slip footwear development were presented and discussed. Further multifaceted synergistic researches are expected to dig out the various aspects of slip resistance, from material to design, from floor surface to human factors, to guide developing effective slip resistance footwear.

In this paper, an experiment performed in a twin bore tunnel is simulated with Pathfinder and FDS+EVAC. The non-intervened case and the intervened case are constructed to analyse the difference between experiment and simulation with Pathfinder. Data obtained indicate that simulation results match the experiment well. Main reasons that cause difference may be their panic, fear, time loss in information processing, unwillingness to abandon properties, and social influence (maybe the most important one). Egress selection plays an important role in influencing evacuation time, but it is impossible for all occupants to select their nearest exits for evacuation in the real circumstances influenced by other factors. After comparing evacuation time in cases of Pathfinder (intervened case) without considering delay time in advance, Pathfinder considering delay time in advance, and FDS+EVAC (including detection time and reaction time), we can conclude that the case with FDS+EVAC is better than the one with Pathfinder without considering delay time in advance, and the case with Pathfinder considering delay time in advance is better than the one with FDS+EVAC. Reasonable suggestions for a Pathfinder simulation case are changing egress selection if necessary, and taking into account delay time when the occupants don’t start to evacuate at the same time.

Benign tumors of the epidermal appendages frequently frustrate patient and doctor because of the uncertainty of the nature of the lesion and the choice that the benign lesion presents. Recognition and definitive management is usually straightforward with appropriate attention to the history and to the lesion. Knowledge of these benign epidermal appendage lesions can minimize time loss and expense and help to avoid unnecessary scars.

Tween 20 emerges as solubilizer of choice for certain syrups. Authors Swafford (University of Tennessee School of Pharmacy instructor) and Nobles (associate professor qt the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy) show how to eliminate difficulty and time loss in preparing tolu balsam, orange, and aromatic eriodictyon syrups.

Die Mechanisierung des kommerziellen Fischfanges bezweckt neben der Steigerung der Effektivitat der Fangeinheit (fishing unit) nicht nur eine Arbeitserleichterung, sondern wegen des Mangels an Arbeitskraften in den Grosfischereien der Industrielander auch deren Einsparung. Auch die handwerkliche Fischerei (traditional fishery, la peche artisanale) bleibt von dieser Entwicklung nicht ausgeschlossen. Fur die industrielle Fischerei wird eine Mechanisierung allein in der Zukunft nicht mehr ausreichen. Man hat daher begonnen, fur Grosfahrzeuge von Computern gesteuerte integrierte Fischfangsysteme zu entwickeln. Diese Systeme sollten durch eine Grosraumortung zum Auffinden jeweils gunstigster Fangplatze zur Verminderung des Zeitverlustes fur die Fischsuche erganzt werden. Beobachtungen groserer Meeresabschnitte sind direkt oder indirekt durch Flugzeuge oder Satelliten moglich. Food Production from the Sea Mechanization of commercial fishery aims at increasing the efficiency of fishing unit, easing the operation, and saving the number of working personnel, the latter with a view to the lack of labour in large fisheries of industrialized countries. Even traditional fishery is involved in this development. However, in the future, mechanization alone would not be adequate for industrial fishery. Therefore, for the large vessels work has already started on the development of integrated hauling systems that are directed by computers. These systems should be substantiated with the operation of locating suitable fishing grounds; thus time loss due to searching for fish can be reduced. Large areas of the sea can be observed either directly of indirectly by airplanes or satellites.

An a.c. coupled quench circuit is used to quench counters containing non-selfquenching carbon dioxide-carbon disulphide mixtures for the measurement of radioactive carbon as carbon dioxide. The counters operate reliably at quite high counting rates and continuous discharges do not occur. Plateaux 200 V or more long with slopes of about 2 to 4% per 100 V are obtained. Accurate corrections for resolving time loss can be made for counting rates up to at least 15 000 counts/min.